概況
壽(shou)春城(cheng)遺址屬國重點文(wen)物保護單位，位于安徽省壽(shou)縣城(cheng)關壽(shou)春鎮、城(cheng)南(nan)九龍(long)鄉境內。壽(shou)春城(cheng)作為戰國時期楚(chu)國的(de)最(zui)后一(yi)座都城(cheng)，有著非常豐富的(de)楚(chu)文(wen)化(hua)遺存。
遺址布局方整規矩，總面(mian)積(ji)26．35平方公里，其規模(mo)僅次于(yu)燕下都。該(gai)城(cheng)東、西(xi)(xi)、北(bei)三面(mian)臨水，南有西(xi)(xi)南小城(cheng)。城(cheng)內呈矩形分成(cheng)15個區域，每一區域內系統規劃有水道(dao)。這種城(cheng)市布局與(yu)同(tong)時期列國都城(cheng)相(xiang)比可謂別(bie)具(ju)一格。發(fa)掘的重要墓葬(zang)有楚(chu)幽王(wang)墓、蔡侯(hou)墓等，其中楚(chu)幽王(wang)墓是目前中國發(fa)掘的楚(chu)墓中規模(mo)最大(da)、年(nian)代與(yu)墓主(zhu)確切、出土文物(wu)最多的侯(hou)王(wang)墓葬(zang)，也是可以認定的唯(wei)一一座楚(chu)王(wang)墓，出土文物(wu)4000余(yu)件，其中青銅器1000余(yu)件，楚(chu)大(da)鼎(ding)重約400公斤。
歷史
壽春城遺址是楚(chu)國(guo)終結之都，集中體(ti)現了楚(chu)文化的晚期特征，為(wei)研究探討楚(chu)國(guo)在淮(huai)河(he)流域的發展(zhan)衰亡提供了重要考(kao)古資料。
壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縣(xian)古稱(cheng)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)、壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)陽、壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)州(zhou)，曾為(wei)(wei)歷代(dai)(dai)州(zhou)郡(jun)府治所(suo)，1912年(nian)廢州(zhou)改縣(xian)。晉(jin)伏滔《正(zheng)淮(huai)論》調，壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)“外有江陰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻(zu)，內有淮(huai)淝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固”。《陳書》曰：“壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)者，古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)都會，得(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者安，是稱(cheng)要害。”壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縣(xian)為(wei)(wei)淮(huai)上(shang)(shang)軍事重鎮，兵(bing)家爭(zheng)奪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，歷代(dai)(dai)征戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不息，戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)事尤為(wei)(wei)頻繁慘烈。在中國古代(dai)(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)史上(shang)(shang)，著名的秦晉(jin)淝水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)就發生(sheng)在這里，“八公(gong)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)(shang)，草木皆兵(bing)”演繹為(wei)(wei)著名的成語典故。李白有詩云：“壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)陽信天險，天險橫荊關。苻堅(jian)百萬兵(bing)，遙阻(zu)八公(gong)山(shan)(shan)。不假(jia)筑(zhu)長城，大(da)賢在其間。戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)夫(fu)若熊羆(pi)，破(po)敵(di)(di)有余(yu)閑。”五(wu)代(dai)(dai)十國時后周南唐壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)州(zhou)爭(zheng)奪戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，兵(bing)燹連年(nian)，趙匡胤勇破(po)連珠(zhu)寨，殲敵(di)(di)4萬，威(wei)名遠揚(yang)。元末(mo)朱元璋曾在城南安豐(feng)大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)張士誠。清咸豐(feng)年(nian)間，太平安奮戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)州(zhou)多(duo)年(nian)，英王陳玉(yu)成至此，為(wei)(wei)叛將苗沛霖誘(you)捕(bu)后壯烈犧牲。
壽縣(xian)作為戰略要地，兩千多(duo)年(nian)來幾經變(bian)遷(qian)，其城(cheng)防設施隨著軍(jun)事技術(shu)的(de)發(fa)展，愈加堅固齊全。據考古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)，壽縣(xian)筑(zhu)城(cheng)始于(yu)楚遷(qian)都(dou)壽春之時。故城(cheng)范圍很大(da)，北傍淝水(shui)，東臨東津渡，西至城(cheng)西湖，南至十(shi)里頭，面積約25平方(fang)公里，是戰國都(dou)城(cheng)中(zhong)僅次于(yu)燕國都(dou)城(cheng)燕下都(dou)的(de)第二大(da)城(cheng)。因年(nian)代(dai)(dai)久(jiu)遠，地貌變(bian)化(hua)，土城(cheng)垣大(da)多(duo)湮沒(mei)于(yu)地下或破(po)壞殆盡。漢代(dai)(dai)以后(hou)，城(cheng)址(zhi)縮小至故城(cheng)東北角，即今壽縣(xian)城(cheng)關一(yi)帶，后(hou)代(dai)(dai)多(duo)沿襲其址(zhi)。今壽縣(xian)古(gu)城(cheng)墻型制，為南宋寧宗(zong)嘉定(ding)十(shi)二年(nian)(1219年(nian))建康都(dou)統(tong)許俊重筑(zhu)，外包磚(zhuan)石墻皮。700多(duo)年(nian)來，古(gu)城(cheng)墻曾迭(die)遭戰爭和洪水(shui)的(de)破(po)壞，歷代(dai)(dai)均有(you)修整(zheng)，是國內現(xian)存(cun)保存(cun)完整(zheng)的(de)七大(da)古(gu)城(cheng)墻之一(yi)。
壽(shou)縣古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)平面(mian)略(lve)呈方形(xing)，舊有(you)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、譙樓之(zhi)設(she)，重關疊雉(zhi)，制(zhi)度森嚴(yan)。現(xian)樓臺大部(bu)分已毀(hui)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)仍(reng)屹立于(yu)淮淝之(zhi)濱，斑蝕剝離，歷經滄桑。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南兩面(mian)有(you)護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)濠(hao)，北(bei)(bei)環淝水，西(xi)(xi)連城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)湖，四隅(yu)(yu)有(you)河，東北(bei)(bei)、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)隅(yu)(yu)各設(she)水關一處。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)置4門(men)(men)，東賓陽(yang)門(men)(men)，西(xi)(xi)定湖門(men)(men)，南通淝門(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)靖淮門(men)(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣保存(cun)完整，周長(chang)“十三里有(you)奇”，實測6650.8米(mi)。垛(duo)墻(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)墻(qiang)(qiang)體高(gao)7.7米(mi)，底(di)寬(kuan)18-22米(mi)，頂寬(kuan)4-10米(mi)。墻(qiang)(qiang)體以(yi)土(tu)夯筑，外側(ce)貼磚(zhuan)，外壁(bi)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)用條石(shi)砌(qi)筑2米(mi)高(gao)的墻(qiang)(qiang)基。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)外壁(bi)貼磚(zhuan)石(shi)，厚度為：底(di)部(bu)1.5米(mi)，頂部(bu)0.5-0.8米(mi)、殘高(gao)1米(mi)。垛(duo)口已失，下(xia)(xia)部(bu)間隔2.8米(mi)設(she)一高(gao)0.37米(mi)，寬(kuan)0.2米(mi)的長(chang)方形(xing)射(she)洞(dong)，射(she)洞(dong)作壺(hu)門(men)(men)狀，下(xia)(xia)口與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)頂平。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)磚(zhuan)石(shi)之(zhi)間都是(shi)用糯米(mi)汁拌石(shi)灰等物(wu)彌合(he)，非(fei)常牢固。舊有(you)“鐵打(da)的壽(shou)州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”的稱譽。
四門皆(jie)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻外(wai)再(zai)設(she)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，內外(wai)門洞均(jun)為磚(zhuan)石券頂結構(gou)。除南(nan)(nan)門外(wai)，東(dong)北(bei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)3門的甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門均(jun)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門不(bu)在同一中(zhong)軸線。西(xi)(xi)(xi)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門朝北(bei)，北(bei)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門朝西(xi)(xi)(xi)，均(jun)與(yu)所在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門在平面上呈(cheng)90度直(zhi)角，而東(dong)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門平行錯置4米(mi)。這種巧妙設(she)置是基于軍事防御上的考(kao)慮：即敵(di)軍突破(po)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后，需改變方向才(cai)能攻擊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門，守軍可(ke)乘機關門打狗，消滅甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內之敵(di)。現存東(dong)北(bei)兩甕(weng)(weng)，南(nan)(nan)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)已毀。
記載
據《壽州志》載，城(cheng)墻(qiang)原有(you)“角樓八座(zuo)，警鋪(pu)五十五所”。現僅存(cun)1處(chu)馬面(mian)，3處(chu)敵(di)臺(tai)。馬面(mian)位(wei)于(yu)城(cheng)西北拐角處(chu)，俗稱“地(di)樓”。馬面(mian)凸出城(cheng)外部(bu)分長2米、寬5米，高與城(cheng)墻(qiang)齊平，中空有(you)石級遞下，三面(mian)有(you)射洞。3座(zuo)敵(di)臺(tai)，一處(chu)在東門南160米，凸出城(cheng)外廓，長3.5米，寬15.5米；一處(chu)在南門東500米，外凸2.5米，寬5米。
城(cheng)(cheng)外設(she)有泊(bo)岸。泊(bo)岸，又稱護(hu)(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)堤，據《壽州志(zhi)·城(cheng)(cheng)廓(kuo)》載，石(shi)堤為明(ming)嘉靖七年(nian)(nian)(1538年(nian)(nian))御史楊瞻(zhan)創建。堤高3-5米(mi)、寬10米(mi)，一邊(bian)緊貼城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)外壁(bi)，另一邊(bian)濱臨護(hu)(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)河，皆以條石(shi)壘(lei)砌。其用途既(ji)可增加城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)堅固性，又能阻擋(dang)護(hu)(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)濠水(shui)及洪(hong)水(shui)對城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)根基的(de)(de)沖刷。
兩(liang)處涵(han)洞(dong)實為(wei)水關，分別位于城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)北、西(xi)北隅。涵(han)洞(dong)始建年代失考，明(ming)清均有(you)修(xiu)葺(qi)。今東(dong)(dong)涵(han)壁(bi)有(you)“崇墉障流”石(shi)刻，為(wei)光緒(xu)十年(1884年)重(zhong)修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)吳中(zhong)錢祿曾(ceng)所題。西(xi)涵(han)南壁(bi)“金湯鞏(gong)固”石(shi)刻，為(wei)光緒(xu)三十一(yi)年(1905年)重(zhong)修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)，“辛庵彭城(cheng)(cheng)孫題”。兩(liang)涵(han)形(xing)制大(da)體相同(tong)。如(ru)西(xi)涵(han)，洞(dong)體方形(xing)，寬0.6米(mi)(mi)、深(shen)0.8米(mi)(mi)、長(chang)50米(mi)(mi)。其一(yi)端(duan)連通城(cheng)(cheng)內河渠，另一(yi)端(duan)伸(shen)出城(cheng)(cheng)外，經過城(cheng)(cheng)墻、石(shi)堤(di)部(bu)分深(shen)1.5米(mi)(mi)。涵(han)周圍起(qi)筑徑(jing)、深(shen)均7.7米(mi)(mi)、厚(hou)0.5米(mi)(mi)的磚石(shi)結構月(yue)坎(kan)，坎(kan)與城(cheng)(cheng)墻等高。坎(kan)內壁(bi)設有(you)石(shi)階(jie)，可(ke)拾級而(er)下(xia)，外壁(bi)圍護厚(hou)實的堤(di)坡。涵(han)溝上(shang)封(feng)石(shi)板，設閘5道。城(cheng)(cheng)涵(han)月(yue)坎(kan)的設置，在軍事上(shang)可(ke)防(fang)止敵兵從水道匿(ni)進(jin)偷襲，在城(cheng)(cheng)市水系上(shang)又具有(you)重(zhong)要的防(fang)水功能。如(ru)人們可(ke)隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)進(jin)坎(kan)啟(qi)閉閘門(men)，控流自如(ru)，既可(ke)避免內河積水的吞噬(shi)，又能消(xiao)除外水倒灌(guan)的隱患。
壽(shou)縣傍依(yi)淮淝水系，地勢低洼(wa)，易受洪(hong)澇侵襲。古城猶如(ru)一道鐵壁(bi)銅墻，除防御抗敵(di)外，又是防洪(hong)的(de)堅(jian)固大堤，歷史上曾多(duo)次經(jing)歷了(le)洪(hong)水的(de)沖擊。如(ru)1954年(nian)(nian)和1991年(nian)(nian)淮河泛濫，古城周圍一片汪洋，白浪滔天，而城內則安然無恙。在和平(ping)年(nian)(nian)代，壽(shou)縣城墻的(de)這(zhe)種利(li)國利(li)民的(de)作用(yong)愈加明(ming)顯。2001年(nian)(nian)被國務(wu)院公布為第(di)五(wu)批(pi)全國重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單位。
鐘天地之靈 
