介紹
水庫位于區(qu)域構造相對穩定(ding)的(de)地區(qu),區(qu)內出露的(de)地層主(zhu)要有(you)下元(yuan)古界(jie)的(de)混(hun)合花(hua)崗巖、混(hun)合巖及角(jiao)閃斜長片麻巖等,侵入巖主(zhu)要有(you)元(yuan)古界(jie)的(de)混(hun)合花(hua)崗巖、花(hua)崗閃長巖等。區(qu)內構造斷(duan)(duan)裂以南(nan)北(bei)向(xiang)斷(duan)(duan)裂為主(zhu),規模較大,其(qi)次為北(bei)東向(xiang)、東西向(xiang)及北(bei)西向(xiang)斷(duan)(duan)裂。區(qu)域性的(de)牡丹江斷(duan)(duan)裂通(tong)過壩址(zhi)左岸埡口,向(xiang)南(nan)伸入庫區(qu),向(xiang)北(bei)延至(zhi)下游,但無(wu)現(xian)代活(huo)動跡象(xiang)。經(jing)遼寧省(sheng)地震局(ju)鑒定(ding),基本地震烈度(du)為6度(du)。
庫區兩(liang)岸(an)(an)山勢(shi)高(gao)峻,無(wu)相鄰(lin)河(he)谷(gu)及(ji)單薄分(fen)水嶺。構成(cheng)庫區的(de)巖石(shi)主要為弱透水的(de)花(hua)崗(gang)巖或混(hun)合(he)花(hua)崗(gang)巖,且地(di)(di)下水位較高(gao),無(wu)永久(jiu)性滲漏問題(ti)。壩(ba)區河(he)谷(gu)為一不對稱的(de)U型(xing)谷(gu),平水期(qi)江水面寬約155m。右岸(an)(an)為凹岸(an)(an),因受河(he)流強烈沖刷,沿(yan)江形成(cheng)基巖裸露的(de)陡壁,比高(gao)達90~180m。左岸(an)(an)為凸(tu)岸(an)(an),分(fen)布有漫灘和Ⅰ、Ⅱ級階地(di)(di),壩(ba)頭處為一近東西向(xiang)的(de)條形山脊(ji)。壩(ba)頭后部(bu)山脊(ji)由于F1大斷層(ceng)通過(guo),巖石(shi)風化破碎,構成(cheng)一低矮的(de)埡口,埡口左側山體逐(zhu)漸升高(gao)加(jia)厚。水庫正常蓄水位218m,水庫回水長度99.9km,淹(yan)沒(mei)范圍涉及(ji)2個縣2個鄉,總計淹(yan)沒(mei)耕(geng)地(di)(di)10.94萬畝(mu),需(xu)遷移人口40725人。
電(dian)站(zhan)屬(shu)一等工(gong)程,樞紐由(you)攔河壩(ba)(包括大壩(ba)和二(er)壩(ba))、溢洪(hong)道和引水發(fa)電(dian)系統等組成。大壩(ba)為鋼筋混(hun)凝土面板堆石壩(ba),下游在高程200m設一寬3m的馬(ma)道,在高程173m有(you)一寬10m的進(jin)廠(chang)公路。
堆石壩(ba)體從上(shang)游(you)(you)到下游(you)(you)分為墊層區、細堆石過渡區、主(zhu)堆石區及下游(you)(you)堆石區,在周(zhou)邊縫下設填筑小區,另外在面板(ban)(ban)上(shang)游(you)(you)側下部設粘土鋪(pu)蓋及保護區。趾(zhi)板(ban)(ban)最(zui)大(da)寬度(du)6m,厚0.6m,趾(zhi)板(ban)(ban)和面板(ban)(ban)之間設置周(zhou)邊縫。通過趾(zhi)板(ban)(ban)進行灌(guan)漿。帷幕灌(guan)漿為一排孔布置,最(zui)大(da)深(shen)度(du)約25m,固結灌(guan)漿于帷幕孔上(shang)下游(you)(you)各(ge)一排,孔深(shen)一般為6m。壩(ba)址地處(chu)寒冷山區,多年平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)3.2℃,極端最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)是—45.2℃,極端最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)37.5℃。
二壩(ba)為粘土心(xin)墻(qiang)砂礫石壩(ba),布置在左岸(an)低(di)矮(ai)埡(wu)口處(chu),心(xin)墻(qiang)建基于呈(cheng)塊(kuai)狀的全風化巖下部(bu),通過心(xin)墻(qiang)底板進行灌漿,向(xiang)右(you)與大壩(ba)帷幕相(xiang)接,向(xiang)左壩(ba)肩延長(chang)約120m,另外在F1大斷層破(po)碎(sui)帶(dai)加強灌漿。溢洪道位于右(you)岸(an)低(di)分水(shui)嶺處(chu),為開敞(chang)式岸(an)坡溢洪道,由引水(shui)渠(qu)、溢流(liu)堰體、泄槽、挑(tiao)流(liu)鼻坎及(ji)出水(shui)渠(qu)組成。
該工程(cheng)采(cai)用一次斷(duan)流(liu)、隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)導流(liu)方(fang)案(an),導流(liu)洞(dong)進、出(chu)口及(ji)廠(chang)房圍(wei)(wei)堰為(wei)粘(zhan)土心墻土石(shi)圍(wei)(wei)堰,大壩上(shang)游圍(wei)(wei)堰為(wei)粘(zhan)土斜墻土石(shi)圍(wei)(wei)堰,按10年一遇洪水(shui)(shui)設計,2條導流(liu)洞(dong)為(wei)直徑13.7m的圓形斷(duan)面。第(di)一年先填筑導流(liu)隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)進、出(chu)口及(ji)廠(chang)房圍(wei)(wei)堰,江水(shui)(shui)從束窄的河(he)床過(guo)流(liu),第(di)三年汛末(mo)主河(he)床截流(liu),江水(shui)(shui)由(you)兩條導流(liu)隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)宣(xuan)泄,第(di)五年下閘蓄水(shui)(shui),工程(cheng)總工期67個月(yue)。
蓮(lian)花水電站是中國目前(qian)在(zai)寒(han)冷地區修建的(de)一(yi)座混凝土面板堆石(shi)(shi)壩,每(mei)年施(shi)工期(qi)不(bu)足(zu)7個月。冬(dong)季石(shi)(shi)料開采或制(zhi)備(bei)不(bu)停工,需(xu)解決負溫下不(bu)灑水的(de)壩體填筑質量(liang)控制(zhi)問題。
總工程量為土(tu)(tu)石方(fang)開挖624.48萬(wan)m3,土(tu)(tu)石方(fang)填(tian)筑590萬(wan)m3,混凝土(tu)(tu)澆筑49.69萬(wan)m3。工程總投資19.5億(yi)。淹沒(mei)耕(geng)地1295.5hm2,遷(qian)移(yi)人口(kou)40725人。
工程設計
大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)位(wei)于主(zhu)河床,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)型為(wei)混凝土(tu)面板(ban)(ban)堆(dui)(dui)石(shi)壩(ba)(ba)(ba),最(zui)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高71sm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)長(chang)度902om,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)度8om,面板(ban)(ban)總面積(ji)75400 mZ,大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)上下(xia)游(you)(you)邊坡1:1.4。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)基礎鋪有2om厚的排水(shui)(shui)層(ceng).壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體填筑390萬m3。筑壩(ba)(ba)(ba) 堆(dui)(dui)石(shi)料(liao)為(wei)混合花崗巖(yan)(yan),其強(qiang)風(feng)(feng)化下(xia)部至徽新巖(yan)(yan)體的濕 抗壓強(qiang)度為(wei)51.0-150 MPa。周邊縫(feng)設3道(dao)(dao)止水(shui)(shui),勃土(tu)心(xin)墻堆(dui)(dui)石(shi)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)最(zui)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高47Zm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)長(chang)度332m,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan) 8om,上下(xia)游(you)(you)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)坡均為(wei)l,2.0、1:2.25,薪土(tu)心(xin)墻頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)4Om,上下(xia)游(you)(you)坡比(bi)1:0.2,貓(mao)土(tu)心(xin)墻的土(tu)料(liao)為(wei)左岸(an)的貓(mao)土(tu)和(he)粉質貓(mao)土(tu),滲透系數1.7xlo’scm/S、設計干(gan)密度1.62kg/cm。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)殼料(liao)為(wei)溢(yi)洪(hong)道(dao)(dao)開挖強(qiang)風(feng)(feng)化 混合花崗巖(yan)(yan)和(he)部分(fen)砂礫(li)石(shi)料(liao)。開敞式溢(yi)洪(hong)道(dao)(dao)位(wei)于右(you)岸(an)的山體婭口處(chu),溢(yi)流前沿 總長(chang)度130m,溢(yi)洪(hong)道(dao)(dao)由溢(yi)流堰、泄(xie)(xie)槽和(he)挑流棄(qi)坎組(zu) 成(cheng),全長(chang)990m。溢(yi)洪(hong)道(dao)(dao)最(zui)大泄(xie)(xie)量18570 m3/s,共7孔設有16 mX13.4m弧形工作門和(he)平板(ban)(ban)檢修(xiu)門。
引(yin)水(shui)(shui)發電系統位于(yu)右岸,采(cai)用引(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)(dong)接地面(mian)廠房布置(zhi)型式。引(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)(dong)進(jin)口(kou)位于(yu)右岸大壩(ba)上(shang)游200m的陡崖處。兩條引(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)(dong)均采(cai)用岸塔(ta)(ta)式進(jin)水(shui)(shui)口(kou),進(jin)水(shui)(shui)塔(ta)(ta)高62sm,進(jin)水(shui)(shui)口(kou)前沿設有4扇(shan)6mx33m活動攔(lan)污柵,每個進(jin)水(shui)(shui)口(kou)設計流量(liang)662 m3/s,設有兩扇(shan)6m沐14 m平板(ban)檢修(xiu)門及固定式卷揚啟閉機(ji)。兩條引(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)(dong)均為(wei)圓型鋼筋混凝(ning)土襯砌斷面(mian),隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)(dong)埋(mai)深(shen)70一160m,內徑13.7m,1號和(he)2號引(yin)水(shui)(shui)隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)(dong)分別長620.54m和(he)493.98m。
引水(shui)隧洞末端均設有一座阻抗式調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)井。調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)井高94.02m,橫斷面為(wei)復式雙圓弧(hu)型。4條壓(ya)力管(guan)道從井后(hou)接出,壓(ya)力管(guan)道直徑為(wei)8.4m,每條長140m,壓(ya)力管(guan)道埋深一般為(wei)50-80m,采 用鋼板襯砌(qi)。
岸邊(bian)地面(mian)廠房(fang)由主廠房(fang)、副廠房(fang)、變(bian)電站(zhan)和開關站(zhan)組(zu)成。主廠房(fang)尺寸(cun)為(wei)162.5 rnx29m只55.98m(長火 寬x高(gao))。安裝4臺(tai)(tai)137.5 MW的水輪發(fa)電機(ji)組(zu)。發(fa)電機(ji)層與地面(mian)齊(qi)平(ping)。4臺(tai)(tai)主變(bian)壓(ya)器布置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)廠后平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)。開關站(zhan)布置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)廠房(fang)左側(ce),中控室布置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)再廠左側(ce)安裝間和開關站(zhan)之間。
施工技術
壩體填(tian)筑施(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)
壩體填(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)前(qian)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)15.5 t振動碾(nian)將(jiang)砂礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎碾(nian)壓(ya)6遍。小(xiao)區料(liao)(liao)(liao)由(you)(you)鍔式破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一次破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)后(hou),再摻(chan)入(ru)15%~20%的(de)天然河(he)砂;冬(dong)季(ji)施工因碾(nian)壓(ya)時不(bu)能(neng)灑(sa)水(shui),摻(chan)25%~30%的(de)人(ren)(ren)工破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)粉,填(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)時由(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)工攤(tan)鋪(pu),層(ceng)厚(hou)0.15 m,15.5 t振動碾(nian)靜碾(nian)16遍。墊層(ceng)料(liao)(liao)(liao)由(you)(you)鍔式破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao),破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)規格200×400、400×600、600×900共(gong)6臺,最大(da)生(sheng)產能(neng)力每班(ban)為702 m3。為滿足細(xi)(xi)(xi)顆料(liao)(liao)(liao)含(han)量(liang)要求,常溫(wen)季(ji)節摻(chan)入(ru)15%~20%天然河(he)砂。超徑石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)超過3%。含(han)泥(ni)量(liang)不(bu)超過3%。人(ren)(ren)工攤(tan)鋪(pu)鋪(pu)層(ceng)厚(hou)0.4 m,并向(xiang)上(shang)游側超填(tian)(tian)不(bu)大(da)于15 cm,常溫(wen)下灑(sa)水(shui)20%,15.5 t振動碾(nian)壓(ya)10遍。采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)反(fan)擊式碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)產最大(da)粒徑為2cm的(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao),含(han)水(shui)率1.7%~2.3%,含(han)泥(ni)量(liang)極少(不(bu)超過0.5%),受凍(dong)后(hou)不(bu)易結塊,是(shi)良好的(de)細(xi)(xi)(xi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)來源。摻(chan)配(pei)比例為粗(cu)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)∶細(xi)(xi)(xi)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(含(han)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)粉)∶水(shui)洗砂=4∶1∶1,滿足了(le)設計(ji)要求,解決了(le)大(da)壩墊層(ceng)料(liao)(liao)(liao)冬(dong)季(ji)填(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施工的(de)難題。過渡(du)層(ceng)料(liao)(liao)(liao)有采(cai)(cai)(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)爆破(po)(po)開采(cai)(cai)(cai),剔除大(da)于30 cm的(de)超徑料(liao)(liao)(liao),用(yong)4 m3電鏟及(ji)3 m3裝(zhuang)載(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)、15 t~20 t自卸(xie)汽(qi)車進行運輸(shu)。填(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)后(hou)退法(fa)卸(xie)料(liao)(liao)(liao),用(yong)180 hp推土機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)攤(tan)平,人(ren)(ren)工配(pei)合,鋪(pu)層(ceng)厚(hou)0.4m。主(zhu)、次堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)分別來自溢(yi)洪道和(he)采(cai)(cai)(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)及(ji)洞挖料(liao)(liao)(liao),由(you)(you)4 m3電鏟及(ji)4 m3~6m3裝(zhuang)載(zai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)、15 t~42 t自卸(xie)汽(qi)車進行運輸(shu),進占法(fa)卸(xie)料(liao)(liao)(liao),推土機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)攤(tan)平,鋪(pu)層(ceng)厚(hou)主(zhu)堆(dui)為60 cm、80cm、次堆(dui)為100cm、120cm,15.5t振動碾(nian)碾(nian)壓(ya)。在實際填(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)過程中,最大(da)日填(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)強度:墊層(ceng)料(liao)(liao)(liao)達(da)1240m3/d,過渡(du)層(ceng)料(liao)(liao)(liao)達(da)1500m3/d,堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)達(da)14000m3/d。
面板混凝土施(shi)工技術
無(wu)軌滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)模(mo)具(ju)設(she)計制作(zuo)(zuo) 自(zi)行(xing)設(she)計制作(zuo)(zuo)無(wu)軌滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)設(she)施,據砼面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)寬度(du)考(kao)慮兩(liang)種規格.滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)設(she)施主要由(you)滑(hua)(hua)動模(mo)板(ban)(ban)、側(ce)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)、各種專用(yong)運(yun)輸臺車、混凝土拌合(he)運(yun)輸機(ji)具(ju)和(he)提升運(yun)輸機(ji)具(ju)等構成.滑(hua)(hua)動模(mo)板(ban)(ban)骨架采(cai)用(yong)桁架式,由(you)63.5mm×5mm鋼(gang)管焊制,每榀桁架高0.61m,長(chang)(chang)15m(用(yong)于(yu)14 m寬面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)),桁架中心距0.4m,共(gong)4榀,各榀桁架間采(cai)用(yong)系桿連(lian)接。由(you)于(yu)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)施工面(mian)(mian)積(ji)較大,考(kao)慮其抗磨耐久(jiu)性,滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)(ban)采(cai)用(yong)10mm厚鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)。滑(hua)(hua)動模(mo)板(ban)(ban)尺寸(cun)(14 cm板(ban)(ban)寬)為(wei)(wei)1.6 m×15m.滑(hua)(hua)動模(mo)板(ban)(ban)重量為(wei)(wei)4.032t,滑(hua)(hua)升時根據上浮情況加鋼(gang)筋作(zuo)(zuo)配重。側(ce)模(mo)結構采(cai)用(yong)50×5角鋼(gang)焊制成框架,人工安拆側(ce)模(mo)每節長(chang)(chang)2m。每套(tao)側(ce)模(mo)可周轉使(shi)用(yong),由(you)布設(she)在(zai)壩(ba)頂的2臺5t卷(juan)揚機(ji)牽引,卷(juan)揚機(ji)由(you)埋(mai)入堆石內的簡易地(di)錨固定(ding)。
面板砼澆筑
⑴混凝土(tu)配合(he)比:
根據面板滑模(mo)砼(tong)的(de)施工要求,大壩水泥的(de)mgo含量偏高使砼(tong)具有微膨脹性(xing),可(ke)以抵(di)消砼(tong)的(de)大部分收縮變形, sk引氣減水劑對提高砼(tong)抗凍性(xing)能(neng)效果(guo)顯著,有不透水性(xing)和抗裂(lie)性(xing),增加砼(tong)與(yu)鋼筋的(de)握裹強度的(de)特性(xing)。
⑵周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)瀝青砂墊層(ceng)施工(gong)
瀝青(qing)砂墊層(ceng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)分兩種(zhong):一種(zhong)是預(yu)先制成(cheng)塊,每塊長約(yue)30 cm,運至現場作(zuo)業面(mian)安裝(zhuang),各塊間隙(xi)用熱瀝青(qing)灌注;變形(xing)模量(liang)80~100mpa,瀝青(qing)砂在5~37.5℃的氣溫下進(jin)行(xing)澆注不堆(dui)坡,并形(xing)成(cheng)1∶1.4邊坡,進(jin)行(xing)了試驗.試驗初,曾采用粉煤灰(hui)、石棉和砂摻(chan)合(he)料,把摻(chan)合(he)料改(gai)為(wei)水(shui)泥(ni)和河砂。一期(qi)面(mian)板(ban)砼(tong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(即高程197.5 m以下,板(ban)塊最(zui)大斜(xie)長81.3m),完成(cheng)砼(tong)量(liang)18348 m3,面(mian)板(ban)面(mian)積為(wei)42008 m2,最(zui)大滑升(sheng)速度為(wei)4.6 m/h;二期(qi)面(mian)板(ban)砼(tong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(即高程197.5m~208.0m),完成(cheng)砼(tong)量(liang)2339m3,面(mian)板(ban)面(mian)積為(wei)11492m2,最(zui)大滑升(sheng)速度為(wei)5.19 m/h。為(wei)滿足施(shi)(shi)工(gong)進(jin)度要求,共制做5套(tao)滑模模具(ju),其中(zhong)14m板(ban)寬的4套(tao),7m板(ban)寬的1套(tao)。
進水口攔污柵墩砼滑模施工技術
每(mei)(mei)個進(jin)水口(kou)由(you)5個攔污柵(zha)墩(dun)組成四孔,墩(dun)間凈距6 m,邊墩(dun)和中墩(dun)斷(duan)面(mian)均(jun)為2 m×10 m,次中墩(dun)斷(duan)面(mian)均(jun)為1.4 m×10 m。為滿足(zu)截流對進(jin)水口(kou)施工(gong)形(xing)象(xiang)面(mian)貌(mao)要(yao)求,每(mei)(mei)個進(jin)水口(kou)5個攔污柵(zha)墩(dun)需(xu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)整體(ti)同步滑(hua)模,制作(zuo)一(yi)套模具可滿足(zu)兩個進(jin)水口(kou)周(zhou)轉(zhuan)使用(yong)(yong)要(yao)求。根據以往滑(hua)模施工(gong)經(jing)驗,取消攔污柵(zha)槽二(er)期砼,即柵(zha)槽埋件(jian)隨滑(hua)模施工(gong)逐節安裝。滑(hua)模起(qi)滑(hua)在底板形(xing)成后(hou)進(jin)行,砼水平(ping)運(yun)輸采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)6m3砼攪拌運(yun)輸車.砼垂直運(yun)輸前期主(zhu)要(yao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)布置在地面(mian)上的30/10園筒型高(gao)架(jia)門(men)(men)機吊罐入(ru)倉(cang),后(hou)期利用(yong)(yong)布置在上部高(gao)程(cheng)239m路(lu)和攔污柵(zha)下游高(gao)程(cheng)218.5m撐(cheng)墻上的門(men)(men)機吊罐入(ru)倉(cang),塔吊吊小(xiao)罐輔助作(zuo)業。
調壓(ya)井(jing)井(jing)筒砼初砌滑模施(shi)工技術
每個(ge)調壓(ya)井(jing)斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)輪廓(kuo)由(you)園弧、直線和折(zhe)線組成,砼(tong)襯(chen)砌后斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)短(duan)跨×長跨約為(wei)17 m×20m。自(zi)底板(ban)高(gao)程155.08m至(zhi)頂部(bu)高(gao)程250m,井(jing)筒(tong)(tong)高(gao)95m。根據1996年底首機發電對(dui)2#調壓(ya)井(jing)工(gong)(gong)期要求,決定井(jing)筒(tong)(tong)砼(tong)襯(chen)砌采用(yong)(yong)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案。考慮(lv)1#調壓(ya)井(jing)亦用(yong)(yong)此(ci)方(fang)案施工(gong)(gong),需(xu)要設計制作(zuo)一套(tao)安拆方(fang)便的液壓(ya)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)具。滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)設施主要由(you)操作(zuo)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)、提升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機架(jia)、圍圈(quan)、模(mo)(mo)板(ban)、砼(tong)和材(cai)料工(gong)(gong)器具運(yun)輸(shu)系(xi)統(tong)、人員上下交通系(xi)統(tong)組成.操作(zuo)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)承重(zhong)結構采用(yong)(yong)網狀鋼(gang)(gang)桁架(jia)式(shi)結構,以(yi)減輕平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)本身自(zi)重(zhong)。采用(yong)(yong)l75×5和l100×10角鋼(gang)(gang)焊制,提升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)安裝(zhuang)兩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)千斤頂。提升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)共82個(ge),千斤頂140個(ge)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)。模(mo)(mo)體總重(zhong)為(wei)43t。砼(tong)水平(ping)(ping)(ping)運(yun)輸(shu)采用(yong)(yong)6m3砼(tong)攪拌運(yun)輸(shu)車,砼(tong)垂(chui)直運(yun)輸(shu),由(you)于調壓(ya)井(jing)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)從底板(ban)上開始滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),低(di)部(bu)位阻抗(kang)板(ban)以(yi)下采用(yong)(yong)砼(tong)泵自(zi)底洞輸(shu)送砼(tong)入(ru)倉,溜(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)φ219鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan),溜(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)每節(jie)長2.0m,節(jie)間由(you)法蘭連接,每節(jie)均與鋼(gang)(gang)絲繩連接牢固,每節(jie)溜(liu)(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)承受荷載(zai)均傳到鋼(gang)(gang)絲繩上,鋼(gang)(gang)絲繩錨固在井(jing)頂部(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)的地錨上。2#調壓(ya)井(jing)井(jing)筒(tong)(tong)砼(tong)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)每升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)1m需(xu)安裝(zhuang)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)10t,鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)安裝(zhuang)量大且內層水平(ping)(ping)(ping)環(huan)向鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)綁扎困難,而且在高(gao)程228.5m又進(jin)行了改模(mo)(mo),對(dui)滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)度有一定影(ying)響(xiang)。正常滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)速度為(wei)
蓮花水電站引水隧洞砼(tong)襯(chen)砌施工技術
2.5 m/d。
引水隧(sui)洞砼襯砌施工技術
1)邊頂拱鋼模臺車
臺(tai)(tai)車模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)由7節模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)拼裝組(zu)成,支立總長10.5m,每(mei)節模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)沿環向分(fen)為(wei)5段。頂拱(gong)(gong)段為(wei)一整體鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo),兩(liang)側邊(bian)拱(gong)(gong)段均由大(da)、小兩(liang)塊鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)組(zu)成。邊(bian)頂拱(gong)(gong)砼襯砌斷面的中心(xin)角為(wei)288.54°。在邊(bian)拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)上設(she)置砼下(xia)料(liao)操作窗口若干(gan)個,模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)收(shou)分(fen)采(cai)用(yong)機械收(shou)分(fen)系(xi)統,利用(yong)設(she)置在頂拱(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)兩(liang)側邊(bian)拱(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上的液壓千(qian)斤頂和(he)絲杠進(jin)行收(shou)分(fen)。臺(tai)(tai)車底腳(jiao)裝有可沿彎曲(qu)軌道行走的輪子8個,每(mei)臺(tai)(tai)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車重(zhong)160 t。
2)底(di)拱鋼模臺車
臺車模(mo)(mo)板由6節鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)板拼裝組成,支立總長(chang)10.5m,每節鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)為一整塊模(mo)(mo)板,底拱(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)上設置下料口,6節鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)與(yu)3根縱梁(liang)聯接(jie)形成整體模(mo)(mo)板,縱橫(heng)梁(liang)之間用絲(si)杠連接(jie),通(tong)過操(cao)作絲(si)杠起落模(mo)(mo)板,橫(heng)梁(liang)與(yu)聯系梁(liang)連接(jie),聯梁(liang)底部(bu)安裝4個可(ke)沿軌道行走(zou)的輪子,底拱(gong)臺車重20t。
3)臺(tai)車軌道及(ji)牽引動力設(she)施
邊(bian)頂拱(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車(che)的軌道(dao)(dao),是在開挖底(di)板上墊碎渣或小骨料,其上鋪枕木(mu),軌道(dao)(dao)采(cai)用(yong)qu80型鋼(gang)(gang)軌.底(di)拱(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車(che)的軌道(dao)(dao),采(cai)用(yong)在已澆(jiao)邊(bian)拱(gong)砼上預(yu)埋鋼(gang)(gang)板,其上固定120工字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)作為(wei)軌道(dao)(dao)。邊(bian)頂拱(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車(che)采(cai)用(yong)180hp推(tui)土機(ji)牽引行走。底(di)拱(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車(che)采(cai)用(yong)180hp推(tui)土機(ji)或1臺(tai)5t,卷(juan)揚機(ji)牽引行走。
4)砼襯砌施工
由于進(jin)(jin)入洞(dong)內的施(shi)工(gong)通道只有進(jin)(jin)口一(yi)條,故砼(tong)(tong)整體澆筑施(shi)工(gong)應自(zi)內向外進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),每(mei)(mei)個(ge)澆筑段長度為10.5m。采(cai)用先邊(bian)頂(ding)拱、后底拱的施(shi)工(gong)順序,每(mei)(mei)條洞(dong)邊(bian)頂(ding)拱砼(tong)(tong)襯(chen)砌分幾個(ge)襯(chen)砌單(dan)元(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),自(zi)里向外逐(zhu)單(dan)元(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing);每(mei)(mei)個(ge)單(dan)元(yuan)長度為10個(ge)澆筑段左右,各布置(zhi)兩臺邊(bian)頂(ding)拱鋼模(mo)臺車(che),分別布置(zhi)在(zai)端(duan)部,一(yi)臺鋼筋臺車(che)布置(zhi)在(zai)兩臺邊(bian)頂(ding)鋼模(mo)臺車(che)之間。砼(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)采(cai)用6m3砼(tong)(tong)攪(jiao)拌運(yun)輸(shu)車(che)運(yun)入洞(dong)內至90m3/h砼(tong)(tong)泵(beng)(beng)車(che),由砼(tong)(tong)泵(beng)(beng)車(che)壓(ya)送(song)砼(tong)(tong)入倉。用回彈(dan)儀(yi)在(zai)環縫(feng)砼(tong)(tong)上進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)測試,控制在(zai)砼(tong)(tong)抗壓(ya)強度達(da)45kg/cm2以上進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)脫(tuo)模(mo)。一(yi)般需要18~24h達(da)到脫(tuo)模(mo)強度.采(cai)用上述(shu)施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝,隧洞(dong)砼(tong)(tong)襯(chen)砌月進(jin)(jin)尺達(da)105m,保(bao)證了隧洞(dong)施(shi)工(gong)形(xing)象面貌的按期實現。
安全監測
介紹
蓮花水電站大壩安全監(jian)測(ce)系統(tong)由東北勘測(ce)設(she)計研究院設(she)計。大、二壩內部(bu)觀(guan)測(ce)儀器埋設(she)和外(wai)部(bu)觀(guan)測(ce)測(ce)點澆筑隨壩體施工同步(bu)進行,從1993年開始,到1997年結束。大壩安全監(jian)測(ce)以變形(xing)、滲流為主,應(ying)力(li)應(ying)變為輔;施工期和運(yun)行期監(jian)測(ce)兼(jian)顧。
項目
⑴變形監測:包(bao)括大、二壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)體表面水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、垂(chui)直(zhi)位移;大壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)體內部水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、垂(chui)直(zhi)位移;砼面板(ban)板(ban)間縫、周邊縫開合度及面板(ban)撓(nao)曲變形監測。
⑵滲流監測(ce):包括大壩(ba)壩(ba)體(ti)滲透壓力;大、二壩(ba)滲流量(liang)和繞(rao)壩(ba)滲流監測(ce)。
⑶應力應變監測:包括大壩砼面板應力應變和溫度(du)監測。
系統布置
1、基點網
蓮花電站(zhan)水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移(yi)監測基點(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)—邊(bian)角網(wang)(wang),由壩(ba)(ba)區內的(de)13個點(dian)(dian)(dian)組成,采用T2002+DI2002全站(zhan)儀(yi)按國家一(yi)(yi)等三角精(jing)度施(shi)測;垂直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)監測基點(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)—精(jing)密水(shui)準網(wang)(wang),由壩(ba)(ba)下游區的(de)26個點(dian)(dian)(dian)組成,采用NI002A精(jing)密水(shui)準儀(yi)和(he)銦瓦水(shui)準尺按國家一(yi)(yi)等水(shui)準精(jing)度施(shi)測。電站(zhan)大壩(ba)(ba)、二壩(ba)(ba)、溢洪道(dao)等建(jian)筑物的(de)水(shui)平、垂直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)觀測均(jun)以(yi)上述網(wang)(wang)作為基點(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。
2、大、二壩監(jian)測系統(tong)布置(zhi)
⑴大、二壩壩體表面變形監測(ce)
蓮花(hua)大壩(ba)(混凝土面(mian)板(ban)堆石壩(ba))在(zai)(zai)面(mian)板(ban)、防浪墻(qiang)頂(ding)(ding)部、壩(ba)頂(ding)(ding)公路下(xia)(xia)游側、馬道及進(jin)廠公路上游側平(ping)行于(yu)(yu)壩(ba)軸(zhou)線(xian)布置(zhi)五排總(zong)計(ji)52個(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)位移永久測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian);在(zai)(zai)壩(ba)下(xia)(xia)游坡觀測(ce)(ce)室(shi)旁還有6個(ge)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)。二壩(ba)(粘土心墻(qiang)砂礫石壩(ba))在(zai)(zai)上游坡、防浪墻(qiang)頂(ding)(ding)部、壩(ba)頂(ding)(ding)公路下(xia)(xia)游側及馬道處平(ping)行于(yu)(yu)壩(ba)軸(zhou)線(xian)布置(zhi)四排總(zong)計(ji)13個(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)位移永久測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)。壩(ba)體(ti)表(biao)面(mian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)位移利用邊(bian)角網做(zuo)為工作基點(dian)(dian),采用邊(bian)角交會(hui)或(huo)邊(bian)長(chang)交會(hui)法,應(ying)用T2002+DI2002按二等(deng)三角精(jing)(jing)度進(jin)行觀測(ce)(ce)。壩(ba)體(ti)表(biao)面(mian)垂(chui)直位移永久測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)位移永久測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)同一測(ce)(ce)墩上。壩(ba)體(ti)表(biao)面(mian)垂(chui)直位移利用精(jing)(jing)密(mi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)準網做(zuo)為工作基點(dian)(dian),組(zu)成(cheng)閉合或(huo)附合水(shui)(shui)(shui)準路線(xian),應(ying)用NI002A精(jing)(jing)密(mi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)準儀和(he)銦瓦水(shui)(shui)(shui)準尺按二等(deng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)準精(jing)(jing)度進(jin)行觀測(ce)(ce)。
⑵大壩壩體內部變形監測
取大壩兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)典型斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)0+170樁號(最大壩高(gao)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian))和0+496樁號(地質條件復雜斷(duan)面(mian)(mian))做為(wei)大壩壩體內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)水(shui)平、垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)的(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)。在每(mei)個(ge)(ge)(ge)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)壩下(xia)游坡▽180m、▽192m和▽205m三個(ge)(ge)(ge)高(gao)程(cheng)處布置(zhi)6個(ge)(ge)(ge)內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)變(bian)形觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)室,室內(nei)(nei)(nei)布置(zhi)水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移(yi)和垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)總計(ji)各(ge)24個(ge)(ge)(ge)。水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移(yi)和垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)同組(zu)布置(zhi),同一層(ceng)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)以觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)主(zhu)堆石體位(wei)(wei)移(yi)為(wei)主(zhu),每(mei)層(ceng)都在過渡料與墊層(ceng)料之間布置(zhi)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian),以此點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)代(dai)表面(mian)(mian)板位(wei)(wei)移(yi),兼測(ce)(ce)面(mian)(mian)板撓度。水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移(yi)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)采(cai)用(yong)引(yin)張(zhang)線式(shi)水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)移(yi)計(ji),垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)采(cai)用(yong)水(shui)管(guan)式(shi)沉(chen)降儀。觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)室外(wai)設內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)部(bu)聯(lian)系測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)6個(ge)(ge)(ge),觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)室自(zi)身位(wei)(wei)移(yi),以便(bian)換算(suan)出壩體內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)各(ge)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)的(de)絕對(dui)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)。
⑶大壩面板板間縫、周邊縫變形(xing)監(jian)測(ce)
在靠近(jin)兩(liang)岸壩肩(jian)部位的(de)(de)張性縫(feng)(feng)區(qu)域,各布置(zhi)(zhi)2支(zhi)測(ce)縫(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀測(ce)面(mian)板(ban)張性縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)開(kai)度(du)大小(xiao);在河床部位的(de)(de)壓性縫(feng)(feng)區(qu)域,布置(zhi)(zhi)1支(zhi)測(ce)縫(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀測(ce)面(mian)板(ban)壓性縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)閉合度(du)大小(xiao)。為觀測(ce)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)三向(xiang)位移,在河床及兩(liang)岸的(de)(de)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)共布置(zhi)(zhi)9組(zu)三向(xiang)測(ce)縫(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀測(ce)垂直于(yu)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)開(kai)合、平行于(yu)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)滑移及垂直于(yu)面(mian)板(ban)的(de)(de)沉降。
⑷大、二壩滲(shen)流監測
在大壩(ba)(ba)最大壩(ba)(ba)高斷面(mian)(mian)(0+170樁號)建基面(mian)(mian)靠(kao)近上游(you)趾板帷幕(mu)后布置4支滲壓計(ji),用來觀(guan)測(ce)壩(ba)(ba)基滲透壓力。在二壩(ba)(ba)0+072剖面(mian)(mian),布置12支鋼(gang)弦式滲壓計(ji),用以觀(guan)測(ce)壩(ba)(ba)體浸潤線。
在(zai)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下游離壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)軸線(xian)145m,利用原有下游圍(wei)堰(yan)(yan),采用高噴灌(guan)漿形成一道阻水(shui)(shui)幕。在(zai)下游圍(wei)堰(yan)(yan)0+265樁號設(she)一座三(san)角形量(liang)水(shui)(shui)堰(yan)(yan),觀測(ce)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)總滲漏(lou)量(liang)。利用二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下游壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)腳處(chu)的(de)濾水(shui)(shui)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)址做排水(shui)(shui)溝,在(zai)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下游樁號1+052處(chu)設(she)一座三(san)角形量(liang)水(shui)(shui)堰(yan)(yan),觀測(ce)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)地表滲漏(lou)量(liang)。通過在(zai)河床中埋設(she)測(ce)壓管(guan)來測(ce)定(ding)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)基的(de)滲漏(lou)量(liang)。大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)右岸(an)山(shan)體布(bu)設(she)7孔(kong),大、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)之間山(shan)體布(bu)設(she)2孔(kong),二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)左(zuo)岸(an)山(shan)體布(bu)設(she)9孔(kong)。對大、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)兩岸(an)山(shan)體繞(rao)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)滲流量(liang)進行監測(ce),以此判斷山(shan)體的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)性,為壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)體安全(quan)運行提供依據。
⑸大壩面(mian)板(ban)應力應變(bian)監(jian)測(ce)
在面板上(shang)選擇有代表性(xing)的(de)部位布置(zhi)應(ying)(ying)變(bian)計、鋼(gang)筋計和無應(ying)(ying)力計;在靠近周邊縫的(de)部位布置(zhi)三向應(ying)(ying)變(bian)計組(zu),用于觀(guan)測面板的(de)平面應(ying)(ying)力狀態。
自動化狀況
蓮花水電站(zhan)大(da)(da)壩(ba)安全監(jian)測(ce)系統自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分兩部(bu)分:一是內部(bu)監(jian)測(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),包括除位移監(jian)測(ce)之外(wai)的(de)所有監(jian)測(ce)項(xiang)目(mu);二是外(wai)部(bu)監(jian)測(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),指大(da)(da)、二壩(ba)表面變形監(jian)測(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系統。內部(bu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系統由(you)東北勘測(ce)設計研究(jiu)院設計并(bing)施工(gong),目(mu)前此項(xiang)目(mu)還未完工(gong),僅(jin)能進(jin)行數據自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)采集。外(wai)部(bu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)系統采用徠卡(ka)測(ce)量機器(qi)人(ren)進(jin)行自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)監(jian)測(ce),該項(xiang)目(mu)正(zheng)在建(jian)設中,預計將于今年6月投入(ru)使用。
1、內部監(jian)測(ce)自動化
大(da)壩面(mian)板板間縫、周邊縫變(bian)形(xing)監測;面(mian)板應力(li)應變(bian)監測;大(da)、二壩滲流監測均在(zai)自動化(hua)監測系統中。在(zai)原(yuan)測點處布置測量控制單元(MCU),通過通訊(xun)電纜引至副廠房工作室,接收上位機指令(ling),選(xuan)擇測點,采(cai)集傳(chuan)感器信號。按設(she)計(ji)將形(xing)成(cheng)一個具備數據(ju)(ju)分析處理和(he)遠程(cheng)監控的自動化(hua)系統,目前(qian)剛開發到數據(ju)(ju)采(cai)集階段。數據(ju)(ju)采(cai)集系統初步運(yun)行已近(jin)兩(liang)(liang)年(nian),其間被(bei)雷電擊壞兩(liang)(liang)次,說明采(cai)集設(she)備防雷措施需加強。另外,由于壩址地處高寒地區,冬(dong)季低溫對系統正常運(yun)行也有一定影響(xiang)。
2、外部監測自動化
利(li)用壩(ba)(ba)(ba)下游L4和L6兩基點(dian)做自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)測(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan),分別放置一臺(tai)徠卡(ka)TCA2003全(quan)站(zhan)儀(被廠家稱為測(ce)(ce)(ce)量機器人(ren)),在(zai)大、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)后原測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)固定棱鏡,采(cai)用邊長或邊角交會法觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce),從而求(qiu)得測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)坐標。觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)過程中利(li)用大、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頭基點(dian)L8、L9和L10作(zuo)為參考點(dian),進行溫(wen)度和氣壓改(gai)正。除壩(ba)(ba)(ba)前(qian)15個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)外,其(qi)余56個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)均(jun)與(yu)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)測(ce)(ce)(ce)站(zhan)通視,這足以(yi)反映(ying)出壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體的(de)整體位移。另外,也可采(cai)用人(ren)工觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)前(qian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)與(yu)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)其(qi)余測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)相結合的(de)半自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)方(fang)案。TCA2003機載軟(ruan)件可完成水平角、垂直角和斜(xie)距的(de)野(ye)外觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)記錄工作(zuo),觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)中能自(zi)動(dong)檢查(cha)各種限差(cha)。TCA2003可與(yu)計(ji)算機相聯,實(shi)現(xian)采(cai)集控制和數(shu)據傳(chuan)輸、整理自(zi)動(dong)化(hua);遠(yuan)期目標在(zai)牡丹江進行遠(yuan)程控制。