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龍山文化特征

陽谷景(jing)陽崗遺址出土的龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)遺物(wu)具(ju)有明顯的地(di)方性。在陶(tao)(tao)器中，以(yi)(yi)灰陶(tao)(tao)為(wei)主(zhu)，黑陶(tao)(tao)較少，紅褐陶(tao)(tao)占有一定(ding)比例(li)。紋(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)素面為(wei)主(zhu)，有較多(duo)的籃紋(wen)(wen)、繩紋(wen)(wen)、方格紋(wen)(wen)。器類以(yi)(yi)盆、罐、豆(dou)、盒、甕為(wei)常見，鼎、鬲較少，以(yi)(yi)罐作為(wei)主(zhu)要炊器之(zhi)一，鬲部飾繩紋(wen)(wen)，具(ju)有許(xu)多(duo)異于典(dian)型(xing)龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)的特(te)點。上(shang)述特(te)征顯示這個地(di)區的文(wen)化(hua)面貌即與魯北地(di)區龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城子崖類型(xing)有一定(ding)差異，更(geng)與中原龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)不同，但與它(ta)們存在密切的聯(lian)系，似乎代表海岱地(di)區龍(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)的一個地(di)方類型(xing)，也為(wei)中原與海岱文(wen)化(hua)區的關系研究提供了新資料。

遺址地點情況

在(zai)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)部清(qing)理(li)出(chu)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)灰(hui)坑(keng)1 個(ge)、春秋墓(mu)1座。灰(hui)坑(keng)剖面有(you)清(qing)晰的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)，堆積厚(hou)約(yue)1.5米(mi)(mi)。上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)耕(geng)土，呈(cheng)灰(hui)褐色，陶(tao)片、獸骨遍布；耕(geng)土層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)為(wei)漢代(dai)(dai)、商周文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)；最下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)堆積。出(chu)土了大量龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)遺(yi)物(wu)，多(duo)為(wei)生活器(qi)皿。灰(hui)坑(keng)底部發現(xian)一(yi)完整(zheng)牛骨架，似為(wei)祭品，對古(gu)代(dai)(dai)家(jia)畜飼養的(de)(de)起源、馴用、牲畜祭祀的(de)(de)研究具(ju)有(you)重要意義。另外，還(huan)采集(ji)有(you)小(xiao)骨針(zhen)、蚌(bang)刀(dao)、石刀(dao)、石斧等(deng)。春秋墓(mu)為(wei)長方(fang)形土坑(keng)豎穴墓(mu)。東(dong)西(xi)長3.5米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)2米(mi)(mi)，殘(can)深3.2米(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)底中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部有(you)一(yi)長方(fang)形腰坑(keng)，坑(keng)內殉狗一(yi)只，頭向東(dong)。墓(mu)內出(chu)土遺(yi)物(wu)有(you)陶(tao)、銅、骨器(qi)等(deng)共1770余件。1994年(nian)(nian)，聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)區(qu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)管理(li)委員會組織文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)勘探隊在(zai)配(pei)合陽(yang)谷縣景陽(yang)岡(gang)公園(yuan)開發建設工(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又發現(xian)一(yi)座龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)面近似橢圓(yuan)形，東(dong)北(bei)(bei)——西(xi)南(nan)(nan)走(zou)向，西(xi)端(duan)較窄，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部弧形凸出(chu)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)長約(yue)1150米(mi)(mi)，北(bei)(bei)端(duan)寬(kuan)約(yue)230米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)(nan)端(duan)寬(kuan)約(yue)330米(mi)(mi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部最寬(kuan)處約(yue)400米(mi)(mi)，總面積約(yue)為(wei)35萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。同年(nian)(nian)底至1996年(nian)(nian)冬，山(shan)東(dong)省文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)考古(gu)研究所與聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)區(qu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)管理(li)委員會又聯合對其進行(xing)了鉆(zhan)(zhan)探、試(shi)掘工(gong)作，發掘面積為(wei)1200平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。經(jing)挖掘發現(xian)，地(di)面已無城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)遺(yi)跡，地(di)下(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保存(cun)完好。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)角現(xian)有(you)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向水渠(qu)(qu)(qu)穿過(guo)，從(cong)水渠(qu)(qu)(qu)西(xi)壁可見耕(geng)土下(xia)即有(you)岳石文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)殘(can)基，其外側被東(dong)周城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)殘(can)基打破。岳石文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)殘(can)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)下(xia)壓(ya)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，其頂部到(dao)水渠(qu)(qu)(qu)底高(gao)1米(mi)(mi)余，渠(qu)(qu)(qu)底見水，無法鉆(zhan)(zhan)探，估計(ji)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)底以下(xia)還(huan)會有(you)數類以上(shang)的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。水渠(qu)(qu)(qu)壁上(shang)暴露的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內側夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)層(ceng)(ceng)向里傾斜，夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)層(ceng)(ceng)較厚(hou)，不規整(zheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外壁陡直(zhi)，打破內側城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)灰(hui)坑(keng)，屬于龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)晚期(qi)(qi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)處并存(cun)大小(xiao)兩個(ge)利用原自(zi)然岡(gang)丘經(jing)部分加工(gong)而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)臺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。大、小(xiao)臺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分上(shang)、下(xia)兩層(ceng)(ceng)，下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)主要用純凈黃褐面沙土夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)筑(zhu)，上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)灰(hui)花土筑(zhu)成(cheng)。夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)具(ju)分圓(yuan)棍夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)與石器(qi)夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)，夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)窩明顯(xian)，夯(hang)(hang)(hang)(hang)面清(qing)楚(chu)。

現狀

陽谷(gu)景陽崗遺(yi)址是魯西(xi)北地區發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城址，其規模大(da)、規格高(gao)，在全國亦屬(shu)罕見。城內大(da)、小(xiao)臺(tai)基布局(ju)清(qing)楚，又在小(xiao)臺(tai)基上(shang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了祭(ji)祀(si)遺(yi)存，這(zhe)些都為(wei)研(yan)究龍(long)山(shan)(shan)時期城市結(jie)構、功能(neng)及(ji)社(she)會形態提出(chu)了新的(de)(de)(de)課題和(he)線索。有部分專家認為(wei)這(zhe)里可(ke)能(neng)是“舜都”。龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)，因發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)于山(shan)(shan)東章(zhang)丘龍(long)山(shan)(shan)鎮而得名，距今約4350-3950年。龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)陶(tao)器以灰陶(tao)為(wei)主(zhu)，并燒出(chu)了薄(bo)如蛋殼的(de)(de)(de)黑陶(tao)器物，表面光亮如漆，是中國制陶(tao)史(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)峰(feng)時期。龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)址中開(kai)始出(chu)現(xian)(xian)長方形土臺(tai)式建筑，而且城址開(kai)始大(da)量出(chu)現(xian)(xian)，近年在聊城境(jing)內古濟水沿岸先(xian)后發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了以景陽崗、教場鋪(pu)為(wei)核心的(de)(de)(de)八座(zuo)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城址，形成了一個城址群，這(zhe)表明當時已經開(kai)始跨入文(wen)明社(she)會門檻(jian)。

省級重點文物

該城址1977年(nian)12月被(bei)(bei)山東省人(ren)民政府(fu)列為(wei)省級重點文物(wu)保護單位，1995年(nian)被(bei)(bei)評為(wei)“中國十大(da)考古新發現(xian)”提名獎，2001年(nian)6月被(bei)(bei)國務院批準為(wei)全國重點文物(wu)保護單位。