華光礁(jiao)(jiao)屬中國(guo)(guo)(guo)海(hai)南省(sheng)(sheng)西(xi)沙群(qun)島范(fan)圍,位(wei)于(yu)(yu)永(yong)樂群(qun)島南部(bu)。華光礁(jiao)(jiao)Ⅰ號沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遺(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)華光礁(jiao)(jiao)環礁(jiao)(jiao)內(nei)側。1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)由(you)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)漁民發現(xian)(xian),1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)以來,曾多次(ci)遭到非法盜掘(jue)(jue),沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遺(yi)址(zhi)破壞嚴(yan)重。1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館和海(hai)南省(sheng)(sheng)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)部(bu)門做(zuo)過初步的(de)試掘(jue)(jue)工作,出(chu)(chu)水(shui)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)近1800件(jian),出(chu)(chu)版(ban)了《西(xi)沙考古》學術報告。該(gai)(gai)地(di)點發現(xian)(xian)的(de)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)和遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)南宋時(shi)期(qi)海(hai)外(wai)貿(mao)易(yi)的(de)重要(yao)史跡。 此次(ci)發掘(jue)(jue),總工作時(shi)間為(wei)(wei)(wei)55天,總潛水(shui)時(shi)間約30萬(wan)分鐘。出(chu)(chu)水(shui)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)近萬(wan)件(jian),陶、瓷器(qi)占絕大部(bu)分,陶瓷產(chan)地(di)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)福(fu)建和江西(xi)景德(de)鎮,陶瓷產(chan)品按照釉(you)色分類主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)青白(bai)釉(you)、青釉(you)、褐釉(you)和黑釉(you)幾種(zhong),器(qi)型主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)碗、盤、碟、盒、壺(hu)、盞、瓶、罐(guan)、甕等。裝飾手法和紋(wen)樣豐富(fu),器(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類較(jiao)1998-1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)新的(de)發現(xian)(xian),并(bing)不乏精品。據省(sheng)(sheng)文管辦副主(zhu)任王亦平介紹,這(zhe)次(ci)對華光礁(jiao)(jiao)1號沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)次(ci)對遠(yuan)海(hai)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)進行全方位(wei)勘驗(yan)。初步認定(ding)華光礁(jiao)(jiao)1號沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南宋時(shi)期(qi)所造,估計該(gai)(gai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)排水(shui)量大于(yu)(yu)60噸。該(gai)(gai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)目前在(zai)遠(yuan)海(hai)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)第(di)一(yi)艘古代(dai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)體(ti),目前沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)仍保(bao)存較(jiao)好,結構基本清晰。由(you)于(yu)(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)體(ti)構件(jian)已經高度(du)飽水(shui),現(xian)(xian)場(chang)加固條件(jian)有(you)限,考古隊(dui)僅(jin)采集了部(bu)分標本,留待研究實驗(yan)。如能盡快提出(chu)(chu)打撈方案并(bing)付諸實施,將是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)又一(yi)艘極具研究價值和展示效果(guo)的(de)古代(dai)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。本次(ci)考古經國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)有(you)關部(bu)門批準,由(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館和海(hai)南省(sheng)(sheng)文體(ti)廳共同承擔。國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)文物(wu)(wu)(wu)局、外(wai)交部(bu)、海(hai)南省(sheng)(sheng)外(wai)事僑務辦公(gong)室、海(hai)南省(sheng)(sheng)公(gong)安(an)邊防總隊(dui)以及(ji)南海(hai)艦隊(dui)給予了大力支持。
本次華(hua)光1號沉船遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue),遵(zun)循(xun)考古工作規程要(yao)求進(jin)行(xing),項目實行(xing)領隊負責制(zhi)。在探查了解了遺(yi)存分布狀(zhuang)況后(hou),以(yi)中(zhong)心(xin)凝結(jie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為中(zhong)心(xin),布置了50個探方(fang)(fang),每個探方(fang)(fang)4平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米,總發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面積約370平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米。發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)直至船體(ti),水(shui)深3米余(yu)。所有出水(shui)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)按照探方(fang)(fang)單位予以(yi)編號記錄(lu)、繪(hui)圖、攝影,擾亂層出水(shui)的(de)器物(wu)(wu)(wu)一律按照采(cai)集編號處(chu)理,出水(shui)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)得到了必要(yao)的(de)前期清洗處(chu)理。發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)工作中(zhong),主要(yao)依靠人力搬運作業,輔助了空氣(qi)負壓(ya)設備等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)淤沙清理。擾亂層揭(jie)露完成后(hou),發(fa)現了船體(ti)和(he)南宋瓷器、鐵(tie)器、朱砂等(deng)遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu),船體(ti)上部(bu)目前仍(reng)有多(duo)處(chu)大型(xing)的(de)凝結(jie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)迭(die)壓(ya),經過近50多(duo)天的(de)工作,絕大部(bu)分遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)提取完畢,凝結(jie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)保(bao)持(chi)原始狀(zhuang)態,發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)現場回填保(bao)存。