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歷史

德(de)陽文(wen)廟始建于1206年(nian)(nian)(nian)（南宋寧宗(zong)開禧二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)），當時在城東，后(hou)因年(nian)(nian)(nian)久失修(xiu)(xiu)塌(ta)毀(hui)。1368年(nian)(nian)(nian)（明(ming)洪武(wu)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)）又(you)(you)重(zhong)建于城南東隅及德(de)陽城區南街現有位(wei)置(zhi)。經成化、弘治、萬(wan)歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)的(de)(de)多(duo)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)葺，已有宮墻(qiang)、欞星門、大(da)成門、大(da)成殿(dian)（三楹(ying)）、崇圣(sheng)祠(ci)(ci)（三楹(ying)）、東西(xi)廡（各三楹(ying)）、節孝祠(ci)(ci)、孝子祠(ci)(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)(ci)、名宦祠(ci)(ci)、名倫堂等建筑，明(ming)未又(you)(you)毀(hui)于兵(bing)燹。1661年(nian)(nian)(nian)（清順治十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)）又(you)(you)重(zhong)建，康熙、乾隆、嘉慶年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)又(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)過多(duo)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)建和修(xiu)(xiu)葺。1848年(nian)(nian)(nian)～1855年(nian)(nian)(nian)（清道(dao)光二(er)十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)至咸豐五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)）又(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)了大(da)規模的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)葺，現存建筑為清道(dao)光年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)的(de)(de)基本(ben)格局。

建筑

德陽文廟(miao)占地(di)面積20800平方(fang)米，有古(gu)建筑20余處(chu)。文廟(miao)坐(zuo)北朝南，三進四(si)合院中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)對(dui)稱布局(ju)，建筑布局(ju)以大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)，南北成(cheng)(cheng)一條中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)，左右對(dui)稱排列(lie)，由南向(xiang)北中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)依次為(wei)：萬仞宮墻（照壁）、欞星門(men)、泮池、泮橋、戟門(men)（大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)）、禮樂亭、大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿、啟圣殿。兩側有：“道(dao)冠古(gu)今(jin)”、“德配天地(di)”、東(dong)(dong)(dong)西廡、東(dong)(dong)(dong)西御碑亭、東(dong)(dong)(dong)西配殿等(deng)。廟(miao)前為(wei)文廟(miao)廣場，廟(miao)北有后花園(yuan)。

德陽文廟(miao)主體建筑(zhu)(zhu)大(da)成殿(dian)坐落在文廟(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)院，整個建筑(zhu)(zhu)雄(xiong)偉、莊嚴、華(hua)麗，是文廟(miao)庭院中(zhong)(zhong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)高、體量(liang)大(da)、保存較為(wei)(wei)完好(hao)的一座古建筑(zhu)(zhu)，它(ta)建于1850年（清道(dao)光(guang)三(san)十年），是文廟(miao)的主體建筑(zhu)(zhu)，面(mian)闊七間(jian)33.97米，進深四間(jian)14.78米，通高21米，為(wei)(wei)重檐歇山式屋(wu)頂(ding)，屋(wu)面(mian)系(xi)黃色琉璃瓦覆蓋(gai)，正脊(ji)飾以(yi)(yi)飛龍，中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)置寶頂(ding)。殿(dian)內有孔(kong)子、四配、十二哲(zhe)塑像和(he)祭孔(kong)祭器(qi)、禮(li)器(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)陳列(lie)，有燭(zhu)臺、爵、鐙(deng)、籩、簋、豆、硎等祭器(qi)、禮(li)器(qi)，牛、羊、豕三(san)牲俎，以(yi)(yi)及(ji)祭孔(kong)時演奏中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)韶樂(le)的編(bian)鐘、搏(bo)鐘、編(bian)磬、特磬、琴、瑟、簫(xiao)、笛、塤、鼓、祝(起樂(le)之器(qi))、敵(終樂(le)之器(qi))等樂(le)器(qi)及(ji)指揮(hui)樂(le)舞場(chang)面(mian)的麾、節等。殿(dian)前(qian)有寬闊的拜臺，可觀賞場(chang)面(mian)盛大(da)、古樸(pu)典雅的仿古祭孔(kong)樂(le)舞。清代以(yi)(yi)來，大(da)型祭孔(kong)活動，每年兩次，時間(jian)為(wei)(wei)每年仲(zhong)春上(shang)旬丁日(ri)和(he)仲(zhong)秋上(shang)旬丁日(ri)。1990年以(yi)(yi)后，德陽文廟(miao)按(an)照清代格(ge)局和(he)禮(li)制恢復了祭孔(kong)樂(le)舞表(biao)演。

德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)以其(qi)宏(hong)大的(de)(de)規模(mo)，完整的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群，嚴(yan)謹的(de)(de)布局，成為(wei)(wei)我國西部地(di)區文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)代表性建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)專家梁思成先生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)考(kao)察了德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)指(zhi)出(chu)：“德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)具有(you)濃郁的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)特色。”古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)專家羅哲文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先生(sheng)認為(wei)(wei)：“德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)規模(mo)大，保(bao)(bao)存完整，特點非常突出(chu)，這(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)全(quan)國也(ye)不多見(jian)。”德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)在(zai)(zai)全(quan)國文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占有(you)重要地(di)位(wei)。四(si)個(ge)禮樂(le)亭(ting)位(wei)于大成門(men)與大成殿(dian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線兩側(ce)，排列在(zai)(zai)一(yi)條(tiao)線上(shang)，內(nei)側(ce)兩座為(wei)(wei)雙檐(yan)六角(jiao)亭(ting)，外側(ce)兩座為(wei)(wei)雙檐(yan)四(si)方(fang)六角(jiao)亭(ting)，造型各異(yi)，別(bie)具一(yi)格。1949年冬(dong)月(yue)，賀龍元帥(shuai)在(zai)(zai)德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)參加德陽(yang)(yang)解放儀式(shi)后(hou)，指(zhi)著禮樂(le)亭(ting)說：“這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)禮樂(le)亭(ting)在(zai)(zai)全(quan)國文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實屬少見(jian)，要好(hao)好(hao)地(di)保(bao)(bao)護”。萬(wan)仞宮墻(照壁)長30米，高11.64米，比北京孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)照壁高大，屬國內(nei)地(di)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高大的(de)(de)萬(wan)仞宮墻。欞(ling)星門(men)為(wei)(wei)八柱(zhu)(zhu)五間(jian)五樓(lou)沖天柱(zhu)(zhu)式(shi)石牌坊，造型別(bie)致，雕(diao)刻(ke)精美，是南(nan)方(fang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)石刻(ke)欞(ling)星門(men)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)精品。泮池中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)置三(san)座單跨(kua)石拱橋，橋為(wei)(wei)梯步(bu)拱面(mian)形，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)橋跨(kua)度為(wei)(wei)14.9米，左右(you)兩邊橋跨(kua)度為(wei)(wei)13.8米，為(wei)(wei)其(qi)他孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)所(suo)少見(jian)。“德配(pei)天地(di)”、“道冠古今”坊為(wei)(wei)磚式(shi)重檐(yan)枋，具有(you)南(nan)方(fang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)風格，這(zhe)(zhe)與國內(nei)地(di)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)普通的(de)(de)木坊比較，獨具地(di)方(fang)特色。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)花園保(bao)(bao)存完好(hao)，這(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)(zai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極為(wei)(wei)罕見(jian)。