歷史
德陽文廟始建于(yu)1206年(nian)(nian)(南宋寧宗開禧二(er)年(nian)(nian)),當(dang)時(shi)在(zai)城東(dong),后因年(nian)(nian)久失(shi)修塌毀。1368年(nian)(nian)(明(ming)洪武元年(nian)(nian))又重建于(yu)城南東(dong)隅及德陽城區南街現(xian)有位置。經成化(hua)、弘治、萬歷年(nian)(nian)間(jian)的(de)多次(ci)修葺(qi),已有宮(gong)墻、欞星門、大成門、大成殿(三(san)(san)楹)、崇(chong)圣(sheng)祠(三(san)(san)楹)、東(dong)西(xi)廡(wu)(各(ge)三(san)(san)楹)、節孝祠、孝子祠、鄉(xiang)賢祠、名宦祠、名倫堂等建筑,明(ming)未又毀于(yu)兵燹。1661年(nian)(nian)(清(qing)順(shun)治十八(ba)年(nian)(nian))又重建,康熙、乾隆、嘉慶年(nian)(nian)間(jian)又進行過(guo)多次(ci)修建和修葺(qi)。1848年(nian)(nian)~1855年(nian)(nian)(清(qing)道光(guang)二(er)十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)至咸豐(feng)五年(nian)(nian))又進行了大規模(mo)的(de)修葺(qi),現(xian)存建筑為(wei)清(qing)道光(guang)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)的(de)基本(ben)格(ge)局。
建筑
德陽文(wen)廟占地面積20800平方米,有(you)古建筑20余處。文(wen)廟坐北(bei)(bei)(bei)朝南(nan),三進四合院中(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)對稱布局,建筑布局以大成殿(dian)為(wei)中(zhong)心,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)成一(yi)條中(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線,左右對稱排列,由南(nan)向北(bei)(bei)(bei)中(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線依(yi)次為(wei):萬仞宮(gong)墻(照(zhao)壁(bi))、欞星門(men)(men)、泮(pan)池、泮(pan)橋(qiao)、戟(ji)門(men)(men)(大成門(men)(men))、禮樂(le)亭(ting)、大成殿(dian)、啟圣(sheng)殿(dian)。兩側有(you):“道冠古今”、“德配天地”、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)廡、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)御碑亭(ting)、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)配殿(dian)等。廟前為(wei)文(wen)廟廣場,廟北(bei)(bei)(bei)有(you)后花園。
德陽(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)主體建筑(zhu)(zhu)大(da)成殿坐落在文(wen)廟(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)院,整個建筑(zhu)(zhu)雄偉、莊嚴(yan)、華麗,是文(wen)廟(miao)庭院中(zhong)(zhong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)、體量大(da)、保存較為(wei)完好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)一座(zuo)古建筑(zhu)(zhu),它建于1850年(清(qing)道光(guang)三十年),是文(wen)廟(miao)的(de)(de)(de)主體建筑(zhu)(zhu),面闊七(qi)間(jian)33.97米,進深四(si)間(jian)14.78米,通(tong)高(gao)21米,為(wei)重檐歇山式屋頂,屋面系黃色琉璃瓦(wa)覆(fu)蓋,正脊飾以飛龍(long),中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)置寶頂。殿內有孔(kong)(kong)子、四(si)配、十二哲塑像和(he)祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)祭(ji)(ji)器(qi)、禮器(qi)、樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)陳列,有燭臺、爵、鐙、籩、簋、豆、硎等(deng)祭(ji)(ji)器(qi)、禮器(qi),牛、羊、豕三牲俎,以及祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)時演奏中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)韶樂(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)鐘、搏鐘、編(bian)(bian)磬(qing)、特(te)磬(qing)、琴、瑟、簫、笛、塤、鼓、祝(起樂(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)器(qi))、敵(終樂(le)(le)(le)之(zhi)器(qi))等(deng)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)及指揮樂(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)場(chang)面的(de)(de)(de)麾(hui)、節(jie)等(deng)。殿前(qian)有寬闊的(de)(de)(de)拜(bai)臺,可(ke)觀(guan)賞場(chang)面盛大(da)、古樸典雅的(de)(de)(de)仿古祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)樂(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)。清(qing)代以來,大(da)型祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)活動,每年兩次,時間(jian)為(wei)每年仲春上旬丁(ding)日(ri)和(he)仲秋上旬丁(ding)日(ri)。1990年以后,德陽(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)按照清(qing)代格局和(he)禮制恢(hui)復(fu)了祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)樂(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)表演。
德陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)以(yi)其宏大的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)模(mo),完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,嚴(yan)謹的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局,成為(wei)(wei)我(wo)國(guo)西部(bu)地(di)區文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表性建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)家(jia)梁思成先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)在(zai)考(kao)察了德陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)后(hou)指(zhi)出:“德陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)濃(nong)郁的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)特(te)色(se)。”古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)家(jia)羅哲(zhe)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)認為(wei)(wei):“德陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)大,保(bao)存完(wan)整(zheng),特(te)點非常(chang)突出,這在(zai)全國(guo)也不多(duo)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。”德陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)有(you)重要(yao)地(di)位(wei)。四(si)個禮樂(le)亭位(wei)于大成門與(yu)大成殿之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)(xian)兩側,排列在(zai)一條(tiao)線(xian)(xian)上,內側兩座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)檐六角亭,外側兩座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)檐四(si)方(fang)六角亭,造型(xing)(xing)各異,別具(ju)(ju)一格。1949年冬(dong)月(yue),賀龍元(yuan)帥(shuai)在(zai)德陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)參(can)加德陽(yang)解放儀(yi)式后(hou),指(zhi)著(zhu)禮樂(le)亭說:“這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮樂(le)亭在(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實屬(shu)少(shao)見(jian)(jian)(jian),要(yao)好(hao)好(hao)地(di)保(bao)護”。萬仞(ren)宮(gong)墻(照(zhao)(zhao)壁)長30米(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)11.64米(mi)(mi),比(bi)北京孔廟(miao)(miao)照(zhao)(zhao)壁高(gao)(gao)大,屬(shu)國(guo)內地(di)縣文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)萬仞(ren)宮(gong)墻。欞星門為(wei)(wei)八柱五間五樓沖天柱式石牌(pai)坊(fang),造型(xing)(xing)別致(zhi),雕刻(ke)精(jing)美,是南方(fang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)石刻(ke)欞星門中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)品。泮(pan)池(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)置三座(zuo)單(dan)跨石拱橋(qiao),橋(qiao)為(wei)(wei)梯步拱面形,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間橋(qiao)跨度為(wei)(wei)14.9米(mi)(mi),左右兩邊(bian)橋(qiao)跨度為(wei)(wei)13.8米(mi)(mi),為(wei)(wei)其他(ta)孔廟(miao)(miao)所少(shao)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。“德配天地(di)”、“道冠古今”坊(fang)為(wei)(wei)磚式重檐枋,具(ju)(ju)有(you)南方(fang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格,這與(yu)國(guo)內地(di)縣文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)木坊(fang)比(bi)較,獨具(ju)(ju)地(di)方(fang)特(te)色(se)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)后(hou)花園保(bao)存完(wan)好(hao),這在(zai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)罕見(jian)(jian)(jian)。