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歷史

德(de)陽(yang)文廟始建(jian)于1206年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（南(nan)宋(song)寧宗開禧二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)），當時在城(cheng)東(dong)，后因(yin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)久失(shi)修(xiu)塌毀(hui)。1368年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（明洪武元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）又(you)重(zhong)建(jian)于城(cheng)南(nan)東(dong)隅及德(de)陽(yang)城(cheng)區南(nan)街現(xian)有位置。經(jing)成化、弘治(zhi)、萬歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間的多次修(xiu)葺(qi)(qi)，已有宮(gong)墻、欞星門(men)、大(da)(da)成門(men)、大(da)(da)成殿（三(san)楹(ying)）、崇圣祠(ci)(ci)（三(san)楹(ying)）、東(dong)西廡（各(ge)三(san)楹(ying)）、節孝祠(ci)(ci)、孝子(zi)祠(ci)(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)(ci)、名宦祠(ci)(ci)、名倫(lun)堂等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)，明未(wei)又(you)毀(hui)于兵燹。1661年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（清(qing)順治(zhi)十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）又(you)重(zhong)建(jian)，康熙、乾隆、嘉(jia)慶(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間又(you)進行過(guo)多次修(xiu)建(jian)和(he)修(xiu)葺(qi)(qi)。1848年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)～1855年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（清(qing)道(dao)光二(er)十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至咸(xian)豐五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）又(you)進行了大(da)(da)規模的修(xiu)葺(qi)(qi)，現(xian)存建(jian)筑(zhu)為清(qing)道(dao)光年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間的基(ji)本格局。

建筑

德(de)(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)占地面積20800平方米，有古建筑20余(yu)處。文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)坐北(bei)朝南，三進四合院中(zhong)軸對稱(cheng)(cheng)布局(ju)，建筑布局(ju)以(yi)大(da)(da)成殿為中(zhong)心，南北(bei)成一條中(zhong)軸線，左右對稱(cheng)(cheng)排列，由南向北(bei)中(zhong)軸線依次為：萬仞(ren)宮(gong)墻（照(zhao)壁）、欞星(xing)門(men)、泮池、泮橋、戟門(men)（大(da)(da)成門(men)）、禮(li)樂亭、大(da)(da)成殿、啟圣殿。兩側有：“道冠(guan)古今”、“德(de)(de)配天地”、東(dong)西(xi)廡、東(dong)西(xi)御碑亭、東(dong)西(xi)配殿等。廟(miao)(miao)前為文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)廣場，廟(miao)(miao)北(bei)有后(hou)花園。

德陽(yang)文廟(miao)(miao)主體建筑(zhu)大(da)成殿(dian)坐落在(zai)文廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)院，整個(ge)建筑(zhu)雄偉(wei)、莊嚴(yan)、華麗，是(shi)文廟(miao)(miao)庭院中(zhong)(zhong)建筑(zhu)高、體量大(da)、保(bao)存較為完好(hao)的一座(zuo)古建筑(zhu)，它建于1850年(nian)(nian)（清(qing)道光三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)），是(shi)文廟(miao)(miao)的主體建筑(zhu)，面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊七(qi)間(jian)(jian)33.97米(mi)，進深四(si)間(jian)(jian)14.78米(mi)，通高21米(mi)，為重檐歇山式屋頂，屋面(mian)(mian)(mian)系黃色琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)覆蓋，正脊(ji)飾以(yi)飛龍，中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)置寶(bao)頂。殿(dian)內有(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong)子、四(si)配、十(shi)二哲塑像和祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)祭(ji)(ji)器、禮(li)(li)器、樂(le)器陳(chen)列，有(you)(you)燭(zhu)臺、爵(jue)、鐙、籩、簋(gui)、豆、硎(xing)等祭(ji)(ji)器、禮(li)(li)器，牛、羊(yang)、豕三牲俎(zu)，以(yi)及(ji)(ji)祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)時演(yan)奏(zou)中(zhong)(zhong)和韶樂(le)的編(bian)鐘(zhong)、搏鐘(zhong)、編(bian)磬、特磬、琴、瑟(se)、簫、笛、塤、鼓、祝(zhu)(起樂(le)之(zhi)器)、敵(終樂(le)之(zhi)器)等樂(le)器及(ji)(ji)指揮樂(le)舞(wu)場面(mian)(mian)(mian)的麾(hui)、節等。殿(dian)前有(you)(you)寬(kuan)闊的拜臺，可(ke)觀賞(shang)場面(mian)(mian)(mian)盛大(da)、古樸典(dian)雅的仿(fang)古祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)樂(le)舞(wu)。清(qing)代(dai)以(yi)來，大(da)型祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)活動，每(mei)年(nian)(nian)兩(liang)次，時間(jian)(jian)為每(mei)年(nian)(nian)仲春上旬(xun)丁日(ri)和仲秋上旬(xun)丁日(ri)。1990年(nian)(nian)以(yi)后，德陽(yang)文廟(miao)(miao)按照清(qing)代(dai)格局和禮(li)(li)制恢(hui)復(fu)了祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)樂(le)舞(wu)表演(yan)。

德(de)陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)以其(qi)宏(hong)大(da)(da)的(de)規模，完整(zheng)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群，嚴(yan)謹的(de)布局，成為(wei)我國(guo)(guo)西部地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)代(dai)表(biao)性建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專家梁思成先(xian)生(sheng)在(zai)考察了德(de)陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)指(zhi)出：“德(de)陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)具有(you)濃郁的(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)特色。”古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專家羅哲文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先(xian)生(sheng)認為(wei)：“德(de)陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)規模大(da)(da)，保(bao)存完整(zheng)，特點(dian)非常(chang)突(tu)出，這(zhe)在(zai)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)也(ye)不多見。”德(de)陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)。四個禮(li)樂亭(ting)位(wei)于(yu)大(da)(da)成門與大(da)(da)成殿之間的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸線兩(liang)側，排(pai)列在(zai)一條(tiao)線上，內側兩(liang)座(zuo)為(wei)雙(shuang)檐(yan)六角(jiao)亭(ting)，外(wai)側兩(liang)座(zuo)為(wei)雙(shuang)檐(yan)四方(fang)六角(jiao)亭(ting)，造型(xing)各異，別具一格。1949年冬月，賀(he)龍(long)元帥在(zai)德(de)陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)參加德(de)陽(yang)解放儀(yi)式(shi)后(hou)，指(zhi)著禮(li)樂亭(ting)說(shuo)：“這(zhe)樣的(de)禮(li)樂亭(ting)在(zai)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實屬(shu)少見，要(yao)好(hao)好(hao)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)”。萬仞(ren)宮(gong)墻(qiang)(照壁(bi))長30米(mi)，高(gao)11.64米(mi)，比北京孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)照壁(bi)高(gao)大(da)(da)，屬(shu)國(guo)(guo)內地(di)(di)(di)縣文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)大(da)(da)的(de)萬仞(ren)宮(gong)墻(qiang)。欞(ling)星(xing)門為(wei)八柱五間五樓沖(chong)天(tian)柱式(shi)石(shi)牌坊，造型(xing)別致，雕刻(ke)精美，是南(nan)方(fang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)石(shi)刻(ke)欞(ling)星(xing)門中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)精品(pin)。泮池中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)置三座(zuo)單跨(kua)石(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao)，橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)梯(ti)步拱面(mian)形(xing)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間橋(qiao)(qiao)跨(kua)度為(wei)14.9米(mi)，左(zuo)右兩(liang)邊(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)跨(kua)度為(wei)13.8米(mi)，為(wei)其(qi)他孔(kong)(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)所少見。“德(de)配(pei)天(tian)地(di)(di)(di)”、“道冠古今”坊為(wei)磚式(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)檐(yan)枋，具有(you)南(nan)方(fang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格，這(zhe)與國(guo)(guo)內地(di)(di)(di)縣文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)普通的(de)木坊比較，獨具地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)特色。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)花園(yuan)保(bao)存完好(hao)，這(zhe)在(zai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極為(wei)罕見。