介紹
中(zhong)國(guo)隋(sui)(sui)至(zhi)明(ming)代石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)佛(fo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)及唐(tang)(tang)遼佛(fo)塔。位于北(bei)(bei)京(jing)市西(xi)南75公(gong)里房(fang)山(shan)(shan)區水頭村白(bai)帶山(shan)(shan)麓。寺創(chuang)建(jian)于隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)(tang),歷代屢有重(zhong)修擴建(jian)。“云(yun)(yun)居”2字(zi)最早見于唐(tang)(tang)總章二年(nian)(nian)(669)玄導題(ti)刻(ke)(ke)。遼金(jin)時(shi)代以刻(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)著稱,名石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)寺。現存寺坐西(xi)朝東,依(yi)山(shan)(shan)勢而(er)建(jian),分中(zhong)、北(bei)(bei)、南三路。中(zhong)路有院落五層(ceng),殿宇六進,南北(bei)(bei)二塔。抗日戰(zhan)爭(zheng)時(shi)期,寺院和南塔毀于炮火,現僅存遺址。寺東北(bei)(bei) 1.5公(gong)里處石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)(shan)上,有藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)洞(dong) 9座(zuo),寺院南端有藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)穴,保存了自隋(sui)(sui)至(zhi)明(ming)代刻(ke)(ke)制(zhi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)板 1.5萬余石(shi)(shi)。云(yun)(yun)居寺和石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)(shan)附近還(huan)保留著唐(tang)(tang)遼時(shi)代磚石(shi)(shi)塔10多座(zuo)。1956~1958年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)佛(fo)教(jiao)協會和有關單位對石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)進行(xing)了全面的(de)調查、發(fa)掘(jue)和整理拓印工作(zuo)。房(fang)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)寶庫,對研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)國(guo)古代政治、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)、宗(zong)教(jiao)、文(wen)化藝術(shu)都具(ju)有重(zhong)大價值。1961年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)華人民共(gong)和國(guo)國(guo)務院公(gong)布為(wei)全國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位。
云居(ju)寺及(ji)石(shi)(shi)經山(shan)附近有(you)唐代小石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta) 7座,遼塔(ta)(ta) 4座。唐塔(ta)(ta)中有(you)5座有(you)紀(ji)年(nian),最早為(wei)景云二年(nian)(711),其次為(wei)太(tai)極元年(nian) (712)、開(kai)元十年(nian)(722)、開(kai)元十五年(nian)(727)和開(kai)元十八年(nian)(730)。云居(ju)寺北(bei)塔(ta)(ta)四(si)隅(yu)各置一座唐代小塔(ta)(ta),塔(ta)(ta)方形,通(tong)高 4米余,七層密檐式,漢白玉質地。尤以(yi)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)隅(yu)開(kai)元十年(nian)塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)其中精品。塔(ta)(ta)門兩旁雕 2尊(zun)力士,門內正(zheng)面為(wei)一佛(fo)二脅侍。兩側壁(bi)雕供養人(ren)像(xiang),有(you)深目豐髭的胡人(ren)形象,反映幽(you)州(zhou)地區民族(zu)團結的史實。檐間(jian)線(xian)雕奔象、馳(chi)鹿(lu)等(deng),堪稱一代佳作。石(shi)(shi)經山(shan)頂(ding)(ding)原有(you) 5臺(tai),每(mei)臺(tai)均建石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)1座,現僅存南(nan)、東(dong)(dong)2臺(tai)石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)。南(nan)臺(tai)上為(wei)著名的金仙公主塔(ta)(ta),九層密檐,造型(xing)酷似西安小雁塔(ta)(ta),后壁(bi)鐫《山(shan)頂(ding)(ding)石(shi)(shi)浮圖后記(ji)(ji)》,記(ji)(ji)述賜大(da)(da)唐新舊譯(yi)經充石(shi)(shi)經本及(ji)施舍該寺廟產事(shi)(shi),這是房山(shan)石(shi)(shi)經刊刻史上的一件(jian)大(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)。東(dong)(dong)塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)單層石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta),造型(xing)獨(du)特。
現存遼塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)中(zhong)有磚石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)各(ge) 2座(zuo),磚塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)為(wei)立于西北山(shan)頂處(chu)保護(hu)寺廟平安(an)的(de)吉祥塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),俗稱老虎塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta);一(yi)即云居(ju)寺北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),又(you)稱舍利塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)、羅漢塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),俗稱紅塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)高30.46米,建于遼天(tian)慶年間(1111~1120),下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)八(ba)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)基(ji)座(zuo),上建樓閣式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)兩層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),其(qi)上置(zhi)覆缽(bo)(bo)和(he)“十(shi)三天(tian)”塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎,是(shi)樓閣、覆缽(bo)(bo)和(he)金(jin)剛(gang)寶(bao)座(zuo) 3種形(xing)(xing)式相(xiang)結合的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),造型特殊(shu)。從(cong)其(qi)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)布局分析(xi),該(gai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)在唐塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)基(ji)礎上改(gai)建,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎部(bu)(bu)分為(wei)明(ming)清時(shi)重修。石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)為(wei)“開(kai)山(shan)琬(wan)公(gong)之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,高5.7米,下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)雕刻海葡萄等(deng)(deng)(deng)圖案(an)的(de)須彌座(zuo),其(qi)上為(wei)八(ba)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen),正面鐫刻 “開(kai)山(shan)琬(wan)公(gong)之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)” 6 字(zi),上有三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)檐及(ji)蓮(lian)座(zuo)、剎頂,每層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)檐刻出瓦垅、滴水、雀網、斗栱等(deng)(deng)(deng),據(ju)“靜(jing)琬(wan)法(fa)師塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)銘”,可確定(ding)其(qi)年代為(wei)遼大安(an)九年。另一(yi)為(wei)“涿(zhuo)(zhuo)州涿(zhuo)(zhuo)鹿(lu)山(shan)云居(ju)寺續秘(mi)藏(zang)石(shi)經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,即壓經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),建于天(tian)慶八(ba)年(1118),高約(yue)5 米余,下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)雙(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座(zuo),浮雕伎樂、飛天(tian)、花卉等(deng)(deng)(deng)精美圖案(an),塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)鐫“續秘(mi)藏(zang)石(shi)經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)記”,上承托十(shi)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)密檐,造型優美。
房(fang)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)始刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于(yu)(yu)隋(sui)代(dai)而終于(yu)(yu)明末,以盛(sheng)唐(tang)、遼(liao)、金(jin)時期所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數量最多(duo)。隋(sui)代(dai)幽(you)州智泉寺僧(seng)靜琬自隋(sui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)業(ye)年(nian)間(jian)發愿刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至(zhi)(zhi)唐(tang)貞觀十(shi)三年(nian)入寂(ji),刊(kan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過法(fa)(fa)華(hua)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、華(hua)嚴(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、涅槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、維摩(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、勝(sheng)鬘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金(jin)剛(gang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等。其間(jian)有(you)幾則題(ti)記(ji),內容反映了(le)(le)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)目的(de)(de),如(ru)“冀于(yu)(yu)曠劫,濟(ji)度(du)蒼生”,“此經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為未(wei)來佛(fo)法(fa)(fa)難(nan)時,擬充經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本”等。他死后(hou),刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)由其弟子繼承,得(de)到皇室(shi)和地(di)方官(guan)吏(li)的(de)(de)資助。唐(tang)開元十(shi)八年(nian)玄宗八妹金(jin)仙公主奏請皇帝同意,送佛(fo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) 4000 余(yu)(yu)(yu)卷充作(zuo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)底(di)本。至(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)寶(bao)十(shi)三載刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就許多(duo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)部經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典,如(ru) 《摩(mo)訶般(ban)若波羅密(mi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)方等大(da)(da)(da)(da)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)方廣佛(fo)華(hua)嚴(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)(da)(da)般(ban)涅槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《正(zheng)法(fa)(fa)念(nian)處經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。安史之(zhi)亂時刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)并未(wei)停頓。至(zhi)(zhi)貞元、元和(785~820)間(jian),幽(you)州節度(du)使(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濟(ji)崇信(xin)佛(fo)教,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)得(de)以發展,中間(jian)雖有(you)唐(tang)武(wu)宗會昌(chang)滅佛(fo)運動,但很快得(de)以恢復(fu),共刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百余(yu)(yu)(yu)部, 400多(duo)萬言。五代(dai)戰亂,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)停頓。遼(liao)圣宗時由政府資助主要(yao)補刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)般(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。興宗賜(si)錢析利,以契(qi)(qi)丹藏為底(di)本刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)(da)(da)寶(bao)積經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、放光般(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、陀羅尼集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等87帙(zhi)、161部、656卷、1000余(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。道宗前(qian)期繼續賜(si)錢刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)安時已(yi)主要(yao)靠僧(seng)徒募(mu)捐,如(ru)通理(li)大(da)(da)(da)(da)師放戒募(mu)化刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)首楞(leng)嚴(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、菩薩地(di)持經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)智度(du)論等69部 443卷,小碑(bei)4000余(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。金(jin)代(dai)前(qian)期除繼續前(qian)代(dai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)外,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)《鐫葬(zang)藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總(zong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)題(ti)字號目錄(lu)》,后(hou)期刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)宋遼(liao)兩代(dai)新譯(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。遼(liao)金(jin)兩代(dai)所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)(da)(da)抵是已(yi)佚的(de)(de)“契(qi)(qi)丹藏”復(fu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)本和大(da)(da)(da)(da)藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未(wei)收的(de)(de)藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。元至(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)元年(nian)(1341)高(gao)麗僧(seng)慧(hui)月游石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山,向朝野募(mu)化修(xiu)補門窗,補刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)殘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)五石(shi)(shi)(shi),并留(liu)下題(ti)記(ji)。明代(dai)佛(fo)教日漸衰微,萬歷、天(tian)啟、崇禎間(jian)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過少量經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),如(ru)《四十(shi)華(hua)嚴(yan)》等 10余(yu)(yu)(yu)部,儲于(yu)(yu)董其昌(chang)書(shu) “寶(bao)藏” 2字的(de)(de)寶(bao)藏洞(dong)(第六洞(dong))。清康熙以后(hou)雖曾刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就一些(xie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碑(bei)立(li)于(yu)(yu)寺中,但已(yi)失(shi)去錮藏石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以備法(fa)(fa)滅的(de)(de)原意了(le)(le)。
云居寺現(xian)存刻經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總計15061石(shi),其(qi)中(zhong)完(wan)好的(de)14621石(shi),山上九室藏4978石(shi),山下藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)穴中(zhong)藏100082石(shi)。共刻佛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)約(yue)1025種、900多部、3000多卷。石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)還有大量(liang)題(ti)記(ji),共約(yue)6051則,其(qi)中(zhong)有明確紀年者1467則,唐(tang)代(dai)354則、遼代(dai) 919則。這些題(ti)記(ji)反映了幽州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)范陽(yang)郡(jun)、涿州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)等(deng)地經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟和(he)行業組織情況,也涉(she)及(ji)官爵的(de)升(sheng)(sheng)遷、各州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)郡(jun)文(wen)武官員升(sheng)(sheng)降、郡(jun)邑省等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)情況,以(yi)及(ji)刻工和(he)書寫(xie)者姓名。
九洞(dong)位于(yu)白(bai)帶(dai)山山腰,南(nan)北向,除雷音洞(dong)為開放(fang)式(shi)外,其余 8洞(dong)均以(yi)石門(men)錮(gu)戶(hu),內(nei)(nei)疊藏(zang)經版(ban)(ban)。雷音洞(dong)面(mian)積最大,作不規則方形,正面(mian)開門(men)辟(pi)破子欞石窗,洞(dong)內(nei)(nei)以(yi)4根八角石柱(zhu)支撐洞(dong)頂巖石,石柱(zhu)各面(mian)雕像(xiang),共 1056軀,故稱千佛柱(zhu),為隋代遺物。靜琬初刻石經 146塊砌(qi)于(yu)四壁,四柱(zhu)中間(jian)原(yuan)供石像(xiang)。1981年11月(yue)曾于(yu)該洞(dong)內(nei)(nei)發現(xian)隋、明兩代瘞藏(zang)的(de)佛舍利(li)、隋大業十二年石函(han)、銀函(han)、明萬歷石函(han)、玉函(han)等(deng)。藏(zang)經穴位于(yu)云居寺南(nan)塔(ta)前,南(nan)北長19米,東(dong)西寬(kuan)10米,深 5米,面(mian)層以(yi)方磚鋪(pu)墁,周圍砌(qi)磚墻(qiang),東(dong)墻(qiang)中部(bu)有一石門(men)。穴分南(nan)北兩部(bu)分,中間(jian)隔 1米寬(kuan)的(de)土墻(qiang),北部(bu)順序排(pai)列,南(nan)部(bu)經版(ban)(ban)縱橫交(jiao)錯排(pai)列,共瘞藏(zang)經版(ban)(ban) 6層。其上建(jian)石塔(ta),刻文標記(ji)石經所在(zai)。
1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)成立(li)云(yun)居(ju)寺文物保(bao)管(guan)所,1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)改名為云(yun)居(ju)寺文物管(guan)理處。1971 年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始(shi)(shi)對部分(fen)被損壞的石(shi)(shi)經洞門、北塔(ta)多次進(jin)行(xing)維修加固,安裝避雷設施,并建立(li)碑廊,把散(san)存(cun)于附近的碑刻、經幢、小石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)移入碑廊或寺內保(bao)存(cun)。1981年(nian)(nian)(nian)新(xin)建石(shi)(shi)經庫和展室(shi),將(jiang)部分(fen)石(shi)(shi)經上架保(bao)管(guan)和展出。1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始(shi)(shi)對云(yun)居(ju)寺遺址進(jin)行(xing)清理,1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始(shi)(shi)在原基址上復建殿堂,并將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)經移入保(bao)護。