介紹
中國(guo)隋(sui)至明代(dai)(dai)(dai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)佛經及唐(tang)遼佛塔(ta)(ta)。位于(yu)北京市(shi)西(xi)(xi)南75公(gong)(gong)里房(fang)山(shan)區水頭村白帶山(shan)麓。寺(si)(si)創建(jian)于(yu)隋(sui)唐(tang),歷代(dai)(dai)(dai)屢有(you)(you)重修(xiu)擴建(jian)。“云居”2字最早見于(yu)唐(tang)總章二年(669)玄導(dao)題刻(ke)。遼金時代(dai)(dai)(dai)以(yi)刻(ke)經著稱,名石(shi)(shi)(shi)經寺(si)(si)。現(xian)存寺(si)(si)坐(zuo)西(xi)(xi)朝東,依(yi)山(shan)勢而建(jian),分中、北、南三路。中路有(you)(you)院落(luo)五層,殿宇六進,南北二塔(ta)(ta)。抗日戰(zhan)爭時期,寺(si)(si)院和(he)(he)南塔(ta)(ta)毀于(yu)炮火,現(xian)僅存遺址。寺(si)(si)東北 1.5公(gong)(gong)里處石(shi)(shi)(shi)經山(shan)上,有(you)(you)藏經洞(dong) 9座,寺(si)(si)院南端有(you)(you)藏經穴,保(bao)存了自隋(sui)至明代(dai)(dai)(dai)刻(ke)制(zhi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經板 1.5萬余(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)。云居寺(si)(si)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經山(shan)附近(jin)還保(bao)留(liu)著唐(tang)遼時代(dai)(dai)(dai)磚石(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)10多座。1956~1958年中國(guo)佛教協會(hui)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)關單(dan)位對石(shi)(shi)(shi)經進行了全面的(de)調查(cha)、發掘和(he)(he)整理拓印工作(zuo)。房(fang)山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經是中國(guo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經的(de)寶(bao)庫,對研究(jiu)中國(guo)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)政治、經濟、宗教、文化藝術(shu)都具(ju)有(you)(you)重大(da)價值。1961年中華人民(min)共和(he)(he)國(guo)國(guo)務院公(gong)(gong)布為全國(guo)重點文物保(bao)護單(dan)位。
云居寺(si)及石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)山附近有唐(tang)代小石(shi)(shi)塔 7座(zuo),遼塔 4座(zuo)。唐(tang)塔中有5座(zuo)有紀年,最(zui)早為景云二(er)年(711),其次為太(tai)極元(yuan)年 (712)、開(kai)元(yuan)十年(722)、開(kai)元(yuan)十五年(727)和開(kai)元(yuan)十八(ba)年(730)。云居寺(si)北塔四隅各置(zhi)一座(zuo)唐(tang)代小塔,塔方形,通高 4米余(yu),七層密檐(yan)式,漢白(bai)玉質地。尤以東北隅開(kai)元(yuan)十年塔為其中精品。塔門兩(liang)旁(pang)雕(diao) 2尊(zun)力(li)士,門內正(zheng)面為一佛二(er)脅侍(shi)。兩(liang)側(ce)壁(bi)雕(diao)供養人(ren)像(xiang),有深目豐髭的(de)胡人(ren)形象,反(fan)映幽(you)州地區民族(zu)團結的(de)史實。檐(yan)間(jian)線雕(diao)奔象、馳鹿等,堪稱一代佳作。石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)山頂原有 5臺(tai),每(mei)臺(tai)均建石(shi)(shi)塔1座(zuo),現僅(jin)存南(nan)、東2臺(tai)石(shi)(shi)塔。南(nan)臺(tai)上(shang)為著名的(de)金仙公主塔,九層密檐(yan),造(zao)型酷似西安小雁塔,后壁(bi)鐫《山頂石(shi)(shi)浮圖后記》,記述賜大唐(tang)新舊(jiu)譯(yi)經(jing)(jing)充石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)本及施舍(she)該寺(si)廟產事,這是房山石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)刊刻史上(shang)的(de)一件(jian)大事。東塔為單層石(shi)(shi)塔,造(zao)型獨(du)特。
現存遼(liao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)中有(you)磚石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)各 2座,磚塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)立(li)于西北山(shan)頂處(chu)保(bao)護寺廟平(ping)安的吉祥塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)老虎塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta);一(yi)即云(yun)(yun)居寺北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)舍利塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)、羅漢(han)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),俗稱(cheng)(cheng)紅塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)高(gao)30.46米(mi),建于遼(liao)天慶(qing)年(nian)間(1111~1120),下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)形基(ji)座,上建樓閣式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身兩層(ceng),其(qi)上置覆缽(bo)和(he)“十三天”塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎(cha),是(shi)樓閣、覆缽(bo)和(he)金剛寶座 3種形式相結合的塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),造型特殊。從其(qi)形制布(bu)局分析,該塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)在唐塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)基(ji)礎(chu)上改(gai)建,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎(cha)部(bu)(bu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明(ming)清時(shi)重修。石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“開(kai)山(shan)琬公之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,高(gao)5.7米(mi),下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雕刻(ke)海葡萄(tao)等圖案的須彌座,其(qi)上為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)形塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身,正面(mian)鐫刻(ke) “開(kai)山(shan)琬公之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)” 6 字,上有(you)三層(ceng)檐及(ji)蓮座、剎(cha)頂,每層(ceng)檐刻(ke)出瓦垅、滴水(shui)、雀網、斗栱等,據“靜琬法師塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)銘”,可(ke)確定其(qi)年(nian)代為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)遼(liao)大安九(jiu)年(nian)。另一(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“涿州涿鹿山(shan)云(yun)(yun)居寺續秘(mi)(mi)藏(zang)石經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,即壓經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),建于天慶(qing)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(1118),高(gao)約(yue)5 米(mi)余,下(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座,浮雕伎樂(le)、飛天、花卉等精美(mei)圖案,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身鐫“續秘(mi)(mi)藏(zang)石經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)記”,上承托十一(yi)層(ceng)密檐,造型優美(mei)。
房山石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)始(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于(yu)隋(sui)代(dai)(dai)而終于(yu)明末,以(yi)盛唐、遼(liao)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)所(suo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數量(liang)最多(duo)。隋(sui)代(dai)(dai)幽州(zhou)(zhou)智泉寺(si)僧靜琬自(zi)隋(sui)大(da)(da)業(ye)年間發(fa)愿(yuan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至唐貞觀十(shi)三年入(ru)寂(ji),刊刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過(guo)法華(hua)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、華(hua)嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、涅(nie)槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、維(wei)摩經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、勝鬘(man)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)剛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)。其(qi)(qi)間有幾則題記(ji),內容反(fan)映了(le)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)目的(de)(de)(de),如(ru)“冀于(yu)曠劫,濟(ji)度(du)蒼生”,“此經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為未(wei)來佛法難時(shi),擬充經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本”等(deng)(deng)。他(ta)死后(hou),刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)由其(qi)(qi)弟(di)子繼(ji)承,得到皇(huang)室(shi)和地(di)方官吏的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)助。唐開(kai)元十(shi)八年玄宗八妹金(jin)(jin)(jin)仙公主(zhu)奏請皇(huang)帝(di)同意,送(song)佛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) 4000 余卷充作石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)底(di)本。至天寶十(shi)三載(zai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就許多(duo)大(da)(da)部經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典,如(ru) 《摩訶般(ban)若(ruo)(ruo)波羅密經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)方等(deng)(deng)大(da)(da)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)方廣(guang)佛華(hua)嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)般(ban)涅(nie)槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《正法念處經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。安史之亂時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)并未(wei)停頓。至貞元、元和(785~820)間,幽州(zhou)(zhou)節度(du)使刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濟(ji)崇信(xin)佛教,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業(ye)得以(yi)發(fa)展,中(zhong)間雖有唐武(wu)宗會昌(chang)滅(mie)(mie)佛運動,但很快(kuai)得以(yi)恢復,共刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百余部, 400多(duo)萬(wan)言。五代(dai)(dai)戰亂,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)停頓。遼(liao)圣宗時(shi)由政府資(zi)助主(zhu)要補(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)大(da)(da)般(ban)若(ruo)(ruo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。興(xing)宗賜錢(qian)析(xi)利(li),以(yi)契丹藏(zang)(zang)為底(di)本刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)寶積經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、放光般(ban)若(ruo)(ruo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、陀羅尼(ni)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)87帙(zhi)、161部、656卷、1000余石(shi)。道宗前(qian)期(qi)(qi)繼(ji)續(xu)賜錢(qian)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至大(da)(da)安時(shi)已(yi)主(zhu)要靠(kao)僧徒募捐(juan),如(ru)通(tong)理大(da)(da)師放戒(jie)募化(hua)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)首楞嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、菩薩地(di)持經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、大(da)(da)智度(du)論等(deng)(deng)69部 443卷,小碑4000余石(shi)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)前(qian)期(qi)(qi)除繼(ji)續(xu)前(qian)代(dai)(dai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)外,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)《鐫葬(zang)藏(zang)(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)題字(zi)號目錄》,后(hou)期(qi)(qi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)宋遼(liao)兩代(dai)(dai)新譯(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。遼(liao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兩代(dai)(dai)所(suo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)抵(di)是已(yi)佚的(de)(de)(de)“契丹藏(zang)(zang)”復刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)本和大(da)(da)藏(zang)(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未(wei)收的(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。元至正元年(1341)高麗(li)僧慧(hui)月(yue)游石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山,向朝野(ye)募化(hua)修補(bu)門(men)窗(chuang),補(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)殘(can)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)五石(shi),并留下題記(ji)。明代(dai)(dai)佛教日漸衰微,萬(wan)歷、天啟、崇禎間刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過(guo)少(shao)量(liang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),如(ru)《四十(shi)華(hua)嚴(yan)(yan)》等(deng)(deng) 10余部,儲于(yu)董其(qi)(qi)昌(chang)書 “寶藏(zang)(zang)” 2字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)寶藏(zang)(zang)洞(第(di)六洞)。清康熙以(yi)后(hou)雖曾刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就一些經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碑立于(yu)寺(si)中(zhong),但已(yi)失(shi)去錮藏(zang)(zang)石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)備法滅(mie)(mie)的(de)(de)(de)原意了(le)。
云居寺現(xian)存刻(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)總計15061石(shi),其中完好的(de)14621石(shi),山(shan)上九室(shi)藏4978石(shi),山(shan)下藏經(jing)(jing)(jing)穴中藏100082石(shi)。共刻(ke)佛經(jing)(jing)(jing)約1025種、900多部、3000多卷。石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)中還有(you)大(da)量(liang)題記(ji),共約6051則,其中有(you)明(ming)確(que)紀年者1467則,唐代(dai)354則、遼代(dai) 919則。這些(xie)題記(ji)反映了幽州(zhou)(zhou)范陽郡、涿州(zhou)(zhou)等(deng)地經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟和(he)行(xing)業組(zu)織情況,也涉及(ji)官爵的(de)升遷、各州(zhou)(zhou)郡文武官員升降、郡邑(yi)省等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)情況,以(yi)及(ji)刻(ke)工和(he)書(shu)寫者姓名(ming)。
九(jiu)洞(dong)(dong)位于白帶山山腰,南(nan)北(bei)向,除雷音(yin)洞(dong)(dong)為開放式外,其(qi)余 8洞(dong)(dong)均以(yi)石(shi)門錮戶,內(nei)疊藏經(jing)(jing)版。雷音(yin)洞(dong)(dong)面積最大,作不(bu)規則方形,正面開門辟(pi)破(po)子欞石(shi)窗,洞(dong)(dong)內(nei)以(yi)4根八角石(shi)柱支(zhi)撐洞(dong)(dong)頂(ding)巖石(shi),石(shi)柱各面雕像(xiang),共 1056軀,故稱千(qian)佛柱,為隋代遺物。靜琬初刻石(shi)經(jing)(jing) 146塊砌于四壁,四柱中(zhong)間原(yuan)供(gong)石(shi)像(xiang)。1981年11月曾于該洞(dong)(dong)內(nei)發(fa)現隋、明兩代瘞藏的(de)佛舍利、隋大業十(shi)二年石(shi)函(han)、銀(yin)函(han)、明萬歷(li)石(shi)函(han)、玉函(han)等。藏經(jing)(jing)穴(xue)位于云(yun)居寺南(nan)塔(ta)前,南(nan)北(bei)長19米,東西寬(kuan)10米,深 5米,面層(ceng)以(yi)方磚(zhuan)鋪墁(man),周圍砌磚(zhuan)墻(qiang),東墻(qiang)中(zhong)部(bu)有一石(shi)門。穴(xue)分(fen)南(nan)北(bei)兩部(bu)分(fen),中(zhong)間隔 1米寬(kuan)的(de)土墻(qiang),北(bei)部(bu)順(shun)序排(pai)列,南(nan)部(bu)經(jing)(jing)版縱橫交錯排(pai)列,共瘞藏經(jing)(jing)版 6層(ceng)。其(qi)上建石(shi)塔(ta),刻文標(biao)記石(shi)經(jing)(jing)所在。
1958年(nian)成立云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)文物保(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)所(suo),1989年(nian)改名為云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)文物管(guan)(guan)理處。1971 年(nian)開始(shi)對部(bu)分被損壞(huai)的石經洞門、北塔多次進行(xing)維修(xiu)加固,安裝避雷設施(shi),并建立碑(bei)(bei)廊,把散(san)存于附近(jin)的碑(bei)(bei)刻、經幢、小石塔移入(ru)碑(bei)(bei)廊或寺(si)內保(bao)(bao)存。1981年(nian)新(xin)建石經庫和(he)展室,將部(bu)分石經上(shang)架保(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)和(he)展出。1984年(nian)開始(shi)對云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)遺址(zhi)進行(xing)清理,1985年(nian)開始(shi)在原(yuan)基(ji)址(zhi)上(shang)復(fu)建殿堂(tang),并將石經移入(ru)保(bao)(bao)護。