簡介
那(nei)曲(qu)冬蟲(chong)夏草(cao)(cao)產地于(yu)在西藏(zang)那(nei)曲(qu)地區，它屬于(yu)藏(zang)蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)中的一種。從其生長環境來區分(fen)，因西藏(zang)那(nei)曲(qu)基本上(shang)都是草(cao)(cao)原，因此那(nei)曲(qu)冬蟲(chong)夏草(cao)(cao)屬于(yu)草(cao)(cao)原蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)。
分布情況
西(xi)藏那(nei)(nei)(nei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)冬蟲夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)是指(zhi)地(di)理位(wei)置介于東經(jing)92°04′至94°10′，北緯(wei)38°40′至31°58′之間的西(xi)藏自治區那(nei)(nei)(nei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)區那(nei)(nei)(nei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)、嘉(jia)黎、比如、索縣、巴青、聶榮6縣現轄行政區域(yu)的自然環境下，天然生長的冬蟲夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)。一般(ban)產于海拔3600~6000米的西(xi)藏那(nei)(nei)(nei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)區羌(qiang)塘草(cao)(cao)原，和(he)其他產地(di)的冬蟲夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)相比具有(you)蟲體(ti)粗、表(biao)面色澤黃凈、子座短、活性物(wu)質多、無污染等特點。目(mu)前，西(xi)藏那(nei)(nei)(nei)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)冬蟲夏(xia)(xia)是世界公認的最優質的冬蟲夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)，有(you)“極草(cao)(cao)”、“黃金草(cao)(cao)”之稱。
采收時間
每年夏初5月中旬至(zhi)6月底，子座未(wei)出土，孢子未(wei)發(fa)散時挖取(qu)，曬至(zhi)6-7成干(gan)，除(chu)去纖維狀的附(fu)著物(wu)及(ji)雜質，曬干(gan)或低溫(wen)干(gan)燥。
儲存方法
儲存(cun)(cun)關鍵在(zai)于防潮、防蛀和防蟲(chong)，把(ba)蟲(chong)草(cao)放(fang)進密封的(de)玻(bo)璃(li)瓶，里面再放(fang)一些(xie)花椒(jiao)或丹皮，然后(hou)放(fang)置在(zai)冰箱中；如果需(xu)要(yao)保存(cun)(cun)半(ban)年以上(shang)，在(zai)儲存(cun)(cun)冬(dong)蟲(chong)夏草(cao)的(de)地(di)方旁邊還要(yao)擺放(fang)干燥劑，以更好地(di)防潮。
形態特點
那曲冬蟲(chong)(chong)夏草相比(bi)其他蟲(chong)(chong)草具有以(yi)下特點：
1、西(xi)藏那曲蟲(chong)草(cao)蟲(chong)體表面色澤黃凈(jing)，不論蟲(chong)體大小(xiao)，色澤均一致。其(qi)他產(chan)地蟲(chong)草(cao)色或(huo)淡(dan)，或(huo)泛紅而灰白。另外，西(xi)藏那曲所產(chan)蟲(chong)草(cao)眼睛顏色為(wei)棕色，青(qing)海玉樹和果洛所產(chan)蟲(chong)草(cao)眼睛顏色為(wei)黃色，川草(cao)和其(qi)它地區所產(chan)的(de)草(cao)多為(wei)紅色。
2、西藏那曲蟲草無論蟲體大小(xiao)，看(kan)上去(qu)均(jun)顯得粗肥勻稱，尾寬長(chang)至少5cm以上。其他產(chan)地的蟲草蟲體細瘦且尾細短。
3、西藏(zang)那曲(qu)蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)蟲(chong)體(ti)和尾皆透亮油(you)(you)潤，有股濃酥油(you)(you)的香(xiang)味。其他產地的蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)香(xiang)味極淡(dan)，甚至(zhi)只有草(cao)(cao)味，且無油(you)(you)潤感。
不(bu)(bu)同(tong)產(chan)地的(de)(de)(de)冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)差(cha)(cha)異是比(bi)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)。西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)那(nei)曲蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)、西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)林芝蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)、青海(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)以及四川(chuan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)這(zhe)些不(bu)(bu)同(tong)產(chan)地的(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)是有明顯(xian)區(qu)(qu)別的(de)(de)(de)，采(cai)挖(wa)(wa)時(shi)間(jian)、蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)體(ti)色和藥用價值都不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。一般從(cong)(cong)時(shi)間(jian)來說，5、6月間(jian)采(cai)集的(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)質(zhi)量(liang)最好，海(hai)拔越(yue)(yue)(yue)高，天氣(qi)轉暖，冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)挖(wa)(wa)期同(tong)樣就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)晚。而且海(hai)拔越(yue)(yue)(yue)高，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)質(zhi)量(liang)也就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)(yue)上乘。從(cong)(cong)地形來講，陽坡的(de)(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)相對于陰坡要好。從(cong)(cong)產(chan)區(qu)(qu)來講，西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)那(nei)曲蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)為最上乘，尤其是色度和大(da)(da)小(xiao)；較差(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)是四川(chuan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)，個(ge)頭較小(xiao)、顏(yan)色較黑、子座(zuo)較長。西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)由于氣(qi)候條(tiao)件差(cha)(cha)異，西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)采(cai)挖(wa)(wa)期比(bi)其他省區(qu)(qu)再推遲半月或一月左右。那(nei)曲地區(qu)(qu)五月份蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)就(jiu)已經(jing)開(kai)始生長。
蟲草(cao)因其產(chan)地(di)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔高(gao)度(du)不(bu)同、品(pin)質差異(yi)(yi)較大。西(xi)藏那曲(qu)是海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔最(zui)高(gao)的(de)蟲草(cao)產(chan)區，產(chan)區海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔高(gao)度(du)約(yue)4500－6000米(mi)；其次是青海(hai)(hai)(hai)，產(chan)區海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔高(gao)度(du)約(yue) 3000－4000米(mi)；再(zai)次是四(si)川和其它地(di)區，蟲草(cao)的(de)品(pin)質就較差了。色(se)澤也(ye)各(ge)異(yi)(yi)，以蟲草(cao)眼(yan)(yan)睛(jing)(jing)的(de)顏(yan)色(se)最(zui)明(ming)顯。西(xi)藏那曲(qu)所(suo)產(chan)蟲草(cao)眼(yan)(yan)睛(jing)(jing)顏(yan)色(se)為(wei)棕(zong)色(se)，青海(hai)(hai)(hai)玉樹和果(guo)洛所(suo)產(chan)蟲草(cao)眼(yan)(yan)睛(jing)(jing)顏(yan)色(se)為(wei)黃色(se)，川草(cao)和其它地(di)區所(suo)產(chan)的(de)草(cao)多為(wei)紅色(se)。
生長過程
那曲蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)在西藏(zang)高原(yuan)那曲地(di)區(qu)海拔4500~6000米(mi)的高原(yuan)上。冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)簡(jian)稱蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)，是(shi)冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)真(zhen)菌(jun)寄生(sheng)(sheng)于蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)蝙蝠蛾幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei)，到了(le)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)季(ji)發育而(er)成(cheng)。冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)因此(ci)得名。真(zhen)正的冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)均為(wei)野生(sheng)(sheng)，具有(you)醫藥(yao)療效的冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)產(chan)地(di)是(shi)西藏(zang)那曲和(he)青海玉(yu)樹兩個(ge)(ge)產(chan)地(di)的冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)，藏(zang)曲堂(tang)冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)和(he)同仁(ren)堂(tang)是(shi)這兩個(ge)(ge)產(chan)地(di)的代表品牌，其中以同仁(ren)堂(tang)價(jia)(jia)格最高。夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)季(ji)，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)子(zi)卵產(chan)于地(di)面(mian)，經過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)月左(zuo)右(you)孵化變成(cheng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后(hou)鉆入潮濕(shi)松(song)軟的土層。土里的一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種真(zhen)菌(jun)孢子(zi)囊侵襲(xi)了(le)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，在幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)。經過一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)冬(dong)天(tian)，到第二年春天(tian)來臨，真(zhen)菌(jun)菌(jun)絲開始(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)，到夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)天(tian)時(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)地(di)面(mian)，外(wai)觀(guan)象一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)根小草(cao)(cao)，這樣，幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的軀(qu)殼與(yu)真(zhen)菌(jun)菌(jun)絲共同組(zu)成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)完整的“冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)”。菌(jun)孢把蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)作為(wei)養料，生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)迅速，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)四至(zhi)五厘(li)米(mi)，菌(jun)孢一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)之內(nei)即可長(chang)(chang)(chang)至(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)的長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)，這時(shi)(shi)的蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)稱為(wei)“頭草(cao)(cao)”，子(zi)座普遍短小，顏色與(yu)飽滿度(du)(du)都屬上等，藥(yao)用(yong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)最好；第2～3天(tian)菌(jun)孢長(chang)(chang)(chang)至(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)的1.5～2倍左(zuo)右(you)，稱為(wei)“中草(cao)(cao)”，子(zi)座長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)適中或(huo)(huo)稍稍偏長(chang)(chang)(chang)，顏色與(yu)飽滿度(du)(du)都屬中等或(huo)(huo)偏上，藥(yao)用(yong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)較好；超過3天(tian)，菌(jun)孢長(chang)(chang)(chang)至(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)的2倍或(huo)(huo)者以上，稱為(wei)“尾草(cao)(cao)”，子(zi)座長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)(du)較長(chang)(chang)(chang)，顏色與(yu)飽滿度(du)(du)很(hen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)或(huo)(huo)較差(cha)(cha)，藥(yao)用(yong)價(jia)(jia)值(zhi)較差(cha)(cha)。
藥用價值
性味功(gong)能(neng)：味甘，性平。有(you)補肺益腎，止喘咳(ke)，補精(jing)氣，扶(fu)正抑癌，提(ti)高免(mian)疫力的功(gong)能(neng)的；
主治用(yong)(yong)法：用(yong)(yong)于咳虛喘(chuan)，勞(lao)嗽(sou)咯血，陽痿遺(yi)精(jing)，腰(yao)膝酸痛。用(yong)(yong)量3-9g；
應用：
1.病后(hou)體虛，貧血，頭(tou)暈，白細(xi)(xi)胞、紅細(xi)(xi)胞減少，冬蟲夏(xia)草(cao)9g，燉童子雞吃。或(huo)燉鴨(ya)、豬肉吃了；
2.陽痿、遺(yi)精，腰酸腿軟：冬蟲夏(xia)草、杜仲、淫羊霍、肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)。水(shui)煎服(fu)；
3.肺結(jie)核咳血：冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)草、白芨(ji)、百(bai)部各12g，杏仁、川貝、麥冬(dong)各9g，阿膠珠5g。水煎服(fu)；
4.慢性(xing)腎炎：冬(dong)蟲(chong)夏草。水(shui)煎，常服(fu)。
近代(dai)(dai)醫(yi)學(xue)臨(lin)床研(yan)究(jiu)證(zheng)實，那曲冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)含(han)(han)有蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)酸(suan)約(yue)(yue)7%，糖類28.9%，脂(zhi)肪(fang)約(yue)(yue)8.4%，蛋白(bai)質約(yue)(yue)25%，脂(zhi)肪(fang)中(zhong)82.2%為不(bu)飽和脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸(suan)，此外，尚含(han)(han)有維生(sheng)(sheng)素B12、麥(mai)角脂(zhi)醇、六碳糖醇、生(sheng)(sheng)物堿等(deng)。據(ju)醫(yi)學(xue)科(ke)學(xue)分析，蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)體內含(han)(han)蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)酸(suan)。維生(sheng)(sheng)素B12、脂(zhi)肪(fang)、蛋白(bai)等(deng)。蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)性甘、溫平、無毒，是著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)滋補(bu)(bu)強(qiang)(qiang)壯藥，常(chang)用肉類燉食，有補(bu)(bu)虛健體之(zhi)效。適(shi)用于(yu)治療(liao)(liao)肺氣虛和肺腎(shen)(shen)(shen)兩虛、肺結核等(deng)所(suo)致的(de)(de)(de)咯血(xue)或(huo)痰(tan)中(zhong)帶血(xue)、咳嗽。氣短、盜汗等(deng)，對腎(shen)(shen)(shen)虛陽(yang)痿、腰膝酸(suan)疼等(deng)亦有良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)療(liao)(liao)效，也是老(lao)年體弱(ruo)者的(de)(de)(de)滋補(bu)(bu)佳品(pin)。現代(dai)(dai)醫(yi)學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)表明，冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)吞(tun)噬腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤細胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)能力是硒(xi)的(de)(de)(de)4倍，冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)所(suo)含(han)(han)蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)素能明顯增強(qiang)(qiang)紅細胞(bao)粘(zhan)附(fu)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤細胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)能力，抑制腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)和轉移，能明顯提升白(bai)血(xue)球和血(xue)小(xiao)板數量(liang)，迅速改善放(fang)化(hua)(hua)療(liao)(liao)后的(de)(de)(de)嘔吐惡(e)心(xin)、胃口差、頭發脫落(luo)、失眠等(deng)癥(zheng)狀。在(zai)美國，已將冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)列為抗腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘤新藥，進入臨(lin)床三期(qi)。此外，冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)對于(yu)某(mou)些(xie)腎(shen)(shen)(shen)病與(yu)呼吸系(xi)統疾(ji)病也有很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)治療(liao)(liao)作用。清代(dai)(dai)吳儀洛(luo)《本草(cao)(cao)叢新》，書中(zhong)認為冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)性味甘，溫。功能補(bu)(bu)肺益腎(shen)(shen)(shen)，化(hua)(hua)痰(tan)止咳。可用之(zhi)于(yu)久(jiu)咳虛喘，產(chan)后虛弱(ruo)、陽(yang)痿陰(yin)冷(leng)等(deng)“虛”的(de)(de)(de)病癥(zheng)。
大腳走天下 
