介紹
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)隋至明(ming)代(dai)石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)佛經(jing)(jing)(jing)及(ji)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)遼佛塔(ta)。位(wei)于(yu)(yu)北京市(shi)西南(nan)75公里房山(shan)區(qu)水(shui)頭村白帶山(shan)麓。寺(si)(si)(si)創(chuang)建(jian)于(yu)(yu)隋唐(tang)(tang)(tang),歷代(dai)屢(lv)有重修擴建(jian)。“云居”2字(zi)最早見于(yu)(yu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)總章二(er)年(nian)(669)玄導題(ti)刻(ke)。遼金時代(dai)以刻(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)著(zhu)稱(cheng),名石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)寺(si)(si)(si)。現存寺(si)(si)(si)坐西朝東,依山(shan)勢而建(jian),分中(zhong)、北、南(nan)三路。中(zhong)路有院(yuan)落五層,殿宇六進(jin),南(nan)北二(er)塔(ta)。抗日(ri)戰爭(zheng)時期,寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)和(he)(he)南(nan)塔(ta)毀于(yu)(yu)炮火,現僅存遺址(zhi)。寺(si)(si)(si)東北 1.5公里處石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)上,有藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)洞 9座(zuo),寺(si)(si)(si)院(yuan)南(nan)端有藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)穴,保(bao)存了自(zi)隋至明(ming)代(dai)刻(ke)制的(de)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)板 1.5萬(wan)余石(shi)(shi)。云居寺(si)(si)(si)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)附近還保(bao)留著(zhu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)遼時代(dai)磚石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)10多座(zuo)。1956~1958年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)佛教(jiao)協會和(he)(he)有關單(dan)位(wei)對(dui)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)進(jin)行了全(quan)面的(de)調查、發(fa)掘和(he)(he)整理拓印工作。房山(shan)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)寶庫(ku),對(dui)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古代(dai)政(zheng)治、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟、宗教(jiao)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術(shu)都(dou)具有重大價值。1961年(nian)中(zhong)華人民(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)公布為全(quan)國(guo)(guo)重點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位(wei)。
云居寺及(ji)(ji)石經(jing)山附近有(you)唐代(dai)小石塔(ta)(ta)(ta) 7座,遼(liao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta) 4座。唐塔(ta)(ta)(ta)中有(you)5座有(you)紀年(nian)(nian)(nian),最早為景云二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(711),其次為太(tai)極元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian) (712)、開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(722)、開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(727)和開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(730)。云居寺北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)四隅各(ge)置(zhi)一座唐代(dai)小塔(ta)(ta)(ta),塔(ta)(ta)(ta)方形,通高 4米余,七層密(mi)檐式,漢(han)白(bai)玉質地(di)(di)。尤以東(dong)(dong)北隅開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)為其中精(jing)品。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)門(men)兩旁雕 2尊力士,門(men)內正面為一佛二(er)(er)脅侍(shi)。兩側壁(bi)(bi)雕供養(yang)人像,有(you)深目豐髭的胡人形象(xiang),反映幽州地(di)(di)區民(min)族團結的史(shi)實。檐間(jian)線雕奔象(xiang)、馳鹿等,堪稱一代(dai)佳作。石經(jing)山頂原有(you) 5臺,每(mei)臺均建(jian)石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)1座,現僅(jin)存南(nan)、東(dong)(dong)2臺石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。南(nan)臺上為著名(ming)的金(jin)仙公(gong)主塔(ta)(ta)(ta),九層密(mi)檐,造型酷(ku)似西安(an)小雁塔(ta)(ta)(ta),后(hou)壁(bi)(bi)鐫《山頂石浮圖后(hou)記》,記述賜大唐新舊譯經(jing)充石經(jing)本及(ji)(ji)施舍該寺廟產事,這是房山石經(jing)刊刻(ke)史(shi)上的一件大事。東(dong)(dong)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)為單層石塔(ta)(ta)(ta),造型獨特。
現存遼(liao)塔(ta)(ta)中(zhong)有磚石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)各(ge) 2座(zuo)(zuo),磚塔(ta)(ta)一為立于西北山頂(ding)處保護(hu)寺(si)(si)廟(miao)平安的(de)(de)吉(ji)祥(xiang)塔(ta)(ta),俗稱老虎塔(ta)(ta);一即云居寺(si)(si)北塔(ta)(ta),又稱舍利塔(ta)(ta)、羅漢(han)塔(ta)(ta),俗稱紅塔(ta)(ta)。北塔(ta)(ta)高30.46米(mi),建(jian)于遼(liao)天(tian)慶(qing)年間(1111~1120),下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為八角形基座(zuo)(zuo),上(shang)建(jian)樓閣式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)身(shen)兩層(ceng),其(qi)(qi)上(shang)置覆(fu)缽(bo)(bo)和“十三(san)天(tian)”塔(ta)(ta)剎(cha),是樓閣、覆(fu)缽(bo)(bo)和金剛寶座(zuo)(zuo) 3種(zhong)形式(shi)相結合的(de)(de)塔(ta)(ta),造型(xing)特殊。從其(qi)(qi)形制(zhi)布(bu)局(ju)分析(xi),該(gai)塔(ta)(ta)是在唐(tang)塔(ta)(ta)基礎上(shang)改建(jian),塔(ta)(ta)剎(cha)部(bu)(bu)分為明清時重修(xiu)。石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)一為“開山琬(wan)公(gong)之(zhi)塔(ta)(ta)”,高5.7米(mi),下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為雕刻(ke)海葡萄等(deng)圖案的(de)(de)須彌座(zuo)(zuo),其(qi)(qi)上(shang)為八角形塔(ta)(ta)身(shen),正面鐫(juan)刻(ke) “開山琬(wan)公(gong)之(zhi)塔(ta)(ta)” 6 字,上(shang)有三(san)層(ceng)檐及蓮座(zuo)(zuo)、剎(cha)頂(ding),每(mei)層(ceng)檐刻(ke)出瓦垅、滴水、雀網、斗栱(gong)等(deng),據“靜琬(wan)法師塔(ta)(ta)銘”,可確(que)定(ding)其(qi)(qi)年代為遼(liao)大(da)安九年。另(ling)一為“涿州涿鹿山云居寺(si)(si)續秘(mi)藏石(shi)經塔(ta)(ta)”,即壓(ya)經塔(ta)(ta),建(jian)于天(tian)慶(qing)八年(1118),高約5 米(mi)余(yu),下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為雙層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)座(zuo)(zuo),浮雕伎樂(le)、飛(fei)天(tian)、花卉等(deng)精美圖案,塔(ta)(ta)身(shen)鐫(juan)“續秘(mi)藏石(shi)經塔(ta)(ta)記”,上(shang)承托(tuo)十一層(ceng)密檐,造型(xing)優美。
房山石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)始(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于(yu)(yu)隋代(dai)(dai)而終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)末,以(yi)盛唐(tang)、遼(liao)、金時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數量最多。隋代(dai)(dai)幽州智泉(quan)寺僧靜琬自(zi)隋大(da)業(ye)(ye)年間發愿刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至(zhi)唐(tang)貞觀十三年入寂,刊刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過法(fa)華經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、華嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、涅槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、維摩(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、勝鬘(man)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金剛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)。其間有(you)幾則題記,內容反映了(le)(le)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)目的(de),如“冀于(yu)(yu)曠(kuang)劫,濟(ji)度(du)蒼生”,“此經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為未來佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)法(fa)難時(shi)(shi),擬(ni)充(chong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本”等(deng)。他死后(hou)(hou),刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)由其弟子繼承,得(de)(de)到皇(huang)室(shi)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)方官吏的(de)資助。唐(tang)開元(yuan)十八(ba)年玄宗八(ba)妹金仙公主(zhu)奏請皇(huang)帝同意(yi),送(song)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) 4000 余卷(juan)充(chong)作石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)底本。至(zhi)天寶(bao)十三載刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就許多大(da)部(bu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian),如 《摩(mo)訶般(ban)若波羅密經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)方等(deng)大(da)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)方廣(guang)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)華嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)般(ban)涅槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《正(zheng)法(fa)念處經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。安史之亂(luan)時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)并未停(ting)頓(dun)。至(zhi)貞元(yuan)、元(yuan)和(he)(he)(785~820)間,幽州節度(du)使(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濟(ji)崇信佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)得(de)(de)以(yi)發展(zhan),中(zhong)(zhong)間雖有(you)唐(tang)武宗會昌(chang)滅(mie)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)運動,但很快得(de)(de)以(yi)恢復(fu),共(gong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百余部(bu), 400多萬言(yan)。五代(dai)(dai)戰亂(luan),刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)停(ting)頓(dun)。遼(liao)圣宗時(shi)(shi)由政府資助主(zhu)要(yao)補刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)大(da)般(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。興宗賜(si)錢析利,以(yi)契丹(dan)藏(zang)為底本刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)寶(bao)積經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、放(fang)(fang)光(guang)般(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、陀(tuo)羅尼集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)87帙、161部(bu)、656卷(juan)、1000余石(shi)。道宗前期(qi)(qi)(qi)繼續賜(si)錢刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至(zhi)大(da)安時(shi)(shi)已(yi)主(zhu)要(yao)靠僧徒(tu)募捐,如通理大(da)師(shi)放(fang)(fang)戒募化(hua)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)首楞嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、菩薩地(di)(di)持(chi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、大(da)智度(du)論等(deng)69部(bu) 443卷(juan),小碑(bei)4000余石(shi)。金代(dai)(dai)前期(qi)(qi)(qi)除繼續前代(dai)(dai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)外,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)《鐫葬藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)題字號目錄》,后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)宋遼(liao)兩代(dai)(dai)新譯(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。遼(liao)金兩代(dai)(dai)所(suo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)抵是已(yi)佚的(de)“契丹(dan)藏(zang)”復(fu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)本和(he)(he)大(da)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未收的(de)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。元(yuan)至(zhi)正(zheng)元(yuan)年(1341)高麗僧慧月(yue)游(you)石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山,向朝野募化(hua)修(xiu)補門窗,補刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)殘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)五石(shi),并留(liu)下(xia)題記。明(ming)代(dai)(dai)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教日(ri)漸衰(shuai)微(wei),萬歷、天啟(qi)、崇禎(zhen)間刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過少量經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),如《四十華嚴(yan)(yan)》等(deng) 10余部(bu),儲于(yu)(yu)董(dong)其昌(chang)書 “寶(bao)藏(zang)” 2字的(de)寶(bao)藏(zang)洞(dong)(第六(liu)洞(dong))。清康熙以(yi)后(hou)(hou)雖曾刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就一(yi)些(xie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碑(bei)立(li)于(yu)(yu)寺中(zhong)(zhong),但已(yi)失去錮藏(zang)石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)備法(fa)滅(mie)的(de)原意(yi)了(le)(le)。
云居寺現(xian)存刻(ke)經(jing)總計15061石,其中完好的14621石,山(shan)上九(jiu)室藏(zang)4978石,山(shan)下藏(zang)經(jing)穴(xue)中藏(zang)100082石。共(gong)(gong)刻(ke)佛經(jing)約1025種(zhong)、900多部(bu)、3000多卷。石經(jing)中還有大(da)量題記(ji),共(gong)(gong)約6051則(ze),其中有明確紀年(nian)者(zhe)1467則(ze),唐代354則(ze)、遼代 919則(ze)。這些題記(ji)反映了幽州范陽郡、涿州等地(di)經(jing)濟和(he)行(xing)業組織(zhi)情況,也(ye)涉(she)及官(guan)(guan)爵(jue)的升遷、各州郡文武官(guan)(guan)員升降、郡邑(yi)省等方(fang)面的情況,以(yi)及刻(ke)工和(he)書寫者(zhe)姓(xing)名。
九洞(dong)位于(yu)白(bai)帶山山腰(yao),南北(bei)向,除雷音(yin)洞(dong)為(wei)開放式(shi)外(wai),其余 8洞(dong)均以石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)錮(gu)戶,內疊藏(zang)經(jing)版(ban)。雷音(yin)洞(dong)面(mian)積最大(da),作不(bu)規則方形,正(zheng)面(mian)開門(men)(men)辟破(po)子欞石(shi)(shi)(shi)窗,洞(dong)內以4根八角石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱支撐洞(dong)頂巖石(shi)(shi)(shi),石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱各面(mian)雕像,共(gong) 1056軀,故稱千佛(fo)柱,為(wei)隋代遺物。靜琬初刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing) 146塊砌(qi)于(yu)四壁,四柱中(zhong)間(jian)原供石(shi)(shi)(shi)像。1981年(nian)11月曾于(yu)該洞(dong)內發現隋、明兩(liang)代瘞藏(zang)的佛(fo)舍(she)利(li)、隋大(da)業十二年(nian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)函、銀函、明萬歷石(shi)(shi)(shi)函、玉函等(deng)。藏(zang)經(jing)穴位于(yu)云居寺南塔(ta)前,南北(bei)長(chang)19米(mi),東西寬10米(mi),深 5米(mi),面(mian)層(ceng)以方磚鋪墁,周圍(wei)砌(qi)磚墻,東墻中(zhong)部有一石(shi)(shi)(shi)門(men)(men)。穴分南北(bei)兩(liang)部分,中(zhong)間(jian)隔 1米(mi)寬的土墻,北(bei)部順序(xu)排列,南部經(jing)版(ban)縱(zong)橫交錯(cuo)排列,共(gong)瘞藏(zang)經(jing)版(ban) 6層(ceng)。其上建(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta),刻文標記石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)所(suo)在。
1958年(nian)(nian)成立(li)云(yun)居寺文物保(bao)管所,1989年(nian)(nian)改名為云(yun)居寺文物管理處。1971 年(nian)(nian)開始對部分(fen)(fen)被損壞的(de)(de)石經洞門(men)、北塔多次進(jin)行(xing)維修加(jia)固(gu),安裝避(bi)雷設施,并(bing)建(jian)(jian)立(li)碑廊,把散存于附近的(de)(de)碑刻(ke)、經幢、小石塔移(yi)入(ru)碑廊或寺內保(bao)存。1981年(nian)(nian)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)石經庫和展室,將部分(fen)(fen)石經上架保(bao)管和展出。1984年(nian)(nian)開始對云(yun)居寺遺址進(jin)行(xing)清理,1985年(nian)(nian)開始在原基址上復(fu)建(jian)(jian)殿堂,并(bing)將石經移(yi)入(ru)保(bao)護。