簡介
那(nei)曲冬蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草產地于(yu)(yu)在西藏(zang)那(nei)曲地區，它屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)藏(zang)蟲(chong)草中(zhong)的(de)一種。從(cong)其生(sheng)長環境來(lai)區分，因(yin)(yin)西藏(zang)那(nei)曲基本(ben)上都是(shi)草原，因(yin)(yin)此那(nei)曲冬蟲(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)草原蟲(chong)草。
分布情況
西(xi)藏(zang)那(nei)(nei)曲(qu)冬(dong)(dong)蟲夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)是指地理位置介(jie)于(yu)東(dong)經92°04′至94°10′，北緯(wei)38°40′至31°58′之(zhi)間的(de)西(xi)藏(zang)自治區(qu)那(nei)(nei)曲(qu)地區(qu)那(nei)(nei)曲(qu)、嘉(jia)黎、比(bi)如(ru)、索縣(xian)、巴青、聶榮6縣(xian)現轄行政區(qu)域的(de)自然環境下，天然生長的(de)冬(dong)(dong)蟲夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)。一般產于(yu)海拔3600~6000米的(de)西(xi)藏(zang)那(nei)(nei)曲(qu)地區(qu)羌(qiang)塘(tang)草(cao)(cao)(cao)原，和其他產地的(de)冬(dong)(dong)蟲夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)相比(bi)具有蟲體粗(cu)、表(biao)面色澤(ze)黃凈、子座(zuo)短、活(huo)性物質多、無污(wu)染(ran)等特(te)點。目前，西(xi)藏(zang)那(nei)(nei)曲(qu)冬(dong)(dong)蟲夏(xia)是世(shi)界公(gong)認(ren)的(de)最優(you)質的(de)冬(dong)(dong)蟲夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)，有“極草(cao)(cao)(cao)”、“黃金草(cao)(cao)(cao)”之(zhi)稱。
采收時間
每年(nian)夏初5月中(zhong)旬至6月底，子(zi)座未出(chu)土，孢子(zi)未發(fa)散時挖取(qu)，曬(shai)至6-7成(cheng)干(gan)(gan)，除去纖維(wei)狀的附著物及雜質，曬(shai)干(gan)(gan)或(huo)低(di)溫干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)。
儲存方法
儲存(cun)關鍵(jian)在(zai)于防(fang)潮、防(fang)蛀和(he)防(fang)蟲(chong)，把(ba)蟲(chong)草放進密封的玻璃瓶，里面再放一些花椒或丹皮(pi)，然(ran)后(hou)放置在(zai)冰箱中；如果(guo)需要保存(cun)半年以(yi)上，在(zai)儲存(cun)冬蟲(chong)夏草的地方旁邊還要擺放干燥劑，以(yi)更好地防(fang)潮。
形態特點
那(nei)曲冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)相比其他蟲(chong)(chong)草(cao)具有(you)以下(xia)特點：
1、西(xi)藏那(nei)曲蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)蟲(chong)體表面色(se)澤(ze)黃(huang)凈，不(bu)論蟲(chong)體大(da)小(xiao)，色(se)澤(ze)均一致。其(qi)他(ta)產(chan)(chan)地蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)色(se)或淡，或泛紅而灰白。另外(wai)，西(xi)藏那(nei)曲所產(chan)(chan)蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)眼(yan)睛(jing)顏(yan)色(se)為(wei)棕(zong)色(se)，青海玉樹(shu)和(he)果洛所產(chan)(chan)蟲(chong)草(cao)(cao)眼(yan)睛(jing)顏(yan)色(se)為(wei)黃(huang)色(se)，川(chuan)草(cao)(cao)和(he)其(qi)它地區(qu)所產(chan)(chan)的草(cao)(cao)多為(wei)紅色(se)。
2、西藏(zang)那(nei)曲蟲草無論蟲體大小，看上(shang)去均顯得粗肥(fei)勻稱，尾(wei)寬長至(zhi)少5cm以上(shang)。其他(ta)產地的蟲草蟲體細瘦(shou)且尾(wei)細短。
3、西(xi)藏那曲蟲草(cao)蟲體和尾皆(jie)透亮(liang)油潤，有股濃酥油的香(xiang)味(wei)。其(qi)他產地(di)的蟲草(cao)香(xiang)味(wei)極(ji)淡，甚至只有草(cao)味(wei)，且無油潤感。
不同產地(di)的(de)(de)冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏草(cao)(cao)差(cha)異(yi)是比(bi)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)。西(xi)藏(zang)那曲(qu)(qu)(qu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)、西(xi)藏(zang)林芝蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)、青海蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)以及四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)這些不同產地(di)的(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)是有(you)明顯區(qu)別的(de)(de)，采(cai)挖(wa)時間(jian)、蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)體色(se)和(he)藥用(yong)價值都不同。一般從時間(jian)來(lai)(lai)說，5、6月(yue)間(jian)采(cai)集(ji)的(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)質(zhi)量最好(hao)，海拔越(yue)高，天(tian)氣轉暖，冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏草(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)采(cai)挖(wa)期同樣就(jiu)越(yue)晚。而且海拔越(yue)高，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)質(zhi)量也就(jiu)越(yue)上(shang)乘(cheng)。從地(di)形來(lai)(lai)講，陽坡的(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)相對于陰(yin)坡要好(hao)。從產區(qu)來(lai)(lai)講，西(xi)藏(zang)那曲(qu)(qu)(qu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)為最上(shang)乘(cheng)，尤其是色(se)度(du)和(he)大小；較(jiao)差(cha)的(de)(de)是四(si)川(chuan)(chuan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)，個頭較(jiao)小、顏色(se)較(jiao)黑、子座(zuo)較(jiao)長。西(xi)藏(zang)由于氣候(hou)條件差(cha)異(yi)，西(xi)藏(zang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)采(cai)挖(wa)期比(bi)其他省區(qu)再(zai)推(tui)遲半月(yue)或一月(yue)左右(you)。那曲(qu)(qu)(qu)地(di)區(qu)五月(yue)份蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)就(jiu)已經開始生長。
蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)因其(qi)產(chan)地(di)海(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)不(bu)同、品質(zhi)(zhi)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)(yi)較大(da)。西(xi)藏那曲是海(hai)拔(ba)最高(gao)的(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)產(chan)區(qu)，產(chan)區(qu)海(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)約4500－6000米(mi)；其(qi)次是青海(hai)，產(chan)區(qu)海(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)度(du)約 3000－4000米(mi)；再次是四川和其(qi)它地(di)區(qu)，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)較差(cha)(cha)了。色(se)澤也各異(yi)(yi)，以蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)眼(yan)睛的(de)顏色(se)最明(ming)顯(xian)。西(xi)藏那曲所產(chan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)眼(yan)睛顏色(se)為(wei)棕(zong)色(se)，青海(hai)玉樹和果洛所產(chan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)眼(yan)睛顏色(se)為(wei)黃色(se)，川草(cao)(cao)(cao)和其(qi)它地(di)區(qu)所產(chan)的(de)草(cao)(cao)(cao)多(duo)為(wei)紅(hong)色(se)。
生長過程
那(nei)曲(qu)(qu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在西(xi)藏高原(yuan)那(nei)曲(qu)(qu)地區海拔4500~6000米(mi)的(de)(de)高原(yuan)上(shang)(shang)。冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草簡稱蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草，是(shi)冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草真(zhen)(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草蝙蝠蛾幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei)，到了(le)夏(xia)季(ji)發育而成(cheng)。冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草因此得名。真(zhen)(zhen)正的(de)(de)冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)野生(sheng)(sheng)，具有醫藥療效的(de)(de)冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草產地是(shi)西(xi)藏那(nei)曲(qu)(qu)和(he)青海玉(yu)樹(shu)兩個產地的(de)(de)冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草，藏曲(qu)(qu)堂(tang)冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草和(he)同仁堂(tang)是(shi)這(zhe)兩個產地的(de)(de)代表品牌，其中(zhong)(zhong)以同仁堂(tang)價(jia)格最(zui)高。夏(xia)季(ji)，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)子卵產于(yu)地面，經過一(yi)(yi)個月左(zuo)右孵化(hua)變(bian)成(cheng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后鉆入潮濕(shi)松軟的(de)(de)土(tu)層。土(tu)里的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種真(zhen)(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)孢(bao)(bao)子囊(nang)侵襲了(le)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，在幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。經過一(yi)(yi)個冬(dong)(dong)天(tian)(tian)，到第二年春天(tian)(tian)來臨，真(zhen)(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲開(kai)始生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)，到夏(xia)天(tian)(tian)時(shi)長(chang)出地面，外觀象一(yi)(yi)根(gen)小(xiao)草，這(zhe)樣，幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)軀殼(ke)與(yu)真(zhen)(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲共同組成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)(yi)個完整的(de)(de)“冬(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草”。菌(jun)(jun)(jun)孢(bao)(bao)把蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)養料，生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)迅(xun)速(su)，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)四至(zhi)五(wu)厘米(mi)，菌(jun)(jun)(jun)孢(bao)(bao)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)內(nei)即可長(chang)至(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)的(de)(de)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，這(zhe)時(shi)的(de)(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“頭草”，子座普遍短小(xiao)，顏色(se)(se)與(yu)飽滿度(du)(du)(du)(du)都屬(shu)上(shang)(shang)等，藥用價(jia)值最(zui)好；第2～3天(tian)(tian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)孢(bao)(bao)長(chang)至(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)的(de)(de)1.5～2倍左(zuo)右，稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)草”，子座長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)適中(zhong)(zhong)或(huo)稍稍偏(pian)長(chang)，顏色(se)(se)與(yu)飽滿度(du)(du)(du)(du)都屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)等或(huo)偏(pian)上(shang)(shang)，藥用價(jia)值較好；超過3天(tian)(tian)，菌(jun)(jun)(jun)孢(bao)(bao)長(chang)至(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)2倍或(huo)者(zhe)以上(shang)(shang)，稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“尾草”，子座長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)較長(chang)，顏色(se)(se)與(yu)飽滿度(du)(du)(du)(du)很一(yi)(yi)般(ban)或(huo)較差，藥用價(jia)值較差。
藥用價值
性(xing)(xing)味(wei)(wei)功(gong)能：味(wei)(wei)甘，性(xing)(xing)平。有(you)補肺(fei)益腎，止(zhi)喘(chuan)咳，補精氣，扶正抑癌，提高免疫力(li)的功(gong)能的；
主治用法：用于咳(ke)虛喘(chuan)，勞嗽咯(ge)血，陽痿遺精，腰膝(xi)酸痛。用量3-9g；
應用：
1.病后(hou)體虛，貧血，頭(tou)暈(yun)，白細(xi)胞、紅細(xi)胞減少，冬蟲夏草(cao)9g，燉童子雞吃。或(huo)燉鴨、豬肉吃了(le)；
2.陽(yang)痿、遺精，腰酸腿軟：冬(dong)蟲夏草、杜仲、淫羊霍、肉(rou)蓯蓉。水煎服(fu)；
3.肺結核(he)咳血(xue)：冬蟲夏草、白芨、百部各(ge)12g，杏仁、川貝、麥冬各(ge)9g，阿膠(jiao)珠5g。水煎服(fu)；
4.慢性腎炎：冬蟲夏草。水煎，常服。
近代(dai)(dai)醫(yi)學(xue)臨(lin)床(chuang)研究(jiu)證實，那曲冬(dong)(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)含有蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)酸(suan)約7%，糖(tang)類28.9%，脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)約8.4%，蛋白(bai)(bai)質約25%，脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)中82.2%為不飽和(he)(he)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)酸(suan)，此外，尚含有維生(sheng)素(su)B12、麥角脂(zhi)醇、六碳糖(tang)醇、生(sheng)物(wu)堿(jian)等。據醫(yi)學(xue)科(ke)學(xue)分析，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)體(ti)內含蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)酸(suan)。維生(sheng)素(su)B12、脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)、蛋白(bai)(bai)等。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)性甘、溫平、無毒，是(shi)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)滋補(bu)(bu)強(qiang)壯藥(yao)，常用(yong)肉類燉食，有補(bu)(bu)虛(xu)(xu)健體(ti)之效(xiao)。適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)治療(liao)肺氣(qi)虛(xu)(xu)和(he)(he)肺腎兩(liang)虛(xu)(xu)、肺結(jie)核等所(suo)致的(de)咯(ge)血或痰中帶血、咳(ke)(ke)嗽。氣(qi)短(duan)、盜汗等，對(dui)腎虛(xu)(xu)陽痿、腰膝酸(suan)疼等亦有良好的(de)療(liao)效(xiao)，也(ye)是(shi)老年體(ti)弱(ruo)者的(de)滋補(bu)(bu)佳品。現代(dai)(dai)醫(yi)學(xue)研究(jiu)表(biao)明，冬(dong)(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)吞噬腫瘤細胞的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力是(shi)硒的(de)4倍，冬(dong)(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)所(suo)含蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)素(su)能(neng)(neng)(neng)明顯增強(qiang)紅細胞粘附腫瘤細胞的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，抑制腫瘤生(sheng)長(chang)和(he)(he)轉移，能(neng)(neng)(neng)明顯提(ti)升白(bai)(bai)血球和(he)(he)血小板數量，迅速改善放化療(liao)后的(de)嘔吐惡心(xin)、胃(wei)口差(cha)、頭發脫落、失眠等癥狀。在(zai)美國，已將冬(dong)(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)列為抗腫瘤新藥(yao)，進(jin)入臨(lin)床(chuang)三(san)期。此外，冬(dong)(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)某(mou)些腎病(bing)(bing)與(yu)呼吸(xi)系(xi)統(tong)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)也(ye)有很好的(de)治療(liao)作(zuo)用(yong)。清(qing)代(dai)(dai)吳儀洛(luo)《本草(cao)(cao)叢新》，書中認為冬(dong)(dong)(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)(xia)草(cao)(cao)性味甘，溫。功能(neng)(neng)(neng)補(bu)(bu)肺益腎，化痰止咳(ke)(ke)。可用(yong)之于(yu)(yu)久咳(ke)(ke)虛(xu)(xu)喘，產后虛(xu)(xu)弱(ruo)、陽痿陰冷等“虛(xu)(xu)”的(de)病(bing)(bing)癥。
大腳走天下 
