位(wei)于(yu)唐縣(xian)高昌鎮北(bei)(bei)(bei)放(fang)水村西,面積(ji)約11萬平方米(mi),其中(zhong)在(zai)南水北(bei)(bei)(bei)調(diao)(diao)渠線內面積(ji)約4萬平方米(mi)。遺址保(bao)存完好,文(wen)化(hua)層堆(dui)積(ji)包含物(wu)豐(feng)富,有(you)先商和(he)商代(dai)遺物(wu),而先商亦是(shi)保(bao)定(ding)南部地區發現。對于(yu)該類遺存,學界極為關注,稱之為“下岳各莊文(wen)化(hua)”,是(shi)區別于(yu)豫北(bei)(bei)(bei)冀南先商文(wen)化(hua)的(de)一(yi)類遺存,對于(yu)探索商族起(qi)源、遷徙(xi)等具有(you)重要價(jia)值。北(bei)(bei)(bei)放(fang)水遺址也曾遭盜(dao)墓賊惦記,由(you)省(sheng)文(wen)研(yan)所(suo)文(wen)物(wu)研(yan)究員徐海峰(feng)帶領的(de)唐縣(xian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)放(fang)水遺址考古隊進駐工(gong)地時(shi),曾和(he)盜(dao)墓賊對峙(zhi)長達一(yi)個多月。由(you)國(guo)家文(wen)物(wu)局評選的(de)“二00五(wu)中(zhong)國(guo)重要考古發現”日前揭曉。該遺址是(shi)河北(bei)(bei)(bei)省(sheng)配(pei)合南水北(bei)(bei)(bei)調(diao)(diao)工(gong)程(cheng)開展(zhan)工(gong)作的(de)控制性項(xiang)目(mu)之一(yi)。
2013年(nian)5月,被國務院公(gong)布為第七批(pi)全國重點文物保護單位。
發掘依地(di)形(xing)特(te)點(dian)劃分為6個(ge)區(qu)域,實際發掘面積(ji)5650平方米。共計發現各類(lei)灰坑(keng)558個(ge),半地(di)穴式房址7座(zuo)(zuo),灰溝24條,豎穴土坑(keng)墓(mu)4座(zuo)(zuo),甕棺10座(zuo)(zuo)。出(chu)土陶片、石器(qi)(qi)殘(can)件8萬(wan)余件,其中可復原陶器(qi)(qi)100余件。陶器(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)類(lei)有(you)(you)鬲、甗、盆、罐、豆、甕、釜等(deng),石器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)穿(chuan)孔刀、鐮、斧(fu)、鏟等(deng),骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)錐、簪,瓷器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)瓶(ping)、碗,銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)小銅(tong)刀、鏃(zu)、飾件等(deng),時代包括(kuo)夏(xia)、東周、西漢、金元等(deng)時期(qi),以(yi)發現的(de)夏(xia)時期(qi)遺(yi)存為重要(yao)。
該遺址各區地層(ceng)堆積不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong),分布不(bu)連續。各區地層(ceng)堆積依地勢起伏(fu)由西向東(dong)略傾斜,因農耕的原因,各區第1—2層(ceng)皆有擾坑、擾溝存在(zai),部分區域地層(ceng)堆積被(bei)東(dong)西向沖溝阻斷。
西漢時期(qi)遺跡(ji)發現(xian)一處素面青(qing)磚砌(qi)就(jiu)的長方形(xing)簡易建筑址,內填充不規則形(xing)條石(shi)塊及板瓦(wa)(wa)、筒瓦(wa)(wa)、敞口卷沿鼓腹罐等殘件。東(dong)周時期(qi)遺跡(ji)有灰(hui)坑、灰(hui)溝和(he)土坑墓(mu)、甕棺,灰(hui)坑為(wei)(wei)平(ping)面近圓形(xing)或不規則形(xing)斜(xie)壁(bi)圜底狀;灰(hui)溝多為(wei)(wei)自然沖(chong)溝,平(ping)面形(xing)狀不規則,寬窄不一,斜(xie)壁(bi),圜底;土坑墓(mu)為(wei)(wei)豎穴(xue)長條形(xing),無葬(zang)具、無隨葬(zang)品,人骨(gu)(gu)為(wei)(wei)仰身直(zhi)肢,保存(cun)極(ji)差(cha);甕棺為(wei)(wei)夾蚌紅(hong)陶釜對接,未發現(xian)人骨(gu)(gu)。
夏時期遺跡(ji)以(yi)形(xing)態各異的(de)灰(hui)坑(keng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。依平面形(xing)狀(zhuang)可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)圓形(xing)、近(jin)圓形(xing)、橢圓形(xing)、長方形(xing)和不規(gui)則形(xing),結(jie)構為(wei)(wei)斜壁、直壁、袋狀(zhuang),平底(di)、圜底(di)、不規(gui)則形(xing)底(di)等,多(duo)為(wei)(wei)人工挖掘以(yi)傾倒廢棄物或利用自然坑(keng)穴堆積遺棄物。
ⅠH13:平面呈(cheng)(cheng)橢圓(yuan)形,直(zhi)壁,經(jing)人工修整(zheng)(zheng),平直(zhi)規(gui)(gui)整(zheng)(zheng),圜(yuan)底。填(tian)土(tu)(tu)為灰黑土(tu)(tu),疏松,摻雜大量紅燒土(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)。坑底也(ye)堆(dui)積大量紅燒土(tu)(tu)塊(kuai),皆為草(cao)拌泥塊(kuai),大小(xiao)不一(yi),大者長約(yue)0.2、小(xiao)者僅長約(yue)0.05米,部分(fen)土(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)燒結(jie)程度高,呈(cheng)(cheng)青灰色,泥塊(kuai)上可見規(gui)(gui)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)轉(zhuan)角,表(biao)面草(cao)秸痕明顯(xian),紅燒土(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)散置(zhi),無(wu)規(gui)(gui)律。出土(tu)(tu)有夾(jia)(jia)云(yun)母(mu)(mu)灰陶(tao)、夾(jia)(jia)云(yun)母(mu)(mu)黑皮紅陶(tao)、夾(jia)(jia)云(yun)母(mu)(mu)紅陶(tao)、夾(jia)(jia)砂灰陶(tao)及泥質灰陶(tao)等器物殘(can)片,可辨器形有鬲殘(can)片、甗腰、甕口沿、甕圈(quan)足(zu)殘(can)片等。
ⅠH24:平(ping)面(mian)呈不規(gui)則形(xing),斜坡(po)狀壁,表(biao)面(mian)凹凸不平(ping),底較平(ping),略有起(qi)伏(fu)。填土(tu)(tu)為黑(hei)灰(hui)土(tu)(tu),較致密、略硬(ying),愈往下土(tu)(tu)色愈淺,夾(jia)(jia)雜大量紅(hong)(hong)燒土(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)。出土(tu)(tu)有夾(jia)(jia)砂紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)、灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),夾(jia)(jia)砂黑(hei)皮紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),夾(jia)(jia)云母黑(hei)皮紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),泥質紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)、灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)及(ji)磨光(guang)黑(hei)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)、灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)等(deng)器物殘片,器形(xing)有鬲(li)、盆、豆、罐(guan)及(ji)穿孔石刀(dao)、石斧、圓形(xing)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)片等(deng)。
ⅡH22:平面略(lve)呈長條(tiao)形,斜(xie)壁,表面平整,平底。填土為灰(hui)(hui)黑土,較(jiao)致(zhi)密、略(lve)硬,摻雜(za)較(jiao)多炭粒、燒土塊。出土有夾砂(sha)灰(hui)(hui)陶、紅陶,泥質(zhi)(zhi)灰(hui)(hui)陶、泥質(zhi)(zhi)磨光黑陶片等,器(qi)形有鬲、甗腰、器(qi)底、器(qi)耳等。
ⅢH81:平(ping)面(mian)呈(cheng)一(yi)頭(tou)(tou)寬一(yi)頭(tou)(tou)窄圓角長條形,西(xi)北—東南走向(xiang),斜壁,表面(mian)不規整,圜底,凹凸(tu)不平(ping)。填土為(wei)黑灰(hui)(hui)土,較硬,含較多(duo)炭粒(li)、草木灰(hui)(hui)。出土有夾云母黑皮紅陶、灰(hui)(hui)陶,夾砂(sha)黑皮紅陶、灰(hui)(hui)陶,泥(ni)質(zhi)灰(hui)(hui)陶、磨光黑陶等,器形有甗腰、甕(weng)口(kou)沿、甕(weng)圈足、盆口(kou)沿、豆殘(can)片(pian)及石鐮、石斧、陶紡輪、圓形陶片(pian)等。
ⅣH18:平面呈圓(yuan)形,坑壁向(xiang)下略外張(zhang)呈袋形,局部有錛、鑿類工(gong)具修(xiu)整(zheng)的印痕(hen),底(di)平坦為生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)硬(ying)面。填土(tu)(tu)為灰(hui)褐土(tu)(tu),疏松,含少量燒土(tu)(tu)顆粒及(ji)炭粒。出土(tu)(tu)有夾云(yun)母紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)、黑(hei)皮紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)、灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao),夾砂(sha)黑(hei)皮紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)、紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)、灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)等,器形有盆口沿、甕圈足、鬲殘片等。
ⅤH39:平(ping)(ping)面略呈(cheng)橢圓形,直壁,不(bu)規(gui)整,北部略傾斜,底不(bu)平(ping)(ping),有(you)起伏。填(tian)土為黑(hei)褐土,較疏松,含少量紅(hong)燒土塊。出土有(you)夾砂灰(hui)陶(tao)、夾云(yun)母灰(hui)陶(tao)、夾云(yun)母黑(hei)皮紅(hong)陶(tao)、泥質灰(hui)陶(tao)、磨光(guang)黑(hei)陶(tao)等(deng)殘片(pian),器形有(you)豆、盆(pen)、鬲、甕圈足、甗腰等(deng)。
房(fang)址(zhi)皆為簡陋的近(jin)圓形半地穴式(shi),直壁或斜坡狀(zhuang)壁,活動面(mian)為略經踩(cai)實的生土(tu)硬面(mian),較平或中部略凹,局部有(you)不(bu)規則燒(shao)土(tu)硬面(mian),環壁一周(zhou)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)大小不(bu)一的柱洞底殘跡,門(men)道開(kai)向南或東,其中一座(zuo)房(fang)址(zhi)在(zai)近(jin)門(men)道處(chu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)近(jin)圓形土(tu)坑灶。
西漢時期遺(yi)物有(you)(you)繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)板瓦、筒瓦及卷沿(yan)(yan)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)盆等(deng);東(dong)周時期遺(yi)物有(you)(you)夾蚌(bang)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)折沿(yan)(yan)方唇乳突狀(zhuang)足(zu)根粗繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)鬲(li)、泥(ni)(ni)質灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)細柄碗形(xing)(xing)豆(dou)及夾蚌(bang)紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)敞口(kou)(kou)沿(yan)(yan)上翹長腹(fu)(fu)圜底釜(fu)及三棱狀(zhuang)小銅鏃、弧刃拱背環首小銅刀;夏時期遺(yi)物以陶(tao)(tao)(tao)、石(shi)(shi)器(qi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),另有(you)(you)小型玉器(qi)、骨器(qi)等(deng)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)質有(you)(you)夾云母(mu)黑皮紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)、灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao),夾砂(sha)黑皮紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),夾砂(sha)灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)、紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),夾蚌(bang)紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao),泥(ni)(ni)質紅(hong)(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)、灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)及泥(ni)(ni)質磨光黑陶(tao)(tao)(tao)等(deng)。器(qi)類有(you)(you)卷沿(yan)(yan)高領袋足(zu)鬲(li)、飾(shi)附加堆紋(wen)(wen)甗腰(yao)、鼓腹(fu)(fu)罐(guan)、弧腹(fu)(fu)罐(guan)、弧腹(fu)(fu)盆、折腹(fu)(fu)盆、斂(lian)(lian)口(kou)(kou)蛋(dan)形(xing)(xing)圈(quan)足(zu)甕、斂(lian)(lian)口(kou)(kou)折肩平底甕、深腹(fu)(fu)豆(dou)及紡(fang)輪等(deng),以侈口(kou)(kou)卷沿(yan)(yan)高領鬲(li)、長頸袋足(zu)鬲(li)和斂(lian)(lian)口(kou)(kou)內勾蛋(dan)形(xing)(xing)圈(quan)足(zu)甕富特征,紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有(you)(you)細繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)、中繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)、弦斷繩(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)紋(wen)(wen),鎖鏈狀(zhuang)附加堆紋(wen)(wen),細線(xian)刻(ke)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)、楔(xie)形(xing)(xing)戳印紋(wen)(wen)、壓印圓(yuan)渦紋(wen)(wen)等(deng),小件(jian)(jian)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)有(you)(you)蘑(mo)菇狀(zhuang)器(qi)鈕、陀螺狀(zhuang)紡(fang)輪、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片、彈丸等(deng)。石(shi)(shi)器(qi)種類有(you)(you)長條形(xing)(xing)穿(chuan)孔石(shi)(shi)刀、彎月形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)鐮、亞腰(yao)形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)鏟、梯形(xing)(xing)石(shi)(shi)斧等(deng)。玉器(qi)為(wei)(wei)片狀(zhuang)穿(chuan)孔小飾(shi)件(jian)(jian),骨器(qi)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)錐狀(zhuang)殘(can)骨簪。
北放(fang)水遺(yi)(yi)址夏時(shi)期文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)的發(fa)(fa)現是(shi)近年來保(bao)定地(di)區(qu)(qu)夏商周考(kao)古的重(zhong)要(yao)收獲。以往對于此(ci)類遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)只進行過調查(cha)或小(xiao)范圍試掘(jue),且多集中于保(bao)北地(di)區(qu)(qu),學者(zhe)稱(cheng)之為“保(bao)北型”先商文(wen)(wen)化(hua)或“下岳(yue)各莊”文(wen)(wen)化(hua)。此(ci)次在(zai)保(bao)南地(di)區(qu)(qu)發(fa)(fa)現并(bing)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)此(ci)類遺(yi)(yi)址,對廓清該地(di)區(qu)(qu)夏時(shi)期考(kao)古學文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面(mian)貌(mao)意義重(zhong)大。
從北(bei)放水遺址看(kan),其與豫北(bei)冀南發現的(de)(de)下(xia)七垣文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、晉(jin)中夏時(shi)(shi)期文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)、北(bei)方夏家店下(xia)層文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)等(deng)既(ji)有(you)聯系,又有(you)區別,有(you)鮮明的(de)(de)地(di)域特征(zheng),應是夏時(shi)(shi)期一種新(xin)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)類型,對于(yu)研究商人古部族的(de)(de)分布及文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)屬性,夏時(shi)(shi)期北(bei)方與中原青銅文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)交流和碰(peng)撞,商族和商文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)淵源等(deng)有(you)重要價值。
該遺址延(yan)續時間較長,發(fa)現的(de)東(dong)周、漢代及金元(yuan)等時期(qi)遺存,同樣為本地區(qu)的(de)考古(gu)學文化、歷(li)史研究(jiu)等提供了珍貴資料。