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遺址簡介

邊(bian)(bian)牛山(shan)城(cheng)址，位于遼寧省本溪市溪湖區歪頭山(shan)鎮邊(bian)(bian)牛村漢-唐時(shi)代的(de)邊(bian)(bian)牛山(shan)城(cheng)。當地人稱“高(gao)麗城(cheng)”，在2013年(nian)被獲批為(wei)全(quan)國文物保護單位。

“邊(bian)(bian)(bian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)”原名“邊(bian)(bian)(bian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)堡”。關于(yu)此(ci)“牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)”，學(xue)界(jie)一(yi)(yi)般認為(wei)(wei)當指滿清(qing)基層(ceng)軍政組織之牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)。努爾哈赤創(chuang)立八旗制度(du)，規定(ding)每300人設(she)(she)一(yi)(yi)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)，長官(guan)為(wei)(wei)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)額(e)(e)(e)真，五(wu)個(ge)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)甲喇(la)，長官(guan)為(wei)(wei)甲喇(la)額(e)(e)(e)真(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“參領”)，五(wu)個(ge)甲喇(la)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)固(gu)山(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“旗”)，長官(guan)為(wei)(wei)固(gu)山額(e)(e)(e)真(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“都統”)，每個(ge)固(gu)山設(she)(she)左(zuo)、右(you)兩個(ge)梅勒(le)額(e)(e)(e)真(漢(han)(han)譯(yi)“副都統”)。關于(yu)“邊(bian)(bian)(bian)”，則眾說紛紜。民國時有(you)(you)史料認為(wei)(wei)該地有(you)(you)“邊(bian)(bian)(bian)”，即(ji)城墻(qiang)，但根據考古表(biao)明，此(ci)處并(bing)無“邊(bian)(bian)(bian)”。又有(you)(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)說，“邊(bian)(bian)(bian)”本為(wei)(wei)“鞭”，鞭打(da)之意，傳(chuan)(chuan)說曾有(you)(you)后(hou)(hou)金將領在此(ci)處鞭打(da)手下一(yi)(yi)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)額(e)(e)(e)真，亦不可(ke)信。我們認為(wei)(wei)，此(ci)“邊(bian)(bian)(bian)”當為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)(xing)氏，滿族有(you)(you)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)佳氏，為(wei)(wei)滿族老姓(xing)(xing)之一(yi)(yi)，后(hou)(hou)漢(han)(han)化為(wei)(wei)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)、卞等(deng)姓(xing)(xing)，邊(bian)(bian)(bian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)可(ke)能是(shi)滿清(qing)某位邊(bian)(bian)(bian)佳氏牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)錄(lu)額(e)(e)(e)真的駐(zhu)防地或封地。

遺址歷史

邊牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)歷史則要更為(wei)(wei)悠(you)久。該山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所在的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)呈回抱之(zhi)勢，東(dong)、南(nan)(nan)、北(bei)三(san)(san)面山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脊(ji)隆起(qi)，西(xi)(xi)面為(wei)(wei)溝口。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)依山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)就勢，筑(zhu)于(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脊(ji)之(zhi)上(shang)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平面呈簸箕(ji)形(xing)(xing)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)土(tu)筑(zhu)，夯層(ceng)堅實，全長2000多米(mi)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)角和東(dong)北(bei)角為(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)制高點，各設(she)一個(ge)角臺(tai)，臺(tai)基平面為(wei)(wei)方形(xing)(xing)，長約10米(mi)、寬約6米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)四門(men)(men)(men)，其(qi)中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)設(she)三(san)(san)門(men)(men)(men)，東(dong)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)設(she)一門(men)(men)(men)，西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)三(san)(san)門(men)(men)(men)由(you)北(bei)向南(nan)(nan)依次(ci)為(wei)(wei)正門(men)(men)(men)、水門(men)(men)(men)、便門(men)(men)(men)。西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)另筑(zhu)有(you)兩(liang)道土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，分別與山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)延伸部(bu)(bu)分相連(lian)，形(xing)(xing)成兩(liang)道城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)防線(xian)(xian)，外(wai)線(xian)(xian)長175米(mi)，內線(xian)(xian)長510米(mi)，并(bing)開(kai)有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)一處。西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)內地(di)勢低(di)洼，常年積水，應為(wei)(wei)蓄水池。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內地(di)勢較為(wei)(wei)平整，東(dong)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)地(di)表(biao)上(shang)發現有(you)10余處凹坑，采集(ji)(ji)遺(yi)物有(you)泥質灰陶片，石臼等。根(gen)據城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)方式(shi)方法以及采集(ji)(ji)的(de)遺(yi)物推斷，該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應修筑(zhu)、使用于(yu)高句(ju)麗中(zhong)晚期。

學界推斷

學(xue)界推斷，邊牛山城就(jiu)是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)磨(mo)米城，唐(tang)(tang)太(tai)宗李(li)世民(min)率(lv)軍親(qin)征高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)時(shi)，曾(ceng)經到過這里。《資治通鑒》載：貞(zhen)觀十九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)，太(tai)宗李(li)世民(min)親(qin)自率(lv)軍東討，“凡征高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)麗(li)，拔玄菟(tu)、橫山、蓋牟、磨(mo)米、遼東、白巖、卑沙、麥谷、銀(yin)山、后(hou)(hou)黃十城。”《舊唐(tang)(tang)書》、《冊府元龜》載：唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)宗總(zong)章元年(nian)(nian)(668)九(jiu)(jiu)月，大將李(li)勣率(lv)軍滅高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)，隨后(hou)(hou)在高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)舊地(di)上分設(she)九(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)都(dou)督府、四十二個(ge)州(zhou)(zhou)、一(yi)(yi)百個(ge)縣，又置安(an)東都(dou)護府來統(tong)一(yi)(yi)管理(li)，大名鼎(ding)鼎(ding)的薛仁貴將軍則為(wei)一(yi)(yi)任安(an)東都(dou)護。擢用高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)“酋渠有功者授都(dou)督、刺史(shi)及縣令(ling)”，與唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝派來的官(guan)員共同管理(li)百姓(xing)民(min)務。磨(mo)米城歸唐(tang)(tang)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝將其(qi)改設(she)磨(mo)米州(zhou)(zhou)，是(shi)安(an)東都(dou)護府所屬(shu)的高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗(li)州(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，州(zhou)(zhou)長官(guan)為(wei)刺史(shi)。

歷代發展

一般認為(wei)，玄菟為(wei)當今(jin)(jin)沈陽上柏(bo)官屯古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，蓋(gai)牟(mou)為(wei)當今(jin)(jin)撫順勞動公(gong)園古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、白巖二城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于今(jin)(jin)遼(liao)陽，沙(sha)(sha)卑(bei)(或作卑(bei)沙(sha)(sha))為(wei)當今(jin)(jin)大(da)連東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)大(da)黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，橫山(shan)(shan)(shan)即本(ben)溪平頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。清人楊同桂(gui)《盛京疆域(yu)考》云：“磨(mo)(mo)米州，當在奉天府(fu)境(jing)。《通鑒》：貞(zhen)觀(guan)十九年，伐高(gao)麗(li)，凡拔玄菟、橫山(shan)(shan)(shan)、蓋(gai)牟(mou)、磨(mo)(mo)米、遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、白巖、沙(sha)(sha)卑(bei)、麥谷、銀山(shan)(shan)(shan)、后黃十城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)……磨(mo)(mo)米一州，與蓋(gai)牟(mou)、遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)相提并(bing)數，當亦(yi)去蓋(gai)牟(mou)不遠。”意為(wei)磨(mo)(mo)米州(原磨(mo)(mo)米城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))與蓋(gai)牟(mou)、遼(liao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)等城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)應相距不遠，即當在今(jin)(jin)遼(liao)陽、撫順左近。根(gen)據唐軍征高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)路線及地(di)理位(wei)置關系推斷，符合此條(tiao)件的(de)高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)平頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和邊牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，平頂山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)既為(wei)橫山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，那么，磨(mo)(mo)米城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)當為(wei)邊牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。

宋(song)代(dai)(dai)江少虞(yu)撰《事實類苑》曾記載一(yi)件“古(gu)銅魚符(fu)(fu)(fu)”，與(yu)磨(mo)米州相關：有人(ren)(ren)(ren)在壽光(guang)縣(今(jin)山(shan)東省壽光(guang)市)的(de)稻田(tian)中，拾(shi)到“古(gu)銅魚左(zuo)符(fu)(fu)(fu)”，紅銅材質，長二寸許。符(fu)(fu)(fu)背刻魚，頭(tou)尾(wei)鱗(lin)鰭一(yi)應俱全。符(fu)(fu)(fu)面(mian)刻“同”字(zi)，當是(shi)與(yu)另一(yi)半魚符(fu)(fu)(fu)“合信(xin)(xin)”之用。重要的(de)是(shi)，符(fu)(fu)(fu)上(shang)刻有主人(ren)(ren)(ren)官職、名(ming)諱：“左(zuo)云麾將軍、行(xing)磨(mo)米州刺史、持節磨(mo)米州諸軍事高從(cong)政”。高從(cong)政可(ke)能就是(shi)高句麗降附唐王朝(chao)的(de)磨(mo)米州“酋渠”或(huo)其(qi)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)。只是(shi)這件東北地區的(de)軍事和行(xing)政印(yin)信(xin)(xin)、唐代(dai)(dai)地方(fang)大(da)員的(de)隨(sui)身物(wu)品(pin)，何(he)以在宋(song)代(dai)(dai)時的(de)山(shan)東地界出(chu)現，實在費(fei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)思量。

與磨(mo)米(mi)州相關(guan)的歷史(shi)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)還有唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)級將領(ling)高(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)慈(ci)父(fu)子。二人(ren)(ren)本(ben)是高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗(li)降將，其先祖追隨(sui)朱蒙王(wang)建立(li)高(gao)(gao)(gao)句麗(li)政權，世代(dai)為(wei)本(ben)國高(gao)(gao)(gao)官(guan)貴族。唐(tang)(tang)總章元(yuan)年(668)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)率族人(ren)(ren)歸順大唐(tang)(tang)，并接受(shou)(shou)唐(tang)(tang)官(guan)職，從此為(wei)唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝(chao)東(dong)征(zheng)西討，屢立(li)功(gong)勛。唐(tang)(tang)萬(wan)(wan)歲(sui)通天元(yuan)年(696)五月(yue)，營州城附近(jin)的契丹首領(ling)李盡(jin)忠、孫萬(wan)(wan)榮等殺(sha)死當地(di)官(guan)員，舉兵(bing)反叛，攻陷營州，隨(sui)后(hou)縱兵(bing)抄掠，歷時一年余(yu)，史(shi)稱(cheng)“營州之(zhi)亂”。高(gao)(gao)(gao)氏父(fu)子受(shou)(shou)命(ming)征(zheng)討，前(qian)期取得重(zhong)大戰果，但在磨(mo)米(mi)州“城孤地(di)絕(jue)，兵(bing)盡(jin)矢窮”的情(qing)況下，被(bei)契丹叛軍(jun)擊敗。高(gao)(gao)(gao)質(zhi)父(fu)子“為(wei)虜所執(zhi)，詞色懔然，不屈兇威，遂被(bei)屠害”。為(wei)表(biao)彰高(gao)(gao)(gao)氏父(fu)子，唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝(chao)追贈官(guan)職，以慰亡魂，并“特令編入史(shi)冊”。

金(jin)代，邊牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)城仍有人(ren)居住。山(shan)(shan)(shan)城內出(chu)土(tu)的金(jin)代法(fa)(fa)(fa)器、地表遺(yi)留的大量瓦(wa)片以及其(qi)他建筑構件，都可有力地證明該山(shan)(shan)(shan)城在金(jin)代被沿用，且(qie)(qie)在山(shan)(shan)(shan)城內還應建有1座密宗佛(fo)寺。出(chu)土(tu)的法(fa)(fa)(fa)器為銅(tong)(tong)鈸共計9件，銅(tong)(tong)鎏金(jin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)鈴(ling)1件，筆(bi)者(zhe)曾考證其(qi)紋(wen)飾(shi)、銘(ming)文，認為該處(chu)所行乃(nai)是(shi)密宗胎藏(zang)界法(fa)(fa)(fa)，且(qie)(qie)僧(seng)侶亦眾，如此方能完(wan)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)鎏金(jin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)鈴(ling)、大小(xiao)諸多銅(tong)(tong)鈸的法(fa)(fa)(fa)器應用。同時，銅(tong)(tong)鈸上的銘(ming)文，體現出(chu)金(jin)代嚴厲的銅(tong)(tong)禁(jin)政(zheng)策，政(zheng)府(fu)設立佛(fo)教管理(li)機構如“僧(seng)司”等(deng)，對本地區(qu)佛(fo)教事務實施管理(li)。

明(ming)代(dai)，在邊(bian)牛(niu)山(shan)城所(suo)在山(shan)的(de)西角筑(zhu)有一座(zuo)烽(feng)(feng)火臺(tai)(tai)(tai)，至今仍存(cun)，土筑(zhu)，外觀呈圓(yuan)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)狀(zhuang)，臺(tai)(tai)(tai)頂徑(jing)長5米(mi)(mi)(mi)，臺(tai)(tai)(tai)底(di)徑(jing)長20米(mi)(mi)(mi)，高8米(mi)(mi)(mi)。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)頂中心處有一圓(yuan)坑，徑(jing)長2米(mi)(mi)(mi)，深(shen)0.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)。站在烽(feng)(feng)火臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上，向西瞭望，視野開闊(kuo)，監控(kong)沙河古道(dao)為(wei)適(shi)宜。明(ming)成(cheng)化年始直至萬歷年間，為(wei)了防御建(jian)州(zhou)女真人(ren)，明(ming)廷(ting)在遼陽(yang)以東接近(jin)建(jian)州(zhou)女真的(de)地(di)區，筑(zhu)立(li)了大(da)量(liang)的(de)城堡、驛道(dao)、墩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)，“烽(feng)(feng)堠相(xiang)望，遠近(jin)應接”。邊(bian)牛(niu)烽(feng)(feng)火臺(tai)(tai)(tai)應是威寧營城下屬的(de)墩臺(tai)(tai)(tai)之(zhi)一。

遺址詩賦

考古(gu)專家梁(liang)志(zhi)龍先生曾(ceng)登臨(lin)邊牛山(shan)城(cheng)，回首(shou)千載(zai)，感慨系(xi)之，遂賦詩以志(zhi)，現(xian)敬引(yin)如下(xia)，為本(ben)文作結——

“隧(sui)洞驅車過，迎山見土城。

墻(qiang)高(gao)旋崗(gang)遠，水漲(zhang)入池橫(heng)。

墾畝拾陶片，耕田獲法鈴。

初居驍將勇，后世隱高僧。”