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龍山文化特征

陽(yang)谷景陽(yang)崗遺(yi)址出土的(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)物具(ju)有(you)明顯(xian)(xian)的(de)地(di)方性(xing)。在陶(tao)(tao)器中，以(yi)(yi)灰陶(tao)(tao)為主，黑陶(tao)(tao)較(jiao)少，紅褐陶(tao)(tao)占(zhan)有(you)一定(ding)比例。紋(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)素面為主，有(you)較(jiao)多的(de)籃(lan)紋(wen)、繩(sheng)紋(wen)、方格紋(wen)。器類以(yi)(yi)盆、罐(guan)、豆、盒、甕為常見(jian)，鼎、鬲較(jiao)少，以(yi)(yi)罐(guan)作為主要炊器之一，鬲部飾繩(sheng)紋(wen)，具(ju)有(you)許(xu)多異于典(dian)型龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)特點(dian)。上述特征顯(xian)(xian)示這(zhe)個地(di)區(qu)的(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)面貌(mao)即(ji)與魯北地(di)區(qu)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城子崖類型有(you)一定(ding)差異，更與中原龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)不同(tong)，但與它(ta)們存(cun)在密切的(de)聯系，似乎代表海(hai)岱地(di)區(qu)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)一個地(di)方類型，也為中原與海(hai)岱文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)區(qu)的(de)關系研究(jiu)提供了新(xin)資料。

遺址地點情況

在遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)清(qing)理出(chu)龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)1 個、春秋(qiu)墓(mu)1座。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)剖面有清(qing)晰(xi)的(de)文(wen)化(hua)層，堆積厚約(yue)1.5米。上(shang)層為(wei)耕土，呈灰(hui)褐色，陶(tao)片、獸(shou)骨遍布；耕土層下(xia)(xia)為(wei)漢代、商周(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)層；最下(xia)(xia)層為(wei)龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)堆積。出(chu)土了(le)大(da)量龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)晚期的(de)遺物(wu)，多為(wei)生活器皿。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)(di)部(bu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)一完整牛骨架，似(si)(si)為(wei)祭品，對古(gu)代家畜飼養的(de)起源、馴(xun)用、牲畜祭祀的(de)研究具(ju)有重要意義。另外(wai)，還采集有小骨針、蚌刀、石(shi)刀、石(shi)斧等(deng)。春秋(qiu)墓(mu)為(wei)長(chang)方形(xing)土坑(keng)(keng)(keng)豎穴墓(mu)。東(dong)西長(chang)3.5米，南北(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)(kuan)2米，殘(can)深3.2米。墓(mu)底(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)有一長(chang)方形(xing)腰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，坑(keng)(keng)(keng)內(nei)殉狗一只，頭向東(dong)。墓(mu)內(nei)出(chu)土遺物(wu)有陶(tao)、銅、骨器等(deng)共1770余(yu)件(jian)。1994年，聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地區文(wen)物(wu)管理委員會組織文(wen)物(wu)勘探隊在配合(he)陽谷縣景陽岡(gang)(gang)公(gong)園(yuan)開發(fa)建設工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)又(you)(you)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)一座龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)面近(jin)似(si)(si)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)，東(dong)北(bei)(bei)——西南走向，西端(duan)較窄，中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)弧(hu)形(xing)凸出(chu)，南北(bei)(bei)長(chang)約(yue)1150米，北(bei)(bei)端(duan)寬(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)230米，南端(duan)寬(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)330米，中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)最寬(kuan)(kuan)處(chu)約(yue)400米，總面積約(yue)為(wei)35萬(wan)平(ping)方米。同年底(di)(di)至1996年冬，山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)考古(gu)研究所與(yu)聊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地區文(wen)物(wu)管理委員會又(you)(you)聯合(he)對其進行了(le)鉆(zhan)探、試掘工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，發(fa)掘面積為(wei)1200平(ping)方米。經挖掘發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，地面已無城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)遺跡，地下(xia)(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)保存(cun)完好。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)角現(xian)(xian)有南北(bei)(bei)向水(shui)(shui)渠穿過，從水(shui)(shui)渠西壁可(ke)見耕土下(xia)(xia)即有岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)殘(can)基(ji)，其外(wai)側被東(dong)周(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)殘(can)基(ji)打破。岳(yue)石(shi)文(wen)化(hua)殘(can)垣(yuan)(yuan)下(xia)(xia)壓龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，其頂部(bu)到水(shui)(shui)渠底(di)(di)高(gao)1米余(yu)，渠底(di)(di)見水(shui)(shui)，無法(fa)鉆(zhan)探，估計渠底(di)(di)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)還會有數類以(yi)上(shang)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)。水(shui)(shui)渠壁上(shang)暴露的(de)龍山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)側夯(hang)(hang)層向里傾斜，夯(hang)(hang)層較厚，不規整，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)壁陡直(zhi)，打破內(nei)側城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)的(de)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)，屬于龍山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)晚期。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)心處(chu)并存(cun)大(da)小兩(liang)(liang)個利用原自然(ran)岡(gang)(gang)丘經部(bu)分加(jia)工(gong)(gong)而成(cheng)的(de)臺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。大(da)、小臺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分上(shang)、下(xia)(xia)兩(liang)(liang)層，下(xia)(xia)層主要用純凈黃褐面沙土夯(hang)(hang)筑，上(shang)層為(wei)灰(hui)花(hua)土筑成(cheng)。夯(hang)(hang)具(ju)分圓(yuan)棍夯(hang)(hang)與(yu)石(shi)器夯(hang)(hang)，夯(hang)(hang)窩明顯，夯(hang)(hang)面清(qing)楚。

現狀

陽谷(gu)景陽崗遺(yi)(yi)址是(shi)魯西(xi)北地區發(fa)現(xian)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城(cheng)址，其規(gui)模大、規(gui)格高，在(zai)全國亦屬罕見。城(cheng)內大、小臺(tai)(tai)基(ji)布局清楚，又在(zai)小臺(tai)(tai)基(ji)上發(fa)現(xian)了(le)祭祀(si)遺(yi)(yi)存，這(zhe)(zhe)些都為研究(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)時期(qi)城(cheng)市結(jie)構、功能及社會形(xing)態提出(chu)了(le)新(xin)的課(ke)題(ti)和(he)線索。有(you)部分(fen)專(zhuan)家認(ren)為這(zhe)(zhe)里可能是(shi)“舜(shun)都”。龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)，因發(fa)現(xian)于山(shan)東章(zhang)丘龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)鎮而(er)得名，距今約4350-3950年。龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)陶(tao)(tao)器以(yi)灰陶(tao)(tao)為主，并燒出(chu)了(le)薄(bo)如蛋殼的黑陶(tao)(tao)器物，表面光亮如漆，是(shi)中國制陶(tao)(tao)史上的頂(ding)峰時期(qi)。龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)址中開(kai)始(shi)出(chu)現(xian)長(chang)方形(xing)土臺(tai)(tai)式建筑，而(er)且(qie)城(cheng)址開(kai)始(shi)大量出(chu)現(xian)，近年在(zai)聊城(cheng)境內古濟(ji)水沿岸先后發(fa)現(xian)了(le)以(yi)景陽崗、教場鋪為核心的八座龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)城(cheng)址，形(xing)成了(le)一個(ge)城(cheng)址群，這(zhe)(zhe)表明當時已經(jing)開(kai)始(shi)跨入文(wen)明社會門檻。

省級重點文物

該城址1977年(nian)12月被山東省人民政府列為省級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位，1995年(nian)被評為“中(zhong)國十大考古新發現”提名獎，2001年(nian)6月被國務院批準為全國重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位。