顓頊(xu)帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling) (又稱:二帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling) ),是(shi)4000多年(nian)前上(shang)古(gu)時期(qi)“五(wu)帝(di)(di)”中第二帝(di)(di)高陽(yang)(yang)氏顓頊(xu)和第三(san)帝(di)(di)高辛氏帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)的陵(ling)(ling)園。漢代修(xiu)有陵(ling)(ling)冢,唐太和四年(nian)(830)建廟(miao),宋乾(qian)德六年(nian)(968)年(nian)修(xiu),金大(da)定七(qi)年(nian)(1167)重修(xiu),元代后又多次(ci)修(xiu)葺,歷(li)朝歷(li)代祭祀不絕(jue),宋代以后列(lie)為定制。因地處(chu)黃(huang)河古(gu)道,清末逐漸被黃(huang)沙湮(yin)沒。陵(ling)(ling)地古(gu)屬(shu)東郡濮陽(yang)(yang),1949年(nian)劃入內黃(huang)縣。
1986年(nian),內(nei)(nei)黃縣人(ren)(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)對陵(ling)(ling)(ling)墓區和祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si)區進行(xing)清(qing)(qing)沙,元、明、清(qing)(qing)歷代(dai)165通御祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)碑碣展現于世人(ren)(ren)面前,出(chu)土碑碣之(zhi)多為我國帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)之(zhi)首。順中(zhong)(zhong)軸線發現御橋、山門(men)(men)、祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)拜大殿、陵(ling)(ling)(ling)冢等主體建(jian)筑(zhu)遺跡,唐(tang)至清(qing)(qing)代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)基址12處,還發現有仰韶(shao)、龍山文化(hua)陶片等新石器時(shi)代(dai)遺存(cun)。景區占(zhan)地23.3萬平方米,由朝覲祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)拜區、碑林區、休閑(xian)區、森林公園(yuan)區組成,建(jian)有山門(men)(men)、欞(ling)星門(men)(men)、祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)拜大殿、東(dong)、西配殿、碑廊、井亭(ting)等建(jian)筑(zhu),元、明、清(qing)(qing)各(ge)代(dai)數條(tiao)甬(yong)道縱(zong)橫其間。顓頊陵(ling)(ling)(ling)冢居東(dong),帝嚳陵(ling)(ling)(ling)冢居西,兩(liang)冢并(bing)峙,在帝王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)寢中(zhong)(zhong)極為罕(han)見(jian)。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)區被2000萬平方米槐(huai)林環抱,生態環境良好,陵(ling)(ling)(ling)區內(nei)(nei)有鳥柏、錦雞爾(er)等稀有植(zhi)物300多種(zhong),仿佛置(zhi)身于原始森林之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),給人(ren)(ren)一(yi)種(zhong)返璞歸真(zhen)、回歸自然的(de)(de)感覺(jue)。農歷三月十八日,傳(chuan)為顓頊帝生日,數以萬計的(de)(de)華(hua)夏(xia)兒女,云集帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling),大行(xing)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祀(si),千百年(nian)來(lai)從未中(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)。2002年(nian),內(nei)(nei)黃縣人(ren)(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)為緬懷圣祖(zu)功德,弘揚華(hua)夏(xia)文化(hua),始辦(ban)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祖(zu)節,并(bing)列(lie)為定(ding)制。每年(nian)此時(shi),帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)內(nei)(nei)文藝表演、民(min)間工藝、特色小吃(chi)、熱鬧非凡,古(gu)廟會以其純樸(pu)的(de)(de)民(min)風、民(min)俗和古(gu)老燦(can)爛的(de)(de)黃河文化(hua)吸引了眾多的(de)(de)海內(nei)(nei)外游人(ren)(ren)尋根(gen)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)祖(zu)、觀(guan)光旅游。
顓頊(xu)(xu)、帝(di)(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)位于河南(nan)內黃縣(xian)城南(nan)30公里的梁(liang)莊鎮三楊莊土山之陽。顓頊(xu)(xu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)居東,帝(di)(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)居帝(di)(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)西(xi),兩陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)相距60米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。顓頊(xu)(xu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)南(nan)北長66米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東西(xi)寬53米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高約26米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);帝(di)(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)略小且居后(hou)兩米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。據專(zhuan)家(jia)分析,這種長輩(bei)(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)冢大(da)、晚輩(bei)(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)冢小;長輩(bei)(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)位趨前、晚輩(bei)(bei)(bei)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)位趨后(hou)的殯葬方式,正好印(yin)證了(le)顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)“長幼(you)有序”的道(dao)德倫理(li)。二(er)(er)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)從下(xia)至上有御橋、山門、廟院、陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)、碑(bei)林(lin)及(ji)(ji)縱(zong)橫其(qi)間(jian)的甬(yong)(yong)道(dao),占(zhan)地面積350多(duo)畝;陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)四周有圍(wei)(wei)墻,稱“紫禁城”。史書記(ji)載,二(er)(er)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建筑(zhu)(zhu)宏偉,碑(bei)碣(jie)林(lin)立,松柏蓊郁(yu),歷代(dai)(dai)帝(di)(di)(di)王祭(ji)祀不絕(jue),宋代(dai)(dai)以后(hou)列為(wei)定制。農歷三月(yue)十八為(wei)顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)(di)誕辰日(ri),民間(jian)祭(ji)祀大(da)戲(xi)喧囂,人聲(sheng)鼎沸(fei),香火繚繞,熱鬧非凡。但因年代(dai)(dai)久遠,陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區地處(chu)黃河故道(dao)和(he)緊靠(kao)硝河,河水多(duo)次泛濫,風沙(sha)肆虐,到清朝同治年間(jian),陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)和(he)建筑(zhu)(zhu)群全部被(bei)黃沙(sha)掩埋于地下(xia)。 新中(zhong)國成立后(hou),人民政府(fu)特別(bie)重視對二(er)(er)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的保護和(he)開發。政府(fu)連續多(duo)年在二(er)(er)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區和(he)周圍(wei)(wei)育林(lin)封沙(sha),使整個陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區被(bei)數萬畝蒼茫(mang)的森林(lin)所環抱。特別(bie)是1986年以來,對二(er)(er)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)進行(xing)了(le)三 次大(da)規(gui)模的清沙(sha)、鉆(zhan)探和(he)開發建設,原有的山門、宋井、廟宇、碑(bei)亭、陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)、圍(wei)(wei)墻和(he)多(duo)條(tiao)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)相繼重見天日(ri);挖掘出(chu)165塊御制祭(ji)祀碑(bei)、大(da)量仰韶、龍(long)山文(wen)化陶片及(ji)(ji)其(qi)他文(wen)物碎片;在陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區內,經過科學鉆(zhan)探表明,深層尚有大(da)量碑(bei)碣(jie)及(ji)(ji)陶片。近(jin)年,當(dang)地政府(fu)對二(er)(er)帝(di)(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)進行(xing)了(le)大(da)規(gui)模重修,先后(hou)修建了(le)山門、祭(ji)拜殿、二(er)(er)帝(di)(di)(di)塑像、欞星門、碑(bei)廊、配(pei)殿及(ji)(ji)其(qi)他附(fu)屬配(pei)套設施。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)外,芳草萋(qi)萋(qi),林(lin)濤奔(ben)涌;陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)內,松柏參天,莊嚴(yan)肅穆(mu),透出(chu)了(le)帝(di)(di)(di)王陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)園(yuan)的滄桑與威(wei)嚴(yan),一年四季前來尋根拜祖的海內外華人、華僑絡繹(yi)不絕(jue)。
公(gong)元2000年(nian)(nian)10月(yue),河南省人民政府(fu)(fu)正式批準顓頊(xu)(xu)、帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)二帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為“省級文物保(bao)護單位”。帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling) 當(dang)地政府(fu)(fu)設置(zhi)了專業(ye)管理機構(gou),配備了管理人員。2003年(nian)(nian)至2005年(nian)(nian)連續三年(nian)(nian)的農歷三月(yue)十八,安陽市人民政府(fu)(fu)、內黃縣人民政府(fu)(fu)都(dou)(dou)隆重(zhong)舉行盛大的公(gong)祭(ji)(ji)大典。每年(nian)(nian)這一天,都(dou)(dou)有數十萬內地、港(gang)澳臺地區(qu)(qu)及(ji)海外(wai)華(hua)夏子孫前(qian)來參(can)加祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)活動,即時(shi)禮炮轟鳴,鐘磬悠(you)揚,頌歌齊唱,共祈(qi)華(hua)夏血(xue)脈永昌、國泰民安、世(shi)界和(he)平(ping)。 此外(wai),群眾性(xing)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)活動歷史悠(you)久(jiu),至今尤盛。然(ran)而,到了清代末期,帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)被黃沙湮埋,直到1986年(nian)(nian),經(jing)過(guo)清沙,才得(de)以重(zhong)見天日。顓頊(xu)(xu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)和(he)帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)同(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)一個陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)(qu),同(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)(qu)北(bei)(bei)端(duan),面積同(tong)(tong)為3432平(ping)方米。顓頊(xu)(xu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)在(zai)(zai)東,帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)在(zai)(zai)西。經(jing)考古發(fa)現(xian)有御(yu)橋、御(yu)路、宋井、山(shan)門(men)、欞星(xing)門(men)、廟(miao)(miao)院、寢殿、享殿基(ji)址和(he)漢建元修陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)、165塊(kuai)御(yu)祭(ji)(ji)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)碣(jie)及(ji)縱橫其間(jian)的甬道,還(huan)在(zai)(zai)殿院兩(liang)側清出(chu)(chu)漢磚路及(ji)唐、宋墻(qiang)基(ji)、唐朝柱(zhu)礎(chu),在(zai)(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)前(qian)清出(chu)(chu)仰韶、龍山(shan)文化陶片。陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)四周有護陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墻(qiang),顓頊(xu)(xu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)南墻(qiang)上嵌有元、清兩(liang)面塊(kuai)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei),碑(bei)(bei)(bei) 中央分別書有盈尺(chi)大字“顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”“顓頊(xu)(xu)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”。2002年(nian)(nian)再度清沙時(shi),在(zai)(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)北(bei)(bei)邊發(fa)現(xian)漢墓(mu)(mu)群。2003年(nian)(nian)清沙,首先在(zai)(zai)山(shan)門(men)西側清出(chu)(chu)數塊(kuai)石(shi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei),山(shan)門(men)至祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)廟(miao)(miao)院之間(jian)清出(chu)(chu)弧形古殘墻(qiang),及(ji)祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)廟(miao)(miao)院能往(wang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)(qu)的數甬道。3月(yue)份,帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)護陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墻(qiang)被發(fa)現(xian),鑲(xiang)嵌在(zai)(zai)護陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)前(qian)墻(qiang)的明嘉靖七年(nian)(nian)的“帝(di)(di)嚳(ku)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)也隨之面世(shi)。
帝(di)(di)嚳(kù),姓姬,為上古五(wu)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)一。他是黃帝(di)(di)的曾孫,“生而神靈,自(zi)言其名”。十(shi)五(wu)歲(sui)(sui)時,因(yin)輔佐顓頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)(di)有功,被封于(yu)高(gao)辛(xin)(今商丘市南高(gao)辛(xin))。三(san)十(shi)歲(sui)(sui)時,代顓頊(xu)(xu)為帝(di)(di),都于(yu)亳。因(yin)他興起于(yu)高(gao)辛(xin),史稱之(zhi)為高(gao)辛(xin)氏。
帝(di)嚳即(ji)帝(di)位(wei)后,“聰以(yi)知遠(yuan),明以(yi)察微。順天(tian)之義,知民之急。仁(ren)而威,惠而信,修身而大(da)下服”。他在位(wei)七十年(nian),天(tian)下大(da)治,人民安居樂業。
顓頊(xu)帝嚳(ku)陵(ling)盡管塵封百年,但民間祭祀活動從未中斷(duan),特別(bie)是在每年農歷三月十(shi)八(ba)日(ri),傳(chuan)稱為(wei)顓頊(xu)帝生日(ri),數以萬(wan)計華夏(xia)兒女,千里迢迢,云集帝陵(ling),大禮祭祀。2002年農歷三月十(shi)八(ba)日(ri),內(nei)黃(huang)縣人(ren)民政府為(wei)了緬懷圣祖功(gong)德,弘(hong)揚華夏(xia)文(wen)化,凝聚(ju)民族精(jing)神,滿足中華子(zi)孫(sun)尋(xun)根祭祖的夙愿(yuan),始辦祭祖節(jie),公祭顓頊(xu)帝嚳(ku),并(bing)由(you)此(ci)列為(wei)定制,每到這天,都(dou)要舉行公祭活動。
帝(di)陵圣(sheng)地(di),文藝(yi)表(biao)演,民(min)間工藝(yi),特色小吃,再(zai)加(jia)上喧囂(xiao)的鑼鼓,繚繞的香火,人(ren)山(shan)人(ren)海,勢如潮涌,熱(re)鬧非凡,古廟會以其(qi)純樸(pu)的民(min)風(feng)民(min)俗(su)和古老、燦爛的黃河(he)文化吸引眾多的華夏后裔(yi)來追宗尋祖(zu),焚香祭拜。一直(zhi)以來,當地(di)人(ren)民(min)群眾在(zai)這里(li)封沙育林(lin),圣(sheng)帝(di)陵區(qu)為(wei)數(shu)萬(wan)畝森(sen)林(lin)所環抱。陵區(qu)內(nei)有(you)古鳥柏、錦(jin)雞爾(er)、槐樹及其(qi)他稀有(you)樹木(mu)30多種,陵區(qu)生態保持良好,昆(kun)蟲、鳥類品(pin)種繁多。春(chun)天,槐花飄香,蜂飛蝶舞(wu),風(feng)光宜人(ren);夏季(ji),風(feng)鳴蟲吟,鳥啼蟬歌,如一曲曲交響樂,讓人(ren)心(xin)曠神怡(yi),好像置身(shen)于原(yuan)始森(sen)林(lin),給人(ren)一種返(fan)樸(pu)歸(gui)真,回歸(gui)大自然的感覺。
近年來(lai),內(nei)(nei)黃縣人民政(zheng)府非常重(zhong)視“二帝(di)(di)陵”的(de)(de)開發(fa)與修葺工作。1989年派(pai)新成立的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護管(guan)理(li)所負(fu)責二帝(di)(di)陵的(de)(de)保(bao)護工作。2000年,“二帝(di)(di)陵”以眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)古(gu)跡和(he)豐富的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)內(nei)(nei)涵被晉(jin)升為省級(ji)重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位。2002年,成立二帝(di)(di)陵景(jing)(jing)區管(guan)理(li)委員(yuan)會,并持巨資保(bao)護、開發(fa)、建(jian)設(she)(she)帝(di)(di)陵。目前,陵區建(jian)設(she)(she)已粗具規模,先后建(jian)起(qi)了新山門(men)、拜殿、東、西(xi)配(pei)殿、碑廊、停車(che)場,配(pei)置了標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)公共(gong)信(xin)息圖形符號(hao)牌(pai)(pai),設(she)(she)置了景(jing)(jing)區導游(you)圖,制作了中英(ying)文(wen)(wen)說明牌(pai)(pai)及路標(biao)(biao)牌(pai)(pai),并移(yi)植(zhi)蒼松翠柏于陵內(nei)(nei),基礎設(she)(she)施(shi)基本(ben)(ben)到(dao)位,旅游(you)要素基本(ben)(ben)完(wan)善,旅游(you)環境大大改(gai)善。一(yi)個(ge)莊嚴肅(su)穆,氣勢(shi)恢宏,環境舒(shu)適的(de)(de)“二帝(di)(di)陵”景(jing)(jing)區正喜(xi)迎華夏子孫的(de)(de)到(dao)來(lai)。
顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)、帝(di)嚳是我國古(gu)代“五帝(di)”中的(de)(de)兩位帝(di)王,距今4500年至5000年。目前,顓(zhuan)頊(xu)(xu)帝(di)嚳陵(ling)的(de)(de)考古(gu)發現與文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻史(shi)籍所載(zai)二帝(di)活動的(de)(de)地望(wang)年代相吻和。該陵(ling)寢(qin)歷(li)史(shi)悠久、規模宏大(da),文(wen)(wen)(wen)物古(gu)跡眾多,文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵(han)豐富,具有很高的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)價(jia)值、科學價(jia)值、及文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術價(jia)值。
顓頊(xu)、帝嚳陵為帝王陵寢(qin)
顓頊、帝嚳(ku)(ku)陵地處(chu)黃河中下游,與文獻(xian)史籍(ji)所(suo)載顓頊、帝嚳(ku)(ku)活動的地望年代相吻和,且(qie)有百余通歷(li)代祭祀碑碣佐證(zheng),此處(chu)為帝王陵寢確切無(wu)疑,并(bing)有豐富的文物(wu)古(gu)跡和文化(hua)內涵,對于研究古(gu)代陵寢提供了珍貴的實物(wu)資料。
二(er)帝陵遺址是一處有(you)重(zhong)大學術價值的古文化(hua)遺址
陵寢(qin)內發(fa)現(xian)了(le)仰韶(shao)文化時(shi)期的(de)(de)泥質和夾砂紅頂陶片、證(zheng)明(ming)為一處仰韶(shao)文化遺(yi)址無疑,并發(fa)現(xian)了(le)龍(long)山時(shi)期的(de)(de)文化遺(yi)物。此地為古(gu)代(dai)頓(dun)丘(qiu)所在地,距此25公里的(de)(de)濮(pu)陽西水(shui)坡遺(yi)址中,發(fa)現(xian)了(le)仰韶(shao)時(shi)期的(de)(de)墓葬,內有(you)用(yong)蚌殼堆塑的(de)(de)龍(long)虎圖形(xing),與傳(chuan)說中“五帝”時(shi)期的(de)(de)年代(dai)相一致(zhi),對于我國史前史的(de)(de)研究和夏、商、周斷代(dai)工(gong)程都有(you)十分重要的(de)(de)意(yi)義。
御祭碑碣數量(liang)之多,為我國(guo)古代帝王陵寢較(jiao)少(shao)
陵寢已發現歷(li)代帝(di)王(wang)及民間的(de)(de)祭祀碑碣165通,這在我國古(gu)代帝(di)王(wang)帝(di)陵中是不(bu)多(duo)見的(de)(de),證明了華夏民族對顓頊(xu)、帝(di)嚳(ku)的(de)(de)尊崇。這些碑碣不(bu)僅是研究歷(li)代官職、地域風俗、政區沿革的(de)(de)重要資(zi)料。同時,也(ye)是難(nan)得的(de)(de)書(shu)法藝術和石刻藝術瑰(gui)寶。