概況
壽春(chun)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址屬國(guo)(guo)重點文物(wu)保護單位，位于安徽省壽縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)關(guan)壽春(chun)鎮、城(cheng)(cheng)南九龍鄉境內。壽春(chun)城(cheng)(cheng)作為戰國(guo)(guo)時期(qi)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)的最后(hou)一座都城(cheng)(cheng)，有著非常豐富(fu)的楚(chu)文化(hua)遺存。
遺址布(bu)(bu)局方整規(gui)矩，總面積26．35平方公里(li)，其(qi)(qi)規(gui)模僅次于(yu)燕下都。該城(cheng)(cheng)東、西(xi)、北三面臨(lin)水(shui)，南有(you)西(xi)南小(xiao)城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)呈矩形分成15個區(qu)域，每一(yi)區(qu)域內(nei)(nei)系統(tong)規(gui)劃有(you)水(shui)道。這(zhe)種城(cheng)(cheng)市布(bu)(bu)局與同時期列(lie)國(guo)都城(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)比可(ke)謂別具一(yi)格(ge)。發(fa)掘的(de)(de)重要(yao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)有(you)楚幽(you)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、蔡(cai)侯(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)等，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)楚幽(you)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是目(mu)前中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)楚墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)模最大、年代與墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主確切(qie)、出(chu)土(tu)文(wen)物(wu)最多的(de)(de)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)，也是可(ke)以認定的(de)(de)唯一(yi)一(yi)座楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，出(chu)土(tu)文(wen)物(wu)4000余(yu)件，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)青銅器1000余(yu)件，楚大鼎(ding)重約400公斤。
歷史
壽春城遺址是楚國(guo)終結之都，集中體現了楚文化的晚(wan)期特征，為研(yan)究探(tan)討楚國(guo)在(zai)淮河流域的發展衰亡提供了重要(yao)考古資(zi)料。
壽(shou)(shou)縣古稱壽(shou)(shou)春(chun)(chun)、壽(shou)(shou)陽、壽(shou)(shou)州(zhou)，曾為(wei)歷(li)代州(zhou)郡府治所，1912年(nian)廢(fei)州(zhou)改(gai)縣。晉伏滔(tao)《正淮論》調，壽(shou)(shou)春(chun)(chun)“外有(you)江陰之阻，內有(you)淮淝(fei)之固”。《陳(chen)(chen)書》曰：“壽(shou)(shou)春(chun)(chun)者，古之都會，得之者安，是稱要害(hai)。”壽(shou)(shou)縣為(wei)淮上軍事(shi)重鎮，兵(bing)家爭奪之地，歷(li)代征戰(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)息，戰(zhan)(zhan)事(shi)尤(you)為(wei)頻繁慘烈。在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國古代戰(zhan)(zhan)爭史上，著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)的(de)秦晉淝(fei)水(shui)之戰(zhan)(zhan)就發生在(zai)(zai)(zai)這里，“八(ba)公山上，草木(mu)皆兵(bing)”演(yan)繹為(wei)著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)的(de)成語(yu)典故。李白有(you)詩云：“壽(shou)(shou)陽信天險，天險橫荊關。苻堅百萬兵(bing)，遙(yao)阻八(ba)公山。不(bu)假筑長(chang)城，大賢在(zai)(zai)(zai)其間。戰(zhan)(zhan)夫若熊羆，破敵(di)(di)有(you)余閑。”五代十國時后周南唐壽(shou)(shou)州(zhou)爭奪戰(zhan)(zhan)，兵(bing)燹連(lian)年(nian)，趙(zhao)匡胤勇破連(lian)珠寨，殲敵(di)(di)4萬，威名(ming)(ming)遠揚。元末朱元璋曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)城南安豐(feng)大戰(zhan)(zhan)張士誠。清咸豐(feng)年(nian)間，太(tai)平安奮戰(zhan)(zhan)壽(shou)(shou)州(zhou)多年(nian)，英王陳(chen)(chen)玉(yu)成至此，為(wei)叛將苗沛(pei)霖誘捕后壯烈犧牲。
壽(shou)(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)作為(wei)(wei)戰(zhan)略要地，兩千多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)幾(ji)經變(bian)遷，其城(cheng)防設(she)施隨著軍事技術(shu)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，愈加堅(jian)固齊全(quan)。據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發(fa)現(xian)，壽(shou)(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)筑(zhu)城(cheng)始(shi)于楚遷都(dou)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)春之(zhi)時。故(gu)城(cheng)范圍很大(da)，北傍淝水，東(dong)臨東(dong)津渡，西至城(cheng)西湖，南(nan)至十里頭，面積約25平方公里，是(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)國都(dou)城(cheng)中(zhong)僅次于燕(yan)國都(dou)城(cheng)燕(yan)下(xia)都(dou)的(de)第二大(da)城(cheng)。因年(nian)(nian)代(dai)久(jiu)遠，地貌變(bian)化(hua)，土城(cheng)垣大(da)多(duo)(duo)湮(yin)沒于地下(xia)或破壞(huai)(huai)殆(dai)盡(jin)。漢(han)代(dai)以后(hou)，城(cheng)址(zhi)縮小至故(gu)城(cheng)東(dong)北角，即今壽(shou)(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)關一(yi)帶，后(hou)代(dai)多(duo)(duo)沿(yan)襲其址(zhi)。今壽(shou)(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)型制，為(wei)(wei)南(nan)宋寧宗嘉(jia)定十二年(nian)(nian)(1219年(nian)(nian))建(jian)康都(dou)統(tong)許俊重筑(zhu)，外包磚(zhuan)石墻(qiang)皮。700多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)，古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)曾迭遭戰(zhan)爭和洪水的(de)破壞(huai)(huai)，歷代(dai)均有修整(zheng)，是(shi)(shi)國內現(xian)存保(bao)存完整(zheng)的(de)七大(da)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)之(zhi)一(yi)。
壽(shou)縣古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)平面(mian)略呈方形，舊(jiu)有甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、譙樓之(zhi)設，重關疊雉，制度(du)森(sen)嚴。現樓臺大部分已毀，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)仍屹立于(yu)淮淝(fei)之(zhi)濱，斑蝕剝離，歷經滄桑。古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南兩面(mian)有護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)濠，北(bei)環淝(fei)水(shui)，西(xi)(xi)連城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)湖，四隅有河，東(dong)北(bei)、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)隅各設水(shui)關一(yi)處(chu)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)置4門(men)(men)(men)，東(dong)賓陽門(men)(men)(men)，西(xi)(xi)定湖門(men)(men)(men)，南通(tong)淝(fei)門(men)(men)(men)、北(bei)靖淮門(men)(men)(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣保存完整，周長“十三里有奇”，實測6650.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)。垛(duo)墻(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)下(xia)墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)高(gao)(gao)7.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)，底(di)寬(kuan)18-22米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂寬(kuan)4-10米(mi)(mi)(mi)。墻(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)以土夯筑，外(wai)側(ce)貼磚(zhuan)，外(wai)壁下(xia)部用條石(shi)(shi)砌筑2米(mi)(mi)(mi)高(gao)(gao)的墻(qiang)(qiang)基。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)壁貼磚(zhuan)石(shi)(shi)，厚(hou)度(du)為：底(di)部1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂部0.5-0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)、殘(can)高(gao)(gao)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。垛(duo)口已失，下(xia)部間(jian)隔2.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)設一(yi)高(gao)(gao)0.37米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)0.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)的長方形射洞(dong)，射洞(dong)作壺門(men)(men)(men)狀(zhuang)，下(xia)口與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)頂平。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)磚(zhuan)石(shi)(shi)之(zhi)間(jian)都是用糯米(mi)(mi)(mi)汁拌石(shi)(shi)灰等物彌合，非常牢固(gu)。舊(jiu)有“鐵(tie)打的壽(shou)州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”的稱譽。
四(si)門(men)(men)皆(jie)于城(cheng)(cheng)墻外再設(she)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)，內外門(men)(men)洞均(jun)為(wei)磚(zhuan)石券頂結(jie)構。除南(nan)門(men)(men)外，東(dong)北(bei)西(xi)3門(men)(men)的(de)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)均(jun)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)不在(zai)(zai)同一中(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)。西(xi)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)朝(chao)北(bei)，北(bei)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)朝(chao)西(xi)，均(jun)與(yu)(yu)所在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)面上(shang)呈90度直角，而(er)東(dong)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)平(ping)行錯(cuo)置4米。這(zhe)種巧妙(miao)設(she)置是基于軍(jun)事防御上(shang)的(de)考慮：即敵軍(jun)突破甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)后，需改變方向才能攻擊(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)，守軍(jun)可乘(cheng)機(ji)關門(men)(men)打狗(gou)，消滅(mie)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內之(zhi)敵。現存東(dong)北(bei)兩甕(weng)(weng)(weng)，南(nan)、西(xi)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)已(yi)毀。
記載
據《壽州志》載(zai)，城(cheng)墻原有“角樓八座，警鋪五十五所”。現僅存1處(chu)馬面(mian)，3處(chu)敵臺(tai)。馬面(mian)位(wei)于城(cheng)西北拐角處(chu)，俗稱“地(di)樓”。馬面(mian)凸(tu)出城(cheng)外(wai)部分長2米、寬5米，高與城(cheng)墻齊平，中(zhong)空有石級遞下，三面(mian)有射洞。3座敵臺(tai)，一處(chu)在(zai)東門南160米，凸(tu)出城(cheng)外(wai)廓，長3.5米，寬15.5米；一處(chu)在(zai)南門東500米，外(wai)凸(tu)2.5米，寬5米。
城(cheng)(cheng)外設(she)有泊岸。泊岸，又(you)(you)稱護城(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)堤(di)，據《壽州志(zhi)·城(cheng)(cheng)廓》載，石(shi)堤(di)為明(ming)嘉靖七年(nian)(1538年(nian))御史楊瞻創建(jian)。堤(di)高3-5米(mi)(mi)、寬10米(mi)(mi)，一邊(bian)緊貼城(cheng)(cheng)墻外壁，另(ling)一邊(bian)濱(bin)臨護城(cheng)(cheng)河，皆以條石(shi)壘砌。其用途(tu)既(ji)可增(zeng)加城(cheng)(cheng)墻的堅固性，又(you)(you)能阻擋護城(cheng)(cheng)濠水(shui)及洪水(shui)對城(cheng)(cheng)墻根(gen)基的沖刷(shua)。
兩(liang)處涵(han)洞實為(wei)水(shui)關，分別位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東北、西北隅。涵(han)洞始建年代失考，明清均有(you)修葺。今東涵(han)壁有(you)“崇墉(yong)障流”石(shi)刻(ke)，為(wei)光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)十(shi)(shi)年(1884年)重修時吳中錢祿曾所題。西涵(han)南壁“金湯鞏(gong)固”石(shi)刻(ke)，為(wei)光(guang)緒(xu)(xu)三(san)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(1905年)重修時，“辛庵彭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孫(sun)題”。兩(liang)涵(han)形制大體相同。如(ru)西涵(han)，洞體方形，寬0.6米(mi)(mi)、深0.8米(mi)(mi)、長50米(mi)(mi)。其一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)通城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)河渠，另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)伸出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)，經過城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻、石(shi)堤部分深1.5米(mi)(mi)。涵(han)周圍起筑徑(jing)、深均7.7米(mi)(mi)、厚(hou)0.5米(mi)(mi)的磚(zhuan)石(shi)結構月(yue)坎(kan)，坎(kan)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻等(deng)高(gao)。坎(kan)內(nei)(nei)壁設有(you)石(shi)階，可拾級而下，外(wai)壁圍護厚(hou)實的堤坡(po)。涵(han)溝上封石(shi)板，設閘5道。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)涵(han)月(yue)坎(kan)的設置，在(zai)軍(jun)事上可防止敵兵從水(shui)道匿進偷襲，在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市水(shui)系上又具有(you)重要的防水(shui)功能(neng)。如(ru)人們(men)可隨時進坎(kan)啟(qi)閉閘門，控流自如(ru)，既可避免內(nei)(nei)河積水(shui)的吞噬，又能(neng)消除外(wai)水(shui)倒灌的隱患(huan)。
壽縣傍依淮淝水系，地勢低洼(wa)，易受(shou)洪澇侵(qin)襲。古城(cheng)猶如(ru)(ru)一(yi)道鐵壁銅墻(qiang)，除防御(yu)抗(kang)敵(di)外，又是防洪的(de)堅固大(da)堤，歷史上曾多次(ci)經歷了洪水的(de)沖擊。如(ru)(ru)1954年和(he)1991年淮河泛(fan)濫，古城(cheng)周(zhou)圍一(yi)片汪洋，白(bai)浪滔天，而城(cheng)內則(ze)安然(ran)無恙。在和(he)平年代，壽縣城(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)這種(zhong)利國(guo)利民的(de)作用愈加明顯。2001年被(bei)國(guo)務院公(gong)布為(wei)第(di)五(wu)批全國(guo)重點文物保護單位。
鐘天地之靈 
