邊牛山(shan)城(cheng)址(zhi),位(wei)于遼寧(ning)省(sheng)本溪市溪湖(hu)區歪頭山(shan)鎮邊牛村(cun)漢-唐時(shi)代的(de)邊牛山(shan)城(cheng)。當地(di)人稱“高麗城(cheng)”,在2013年被(bei)獲(huo)批為全國文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)。
“邊(bian)牛(niu)”原名“邊(bian)牛(niu)錄(lu)堡(bao)”。關于此(ci)“牛(niu)錄(lu)”,學界一(yi)(yi)(yi)般認為(wei)(wei)(wei)當(dang)指(zhi)滿(man)清基層軍政(zheng)組織(zhi)之(zhi)牛(niu)錄(lu)。努(nu)爾(er)哈赤創(chuang)立八旗(qi)制度(du),規定每300人設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)牛(niu)錄(lu),長官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)牛(niu)錄(lu)額真(zhen),五個(ge)牛(niu)錄(lu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)甲喇(la)(la),長官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)甲喇(la)(la)額真(zhen)(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“參領”),五個(ge)甲喇(la)(la)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)固(gu)山(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“旗(qi)”),長官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)固(gu)山額真(zhen)(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“都統”),每個(ge)固(gu)山設(she)左、右兩個(ge)梅(mei)勒額真(zhen)(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“副都統”)。關于“邊(bian)”,則眾說(shuo)紛紜。民(min)國時有(you)(you)(you)史料認為(wei)(wei)(wei)該(gai)地有(you)(you)(you)“邊(bian)”,即城(cheng)墻,但根(gen)據考古表明,此(ci)處(chu)(chu)并無“邊(bian)”。又有(you)(you)(you)傳說(shuo),“邊(bian)”本(ben)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“鞭”,鞭打之(zhi)意,傳說(shuo)曾有(you)(you)(you)后(hou)金將(jiang)領在(zai)此(ci)處(chu)(chu)鞭打手(shou)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)牛(niu)錄(lu)額真(zhen),亦不可信。我們認為(wei)(wei)(wei),此(ci)“邊(bian)”當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)姓(xing)氏,滿(man)族(zu)有(you)(you)(you)邊(bian)佳氏,為(wei)(wei)(wei)滿(man)族(zu)老姓(xing)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),后(hou)漢(han)(han)化為(wei)(wei)(wei)邊(bian)、卞等姓(xing),邊(bian)牛(niu)可能是(shi)滿(man)清某位邊(bian)佳氏牛(niu)錄(lu)額真(zhen)的(de)駐防地或封地。
邊牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)歷(li)史則要(yao)更為悠久。該山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所在(zai)的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)呈回抱之勢(shi)(shi),東(dong)、南、北(bei)(bei)三面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脊隆起(qi),西(xi)(xi)面(mian)為溝口(kou)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)依(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)就(jiu)勢(shi)(shi),筑(zhu)于山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脊之上。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈簸箕形(xing),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)土筑(zhu),夯層(ceng)堅實(shi),全長2000多米,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南角(jiao)和東(dong)北(bei)(bei)角(jiao)為山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)制高點,各設(she)一(yi)個(ge)角(jiao)臺(tai),臺(tai)基平(ping)(ping)面(mian)為方形(xing),長約10米、寬(kuan)約6米。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)四門(men)(men),其中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)設(she)三門(men)(men),東(dong)墻(qiang)設(she)一(yi)門(men)(men),西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)三門(men)(men)由北(bei)(bei)向南依(yi)次為正(zheng)門(men)(men)、水(shui)門(men)(men)、便門(men)(men)。西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)外(wai)另筑(zhu)有兩道土墻(qiang),分(fen)別與山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南墻(qiang)延伸(shen)部(bu)分(fen)相連,形(xing)成兩道城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)防(fang)線,外(wai)線長175米,內線長510米,并開有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)一(yi)處。西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)內地(di)勢(shi)(shi)低洼(wa),常年積水(shui),應為蓄水(shui)池。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內地(di)勢(shi)(shi)較為平(ping)(ping)整,東(dong)南部(bu)地(di)表上發現有10余(yu)處凹(ao)坑(keng),采集(ji)遺物有泥質灰陶片,石臼等。根據城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)建筑(zhu)方式方法以及采集(ji)的(de)遺物推斷,該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應修筑(zhu)、使用于高句(ju)麗中(zhong)晚期(qi)。
學(xue)界推(tui)斷,邊牛山城(cheng)(cheng)就是高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)磨米(mi)(mi)城(cheng)(cheng),唐(tang)太(tai)宗李(li)(li)世民率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)親征高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)時,曾經到過這里。《資治通鑒(jian)》載:貞觀十九(jiu)年,太(tai)宗李(li)(li)世民親自率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)東討,“凡征高(gao)(gao)麗(li)(li),拔玄菟、橫(heng)山、蓋(gai)牟、磨米(mi)(mi)、遼東、白巖、卑沙、麥谷、銀山、后黃十城(cheng)(cheng)。”《舊唐(tang)書》、《冊府(fu)元龜(gui)》載:唐(tang)高(gao)(gao)宗總章元年(668)九(jiu)月,大(da)將(jiang)李(li)(li)勣(ji)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)滅高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li),隨后在高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)舊地上(shang)分設九(jiu)個都(dou)(dou)督府(fu)、四十二個州、一(yi)(yi)百個縣,又置安(an)東都(dou)(dou)護府(fu)來統(tong)一(yi)(yi)管(guan)理,大(da)名(ming)鼎(ding)鼎(ding)的(de)薛仁貴將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)則為一(yi)(yi)任安(an)東都(dou)(dou)護。擢用高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)“酋渠有功者授(shou)都(dou)(dou)督、刺(ci)史(shi)及縣令”,與唐(tang)王朝派來的(de)官員共同管(guan)理百姓民務(wu)。磨米(mi)(mi)城(cheng)(cheng)歸唐(tang)之(zhi)后,唐(tang)王朝將(jiang)其改設磨米(mi)(mi)州,是安(an)東都(dou)(dou)護府(fu)所(suo)屬的(de)高(gao)(gao)句麗(li)(li)州之(zhi)一(yi)(yi),州長官為刺(ci)史(shi)。
一般(ban)認為(wei)(wei),玄菟(tu)為(wei)(wei)當(dang)(dang)(dang)今沈(shen)陽(yang)上(shang)柏官屯古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),蓋(gai)牟(mou)為(wei)(wei)當(dang)(dang)(dang)今撫(fu)順勞動(dong)公園古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),遼東(dong)、白(bai)(bai)巖二城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于今遼陽(yang),沙卑(或作(zuo)卑沙)為(wei)(wei)當(dang)(dang)(dang)今大連東(dong)大黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),橫(heng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)即本溪平頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。清人楊同桂(gui)《盛京(jing)疆域考》云:“磨米(mi)(mi)州(zhou),當(dang)(dang)(dang)在奉天府境。《通鑒》:貞觀十九年,伐(fa)高麗,凡拔(ba)玄菟(tu)、橫(heng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、蓋(gai)牟(mou)、磨米(mi)(mi)、遼東(dong)、白(bai)(bai)巖、沙卑、麥谷、銀山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、后黃十城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)……磨米(mi)(mi)一州(zhou),與蓋(gai)牟(mou)、遼東(dong)相提(ti)并數,當(dang)(dang)(dang)亦去(qu)蓋(gai)牟(mou)不(bu)遠。”意為(wei)(wei)磨米(mi)(mi)州(zhou)(原磨米(mi)(mi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))與蓋(gai)牟(mou)、遼東(dong)等(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應相距不(bu)遠,即當(dang)(dang)(dang)在今遼陽(yang)、撫(fu)順左(zuo)近。根據唐軍征高句(ju)麗路線及地(di)理位置關系(xi)推(tui)斷,符合此條件的(de)高句(ju)麗山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有平頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)邊牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),平頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)既為(wei)(wei)橫(heng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),那(nei)么(me),磨米(mi)(mi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當(dang)(dang)(dang)為(wei)(wei)邊牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。
宋代江少(shao)虞撰《事實(shi)類苑》曾記(ji)載一件(jian)“古(gu)銅(tong)魚符(fu)(fu)”,與磨米州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相關:有(you)人在(zai)壽光縣(今(jin)山東省壽光市)的稻田中,拾到“古(gu)銅(tong)魚左符(fu)(fu)”,紅(hong)銅(tong)材質,長(chang)二(er)寸許。符(fu)(fu)背刻魚,頭(tou)尾鱗鰭一應俱全。符(fu)(fu)面(mian)刻“同(tong)”字,當是與另(ling)一半魚符(fu)(fu)“合信”之(zhi)用。重要的是,符(fu)(fu)上刻有(you)主人官職、名諱(hui):“左云(yun)麾將軍(jun)、行磨米州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)刺史、持節磨米州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)諸(zhu)軍(jun)事高(gao)從政(zheng)”。高(gao)從政(zheng)可(ke)能(neng)就是高(gao)句(ju)麗降附唐王朝(chao)的磨米州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)“酋渠”或其后(hou)人。只是這件(jian)東北地(di)區的軍(jun)事和行政(zheng)印信、唐代地(di)方大員的隨(sui)身物(wu)品,何以在(zai)宋代時(shi)的山東地(di)界出現,實(shi)在(zai)費人思量。
與磨米(mi)(mi)州相(xiang)關的(de)(de)歷史人(ren)(ren)物還有唐(tang)高(gao)級將領高(gao)質(zhi)、高(gao)慈父(fu)子(zi)(zi)。二人(ren)(ren)本(ben)是高(gao)句麗降(jiang)將,其先祖(zu)追隨(sui)朱蒙(meng)王建立(li)高(gao)句麗政權,世代為(wei)(wei)本(ben)國高(gao)官貴(gui)族。唐(tang)總章(zhang)元年(668),高(gao)質(zhi)率族人(ren)(ren)歸(gui)順大(da)唐(tang),并接受唐(tang)官職(zhi),從此為(wei)(wei)唐(tang)王朝東(dong)征西討(tao),屢(lv)立(li)功勛。唐(tang)萬歲通天元年(696)五(wu)月,營(ying)(ying)州城(cheng)附近的(de)(de)契丹(dan)首領李盡(jin)忠(zhong)、孫(sun)萬榮等殺死(si)當地(di)官員,舉兵反(fan)叛(pan),攻陷營(ying)(ying)州,隨(sui)后(hou)縱兵抄掠(lve),歷時一年余,史稱“營(ying)(ying)州之亂”。高(gao)氏(shi)父(fu)子(zi)(zi)受命(ming)征討(tao),前期取得重(zhong)大(da)戰果,但在磨米(mi)(mi)州“城(cheng)孤地(di)絕,兵盡(jin)矢窮”的(de)(de)情(qing)況下,被契丹(dan)叛(pan)軍擊(ji)敗(bai)。高(gao)質(zhi)父(fu)子(zi)(zi)“為(wei)(wei)虜所執,詞色懔然,不屈兇威,遂被屠害”。為(wei)(wei)表彰高(gao)氏(shi)父(fu)子(zi)(zi),唐(tang)王朝追贈(zeng)官職(zhi),以慰亡魂,并“特令編入(ru)史冊”。
金(jin)(jin)代(dai),邊牛山城(cheng)(cheng)仍有(you)人居(ju)住。山城(cheng)(cheng)內出土的(de)金(jin)(jin)代(dai)法(fa)(fa)器(qi)、地表遺留(liu)的(de)大(da)量瓦片以及其他(ta)建筑構件(jian)(jian),都(dou)可有(you)力(li)地證(zheng)(zheng)明該山城(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)金(jin)(jin)代(dai)被沿用,且(qie)(qie)在(zai)山城(cheng)(cheng)內還應建有(you)1座(zuo)密宗(zong)佛寺。出土的(de)法(fa)(fa)器(qi)為銅(tong)(tong)鈸(ba)共計9件(jian)(jian),銅(tong)(tong)鎏金(jin)(jin)法(fa)(fa)鈴1件(jian)(jian),筆者曾考(kao)證(zheng)(zheng)其紋(wen)飾、銘文,認為該處所(suo)行乃是密宗(zong)胎藏界(jie)法(fa)(fa),且(qie)(qie)僧侶亦眾,如此方能完(wan)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)鎏金(jin)(jin)法(fa)(fa)鈴、大(da)小諸多銅(tong)(tong)鈸(ba)的(de)法(fa)(fa)器(qi)應用。同時(shi),銅(tong)(tong)鈸(ba)上的(de)銘文,體現(xian)出金(jin)(jin)代(dai)嚴厲的(de)銅(tong)(tong)禁政策,政府(fu)設(she)立佛教(jiao)管理機(ji)構如“僧司”等,對本地區佛教(jiao)事務實施管理。
明(ming)代(dai),在邊(bian)牛(niu)山(shan)城所在山(shan)的(de)西角筑有一(yi)(yi)座烽(feng)火(huo)(huo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai),至今(jin)仍(reng)存,土筑,外(wai)觀呈(cheng)圓(yuan)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)狀,臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頂徑長(chang)(chang)5米(mi),臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)底徑長(chang)(chang)20米(mi),高(gao)8米(mi)。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頂中心處有一(yi)(yi)圓(yuan)坑,徑長(chang)(chang)2米(mi),深0.7米(mi)。站在烽(feng)火(huo)(huo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)上,向西瞭望(wang),視野開闊,監控沙河古(gu)道為(wei)適宜。明(ming)成(cheng)化(hua)年始直至萬歷年間(jian),為(wei)了(le)防御建州女(nv)真(zhen)人(ren),明(ming)廷(ting)在遼陽以東接近建州女(nv)真(zhen)的(de)地(di)區(qu),筑立了(le)大量的(de)城堡(bao)、驛道、墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai),“烽(feng)堠(hou)相望(wang),遠(yuan)近應(ying)接”。邊(bian)牛(niu)烽(feng)火(huo)(huo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)應(ying)是威寧營(ying)城下屬的(de)墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)之一(yi)(yi)。
考古專家梁(liang)志(zhi)龍先生曾登(deng)臨邊牛山城(cheng),回(hui)首(shou)千載,感慨系之(zhi),遂賦詩(shi)以志(zhi),現敬引如下(xia),為本文作結——
“隧洞驅(qu)車過,迎山見土城(cheng)。
墻高旋崗遠,水漲入池(chi)橫(heng)。
墾畝拾陶片,耕田(tian)獲(huo)法鈴。
初居驍將勇,后世(shi)隱高(gao)僧。”