張桓侯(hou)祠(也稱(cheng)漢桓侯(hou)祠,俗稱(cheng)張飛(fei)廟(miao)),位于全國歷史(shi)文化名(ming)城四川(chuan)省(sheng)閬中市古城區西街,
是紀念三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時蜀漢(han)名將(jiang)張飛(fei)的(de)祠(ci)廟。1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)被列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)第四(si)批(pi)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)重點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。因張飛(fei)死(si)后(hou),追謚為(wei)(wei)(wei)桓侯(hou),因而得(de)名。張飛(fei),字翼德(de),涿(zhuo)州涿(zhuo)郡(今河北(bei)省(sheng)涿(zhuo)州市)人,為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時蜀漢(han)重要開國(guo)(guo)(guo)功臣(chen),于小說(shuo)《三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)演義》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)五虎上(shang)將(jiang)之(zhi)一(yi)。劉(liu)備平定益州后(hou)任張飛(fei)巴(ba)(ba)西太(tai)(tai)守(shou)(shou)曾領軍駐守(shou)(shou)閬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。章武元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(221年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),為(wei)(wei)(wei)部將(jiang)范彊(qiang)、張達所殺,死(si)后(hou)葬于閬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。閬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)人敬其忠(zhong)勇,在墓址上(shang)立廟祠(ci)祭祀,從開始修建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)時間算起,已有一(yi)千(qian)(qian)七百(bai)(bai)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。后(hou)來屢(lv)(lv)遭兵火毀壞(huai),但屢(lv)(lv)壞(huai)屢(lv)(lv)建(jian)(jian)(jian),屢(lv)(lv)廢(fei)屢(lv)(lv)興。現存的(de)張桓侯(hou)祠(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)組(zu)多(duo)重四(si)合院(yuan)(yuan)式明、清古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群,占地10余畝,總建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)二千(qian)(qian)四(si)百(bai)(bai)多(duo)平方(fang)米(mi)。劉(liu)備平定益州后(hou),派張飛(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)巴(ba)(ba)西太(tai)(tai)守(shou)(shou),領軍駐守(shou)(shou)閬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),達七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)久,為(wei)(wei)(wei)鞏(gong)固蜀漢(han)政權,保護閬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)方(fang)平安立下了汗馬功勞。章武元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)部將(jiang)范彊(qiang)、張達所殺,死(si)后(hou)葬于閬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。“鄉人慕其忠(zhong)勇,于墓前建(jian)(jian)(jian)闕立廟,以禮祀之(zhi),”自(zi)此之(zhi)后(hou),張桓侯(hou)祠(ci)屢(lv)(lv)廢(fei)屢(lv)(lv)興,歷時一(yi)千(qian)(qian)七百(bai)(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。現存的(de)張桓侯(hou)祠(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)組(zu)四(si)合庭式明、清古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群,占地六千(qian)(qian)六百(bai)(bai)多(duo)平方(fang)米(mi),總建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)二千(qian)(qian)四(si)百(bai)(bai)多(duo)平方(fang)米(mi)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)公布的(de)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)重點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。
張桓侯祠主(zhu)體建筑(zhu)均(jun)沿(yan)中軸線(xian)布局,由南向北主(zhu)要(yao)由山(shan)門,敵萬樓、左、右(you)牌枋(fang)、大殿、后殿、墓亭及張飛墓和墓后園(yuan)林(lin)組成。其(qi)布局嚴謹,構造別
致(zhi),既(ji)有雄偉壯觀(guan)的氣勢,又(you)幽雅精美,是(shi)一(yi)處重要(yao)的三(san)(san)國文化遺跡(ji)。山門(men)為(wei)五開(kai)間(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)(fen)心造用三(san)(san)柱、懸(xuan)山式(shi)屋頂,檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)(xia)施六鋪作計心造斗拱,其交互斗和散(san)斗均作成(cheng)棱形,十分(fen)(fen)精美。大門(men)正(zheng)中(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)(xia)懸(xuan)掛書法家趙樸初補書的“漢桓侯(hou)(hou)祠(ci)”大匾(bian)。兩(liang)(liang)次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)壁(bi)前分(fen)(fen)立北(bei)宋文學家曾鞏《桓侯(hou)(hou)廟記(ji)》和清總督常明(ming)的《漢張桓侯(hou)(hou)祠(ci)》石碑。門(men)前一(yi)對威武(wu)的石獅,妝點(dian)的武(wu)將殿府(fu)肅(su)穆、莊(zhuang)嚴(yan),跨(kua)進(jin)大門(men),立于(yu)眼前的是(shi)明(ming)代所建敵(di)(di)萬(wan)樓(lou),樓(lou)高(gao)10余米,重檐(yan)(yan)歇山式(shi)屋頂,檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)(xia)斗拱均沿45。出斜昂,昂嘴呈象鼻狀,四根巨大的內(nei)柱均為(wei)四瓣鑲嵌的梅花柱,構造精致(zhi)別(bie)具匠心,檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)(xia)巨大匾(bian)額上楷(kai)書“靈(ling)庥(xiu)舄奕(yi)”、“萬(wan)夫(fu)莫(mo)敵(di)(di)”、“虎臣良牧(mu)”等(deng),正(zheng)映照了《三(san)(san)國志》中(zhong)對張飛“稱(cheng)萬(wan)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)敵(di)(di),為(wei)世虎臣”的評價(jia),表明(ming)此樓(lou)是(shi)為(wei)紀念張飛有力敵(di)(di)萬(wan)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)勇而建的創意。樓(lou)左、右兩(liang)(liang)邊木牌(pai)枋一(yi)座(zuo)與廂房相(xiang)連,明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)(xia)斗拱疊磊,構造精巧,次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)鑲嵌著(zhu)明(ming)成(cheng)化年間(jian)(jian)(jian)知府(fu)李直的《桓侯(hou)(hou)靈(ling)異記(ji)》和《車騎(qi)將軍(jun)張桓侯(hou)(hou)祠(ci)》石碑兩(liang)(liang)通。
穿過敵(di)萬(wan)樓后(hou)三十多米的(de)小廣場,面闊(kuo)五間(jian)、寬(kuan)22米的(de)大(da)殿(dian)(dian)矗立在兩(liang)(liang)(liang)米高(gao)(gao)的(de)石(shi)(shi)砌臺基之上(shang),氣勢雄偉。中間(jian)五級(ji)踏道(dao)直(zhi)上(shang)大(da)殿(dian)(dian),踏道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)和明階前(qian)的(de)石(shi)(shi)欄,雕刻著(zhu)形態各異的(de)石(shi)(shi)獅、花(hua)卉、走獸圖案,裝飾古(gu)(gu)仆典(dian)雅。仰(yang)視殿(dian)(dian)內頭戴王冠,手捧(peng)玉笏(hu),端(duan)坐于(yu)神龕之內的(de)張飛(fei)塑(su)像(xiang)豎眉瞠(cheng)目,不怒而威。巨鐘、戰鼓、鐵(tie)鞭、蛇矛分別于(yu)左右(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)壁,氣氛(fen)肅穆,威武(wu)。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)有廊道(dao)與(yu)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian),墓亭相(xiang)連,兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)百年丹桂、魚(yu)池與(yu)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)室(shi)內書畫(hua)相(xiang)映,寧(ning)靜(jing)幽雅,墓亭前(qian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)根浮雕云龍石(shi)(shi)柱,工(gong)藝(yi)精湛,亭內起一石(shi)(shi)券,內塑(su)雄壯威猛的(de)張飛(fei)武(wu)官像(xiang)。像(xiang)后(hou)有桓侯神道(dao)碑與(yu)張飛(fei)墓相(xiang)接(jie),墓座北(bei)向南,呈橢圓形,東(dong)西寬(kuan)25米,南北(bei)長42米,封(feng)土堆高(gao)(gao)8米,冢上(shang)林木蔥籠(long),古(gu)(gu)樹參天,墓左后(hou)側(ce)(ce)為兩(liang)(liang)(liang)千(qian)多平方米的(de)園(yuan)林,園(yuan)內花(hua)草繁盛,竹(zhu)木成(cheng)蔭,乃休閑、游玩的(de)好去處。
祠內還(huan)有(you)(you)眾多(duo)的(de)歷(li)代名人碑刻(ke)匾聯(lian),陳(chen)列有(you)(you)武后銅鐘等1000余件(jian)歷(li)史文物(wu),展示了閬(lang)中幾千年厚重(zhong)的(de)文化積淀。漢桓侯祠布局嚴謹(jin),構造別致,既(ji)有(you)(you)雄偉壯觀的(de)氣勢,又幽雅精美,是一處重(zhong)要的(de)三(san)國文化遺跡,游客絡繹(yi)不絕。
章武元年(nian)(221年(nian))因關(guan)羽(yu)被孫(sun)權殺死,劉備舉(ju)兵(bing)伐吳,誓為關(guan)羽(yu)報仇。
張(zhang)(zhang)飛(fei)(fei)“率(lv)兵(bing)萬人自閬(lang)中(zhong)會江(jiang)州”。出發(fa)前(qian)下(xia)令,限(xian)部(bu)下(xia)三天內(nei)辦(ban)好白衣(yi),三軍掛孝伐吳(wu),違者斬首(shou)(shou)。部(bu)將范(fan)疆、張(zhang)(zhang)達深怕完不成任務,趁張(zhang)(zhang)飛(fei)(fei)酒醉(zui)將他殺(sha)死,并(bing)取其首(shou)(shou)級,連夜逃(tao)往(wang)東吳(wu)請功。途經云陽(yang)聞吳(wu)蜀議和。范(fan)、張(zhang)(zhang)進退兩難,將張(zhang)(zhang)飛(fei)(fei)頭顱(lu)拋入江(jiang)中(zhong)逃(tao)遁。張(zhang)(zhang)飛(fei)(fei)頭顱(lu)后被漁(yu)翁撈獲,埋(mai)在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)邊。劉備聞訊,哀痛(tong)不已(yi),下(xia)令把他的身軀就地安葬在(zai)(zai)閬(lang)中(zhong)城,追(zhui)謚桓侯。墓前(qian)建張(zhang)(zhang)飛(fei)(fei)廟(miao)。張(zhang)(zhang)飛(fei)(fei)的首(shou)(shou)級就葬在(zai)(zai)四川云陽(yang)城外(wai),故民間(jian)有“身正閬(lang)中(zhong),頭在(zai)(zai)云陽(yang)”之說。
作為封建軍閥劉(liu)備的(de)結義兄弟(di),又有百(bai)姓經常上香,張(zhang)飛(fei)廟(miao)這個“四舊(jiu)”沒有逃(tao)脫文革(ge)的(de)打砸(za)搶。張(zhang)飛(fei)塑像被(bei)砸(za)掉,廟(miao)里文物被(bei)洗劫(jie)。張(zhang)飛(fei)的(de)“丈(zhang)八(ba)蛇(she)矛(mao)”本來(lai)也不能逃(tao)脫被(bei)洗劫(jie)的(de)命(ming)運(yun),但民間得(de)到消息的(de)百(bai)姓提前將“丈(zhang)八(ba)蛇(she)矛(mao)”藏了(le)起來(lai),因此而(er)逃(tao)過一劫(jie)。八(ba)十年(nian)(nian)代和九十年(nian)(nian)代,閬(lang)中市人民政府按照記憶中的(de)舊(jiu)貌對張(zhang)飛(fei)廟(miao)進(jin)行了(le)兩次重修,除(chu)了(le)將幸存的(de)文物進(jin)行整(zheng)理之(zhi)外,一些文人還重新題寫了(le)張(zhang)飛(fei)廟(miao)的(de)楹聯。
221年(nian),劉備稱(cheng)帝,張飛遷為(wei)車(che)騎將軍,領司隸校尉(wei),進封西鄉(xiang)侯(hou)。
同年,劉備(bei)稱為關羽報仇(chou),東征東吳,張飛在閬中準備(bei)出兵(bing)會師江州。
臨(lin)近出發(fa)時(shi),被(bei)其麾下(xia)將領張達、范強(qiang)謀殺,更帶同其首級奔赴孫權,劉備聞得張飛(fei)都督(du)有表,大(da)叫:“噫!飛(fei)死矣。”
后(hou)主(zhu)劉(liu)禪時追謚為桓侯(hou)。
其尸(shi)體軀干被埋葬(zang)在(zai)閬中,頭(tou)顱(lu)埋葬(zang)在(zai)云陽,并分別建(jian)有(you)張桓(huan)侯(hou)祠和張桓(huan)侯(hou)廟。