介紹
水庫位(wei)于區域構造(zao)相對穩定的(de)(de)地(di)區,區內(nei)出露的(de)(de)地(di)層主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)下元古界(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)混合(he)花崗巖(yan)(yan)、混合(he)巖(yan)(yan)及角閃(shan)斜(xie)長(chang)片麻巖(yan)(yan)等,侵入(ru)巖(yan)(yan)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)元古界(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)混合(he)花崗巖(yan)(yan)、花崗閃(shan)長(chang)巖(yan)(yan)等。區內(nei)構造(zao)斷裂(lie)以南北向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)斷裂(lie)為主(zhu),規模較(jiao)大,其(qi)次為北東向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、東西向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)及北西向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)斷裂(lie)。區域性的(de)(de)牡丹江(jiang)斷裂(lie)通過壩址左岸埡口,向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南伸(shen)入(ru)庫區,向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北延至下游,但無(wu)現代活動跡象。經(jing)遼寧省(sheng)地(di)震局鑒定,基本(ben)地(di)震烈度為6度。
庫(ku)(ku)區兩岸山勢高(gao)峻(jun),無相鄰河谷(gu)(gu)及單薄分(fen)水(shui)(shui)嶺。構成庫(ku)(ku)區的巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石主要為(wei)弱透水(shui)(shui)的花崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)或混合花崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan),且地(di)下水(shui)(shui)位較高(gao),無永(yong)久性滲漏問題。壩區河谷(gu)(gu)為(wei)一不對稱的U型谷(gu)(gu),平水(shui)(shui)期江水(shui)(shui)面寬約155m。右岸為(wei)凹岸,因受河流強(qiang)烈沖刷,沿江形(xing)成基巖(yan)(yan)(yan)裸露的陡壁(bi),比高(gao)達90~180m。左岸為(wei)凸岸,分(fen)布有漫灘和(he)Ⅰ、Ⅱ級階地(di),壩頭處為(wei)一近東西向的條形(xing)山脊。壩頭后部山脊由于F1大斷層通過,巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石風化破碎(sui),構成一低矮的埡(wu)(wu)口(kou),埡(wu)(wu)口(kou)左側山體逐(zhu)漸升高(gao)加厚(hou)。水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)正(zheng)常蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)位218m,水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)回水(shui)(shui)長度99.9km,淹沒(mei)(mei)范(fan)圍涉及2個(ge)縣2個(ge)鄉,總計淹沒(mei)(mei)耕地(di)10.94萬畝,需遷移人口(kou)40725人。
電(dian)站(zhan)屬一(yi)等工程,樞紐(niu)由攔河壩(ba)(包括大壩(ba)和(he)二(er)壩(ba))、溢(yi)洪(hong)道和(he)引(yin)水發電(dian)系統(tong)等組(zu)成。大壩(ba)為鋼筋混凝土(tu)面(mian)板堆石壩(ba),下游在高(gao)程200m設一(yi)寬(kuan)3m的(de)馬(ma)道,在高(gao)程173m有一(yi)寬(kuan)10m的(de)進廠公路。
堆(dui)石(shi)壩體從(cong)上游(you)到(dao)下(xia)游(you)分為墊層區(qu)、細堆(dui)石(shi)過渡區(qu)、主堆(dui)石(shi)區(qu)及下(xia)游(you)堆(dui)石(shi)區(qu),在(zai)周邊縫(feng)(feng)下(xia)設填筑小(xiao)區(qu),另外在(zai)面板上游(you)側下(xia)部設粘土鋪蓋及保護區(qu)。趾(zhi)板最(zui)大寬(kuan)度6m,厚0.6m,趾(zhi)板和面板之間設置周邊縫(feng)(feng)。通過趾(zhi)板進行(xing)灌漿(jiang)。帷(wei)幕灌漿(jiang)為一排孔(kong)(kong)布置,最(zui)大深度約(yue)25m,固結灌漿(jiang)于帷(wei)幕孔(kong)(kong)上下(xia)游(you)各(ge)一排,孔(kong)(kong)深一般為6m。壩址地處(chu)寒冷山區(qu),多年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫3.2℃,極端最(zui)低(di)氣溫是—45.2℃,極端最(zui)高氣溫37.5℃。
二壩為粘(zhan)土(tu)心(xin)墻砂礫石壩,布置(zhi)在左岸低矮埡(wu)口(kou)處,心(xin)墻建(jian)基(ji)于呈塊狀的全(quan)風化巖下部,通過心(xin)墻底板(ban)進行(xing)灌漿,向右(you)與大壩帷幕相接,向左壩肩(jian)延長約120m,另外在F1大斷層破碎帶加強灌漿。溢洪道位于右(you)岸低分水嶺處,為開(kai)敞式岸坡溢洪道,由(you)引水渠(qu)、溢流堰體、泄槽、挑(tiao)流鼻坎及出水渠(qu)組(zu)成。
該工程(cheng)采用一(yi)次(ci)斷流、隧洞導流方案,導流洞進、出(chu)口及(ji)廠房(fang)圍堰為粘土(tu)心墻土(tu)石圍堰,大壩上游圍堰為粘土(tu)斜墻土(tu)石圍堰,按10年(nian)一(yi)遇洪(hong)水(shui)設(she)計,2條(tiao)(tiao)導流洞為直徑13.7m的圓形斷面(mian)。第一(yi)年(nian)先填筑導流隧洞進、出(chu)口及(ji)廠房(fang)圍堰,江水(shui)從束窄的河(he)床過流,第三年(nian)汛末主河(he)床截流,江水(shui)由兩(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)導流隧洞宣泄,第五年(nian)下閘蓄水(shui),工程(cheng)總工期67個(ge)月。
蓮(lian)花水電站是中國目前在寒(han)冷地(di)區(qu)修建(jian)的(de)一座(zuo)混凝土面板堆(dui)石壩,每年施工期不(bu)足(zu)7個月。冬(dong)季石料開采(cai)或制備不(bu)停工,需解決負溫下不(bu)灑水的(de)壩體(ti)填筑質量控制問題(ti)。
總(zong)工程(cheng)量為土(tu)(tu)石方(fang)開挖(wa)624.48萬(wan)m3,土(tu)(tu)石方(fang)填筑590萬(wan)m3,混凝土(tu)(tu)澆筑49.69萬(wan)m3。工程(cheng)總(zong)投資19.5億。淹沒耕地1295.5hm2,遷移(yi)人(ren)口40725人(ren)。
工程設計
大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)位于(yu)主河床(chuang),壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)型為(wei)(wei)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)面板堆石壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba),最大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)高71sm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)長(chang)(chang)度902om,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)寬度8om,面板總(zong)面積75400 mZ,大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)上下游邊坡1:1.4。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)基礎鋪有2om厚的(de)(de)(de)排水層.壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)體填筑(zhu)390萬m3。筑(zhu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba) 堆石料為(wei)(wei)混(hun)合花崗(gang)巖(yan),其強(qiang)(qiang)風化(hua)下部至(zhi)徽(hui)新巖(yan)體的(de)(de)(de)濕 抗壓強(qiang)(qiang)度為(wei)(wei)51.0-150 MPa。周邊縫設(she)3道止水,勃土(tu)(tu)心(xin)墻堆石壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)最大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)高47Zm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)長(chang)(chang)度332m,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)寬 8om,上下游壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)坡均(jun)為(wei)(wei)l,2.0、1:2.25,薪土(tu)(tu)心(xin)墻頂(ding)寬4Om,上下游坡比1:0.2,貓土(tu)(tu)心(xin)墻的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)料為(wei)(wei)左岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)貓土(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)粉質貓土(tu)(tu),滲透(tou)系數1.7xlo’scm/S、設(she)計干密度1.62kg/cm。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)殼料為(wei)(wei)溢(yi)洪(hong)道開挖強(qiang)(qiang)風化(hua) 混(hun)合花崗(gang)巖(yan)和(he)(he)部分(fen)砂(sha)礫石料。開敞式(shi)溢(yi)洪(hong)道位于(yu)右岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)山體婭口處,溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)前沿(yan) 總(zong)長(chang)(chang)度130m,溢(yi)洪(hong)道由(you)溢(yi)流(liu)(liu)堰、泄槽和(he)(he)挑流(liu)(liu)棄坎組(zu) 成(cheng),全(quan)長(chang)(chang)990m。溢(yi)洪(hong)道最大(da)(da)泄量18570 m3/s,共7孔設(she)有16 mX13.4m弧形(xing)工(gong)作門和(he)(he)平板檢修門。
引水(shui)發電系統位于(yu)右岸(an)(an)(an),采用引水(shui)隧(sui)洞(dong)接地面廠房(fang)布(bu)置型(xing)式(shi)。引水(shui)隧(sui)洞(dong)進(jin)口位于(yu)右岸(an)(an)(an)大(da)壩上游200m的陡崖(ya)處(chu)。兩條(tiao)引水(shui)隧(sui)洞(dong)均(jun)采用岸(an)(an)(an)塔式(shi)進(jin)水(shui)口,進(jin)水(shui)塔高62sm,進(jin)水(shui)口前沿(yan)設有4扇(shan)6mx33m活動攔污柵,每(mei)個進(jin)水(shui)口設計流(liu)量662 m3/s,設有兩扇(shan)6m沐(mu)14 m平板(ban)檢(jian)修(xiu)門(men)及固(gu)定(ding)式(shi)卷揚啟閉機。兩條(tiao)引水(shui)隧(sui)洞(dong)均(jun)為圓型(xing)鋼(gang)筋混凝土(tu)襯砌斷面,隧(sui)洞(dong)埋深70一160m,內徑13.7m,1號和2號引水(shui)隧(sui)洞(dong)分別長(chang)620.54m和493.98m。
引水隧洞(dong)末端均設有(you)一座阻(zu)抗式(shi)調壓井(jing)。調壓井(jing)高(gao)94.02m,橫斷面(mian)為(wei)復式(shi)雙圓弧型。4條壓力(li)管(guan)道從井(jing)后接出,壓力(li)管(guan)道直徑為(wei)8.4m,每條長140m,壓力(li)管(guan)道埋(mai)深一般為(wei)50-80m,采(cai) 用鋼板襯砌(qi)。
岸(an)邊地(di)面廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)由主廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)、副廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)、變(bian)電站(zhan)和開關(guan)(guan)站(zhan)組成。主廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)尺(chi)寸(cun)為162.5 rnx29m只55.98m(長火 寬(kuan)x高)。安裝4臺(tai)137.5 MW的水輪發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)組。發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)層(ceng)與(yu)地(di)面齊平(ping)。4臺(tai)主變(bian)壓器布(bu)置在廠(chang)(chang)(chang)后平(ping)臺(tai)。開關(guan)(guan)站(zhan)布(bu)置在廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)左側(ce),中控室(shi)布(bu)置在再(zai)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)左側(ce)安裝間(jian)和開關(guan)(guan)站(zhan)之間(jian)。
施工技術
壩體填筑施工技術
壩體填筑(zhu)前采(cai)用(yong)(yong)15.5 t振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)(dong)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)將砂礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)6遍(bian)。小區料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)由鍔式破碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)一次破碎(sui)后(hou),再摻(chan)(chan)入(ru)15%~20%的(de)天(tian)然(ran)河(he)砂;冬季(ji)(ji)施工(gong)(gong)因(yin)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能灑水(shui),摻(chan)(chan)25%~30%的(de)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)破碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)粉(fen),填筑(zhu)時(shi)(shi)由人(ren)工(gong)(gong)攤(tan)(tan)鋪(pu),層厚(hou)0.15 m,15.5 t振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)(dong)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)靜碾(nian)(nian)(nian)16遍(bian)。墊層料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)由鍔式破碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)破碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),破碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)規格200×400、400×600、600×900共6臺,最大生(sheng)產能力每(mei)班為(wei)702 m3。為(wei)滿(man)足(zu)(zu)細顆料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)含(han)(han)量(liang)要(yao)求,常(chang)溫季(ji)(ji)節摻(chan)(chan)入(ru)15%~20%天(tian)然(ran)河(he)砂。超(chao)(chao)徑石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)3%。含(han)(han)泥(ni)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)3%。人(ren)工(gong)(gong)攤(tan)(tan)鋪(pu)鋪(pu)層厚(hou)0.4 m,并(bing)向上游側超(chao)(chao)填不(bu)(bu)大于15 cm,常(chang)溫下(xia)灑水(shui)20%,15.5 t振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)(dong)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)10遍(bian)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)反擊式碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)生(sheng)產最大粒徑為(wei)2cm的(de)細石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),含(han)(han)水(shui)率1.7%~2.3%,含(han)(han)泥(ni)量(liang)極少(不(bu)(bu)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)0.5%),受凍(dong)后(hou)不(bu)(bu)易(yi)結(jie)塊,是良好的(de)細料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)來源。摻(chan)(chan)配(pei)比例為(wei)粗碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)∶細碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(含(han)(han)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)粉(fen))∶水(shui)洗砂=4∶1∶1,滿(man)足(zu)(zu)了(le)設計(ji)要(yao)求,解決(jue)了(le)大壩墊層料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)冬季(ji)(ji)填筑(zhu)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)難題。過(guo)(guo)渡層料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)有采(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)爆(bao)破開(kai)采(cai),剔除大于30 cm的(de)超(chao)(chao)徑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),用(yong)(yong)4 m3電鏟及3 m3裝載(zai)機(ji)(ji)裝、15 t~20 t自(zi)卸汽車(che)進行(xing)(xing)運(yun)輸。填筑(zhu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)后(hou)退(tui)法卸料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),用(yong)(yong)180 hp推土機(ji)(ji)攤(tan)(tan)平,人(ren)工(gong)(gong)配(pei)合,鋪(pu)層厚(hou)0.4m。主、次堆石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)分別來自(zi)溢洪(hong)道和(he)采(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)及洞挖(wa)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),由4 m3電鏟及4 m3~6m3裝載(zai)機(ji)(ji)裝、15 t~42 t自(zi)卸汽車(che)進行(xing)(xing)運(yun)輸,進占法卸料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),推土機(ji)(ji)攤(tan)(tan)平,鋪(pu)層厚(hou)主堆為(wei)60 cm、80cm、次堆為(wei)100cm、120cm,15.5t振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)(dong)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)。在實際填筑(zhu)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),最大日填筑(zhu)強度:墊層料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)達1240m3/d,過(guo)(guo)渡層料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)達1500m3/d,堆石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)達14000m3/d。
面板(ban)混凝土施工技術
無(wu)(wu)軌滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)具設(she)計(ji)制(zhi)作 自行(xing)設(she)計(ji)制(zhi)作無(wu)(wu)軌滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)設(she)施(shi),據砼面(mian)板(ban)(ban)寬度(du)考慮兩種(zhong)規格.滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)設(she)施(shi)主要由滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、側(ce)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、各種(zhong)專用(yong)(yong)運(yun)輸臺車、混(hun)凝土拌(ban)合(he)運(yun)輸機(ji)具和提升(sheng)運(yun)輸機(ji)具等構成.滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)骨架(jia)(jia)采用(yong)(yong)桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)式,由63.5mm×5mm鋼(gang)管焊制(zhi),每榀(pin)桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)高0.61m,長(chang)15m(用(yong)(yong)于14 m寬面(mian)板(ban)(ban)),桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)中心距(ju)0.4m,共4榀(pin),各榀(pin)桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)間(jian)采用(yong)(yong)系桿連接(jie)。由于面(mian)板(ban)(ban)施(shi)工(gong)面(mian)積(ji)較大,考慮其抗磨耐久(jiu)性,滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)采用(yong)(yong)10mm厚鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)。滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)尺寸(cun)(14 cm板(ban)(ban)寬)為1.6 m×15m.滑(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)重量為4.032t,滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)時根據上浮情況加鋼(gang)筋作配(pei)重。側(ce)模(mo)(mo)結(jie)構采用(yong)(yong)50×5角鋼(gang)焊制(zhi)成框架(jia)(jia),人工(gong)安拆側(ce)模(mo)(mo)每節(jie)長(chang)2m。每套(tao)側(ce)模(mo)(mo)可周轉使(shi)用(yong)(yong),由布(bu)設(she)在(zai)壩頂(ding)的2臺5t卷揚(yang)機(ji)牽引,卷揚(yang)機(ji)由埋入堆石(shi)內的簡易地錨(mao)固定(ding)。
面板砼澆筑
⑴混凝土配合比:
根(gen)據(ju)面板滑模(mo)砼(tong)(tong)(tong)的施工要求,大(da)壩水泥的mgo含量偏高使砼(tong)(tong)(tong)具有微(wei)膨脹性(xing),可以抵消砼(tong)(tong)(tong)的大(da)部分收縮(suo)變形, sk引氣減(jian)水劑對提高砼(tong)(tong)(tong)抗凍性(xing)能效果顯著,有不(bu)透水性(xing)和(he)抗裂性(xing),增加(jia)砼(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)鋼(gang)筋的握裹強度的特性(xing)。
⑵周邊縫瀝青(qing)砂(sha)墊層施(shi)工(gong)
瀝青(qing)砂墊(dian)層(ceng)施(shi)工分兩(liang)種:一(yi)種是(shi)預(yu)先制(zhi)成(cheng)塊,每塊長約30 cm,運至(zhi)現場作業面(mian)安裝,各塊間隙用(yong)熱瀝青(qing)灌注(zhu)(zhu);變形(xing)模量(liang)80~100mpa,瀝青(qing)砂在5~37.5℃的氣溫下進行(xing)澆注(zhu)(zhu)不堆坡(po),并(bing)形(xing)成(cheng)1∶1.4邊坡(po),進行(xing)了試驗.試驗初,曾采用(yong)粉煤灰(hui)、石棉和(he)砂摻合料,把摻合料改為(wei)水(shui)泥和(he)河砂。一(yi)期面(mian)板砼施(shi)工(即(ji)高程197.5 m以(yi)下,板塊最大斜長81.3m),完成(cheng)砼量(liang)18348 m3,面(mian)板面(mian)積為(wei)42008 m2,最大滑升(sheng)速(su)度(du)為(wei)4.6 m/h;二期面(mian)板砼施(shi)工(即(ji)高程197.5m~208.0m),完成(cheng)砼量(liang)2339m3,面(mian)板面(mian)積為(wei)11492m2,最大滑升(sheng)速(su)度(du)為(wei)5.19 m/h。為(wei)滿足(zu)施(shi)工進度(du)要(yao)求,共制(zhi)做5套(tao)滑模模具,其(qi)中14m板寬的4套(tao),7m板寬的1套(tao)。
進水口攔污柵墩砼滑(hua)模施工(gong)技術
每個(ge)進(jin)水(shui)口由5個(ge)攔污(wu)柵(zha)(zha)墩組(zu)成四孔,墩間凈距6 m,邊墩和中墩斷(duan)面均為2 m×10 m,次中墩斷(duan)面均為1.4 m×10 m。為滿足(zu)(zu)截流對進(jin)水(shui)口施工形象面貌要(yao)求,每個(ge)進(jin)水(shui)口5個(ge)攔污(wu)柵(zha)(zha)墩需采用整體同(tong)步滑(hua)(hua)模(mo),制作(zuo)一套模(mo)具可滿足(zu)(zu)兩個(ge)進(jin)水(shui)口周轉使(shi)用要(yao)求。根據以(yi)往滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)施工經驗,取消攔污(wu)柵(zha)(zha)槽(cao)二(er)期(qi)(qi)砼(tong),即柵(zha)(zha)槽(cao)埋件隨滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)施工逐(zhu)節安裝。滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)起滑(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)底板形成后(hou)進(jin)行,砼(tong)水(shui)平運輸采用6m3砼(tong)攪拌運輸車.砼(tong)垂直運輸前期(qi)(qi)主要(yao)采用布置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)地面上(shang)的(de)(de)30/10園(yuan)筒型高架(jia)門機吊罐(guan)入倉,后(hou)期(qi)(qi)利(li)用布置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)部高程(cheng)239m路和攔污(wu)柵(zha)(zha)下游高程(cheng)218.5m撐墻上(shang)的(de)(de)門機吊罐(guan)入倉,塔吊吊小罐(guan)輔助作(zuo)業(ye)。
調壓井井筒砼初砌滑模施工(gong)技術(shu)
每個調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)井斷面輪廓(kuo)由(you)園(yuan)弧(hu)、直(zhi)線和折線組成,砼襯砌后斷面短跨×長(chang)跨約為17 m×20m。自底(di)板(ban)高(gao)程(cheng)155.08m至頂部(bu)(bu)高(gao)程(cheng)250m,井筒高(gao)95m。根據1996年(nian)底(di)首機發(fa)電對(dui)2#調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)井工期要求,決定井筒砼襯砌采用(yong)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)施(shi)工方案(an)(an)。考慮1#調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)井亦用(yong)此(ci)方案(an)(an)施(shi)工,需要設計制(zhi)作一套安拆方便的液壓(ya)(ya)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)模(mo)具。滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)設施(shi)主要由(you)操作平臺(tai)(tai)、提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)機架(jia)、圍(wei)圈、模(mo)板(ban)、砼和材料工器具運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)系統、人員上(shang)下交通(tong)系統組成.操作平臺(tai)(tai)承重(zhong)結構采用(yong)網狀鋼桁(heng)架(jia)式結構,以減輕平臺(tai)(tai)本身(shen)自重(zhong)。采用(yong)l75×5和l100×10角鋼焊(han)制(zhi),提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)安裝兩臺(tai)(tai)千斤頂。提(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)共82個,千斤頂140個滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)。模(mo)體總重(zhong)為43t。砼水平運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)采用(yong)6m3砼攪拌運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)車(che),砼垂(chui)直(zhi)運(yun)輸(shu)(shu),由(you)于(yu)調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)井滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)從底(di)板(ban)上(shang)開始(shi)滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),低部(bu)(bu)位阻抗(kang)板(ban)以下采用(yong)砼泵(beng)自底(di)洞輸(shu)(shu)送砼入倉,溜管為φ219鋼管,溜管每節(jie)長(chang)2.0m,節(jie)間(jian)由(you)法蘭連(lian)接,每節(jie)均與鋼絲繩(sheng)連(lian)接牢固(gu),每節(jie)溜管承受荷(he)載均傳到鋼絲繩(sheng)上(shang),鋼絲繩(sheng)錨固(gu)在井頂部(bu)(bu)平臺(tai)(tai)的地錨上(shang)。2#調(diao)(diao)壓(ya)(ya)井井筒砼滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)每升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)1m需安裝鋼筋10t,鋼筋安裝量大且內層水平環(huan)向鋼筋綁扎(zha)困難(nan),而且在高(gao)程(cheng)228.5m又進行了改模(mo),對(dui)滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)進度有一定影響。正常(chang)滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)速度為
蓮花水電站引水隧洞砼襯砌施工技術
2.5 m/d。
引水隧洞砼襯砌(qi)施(shi)工技術
1)邊(bian)頂拱鋼模(mo)臺車
臺車(che)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)由7節模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)拼裝組成,支(zhi)立總長(chang)10.5m,每節模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)沿環向(xiang)分(fen)為(wei)5段。頂拱(gong)段為(wei)一(yi)整體鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo),兩(liang)側邊拱(gong)段均由大(da)、小兩(liang)塊鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo)組成。邊頂拱(gong)砼(tong)襯砌斷(duan)面的(de)(de)中心角(jiao)為(wei)288.54°。在邊拱(gong)鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo)上設置(zhi)砼(tong)下料操作(zuo)窗口若干個(ge),模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)收分(fen)采(cai)用機械收分(fen)系統,利(li)用設置(zhi)在頂拱(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和兩(liang)側邊拱(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)液壓千(qian)斤(jin)頂和絲杠進行收分(fen)。臺車(che)底腳裝有可沿彎曲軌道行走的(de)(de)輪子8個(ge),每臺鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo)臺車(che)重(zhong)160 t。
2)底(di)拱鋼模臺車
臺車(che)(che)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)由(you)6節鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)拼(pin)裝組成(cheng),支立總長10.5m,每節鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)為一整塊模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban),底(di)拱鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)上設置下料(liao)口,6節鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)與3根縱梁(liang)(liang)聯接形成(cheng)整體模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban),縱橫梁(liang)(liang)之間用絲杠(gang)連(lian)接,通過操作絲杠(gang)起落模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban),橫梁(liang)(liang)與聯系梁(liang)(liang)連(lian)接,聯梁(liang)(liang)底(di)部(bu)安裝4個可沿(yan)軌道行走的輪(lun)子,底(di)拱臺車(che)(che)重20t。
3)臺車軌道及牽引動力設施
邊(bian)頂拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模臺車(che)(che)的軌(gui)道(dao)(dao),是在(zai)開挖底(di)板上墊碎渣或(huo)小(xiao)骨料,其上鋪枕木(mu),軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)采用qu80型(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)軌(gui).底(di)拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模臺車(che)(che)的軌(gui)道(dao)(dao),采用在(zai)已澆邊(bian)拱砼(tong)上預埋鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板,其上固定120工字鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)作為軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)。邊(bian)頂拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模臺車(che)(che)采用180hp推土機(ji)牽(qian)引行走(zou)。底(di)拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模臺車(che)(che)采用180hp推土機(ji)或(huo)1臺5t,卷揚機(ji)牽(qian)引行走(zou)。
4)砼襯砌施工
由(you)于進(jin)入洞內的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工通道只有進(jin)口一條,故砼(tong)整(zheng)體澆(jiao)(jiao)筑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工應自(zi)內向外(wai)(wai)進(jin)行(xing),每(mei)個(ge)(ge)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑段長(chang)(chang)度為10.5m。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)先邊(bian)頂拱、后底拱的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工順序,每(mei)條洞邊(bian)頂拱砼(tong)襯砌分(fen)幾個(ge)(ge)襯砌單(dan)元(yuan)進(jin)行(xing),自(zi)里(li)向外(wai)(wai)逐單(dan)元(yuan)進(jin)行(xing);每(mei)個(ge)(ge)單(dan)元(yuan)長(chang)(chang)度為10個(ge)(ge)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑段左(zuo)右(you),各(ge)布置(zhi)兩臺(tai)邊(bian)頂拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模(mo)臺(tai)車,分(fen)別布置(zhi)在端部,一臺(tai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)臺(tai)車布置(zhi)在兩臺(tai)邊(bian)頂鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模(mo)臺(tai)車之(zhi)間。砼(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)6m3砼(tong)攪拌(ban)運(yun)輸(shu)車運(yun)入洞內至(zhi)90m3/h砼(tong)泵(beng)車,由(you)砼(tong)泵(beng)車壓送砼(tong)入倉(cang)。用(yong)回(hui)彈儀在環(huan)縫砼(tong)上進(jin)行(xing)測試,控制在砼(tong)抗壓強度達45kg/cm2以上進(jin)行(xing)脫(tuo)模(mo)。一般需要18~24h達到脫(tuo)模(mo)強度.采(cai)(cai)用(yong)上述施(shi)(shi)(shi)工工藝,隧(sui)洞砼(tong)襯砌月進(jin)尺達105m,保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)隧(sui)洞施(shi)(shi)(shi)工形象面貌的(de)按(an)期實現。
安全監測
介紹
蓮花水電站大(da)壩(ba)安全(quan)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)系(xi)統(tong)由東(dong)北勘測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)計(ji)研究院設(she)(she)計(ji)。大(da)、二壩(ba)內(nei)部觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器埋(mai)設(she)(she)和外(wai)部觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點澆筑隨壩(ba)體施工同(tong)步進行,從1993年開始(shi),到1997年結束。大(da)壩(ba)安全(quan)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)以變形、滲流為主,應(ying)力(li)應(ying)變為輔;施工期(qi)和運行期(qi)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)兼顧。
項目
⑴變形監測:包括大(da)、二壩(ba)壩(ba)體表面水平(ping)、垂(chui)(chui)直位移;大(da)壩(ba)壩(ba)體內(nei)部水平(ping)、垂(chui)(chui)直位移;砼面板(ban)板(ban)間縫、周邊縫開合度及(ji)面板(ban)撓(nao)曲(qu)變形監測。
⑵滲流(liu)(liu)監測:包(bao)括大(da)壩(ba)壩(ba)體(ti)滲透壓(ya)力(li);大(da)、二壩(ba)滲流(liu)(liu)量和繞(rao)壩(ba)滲流(liu)(liu)監測。
⑶應(ying)力應(ying)變監測(ce):包括(kuo)大壩砼面板應(ying)力應(ying)變和溫度(du)監測(ce)。
系統布置
1、基點網
蓮花電(dian)站水(shui)(shui)平位移監測基(ji)點網(wang)—邊(bian)角網(wang),由壩區(qu)內的(de)13個點組(zu)成,采用T2002+DI2002全站儀(yi)按國家一(yi)等(deng)(deng)三(san)角精(jing)(jing)度施測;垂直位移監測基(ji)點網(wang)—精(jing)(jing)密水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)網(wang),由壩下游區(qu)的(de)26個點組(zu)成,采用NI002A精(jing)(jing)密水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)儀(yi)和(he)銦瓦(wa)水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)尺按國家一(yi)等(deng)(deng)水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)精(jing)(jing)度施測。電(dian)站大壩、二壩、溢(yi)洪道等(deng)(deng)建筑物的(de)水(shui)(shui)平、垂直位移觀測均以上述網(wang)作為基(ji)點網(wang)。
2、大、二(er)壩監測系統布置
⑴大、二壩壩體表面變形監測
蓮花大壩(ba)(ba)(混凝(ning)土面板堆石(shi)壩(ba)(ba))在(zai)面板、防(fang)(fang)浪墻頂(ding)部(bu)、壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)公路下游(you)(you)側、馬道(dao)及(ji)進廠公路上游(you)(you)側平行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)壩(ba)(ba)軸(zhou)線(xian)布置五排(pai)總計(ji)52個水(shui)(shui)平位移(yi)(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點;在(zai)壩(ba)(ba)下游(you)(you)坡觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)旁還有(you)6個測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點。二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(粘(zhan)土心墻砂(sha)礫石(shi)壩(ba)(ba))在(zai)上游(you)(you)坡、防(fang)(fang)浪墻頂(ding)部(bu)、壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)公路下游(you)(you)側及(ji)馬道(dao)處平行(xing)(xing)(xing)于(yu)壩(ba)(ba)軸(zhou)線(xian)布置四(si)排(pai)總計(ji)13個水(shui)(shui)平位移(yi)(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點。壩(ba)(ba)體表(biao)面水(shui)(shui)平位移(yi)(yi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)邊(bian)角(jiao)網做(zuo)為工(gong)作基點,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)邊(bian)角(jiao)交會或(huo)邊(bian)長交會法,應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)T2002+DI2002按二(er)等三角(jiao)精(jing)(jing)度進行(xing)(xing)(xing)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。壩(ba)(ba)體表(biao)面垂直位移(yi)(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點與水(shui)(shui)平位移(yi)(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點在(zai)同一測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)墩上。壩(ba)(ba)體表(biao)面垂直位移(yi)(yi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)網做(zuo)為工(gong)作基點,組成閉合或(huo)附(fu)合水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)路線(xian),應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)NI002A精(jing)(jing)密(mi)水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)儀和(he)銦瓦水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)尺按二(er)等水(shui)(shui)準(zhun)精(jing)(jing)度進行(xing)(xing)(xing)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。
⑵大壩(ba)壩(ba)體內部變形(xing)監測
取大壩兩個典型斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)0+170樁號(最大壩高(gao)斷(duan)(duan)面(mian))和(he)0+496樁號(地(di)質(zhi)條件復雜斷(duan)(duan)面(mian))做為大壩壩體內(nei)部水平(ping)(ping)、垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)。在每個斷(duan)(duan)面(mian)壩下(xia)游坡▽180m、▽192m和(he)▽205m三個高(gao)程處布置(zhi)6個內(nei)部變形觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)室,室內(nei)布置(zhi)水平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)總計(ji)各24個。水平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)同(tong)組布置(zhi),同(tong)一層(ceng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)以觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)主(zhu)堆(dui)石(shi)體位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為主(zhu),每層(ceng)都在過渡(du)料與墊(dian)層(ceng)料之間布置(zhi)一個測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian),以此點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代表面(mian)板位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),兼測(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)板撓度。水平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)采用(yong)(yong)引張(zhang)線式水平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)計(ji),垂(chui)直(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)水管式沉(chen)降儀。觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)室外(wai)設(she)內(nei)外(wai)部聯(lian)系(xi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)6個,觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)室自身位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),以便換算出壩體內(nei)部各測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)的絕(jue)對位(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。
⑶大壩面板板間縫、周邊縫變形監(jian)測(ce)
在(zai)靠近(jin)兩岸壩肩部(bu)位的(de)張性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區域,各布(bu)置2支測(ce)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計,觀(guan)測(ce)面板張性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)開度(du)大小(xiao);在(zai)河(he)床部(bu)位的(de)壓性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區域,布(bu)置1支測(ce)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計,觀(guan)測(ce)面板壓性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)閉合(he)度(du)大小(xiao)。為(wei)觀(guan)測(ce)周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)三向位移,在(zai)河(he)床及兩岸的(de)周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)共布(bu)置9組三向測(ce)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計,觀(guan)測(ce)垂直于周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)開合(he)、平行于周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)滑移及垂直于面板的(de)沉降。
⑷大、二壩滲流監測
在大(da)壩(ba)(ba)最大(da)壩(ba)(ba)高斷(duan)面(0+170樁號(hao))建基面靠近上游(you)趾板帷幕后布置4支(zhi)滲(shen)壓計,用來觀(guan)(guan)測壩(ba)(ba)基滲(shen)透(tou)壓力。在二壩(ba)(ba)0+072剖面,布置12支(zhi)鋼弦式(shi)滲(shen)壓計,用以(yi)觀(guan)(guan)測壩(ba)(ba)體浸潤線。
在大(da)壩(ba)(ba)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)離(li)壩(ba)(ba)軸線145m,利(li)用原有(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)圍堰(yan)(yan),采用高噴灌漿形成一(yi)道(dao)阻水(shui)(shui)幕(mu)。在下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)圍堰(yan)(yan)0+265樁號(hao)設(she)一(yi)座三(san)角形量(liang)(liang)水(shui)(shui)堰(yan)(yan),觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)的總滲(shen)漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)(liang)。利(li)用二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)壩(ba)(ba)腳處(chu)的濾水(shui)(shui)壩(ba)(ba)址(zhi)做排水(shui)(shui)溝,在二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)下(xia)(xia)(xia)游(you)樁號(hao)1+052處(chu)設(she)一(yi)座三(san)角形量(liang)(liang)水(shui)(shui)堰(yan)(yan),觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)的地表滲(shen)漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)(liang)。通過在河床中埋(mai)設(she)測(ce)(ce)(ce)壓管來測(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)基的滲(shen)漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)(liang)。大(da)壩(ba)(ba)右岸山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)布設(she)7孔,大(da)、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)之間山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)布設(she)2孔,二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)左岸山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)布設(she)9孔。對大(da)、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)兩(liang)岸山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)繞壩(ba)(ba)滲(shen)流量(liang)(liang)進行監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),以此(ci)判斷山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)的穩定(ding)性,為(wei)壩(ba)(ba)體(ti)安全運行提(ti)供依據。
⑸大壩面板應(ying)力應(ying)變監(jian)測
在面板上選擇(ze)有(you)代表性的(de)(de)部位布(bu)置應(ying)變計(ji)、鋼筋計(ji)和無應(ying)力(li)計(ji);在靠近周(zhou)邊縫的(de)(de)部位布(bu)置三向應(ying)變計(ji)組,用(yong)于觀測面板的(de)(de)平(ping)面應(ying)力(li)狀態。
自動化狀況
蓮花水電站(zhan)大(da)壩(ba)安全監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)系(xi)統自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)分兩部(bu)(bu)分:一是內(nei)部(bu)(bu)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua),包括除位移(yi)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)之外(wai)的所有(you)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)項目;二(er)是外(wai)部(bu)(bu)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua),指大(da)、二(er)壩(ba)表面變形監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)統。內(nei)部(bu)(bu)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)統由東北勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)研究院設計(ji)(ji)(ji)并施工(gong),目前此項目還未(wei)完(wan)工(gong),僅能進(jin)行數據自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)采集。外(wai)部(bu)(bu)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)系(xi)統采用徠(lai)卡測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量機器(qi)人進(jin)行自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce),該項目正(zheng)在建(jian)設中,預計(ji)(ji)(ji)將于今年(nian)6月投入使(shi)用。
1、內部(bu)監(jian)測(ce)自動化
大(da)壩(ba)面板(ban)板(ban)間縫(feng)、周邊縫(feng)變(bian)形監(jian)測(ce)(ce);面板(ban)應(ying)力應(ying)變(bian)監(jian)測(ce)(ce);大(da)、二壩(ba)滲流監(jian)測(ce)(ce)均在(zai)自動化監(jian)測(ce)(ce)系統中。在(zai)原測(ce)(ce)點處(chu)布置(zhi)測(ce)(ce)量控制單元(yuan)(MCU),通過(guo)通訊電纜引至(zhi)副廠房工(gong)作室,接收上位機指(zhi)令,選擇測(ce)(ce)點,采集(ji)(ji)傳(chuan)感器信號。按設計(ji)將形成一個(ge)具備數據(ju)分析處(chu)理和遠程監(jian)控的自動化系統,目(mu)前剛開發(fa)到(dao)數據(ju)采集(ji)(ji)階段(duan)。數據(ju)采集(ji)(ji)系統初步運行(xing)已近兩(liang)(liang)年(nian),其(qi)間被雷電擊(ji)壞兩(liang)(liang)次(ci),說明采集(ji)(ji)設備防(fang)雷措施需(xu)加強。另外,由于壩(ba)址(zhi)地處(chu)高寒(han)地區(qu),冬(dong)季低溫對系統正常運行(xing)也有一定(ding)影響。
2、外部監(jian)測(ce)自(zi)動化
利用壩下游(you)L4和(he)L6兩(liang)基(ji)點(dian)(dian)做自動(dong)化監(jian)測(ce)(ce)測(ce)(ce)站,分別放(fang)置一臺(tai)徠(lai)卡(ka)TCA2003全站儀(被廠家稱為測(ce)(ce)量機(ji)器(qi)人),在(zai)大、二壩壩后原(yuan)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)固定棱鏡,采用邊(bian)長或(huo)邊(bian)角交會法觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce),從(cong)而求得測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)坐標。觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)過程(cheng)中利用大、二壩壩頭基(ji)點(dian)(dian)L8、L9和(he)L10作(zuo)為參考點(dian)(dian),進行(xing)溫度(du)和(he)氣壓改正。除壩前(qian)15個測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)外,其(qi)余56個測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)均與(yu)自動(dong)化測(ce)(ce)站通視,這足(zu)以反映出壩體的整體位移(yi)。另外,也可(ke)采用人工觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)壩前(qian)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)與(yu)自動(dong)化觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)其(qi)余測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)相結合的半自動(dong)化方案。TCA2003機(ji)載軟件可(ke)完成水平角、垂直(zhi)角和(he)斜距的野外觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)記錄(lu)工作(zuo),觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)中能(neng)自動(dong)檢(jian)查各種限(xian)差。TCA2003可(ke)與(yu)計(ji)算機(ji)相聯,實現采集控制和(he)數(shu)據傳輸、整理(li)自動(dong)化;遠期(qi)目標在(zai)牡丹江(jiang)進行(xing)遠程(cheng)控制。