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介紹

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)隋至明代(dai)(dai)石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)佛經(jing)及唐(tang)遼(liao)佛塔(ta)。位(wei)于(yu)(yu)北京市西(xi)南(nan)75公(gong)(gong)里(li)房山(shan)區水頭村白帶山(shan)麓(lu)。寺(si)創建(jian)于(yu)(yu)隋唐(tang)，歷代(dai)(dai)屢有(you)重修擴(kuo)建(jian)。“云居(ju)”2字最早見(jian)于(yu)(yu)唐(tang)總章二年(nian)(669)玄導題刻(ke)(ke)。遼(liao)金時(shi)代(dai)(dai)以刻(ke)(ke)經(jing)著稱，名石(shi)(shi)經(jing)寺(si)。現(xian)存(cun)寺(si)坐西(xi)朝東，依山(shan)勢而(er)建(jian)，分(fen)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、北、南(nan)三路。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)路有(you)院(yuan)(yuan)落五層(ceng)，殿宇六進，南(nan)北二塔(ta)。抗日戰爭時(shi)期，寺(si)院(yuan)(yuan)和南(nan)塔(ta)毀于(yu)(yu)炮火，現(xian)僅存(cun)遺(yi)址。寺(si)東北 1.5公(gong)(gong)里(li)處石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山(shan)上，有(you)藏(zang)經(jing)洞 9座，寺(si)院(yuan)(yuan)南(nan)端有(you)藏(zang)經(jing)穴(xue)，保存(cun)了自隋至明代(dai)(dai)刻(ke)(ke)制的(de)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)板 1.5萬余石(shi)(shi)。云居(ju)寺(si)和石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山(shan)附近還保留著唐(tang)遼(liao)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)磚石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)10多座。1956～1958年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)佛教協(xie)會和有(you)關單位(wei)對石(shi)(shi)經(jing)進行了全面(mian)的(de)調查、發(fa)掘和整理拓印工作。房山(shan)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)的(de)寶庫，對研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)(dai)政治、經(jing)濟、宗教、文化藝術都(dou)具有(you)重大價值。1961年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人民共和國(guo)國(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)布為全國(guo)重點(dian)文物保護單位(wei)。

云(yun)居寺及石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經山附近(jin)有(you)唐代小石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta) 7座(zuo)(zuo)，遼塔(ta)(ta) 4座(zuo)(zuo)。唐塔(ta)(ta)中(zhong)有(you)5座(zuo)(zuo)有(you)紀年(nian)(nian)，最早為(wei)(wei)景云(yun)二年(nian)(nian)(711)，其(qi)次為(wei)(wei)太極元年(nian)(nian) (712)、開元十年(nian)(nian)(722)、開元十五年(nian)(nian)(727)和開元十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(730)。云(yun)居寺北塔(ta)(ta)四隅(yu)各置一座(zuo)(zuo)唐代小塔(ta)(ta),塔(ta)(ta)方(fang)形(xing)，通高 4米余，七(qi)層(ceng)密檐(yan)(yan)式，漢白玉質地。尤以東北隅(yu)開元十年(nian)(nian)塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)中(zhong)精(jing)品。塔(ta)(ta)門兩(liang)旁雕 2尊(zun)力士，門內正面為(wei)(wei)一佛(fo)二脅侍(shi)。兩(liang)側壁(bi)雕供養人(ren)像，有(you)深目豐髭(zi)的胡(hu)人(ren)形(xing)象，反映(ying)幽(you)州(zhou)地區民族(zu)團結的史實(shi)。檐(yan)(yan)間線雕奔象、馳鹿(lu)等，堪稱一代佳(jia)作。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經山頂原(yuan)有(you) 5臺(tai)，每臺(tai)均建(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)1座(zuo)(zuo)，現僅存南、東2臺(tai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)。南臺(tai)上(shang)為(wei)(wei)著名的金仙公主塔(ta)(ta)，九層(ceng)密檐(yan)(yan)，造型酷似西安小雁塔(ta)(ta)，后壁(bi)鐫《山頂石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)浮(fu)圖后記》，記述(shu)賜(si)大(da)唐新舊(jiu)譯(yi)經充石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經本及施(shi)舍(she)該寺廟產(chan)事，這是房山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經刊刻史上(shang)的一件大(da)事。東塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)單層(ceng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)，造型獨特。

現存遼(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)中有(you)磚(zhuan)石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)各 2座，磚(zhuan)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)為(wei)立于(yu)西北山(shan)頂處保護寺(si)廟(miao)平安(an)的吉(ji)祥塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，俗稱(cheng)(cheng)老虎塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)；一(yi)即云(yun)居寺(si)北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),又稱(cheng)(cheng)舍利塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)、羅漢(han)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，俗稱(cheng)(cheng)紅塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)高30.46米(mi)，建于(yu)遼(liao)(liao)天(tian)慶(qing)年(nian)間(1111～1120)，下(xia)部(bu)為(wei)八(ba)角形(xing)基(ji)座，上(shang)建樓閣式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身兩層，其上(shang)置(zhi)覆(fu)缽和“十(shi)三天(tian)”塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎，是樓閣、覆(fu)缽和金剛寶座 3種形(xing)式相(xiang)結(jie)合的塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，造型特殊(shu)。從其形(xing)制布局分(fen)析，該塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是在唐塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)基(ji)礎上(shang)改建，塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎部(bu)分(fen)為(wei)明清時重修。石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)為(wei)“開山(shan)琬公之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,高5.7米(mi)，下(xia)部(bu)為(wei)雕(diao)刻海葡萄等(deng)圖案的須彌座，其上(shang)為(wei)八(ba)角形(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身，正面鐫刻 “開山(shan)琬公之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)” 6 字，上(shang)有(you)三層檐及蓮座、剎頂,每層檐刻出瓦垅(long)、滴水、雀網、斗栱等(deng),據(ju)“靜琬法(fa)師(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)銘”，可確定其年(nian)代為(wei)遼(liao)(liao)大安(an)九年(nian)。另一(yi)為(wei)“涿州涿鹿山(shan)云(yun)居寺(si)續秘藏(zang)石(shi)(shi)經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,即壓經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),建于(yu)天(tian)慶(qing)八(ba)年(nian)(1118),高約5 米(mi)余,下(xia)部(bu)為(wei)雙層塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座，浮雕(diao)伎樂、飛天(tian)、花卉等(deng)精(jing)美(mei)圖案,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身鐫“續秘藏(zang)石(shi)(shi)經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)記”,上(shang)承托十(shi)一(yi)層密(mi)檐，造型優美(mei)。

房山石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)始刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于隋代(dai)(dai)而終于明末，以盛唐(tang)、遼、金時(shi)期所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數量最多。隋代(dai)(dai)幽(you)州智泉寺僧(seng)靜琬自隋大(da)(da)業(ye)年(nian)(nian)間發愿(yuan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)唐(tang)貞觀十三年(nian)(nian)入寂，刊(kan)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過法(fa)華經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、華嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、涅槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、維摩(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、勝鬘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金剛(gang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)。其(qi)間有幾則題(ti)記，內(nei)容反映了刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，如“冀(ji)于曠劫(jie)，濟度蒼生”，“此經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為未(wei)來(lai)佛法(fa)難(nan)時(shi)，擬充(chong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本”等(deng)。他死(si)后，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業(ye)由其(qi)弟子繼承，得到皇(huang)室和(he)地方(fang)(fang)官(guan)吏的(de)(de)(de)資助。唐(tang)開元十八年(nian)(nian)玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)八妹金仙公主(zhu)(zhu)奏(zou)請皇(huang)帝同意，送佛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) 4000 余卷充(chong)作石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)底本。至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)天寶十三載刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)許多大(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)，如 《摩(mo)訶般若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)波羅密經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)等(deng)大(da)(da)集(ji)(ji)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)廣佛華嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)般涅槃經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《正法(fa)念處經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。安史之(zhi)亂(luan)時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業(ye)并未(wei)停頓。至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貞元、元和(he)(785～820)間，幽(you)州節(jie)度使刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濟崇(chong)信佛教，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業(ye)得以發展(zhan)，中間雖有唐(tang)武宗(zong)(zong)會(hui)昌滅(mie)佛運動，但(dan)很快得以恢復，共刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百余部(bu)(bu)(bu)， 400多萬言。五(wu)代(dai)(dai)戰亂(luan)，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)停頓。遼圣宗(zong)(zong)時(shi)由政(zheng)府資助主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)補(bu)(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了大(da)(da)般若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。興宗(zong)(zong)賜錢析利(li)，以契丹(dan)藏(zang)為底本刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)寶積經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、放光般若(ruo)(ruo)(ruo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、陀羅尼(ni)集(ji)(ji)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)87帙、161部(bu)(bu)(bu)、656卷、1000余石(shi)(shi)。道(dao)宗(zong)(zong)前(qian)(qian)期繼續(xu)(xu)賜錢刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)安時(shi)已主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)靠僧(seng)徒募捐，如通(tong)理(li)大(da)(da)師放戒募化刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了首(shou)楞(leng)嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、菩薩地持經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、大(da)(da)智度論(lun)等(deng)69部(bu)(bu)(bu) 443卷，小碑4000余石(shi)(shi)。金代(dai)(dai)前(qian)(qian)期除繼續(xu)(xu)前(qian)(qian)代(dai)(dai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)外，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了《鐫葬藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總(zong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)題(ti)字號目(mu)錄》，后期刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了宋(song)遼兩代(dai)(dai)新(xin)譯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。遼金兩代(dai)(dai)所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)抵是已佚的(de)(de)(de)“契丹(dan)藏(zang)”復刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)本和(he)大(da)(da)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未(wei)收的(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。元至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正元年(nian)(nian)(1341)高麗僧(seng)慧月游石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山，向朝野(ye)募化修補(bu)(bu)門窗，補(bu)(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)殘(can)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)五(wu)石(shi)(shi)，并留(liu)下題(ti)記。明代(dai)(dai)佛教日漸衰微，萬歷(li)、天啟、崇(chong)禎間刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過少量經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，如《四十華嚴》等(deng) 10余部(bu)(bu)(bu)，儲于董其(qi)昌書 “寶藏(zang)” 2字的(de)(de)(de)寶藏(zang)洞(第六洞)。清康熙以后雖曾刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)一些經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碑立于寺中，但(dan)已失(shi)去錮藏(zang)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以備法(fa)滅(mie)的(de)(de)(de)原意了。

云居(ju)寺現存刻(ke)(ke)經(jing)總(zong)計(ji)15061石(shi)，其中(zhong)(zhong)完好(hao)的14621石(shi)，山(shan)上九室藏(zang)4978石(shi)，山(shan)下藏(zang)經(jing)穴中(zhong)(zhong)藏(zang)100082石(shi)。共刻(ke)(ke)佛經(jing)約1025種、900多部、3000多卷。石(shi)經(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)大量題記,共約6051則，其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)明確紀年者1467則，唐(tang)代354則、遼代 919則。這些題記反映(ying)了幽(you)州(zhou)范陽郡、涿州(zhou)等(deng)地經(jing)濟和行業組織情況(kuang)，也涉(she)及官爵的升遷、各(ge)州(zhou)郡文武(wu)官員升降、郡邑省等(deng)方面的情況(kuang)，以及刻(ke)(ke)工和書(shu)寫者姓名(ming)。

九(jiu)洞位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)白帶山山腰，南(nan)北(bei)向(xiang)，除雷(lei)音洞為開(kai)(kai)放(fang)式外，其余 8洞均以(yi)石(shi)門(men)錮戶(hu)，內(nei)(nei)疊藏經(jing)(jing)版(ban)。雷(lei)音洞面積最(zui)大，作(zuo)不規(gui)則方形(xing)，正面開(kai)(kai)門(men)辟(pi)破子欞石(shi)窗，洞內(nei)(nei)以(yi)4根八角石(shi)柱支撐洞頂巖石(shi)，石(shi)柱各面雕像(xiang)，共(gong) 1056軀，故稱千佛柱，為隋代(dai)遺物。靜琬初刻石(shi)經(jing)(jing) 146塊砌于(yu)(yu)(yu)四壁，四柱中(zhong)間原供石(shi)像(xiang)。1981年(nian)11月曾(ceng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)該洞內(nei)(nei)發現(xian)隋、明(ming)(ming)兩代(dai)瘞藏的佛舍利、隋大業(ye)十(shi)二年(nian)石(shi)函(han)(han)、銀函(han)(han)、明(ming)(ming)萬歷石(shi)函(han)(han)、玉函(han)(han)等。藏經(jing)(jing)穴位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)云居寺南(nan)塔前(qian)，南(nan)北(bei)長19米(mi)，東(dong)西寬10米(mi)，深 5米(mi)，面層(ceng)以(yi)方磚鋪(pu)墁(man)，周圍砌磚墻，東(dong)墻中(zhong)部有一石(shi)門(men)。穴分(fen)南(nan)北(bei)兩部分(fen)，中(zhong)間隔 1米(mi)寬的土(tu)墻，北(bei)部順(shun)序排列，南(nan)部經(jing)(jing)版(ban)縱橫交錯排列，共(gong)瘞藏經(jing)(jing)版(ban) 6層(ceng)。其上建石(shi)塔，刻文標記石(shi)經(jing)(jing)所在。

1958年成立云居寺文物(wu)保(bao)(bao)管所，1989年改名為云居寺文物(wu)管理處。1971 年開(kai)始(shi)對(dui)部(bu)分被損(sun)壞的(de)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)洞(dong)門(men)、北塔多次進行(xing)維修加(jia)固,安(an)裝避雷設(she)施,并建(jian)(jian)立碑(bei)(bei)廊(lang)，把(ba)散存于附近的(de)碑(bei)(bei)刻、經(jing)幢、小石(shi)(shi)塔移(yi)入碑(bei)(bei)廊(lang)或寺內(nei)保(bao)(bao)存。1981年新建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)庫和展(zhan)室，將部(bu)分石(shi)(shi)經(jing)上(shang)架保(bao)(bao)管和展(zhan)出(chu)。1984年開(kai)始(shi)對(dui)云居寺遺址進行(xing)清(qing)理，1985年開(kai)始(shi)在原基址上(shang)復建(jian)(jian)殿堂，并將石(shi)(shi)經(jing)移(yi)入保(bao)(bao)護。