石城子遺址
漢(han)疏勒(le)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于奇臺縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南,直線距(ju)離50公里,地處天山(shan)北坡的山(shan)區,隸屬半(ban)截溝(gou)鎮麻溝(gou)梁村。該(gai)遺址地處前山(shan)丘陵地帶,坐落在麻溝(gou)河(he)沿上,其城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址東依懸崖峭壁(bi),南有麻溝(gou)河(he)向東繞北澤黑(hei)溝(gou)流向新(xin)戶(hu)梁,北為南高北低的坡地,西面是低緩的丘陵與(yu)麻溝(gou)河(he)、新(xin)戶(hu)河(he)相接,地勢險要(yao)是該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的地理環境(jing)特色。因城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有露出(chu)地表的巖石,俗稱“石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子”。
該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呈(cheng)不(bu)規則狀,并不(bu)見一般概念上的(de)(de)完整的(de)(de)封閉的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),只是(shi)依自(zi)然地(di)(di)勢而因(yin)地(di)(di)制宜建(jian)(jian)造。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)山坡上,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)高(gao)南(nan)(nan)(nan)低,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)240米(mi),南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)200米(mi),古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)為麻(ma)溝(gou)河絕壁深淵,古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),東(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)依絕壁為天然屏障,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)寬(kuan)(kuan)一丈(zhang),有(you)角樓、馬面(mian)(mian)(mian),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)一洼地(di)(di),據考證是(shi)人工(gong)挖掘的(de)(de)類似于(yu)(yu)(yu)“井”的(de)(de)工(gong)程。該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)只有(you)西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)墻(qiang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)中段有(you)一條南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)向土(tu)墻(qiang)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)、西(xi)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)土(tu)墻(qiang)相(xiang)對高(gao)度不(bu)過三(san)米(mi),其(qi)中北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)殘(can)高(gao)1.5-2米(mi),東(dong)(dong)端最(zui)高(gao)處(chu)約(yue)3.5米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)一圓形凹地(di)(di),直徑約(yue)6米(mi),實(shi)際(ji)測量,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)280米(mi),西(xi)墻(qiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)155米(mi)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)中部偏(pian)東(dong)(dong)土(tu)墻(qiang)長(chang)(chang)140米(mi),墻(qiang)基寬(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)10米(mi)。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)墻(qiang)內墻(qiang)外均已成(cheng)麥地(di)(di),當年建(jian)(jian)筑布(bu)局或建(jian)(jian)筑基址相(xiang)對集中的(de)(de)處(chu)所已難辨別。但城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內外,尤其(qi)是(shi)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)隨處(chu)都可發現(xian)不(bu)少具有(you)明顯漢代文(wen)物特征(zheng)的(de)(de)灰陶片(pian)(pian)、板瓦、云(yun)紋瓦當、筒瓦殘(can)片(pian)(pian)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內散布(bu)的(de)(de)殘(can)片(pian)(pian)以(yi)灰陶為主,紅陶較少,陶器多(duo)(duo)褶,底(di)小(xiao)、平,有(you)耳,磚瓦殘(can)片(pian)(pian)較多(duo)(duo)。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)五公里是(shi)奇臺著名的(de)(de)旅游風(feng)景(jing)(jing)區-江布(bu)拉(la)克風(feng)景(jing)(jing)區。
據(ju)考(kao)證,《漢(han)(han)書耿恭(gong)(gong)(gong)傳》記(ji)載,漢(han)(han)代(dai)派往西(xi)域鎮守邊關的名將(jiang)耿恭(gong)(gong)(gong)駐(zhu)守疏(shu)勒城(cheng),屯田固(gu)邊。恭(gong)(gong)(gong)以疏(shu)勒城(cheng)傍有澗(jian)水(shui)(shui)可固(gu),五(wu)月(yue),乃引兵據(ju)之。七(qi)月(yue),匈(xiong)奴復來(lai)攻恭(gong)(gong)(gong),恭(gong)(gong)(gong)募先登(敢死隊(dui)員)數千(qian)人(ren)直馳之,胡(hu)騎散走,匈(xiong)奴遂(sui)于(yu)城(cheng)下擁絕澗(jian)水(shui)(shui)。恭(gong)(gong)(gong)于(yu)城(cheng)中(zhong)穿(chuan)井十五(wu)丈(zhang)不得(de)水(shui)(shui),吏(li)(li)士(shi)渴(ke)乏,笮(同(tong)“榨”)馬(ma)糞(fen)汁而飲(yin)之。恭(gong)(gong)(gong)仰嘆曰:“聞(wen)昔(xi)貳師(shi)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(指西(xi)漢(han)(han)李廣(guang)利)拔佩刀刺山,飛(fei)泉(quan)涌出(chu);今漢(han)(han)德神明(ming)(ming),豈(qi)有窮哉。”乃整衣服向井再拜,為(wei)吏(li)(li)士(shi)禱。有頃,水(shui)(shui)泉(quan)奔出(chu),眾(zhong)皆稱萬歲(sui)。乃令吏(li)(li)士(shi)揚(yang)水(shui)(shui)以示(shi)虜(lu)(lu)(據(ju)《東(dong)觀漢(han)(han)記(ji)》載:“恭(gong)(gong)(gong)親(qin)自挽籠,于(yu)是令士(shi)且勿飲(yin),先和泥涂城(cheng),并揚(yang)示(shi)之。”)。虜(lu)(lu)出(chu)不意,以為(wei)神明(ming)(ming),遂(sui)引去(qu)。此間,范(fan)羌(qiang)(qiang)率漢(han)(han)兵2000,由交河古城(cheng)越天(tian)山趕到(dao),城(cheng)中(zhong)夜聞(wen)兵馬(ma)聲,以為(wei)虜(lu)(lu)來(lai),大驚。羌(qiang)(qiang)乃遙(yao)呼曰:“我范(fan)羌(qiang)(qiang)也。漢(han)(han)遣軍(jun)(jun)迎(ying)校尉耳。”城(cheng)中(zhong)皆稱萬歲(sui)。開(kai)門(men)(men),共相持涕泣。明(ming)(ming)日,遂(sui)相隨(sui)俱(ju)歸。虜(lu)(lu)兵追之,且戰且行。吏(li)(li)士(shi)素饑困,發疏(shu)勒時尚有二(er)十六人(ren),隨(sui)路死歿,三(san)月(yue)至玉門(men)(men),唯余十三(san)人(ren)。
據《漢書》記載,疏(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)城(cheng)邊(bian)有澗(jian)水,城(cheng)中有井,四周宜農耕(geng),依山通交河古(gu)城(cheng),及石城(cheng)子(zi)出土繩紋(wen)板瓦、云紋(wen)瓦當等(deng)典(dian)型漢代文物。為此,史學界斷定石城(cheng)子(zi)為漢疏(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)城(cheng)。疏(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)城(cheng)與樓蘭(lan)同等(deng)重要,是新疆(jiang)遺存兩處漢代古(gu)城(cheng)遺址,是樓蘭(lan)古(gu)城(cheng)的姊妹城(cheng)。
1972年(nian)8月29日,奇臺縣人民政府(fu)批準為第(di)一批縣級(ji)重(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位。1999年(nian)新政辦發〔1999〕91號文件(jian)定(ding)為自(zi)治區級(ji)文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位。
記者近日從(cong)新疆(jiang)文物(wu)考古(gu)(gu)研(yan)究所獲悉(xi),在2014年9—10月間,該所的(de)考古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)員來到距現在疏勒(le)縣(xian)城2000公(gong)里以外(wai)的(de)昌吉回族自(zi)治州奇臺縣(xian)半截(jie)(jie)溝鎮(zhen)麻(ma)溝梁村東北,一座被當地人(ren)(ren)稱作“石城子(zi)”的(de)地方進行考古(gu)(gu)挖掘(jue)。參與考古(gu)(gu)工作的(de)新疆(jiang)文物(wu)考古(gu)(gu)研(yan)究所文物(wu)館(guan)員胡望林(lin)﹑田小紅十分肯定(ding)地說:“通(tong)過考古(gu)(gu)挖掘(jue)出的(de)遺(yi)跡(ji)遺(yi)物(wu),證實奇臺縣(xian)半截(jie)(jie)溝鎮(zhen)麻(ma)溝梁村東北的(de)石城子(zi)就(jiu)是漢代的(de)疏勒(le)城。”
疏勒(le)城在(zai)歷(li)史上之所(suo)以(yi)著名(ming),是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)耿恭率軍在(zai)抗擊(ji)匈(xiong)奴的戰(zhan)斗中曾在(zai)這里立下過不朽功績,以(yi)極(ji)少的兵(bing)力抗擊(ji)百(bai)倍于己的匈(xiong)奴,擊(ji)敗了(le)敵方長(chang)達7個多(duo) 月(yue)的圍攻。漢代將士之英勇(yong),戰(zhan)斗之慘烈,讓后(hou)人銘(ming)記(ji)。最終,創造了(le)我(wo)國(guo)歷(li)史上以(yi)弱勝(sheng)強、孤軍獲勝(sheng)的戰(zhan)例奇(qi)跡。為(wei)疏勒(le)城在(zai)平定西(xi)域的歷(li)史長(chang)河中寫下了(le)濃墨重 彩的一筆。
史料(liao)顯(xian)示,疏勒城歷經(jing)漢、魏(wei)、晉、隋、唐諸朝代。考(kao)古人員曾在城內(nei)地表采集到筒瓦(wa)、板瓦(wa)、方磚及大量的(de)(de)夾砂(sha)灰陶(tao)片,器(qi)形有罐、盆、甕、缽等(deng),并且還(huan)有炭精虎飾(shi)和完整陶(tao)器(qi),這(zhe)些器(qi)物(wu)都(dou)具(ju)有較(jiao)為典型的(de)(de)漢代風格。
2014年(nian)9月(yue)(yue)19日至(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)9日,新疆文物(wu)考(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究所考(kao)古(gu)人員在(zai)傳統考(kao)古(gu)學方法的基礎上結(jie)合(he)航(hang)拍、RTK測量(liang)等科技手段對石城子有(you)重(zhong)點的進行(xing) 了清(qing)理發掘,包括(kuo)古(gu)城西(xi)墻(qiang)南段遺(yi)存以及城內西(xi)北部區域。清(qing)理出城墻(qiang)、壕溝、房址、灰坑、柱洞、車轍、夯(hang)窩等遺(yi)跡,出土了包括(kuo)板(ban)(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)、筒瓦(wa)(wa)、瓦(wa)(wa)當、釉陶(tao)器(qi)等一 批文物(wu),以板(ban)(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)和(he)筒瓦(wa)(wa)殘(can)片居(ju)多。這些板(ban)(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)和(he)筒瓦(wa)(wa)殘(can)片相當堅硬。筒瓦(wa)(wa)的瓦(wa)(wa)舌經陶(tao)輪旋(xuan)轉,器(qi)表多為繩紋,內壁(bi)為布紋。另外還出土了大量(liang)動物(wu)骨骼(ge)。