歷史
德(de)陽文廟(miao)始建(jian)于(yu)1206年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(南(nan)宋(song)寧宗(zong)開禧(xi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),當(dang)時在(zai)城(cheng)東(dong),后(hou)因年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)久(jiu)失修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)塌毀。1368年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(明(ming)洪武(wu)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))又重建(jian)于(yu)城(cheng)南(nan)東(dong)隅(yu)及德(de)陽城(cheng)區南(nan)街現(xian)有(you)位置。經(jing)成(cheng)化、弘治(zhi)、萬歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間的(de)多(duo)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)葺,已有(you)宮墻、欞星(xing)門、大(da)成(cheng)門、大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)(三楹)、崇(chong)圣祠(三楹)、東(dong)西廡(各三楹)、節孝(xiao)祠、孝(xiao)子祠、鄉賢祠、名宦(huan)祠、名倫堂等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu),明(ming)未又毀于(yu)兵燹(xian)。1661年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(清(qing)順治(zhi)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))又重建(jian),康(kang)熙(xi)、乾隆、嘉慶(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間又進(jin)行(xing)過(guo)多(duo)次(ci)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)和修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)葺。1848年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)~1855年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(清(qing)道(dao)光(guang)(guang)二(er)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至咸(xian)豐五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))又進(jin)行(xing)了(le)大(da)規模的(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)葺,現(xian)存建(jian)筑(zhu)為清(qing)道(dao)光(guang)(guang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間的(de)基本格局。
建筑
德陽文(wen)廟(miao)占地面積20800平(ping)方米,有(you)古建(jian)筑20余處(chu)。文(wen)廟(miao)坐北(bei)朝南,三進(jin)四合院中軸對稱布局,建(jian)筑布局以(yi)大成(cheng)殿(dian)為中心,南北(bei)成(cheng)一條中軸線(xian),左右對稱排(pai)列,由(you)南向北(bei)中軸線(xian)依次為:萬仞(ren)宮墻(照壁)、欞星門(men)(men)、泮池、泮橋、戟門(men)(men)(大成(cheng)門(men)(men))、禮樂亭、大成(cheng)殿(dian)、啟(qi)圣殿(dian)。兩側有(you):“道冠(guan)古今(jin)”、“德配(pei)(pei)天地”、東(dong)西廡、東(dong)西御碑亭、東(dong)西配(pei)(pei)殿(dian)等(deng)。廟(miao)前為文(wen)廟(miao)廣場,廟(miao)北(bei)有(you)后花園。
德(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)大(da)(da)成殿(dian)坐落(luo)在文(wen)廟(miao)中(zhong)院(yuan),整個建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)雄偉、莊(zhuang)嚴、華(hua)麗,是文(wen)廟(miao)庭(ting)院(yuan)中(zhong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)高、體(ti)量(liang)大(da)(da)、保存(cun)較為(wei)完好的(de)一座古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),它建(jian)于1850年(清(qing)(qing)道(dao)光三十年),是文(wen)廟(miao)的(de)主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),面闊七間(jian)33.97米,進深(shen)四(si)間(jian)14.78米,通高21米,為(wei)重檐歇山式屋頂(ding),屋面系黃色琉璃瓦覆蓋,正脊飾以(yi)飛龍,中(zhong)間(jian)置寶頂(ding)。殿(dian)內有孔(kong)(kong)子、四(si)配、十二(er)哲塑像和(he)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)、禮器(qi)、樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)陳(chen)列(lie),有燭(zhu)臺、爵、鐙、籩、簋、豆、硎等(deng)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)、禮器(qi),牛(niu)、羊、豕三牲俎,以(yi)及祭(ji)(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)時演奏中(zhong)和(he)韶樂(le)(le)(le)的(de)編鐘、搏(bo)鐘、編磬、特磬、琴、瑟、簫、笛、塤、鼓、祝(起樂(le)(le)(le)之器(qi))、敵(終樂(le)(le)(le)之器(qi))等(deng)樂(le)(le)(le)器(qi)及指揮樂(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)(wu)場面的(de)麾、節等(deng)。殿(dian)前有寬闊的(de)拜臺,可(ke)觀賞場面盛(sheng)大(da)(da)、古(gu)(gu)樸(pu)典雅的(de)仿古(gu)(gu)祭(ji)(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)樂(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)(wu)。清(qing)(qing)代以(yi)來,大(da)(da)型祭(ji)(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)活動,每(mei)(mei)年兩(liang)次,時間(jian)為(wei)每(mei)(mei)年仲春上(shang)旬丁(ding)日和(he)仲秋(qiu)上(shang)旬丁(ding)日。1990年以(yi)后,德(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)按(an)照(zhao)清(qing)(qing)代格局和(he)禮制恢復了祭(ji)(ji)(ji)孔(kong)(kong)樂(le)(le)(le)舞(wu)(wu)表(biao)演。
德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)以(yi)其宏(hong)大的規模(mo),完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的建(jian)筑群,嚴謹的布(bu)局,成為我(wo)國(guo)西部(bu)地(di)區文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)的代表性(xing)建(jian)筑。古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑專(zhuan)家(jia)梁思(si)成先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)考(kao)察了德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)后指出:“德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)建(jian)筑具(ju)(ju)有(you)濃郁的地(di)方(fang)(fang)特(te)(te)色。”古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑專(zhuan)家(jia)羅哲文(wen)先(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)認(ren)為:“德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)規模(mo)大,保存完(wan)(wan)整(zheng),特(te)(te)點(dian)非(fei)常(chang)突出,這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)也不多見(jian)(jian)。”德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)的建(jian)筑在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)有(you)重要地(di)位(wei)。四個禮樂(le)亭(ting)位(wei)于(yu)大成門與大成殿之間的中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian)兩(liang)側(ce),排列在(zai)(zai)一條線(xian)上,內側(ce)兩(liang)座為雙(shuang)檐(yan)六(liu)角亭(ting),外側(ce)兩(liang)座為雙(shuang)檐(yan)四方(fang)(fang)六(liu)角亭(ting),造(zao)型(xing)各(ge)異,別具(ju)(ju)一格。1949年冬月,賀龍元帥在(zai)(zai)德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)參加德陽(yang)(yang)解放儀式后,指著禮樂(le)亭(ting)說:“這(zhe)樣的禮樂(le)亭(ting)在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)實屬少見(jian)(jian),要好(hao)好(hao)地(di)保護”。萬仞(ren)宮墻(qiang)(照(zhao)壁(bi)(bi))長30米,高(gao)11.64米,比北(bei)京孔廟(miao)(miao)照(zhao)壁(bi)(bi)高(gao)大,屬國(guo)內地(di)縣文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)大的萬仞(ren)宮墻(qiang)。欞星(xing)(xing)門為八(ba)柱(zhu)五間五樓沖天(tian)柱(zhu)式石(shi)(shi)牌坊,造(zao)型(xing)別致,雕(diao)刻精美,是南方(fang)(fang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)石(shi)(shi)刻欞星(xing)(xing)門中(zhong)(zhong)的精品。泮池(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)三座單跨(kua)石(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao),橋(qiao)(qiao)為梯步拱面形,中(zhong)(zhong)間橋(qiao)(qiao)跨(kua)度為14.9米,左右(you)兩(liang)邊橋(qiao)(qiao)跨(kua)度為13.8米,為其他孔廟(miao)(miao)所少見(jian)(jian)。“德配天(tian)地(di)”、“道冠(guan)古(gu)(gu)今”坊為磚式重檐(yan)枋,具(ju)(ju)有(you)南方(fang)(fang)建(jian)筑風格,這(zhe)與國(guo)內地(di)縣文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)普通(tong)的木坊比較(jiao),獨(du)具(ju)(ju)地(di)方(fang)(fang)特(te)(te)色。文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)后花(hua)園保存完(wan)(wan)好(hao),這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)極為罕(han)見(jian)(jian)。