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龍山文化特征

陽谷景陽崗(gang)遺(yi)址出土的(de)龍山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)物(wu)具有(you)(you)(you)明顯(xian)的(de)地方性。在陶器中(zhong)，以(yi)灰陶為(wei)主，黑陶較少，紅(hong)褐陶占有(you)(you)(you)一定比(bi)例。紋(wen)飾以(yi)素(su)面為(wei)主，有(you)(you)(you)較多的(de)籃(lan)紋(wen)、繩紋(wen)、方格(ge)紋(wen)。器類(lei)以(yi)盆、罐、豆、盒、甕為(wei)常見，鼎、鬲較少，以(yi)罐作為(wei)主要炊器之一，鬲部飾繩紋(wen)，具有(you)(you)(you)許(xu)多異(yi)于典(dian)型(xing)龍山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)特點。上述(shu)特征顯(xian)示這個地區(qu)的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化面貌即(ji)與魯北地區(qu)龍山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化城子崖類(lei)型(xing)有(you)(you)(you)一定差異(yi)，更與中(zhong)原龍山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化不(bu)同，但與它們(men)存在密切(qie)的(de)聯(lian)系(xi)，似(si)乎代表海(hai)岱地區(qu)龍山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)一個地方類(lei)型(xing)，也為(wei)中(zhong)原與海(hai)岱文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化區(qu)的(de)關系(xi)研究提供了新資料(liao)。

遺址地點情況

在(zai)遺址北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)清理出龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)灰坑(keng)1 個、春秋(qiu)墓1座(zuo)。灰坑(keng)剖面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)(you)清晰(xi)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層，堆積(ji)厚(hou)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.5米(mi)(mi)。上(shang)(shang)層為(wei)耕土(tu)，呈灰褐(he)(he)色，陶片(pian)、獸骨(gu)遍布；耕土(tu)層下(xia)為(wei)漢(han)代(dai)、商周文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層；最下(xia)層為(wei)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)堆積(ji)。出土(tu)了大量(liang)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)晚(wan)期的(de)(de)遺物，多為(wei)生活器(qi)皿。灰坑(keng)底部(bu)發(fa)現一(yi)完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)牛骨(gu)架，似為(wei)祭品，對(dui)古代(dai)家(jia)畜(chu)飼養的(de)(de)起源、馴(xun)用(yong)、牲(sheng)畜(chu)祭祀的(de)(de)研(yan)究具有(you)(you)(you)重要意(yi)義(yi)。另外(wai)，還采集有(you)(you)(you)小(xiao)骨(gu)針、蚌(bang)刀(dao)、石(shi)刀(dao)、石(shi)斧等。春秋(qiu)墓為(wei)長方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)土(tu)坑(keng)豎穴墓。東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長3.5米(mi)(mi)，南北(bei)(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)2米(mi)(mi)，殘深(shen)3.2米(mi)(mi)。墓底中(zhong)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)長方(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)腰坑(keng)，坑(keng)內殉狗一(yi)只，頭向東(dong)。墓內出土(tu)遺物有(you)(you)(you)陶、銅、骨(gu)器(qi)等共1770余件(jian)。1994年，聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)區(qu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物管理委員會組織文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物勘(kan)探(tan)隊在(zai)配合陽(yang)谷縣景(jing)陽(yang)岡公(gong)園開發(fa)建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)又發(fa)現一(yi)座(zuo)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址平面(mian)(mian)近似橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)，東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)——西(xi)(xi)南走(zou)向，西(xi)(xi)端較窄，中(zhong)部(bu)弧形(xing)(xing)凸(tu)出，南北(bei)(bei)(bei)長約(yue)(yue)(yue)1150米(mi)(mi)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)端寬(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)(yue)(yue)230米(mi)(mi)，南端寬(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)(yue)(yue)330米(mi)(mi)，中(zhong)部(bu)最寬(kuan)(kuan)處約(yue)(yue)(yue)400米(mi)(mi)，總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)(yue)(yue)為(wei)35萬平方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。同年底至1996年冬，山(shan)(shan)東(dong)省文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物考(kao)古研(yan)究所與聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)區(qu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物管理委員會又聯合對(dui)其(qi)進行了鉆(zhan)探(tan)、試掘(jue)工(gong)(gong)作，發(fa)掘(jue)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)1200平方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。經(jing)挖(wa)掘(jue)發(fa)現，地(di)面(mian)(mian)已(yi)無(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)遺跡，地(di)下(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保存(cun)完(wan)(wan)好。古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)角(jiao)現有(you)(you)(you)南北(bei)(bei)(bei)向水渠(qu)穿過(guo)，從水渠(qu)西(xi)(xi)壁(bi)可見耕土(tu)下(xia)即有(you)(you)(you)岳石(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)殘基，其(qi)外(wai)側(ce)被東(dong)周城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)殘基打破。岳石(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)殘垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)下(xia)壓龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，其(qi)頂部(bu)到水渠(qu)底高(gao)1米(mi)(mi)余，渠(qu)底見水，無(wu)法鉆(zhan)探(tan)，估計渠(qu)底以下(xia)還會有(you)(you)(you)數(shu)類以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。水渠(qu)壁(bi)上(shang)(shang)暴露的(de)(de)龍山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內側(ce)夯(hang)(hang)(hang)層向里傾(qing)斜，夯(hang)(hang)(hang)層較厚(hou)，不規整(zheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)壁(bi)陡直，打破內側(ce)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)灰坑(keng)，屬于(yu)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)晚(wan)期。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址中(zhong)心處并(bing)存(cun)大小(xiao)兩個利用(yong)原自然岡丘經(jing)部(bu)分加工(gong)(gong)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)臺(tai)址。大、小(xiao)臺(tai)址分上(shang)(shang)、下(xia)兩層，下(xia)層主要用(yong)純凈(jing)黃褐(he)(he)面(mian)(mian)沙土(tu)夯(hang)(hang)(hang)筑(zhu)，上(shang)(shang)層為(wei)灰花(hua)土(tu)筑(zhu)成(cheng)。夯(hang)(hang)(hang)具分圓棍夯(hang)(hang)(hang)與石(shi)器(qi)夯(hang)(hang)(hang)，夯(hang)(hang)(hang)窩明顯，夯(hang)(hang)(hang)面(mian)(mian)清楚。

現狀

陽(yang)谷景(jing)陽(yang)崗遺址(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)魯西北地區發(fa)現(xian)龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城址(zhi)(zhi)，其規模大(da)、規格高，在(zai)全國(guo)亦(yi)屬罕見。城內大(da)、小(xiao)臺(tai)基布局清(qing)楚，又在(zai)小(xiao)臺(tai)基上發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)祭祀遺存，這些都為(wei)(wei)研(yan)究龍山(shan)時(shi)期城市結構、功能(neng)及社會(hui)形態提出了(le)(le)新的課題和線索。有部分專家認為(wei)(wei)這里(li)可能(neng)是(shi)“舜都”。龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)，因(yin)發(fa)現(xian)于山(shan)東章丘龍山(shan)鎮而得(de)名，距今約(yue)4350-3950年(nian)。龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)以灰陶(tao)(tao)為(wei)(wei)主，并燒出了(le)(le)薄(bo)如蛋殼的黑陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)物，表面光亮如漆，是(shi)中國(guo)制陶(tao)(tao)史上的頂峰時(shi)期。龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)遺址(zhi)(zhi)中開(kai)始(shi)出現(xian)長方形土臺(tai)式建(jian)筑(zhu)，而且城址(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)始(shi)大(da)量出現(xian)，近年(nian)在(zai)聊城境內古(gu)濟(ji)水沿岸先后發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)以景(jing)陽(yang)崗、教場鋪為(wei)(wei)核(he)心的八座龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城址(zhi)(zhi)，形成了(le)(le)一個(ge)城址(zhi)(zhi)群，這表明(ming)當(dang)時(shi)已(yi)經(jing)開(kai)始(shi)跨入文(wen)明(ming)社會(hui)門檻。

省級重點文物

該城(cheng)址1977年12月被山東省(sheng)(sheng)人民政府(fu)列為省(sheng)(sheng)級重點(dian)文(wen)物保護單位，1995年被評為“中國十大考(kao)古新(xin)發現”提(ti)名獎，2001年6月被國務院批準(zhun)為全國重點(dian)文(wen)物保護單位。