概況
壽(shou)(shou)春城(cheng)(cheng)遺址屬國(guo)重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單位，位于安徽省(sheng)壽(shou)(shou)縣城(cheng)(cheng)關壽(shou)(shou)春鎮、城(cheng)(cheng)南九龍鄉境內。壽(shou)(shou)春城(cheng)(cheng)作為戰國(guo)時期(qi)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)的最后一座都城(cheng)(cheng)，有著非常豐富的楚(chu)(chu)文(wen)(wen)化遺存。
遺址布局(ju)(ju)方整(zheng)規矩(ju)，總(zong)面積(ji)26．35平方公里，其(qi)規模(mo)僅次(ci)于燕下都。該城(cheng)東、西(xi)、北三(san)面臨水，南有西(xi)南小城(cheng)。城(cheng)內(nei)呈矩(ju)形分(fen)成15個區(qu)域，每一區(qu)域內(nei)系統規劃有水道(dao)。這種城(cheng)市布局(ju)(ju)與(yu)同時期列(lie)國都城(cheng)相比(bi)可謂別具一格。發掘的重要墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有楚幽(you)王(wang)墓(mu)、蔡侯墓(mu)等，其(qi)中(zhong)楚幽(you)王(wang)墓(mu)是目前(qian)中(zhong)國發掘的楚墓(mu)中(zhong)規模(mo)最大、年(nian)代與(yu)墓(mu)主確切、出土文物最多(duo)的侯王(wang)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)，也是可以(yi)認(ren)定的唯一一座楚王(wang)墓(mu)，出土文物4000余件，其(qi)中(zhong)青銅(tong)器1000余件，楚大鼎重約400公斤。
歷史
壽春城遺址是(shi)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)終(zhong)結之都，集中體(ti)現了楚(chu)文(wen)化的晚期特征，為研究探(tan)討楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)在淮(huai)河流域的發展衰亡(wang)提供了重要考(kao)古資料。
壽縣古稱壽春(chun)、壽陽(yang)、壽州，曾為(wei)(wei)歷代(dai)州郡(jun)府治(zhi)所，1912年廢(fei)州改縣。晉伏滔《正淮論》調，壽春(chun)“外有(you)江陰之(zhi)(zhi)阻，內(nei)有(you)淮淝之(zhi)(zhi)固”。《陳(chen)(chen)書》曰：“壽春(chun)者(zhe)，古之(zhi)(zhi)都會，得之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)安(an)，是稱要害。”壽縣為(wei)(wei)淮上(shang)軍事重鎮，兵家爭奪(duo)之(zhi)(zhi)地，歷代(dai)征戰(zhan)(zhan)不息，戰(zhan)(zhan)事尤為(wei)(wei)頻繁慘烈。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國古代(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭史上(shang)，著名(ming)的秦晉淝水之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)就發(fa)生在(zai)(zai)這里，“八公山上(shang)，草木皆兵”演(yan)繹(yi)為(wei)(wei)著名(ming)的成語典(dian)故。李白有(you)詩云：“壽陽(yang)信(xin)天險，天險橫荊關。苻堅百萬兵，遙(yao)阻八公山。不假筑(zhu)長城(cheng)，大賢在(zai)(zai)其(qi)間。戰(zhan)(zhan)夫若(ruo)熊(xiong)羆(pi)，破(po)敵有(you)余閑。”五代(dai)十國時后周南唐壽州爭奪(duo)戰(zhan)(zhan)，兵燹連年，趙(zhao)匡胤(yin)勇破(po)連珠寨(zhai)，殲敵4萬，威名(ming)遠(yuan)揚(yang)。元末朱(zhu)元璋曾在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)南安(an)豐(feng)大戰(zhan)(zhan)張士誠。清咸豐(feng)年間，太平安(an)奮(fen)戰(zhan)(zhan)壽州多年，英王陳(chen)(chen)玉(yu)成至此，為(wei)(wei)叛將(jiang)苗(miao)沛霖誘捕后壯烈犧牲(sheng)。
壽(shou)縣作為(wei)戰略要地，兩(liang)千(qian)多(duo)年(nian)來(lai)幾經變(bian)遷(qian)，其城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)防設施隨著軍事(shi)技(ji)術的發展，愈加(jia)堅固(gu)齊(qi)全。據考古發現(xian)，壽(shou)縣筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始(shi)于(yu)楚遷(qian)都壽(shou)春(chun)之時。故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍很大，北(bei)傍淝水，東(dong)(dong)臨東(dong)(dong)津(jin)渡，西至(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西湖，南至(zhi)十里頭，面(mian)積約(yue)25平(ping)方公里，是戰國都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中僅次于(yu)燕國都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)燕下(xia)都的第二(er)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。因(yin)年(nian)代久遠(yuan)，地貌變(bian)化，土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)大多(duo)湮沒于(yu)地下(xia)或破壞殆盡(jin)。漢代以后，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址縮小至(zhi)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)角，即今壽(shou)縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)關一帶，后代多(duo)沿(yan)襲其址。今壽(shou)縣古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)型制(zhi)，為(wei)南宋寧宗嘉定十二(er)年(nian)(1219年(nian))建康都統許俊重筑，外包(bao)磚石墻(qiang)皮。700多(duo)年(nian)來(lai)，古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)曾迭遭(zao)戰爭和(he)洪水的破壞，歷(li)代均有(you)修整，是國內現(xian)存保存完整的七大古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)之一。
壽縣古城墻(qiang)平面(mian)(mian)略(lve)呈方形，舊(jiu)(jiu)有甕城、譙樓之(zhi)設，重(zhong)關(guan)疊雉，制(zhi)度森嚴。現樓臺大部(bu)分已毀，城墻(qiang)仍屹立于淮淝之(zhi)濱，斑蝕剝離，歷經滄桑(sang)。古城東南兩面(mian)(mian)有護(hu)城濠，北(bei)環(huan)淝水，西(xi)連城西(xi)湖，四隅有河，東北(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)隅各設水關(guan)一處(chu)。城置(zhi)4門，東賓陽門，西(xi)定湖門，南通淝門、北(bei)靖淮門。城垣保存完整，周長“十三(san)里有奇”，實(shi)測6650.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)。垛(duo)墻(qiang)之(zhi)下墻(qiang)體(ti)高7.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)，底寬(kuan)(kuan)18-22米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)寬(kuan)(kuan)4-10米(mi)(mi)(mi)。墻(qiang)體(ti)以土夯筑，外側(ce)貼(tie)磚(zhuan)，外壁下部(bu)用條石(shi)砌(qi)筑2米(mi)(mi)(mi)高的墻(qiang)基。城墻(qiang)外壁貼(tie)磚(zhuan)石(shi)，厚度為：底部(bu)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)部(bu)0.5-0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)、殘高1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。垛(duo)口已失，下部(bu)間隔2.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)設一高0.37米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)0.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)的長方形射洞，射洞作壺(hu)門狀，下口與城墻(qiang)頂(ding)平。城墻(qiang)磚(zhuan)石(shi)之(zhi)間都(dou)是用糯米(mi)(mi)(mi)汁拌(ban)石(shi)灰等(deng)物(wu)彌合，非常(chang)牢固。舊(jiu)(jiu)有“鐵(tie)打(da)的壽州城”的稱譽。
四(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)皆于城(cheng)(cheng)墻外再(zai)設(she)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)，內外門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)洞(dong)均為磚石券頂結構。除南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外，東(dong)北(bei)西(xi)3門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)均與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)不在同一中軸線。西(xi)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)朝北(bei)，北(bei)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)朝西(xi)，均與所在城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在平面上(shang)呈90度直(zhi)角，而東(dong)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)平行錯置4米。這種巧(qiao)妙設(she)置是基于軍事防(fang)御上(shang)的考(kao)慮：即敵(di)軍突破(po)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)，需(xu)改(gai)變方向(xiang)才能(neng)攻擊城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，守軍可乘機關(guan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)打狗，消滅甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內之(zhi)敵(di)。現存東(dong)北(bei)兩(liang)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)，南(nan)、西(xi)甕(weng)(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)已毀(hui)。
記載
據(ju)《壽州志》載，城墻原有(you)(you)“角樓(lou)八座，警鋪五十五所(suo)”。現僅(jin)存1處(chu)(chu)(chu)馬(ma)(ma)面(mian)，3處(chu)(chu)(chu)敵臺。馬(ma)(ma)面(mian)位于(yu)城西北拐(guai)角處(chu)(chu)(chu)，俗稱“地樓(lou)”。馬(ma)(ma)面(mian)凸出(chu)城外部分長2米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，高(gao)與城墻齊平，中空有(you)(you)石級(ji)遞下(xia)，三面(mian)有(you)(you)射洞。3座敵臺，一處(chu)(chu)(chu)在(zai)(zai)東門(men)南160米(mi)(mi)(mi)，凸出(chu)城外廓，長3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)15.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)；一處(chu)(chu)(chu)在(zai)(zai)南門(men)東500米(mi)(mi)(mi)，外凸2.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)5米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外設(she)有泊岸。泊岸，又稱護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)堤(di)，據《壽州(zhou)志(zhi)·城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廓》載，石(shi)堤(di)為明嘉(jia)靖七年(1538年)御(yu)史楊瞻創(chuang)建(jian)。堤(di)高3-5米(mi)、寬10米(mi)，一邊緊貼城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻外壁(bi)，另一邊濱臨護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)，皆以(yi)條石(shi)壘砌。其(qi)用途既可增加城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)堅固性(xing)，又能阻擋護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)濠水及洪水對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻根基的(de)沖刷。
兩(liang)(liang)處(chu)涵(han)洞實(shi)為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)關，分別位于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東北(bei)、西北(bei)隅。涵(han)洞始(shi)建年(nian)代失考(kao)，明清(qing)均有修(xiu)葺。今東涵(han)壁(bi)(bi)有“崇墉障流”石刻，為(wei)光緒(xu)十年(nian)(1884年(nian))重修(xiu)時(shi)吳中(zhong)錢祿曾所題(ti)。西涵(han)南壁(bi)(bi)“金(jin)湯鞏(gong)固(gu)”石刻，為(wei)光緒(xu)三十一年(nian)(1905年(nian))重修(xiu)時(shi)，“辛(xin)庵彭(peng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)孫題(ti)”。兩(liang)(liang)涵(han)形(xing)制大(da)體相同(tong)。如西涵(han)，洞體方形(xing)，寬(kuan)0.6米(mi)(mi)、深0.8米(mi)(mi)、長50米(mi)(mi)。其一端連通城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內河渠(qu)，另一端伸出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)，經(jing)過(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)、石堤(di)部分深1.5米(mi)(mi)。涵(han)周圍(wei)起筑(zhu)徑(jing)、深均7.7米(mi)(mi)、厚(hou)0.5米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)磚石結構月坎，坎與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)等高。坎內壁(bi)(bi)設(she)有石階，可(ke)拾級(ji)而下，外(wai)壁(bi)(bi)圍(wei)護厚(hou)實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)堤(di)坡。涵(han)溝上封石板(ban)，設(she)閘5道。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)涵(han)月坎的(de)(de)(de)設(she)置，在軍事上可(ke)防止敵(di)兵從水(shui)(shui)(shui)道匿進偷襲，在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市水(shui)(shui)(shui)系上又具有重要的(de)(de)(de)防水(shui)(shui)(shui)功能(neng)。如人們可(ke)隨時(shi)進坎啟(qi)閉閘門，控流自如，既可(ke)避免內河積水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)吞噬，又能(neng)消除外(wai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)倒(dao)灌(guan)的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)患。
壽(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)傍依淮(huai)淝水系(xi)，地勢低洼，易受洪(hong)澇侵襲(xi)。古(gu)城(cheng)猶(you)如一道鐵壁銅墻(qiang)，除防御抗敵(di)外，又是防洪(hong)的(de)(de)堅固(gu)大堤，歷史上曾多次經歷了洪(hong)水的(de)(de)沖擊。如1954年和1991年淮(huai)河泛濫，古(gu)城(cheng)周圍一片(pian)汪洋，白浪滔天，而(er)城(cheng)內則安(an)然無恙。在和平年代，壽(shou)(shou)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)這種利國(guo)利民的(de)(de)作用愈(yu)加(jia)明(ming)顯。2001年被國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)公布為第(di)五批全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保護單位。
鐘天地之靈 
