簡介
衛(wei)國(guo)故城(cheng),在淇縣城(cheng)關鎮,是第(di)二道朝(chao)歌(ge)城(cheng)(紂王城(cheng))的城(cheng)垣上段。公元(yuan)前1063年周公以成王命興師伐殷,殺(sha)武(wu)庚(geng)(紂王子(zi))、管叔,放蔡叔。將邶、鄘、衛(wei)三監之(zhi)地及殷余發劃為衛(wei)國(guo),封康叔為衛(wei)君(jun),建都朝(chao)歌(ge),宮殿(dian)建在城(cheng)內定昌(今東(dong)倉)、傳至仔(zi)懿公,因(yin)其玩鶴(he)喪志(zhi),不恤朝(chao)政(zheng),終于在公元(yuan)前660年被(bei)北方人狄人所殺(sha),在朝(chao)歌(ge)歷時403年。
故(gu)名衛(wei)國故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)廓長3100米(mi)(mi),寬2100米(mi)(mi),周長10400米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)基寬50至(zhi)70米(mi)(mi),殘高1.5-3.6米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)墻板(ban)(ban)筑(zhu),板(ban)(ban)眼明顯(xian),均為(wei)平夯(hang),板(ban)(ban)眼間距2.20-3.10米(mi)(mi),板(ban)(ban)眼孔徑(jing)6-8厘米(mi)(mi),夯(hang)層清晰(xi),每(mei)層6-12厘米(mi)(mi)。在(zai)夯(hang)土在(zai)發(fa)現(xian)有(you)春(chun)秋戰國時期的陶(tao)(tao)豆柄、陶(tao)(tao)盤、陶(tao)(tao)盆(pen)、繩紋板(ban)(ban)瓦(wa),矮足粗繩紋鬲等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)有(you)兩(liang)個作(zuo)(zuo)坊遺(yi)址:治鐵作(zuo)(zuo)坊在(zai)付莊村約9+萬平方米(mi)(mi),發(fa)現(xian)有(you)治鐵殘爐、木(mu)炭(tan)、熔渣(zha)、范(fan)板(ban)(ban)和殘鼓風管等(deng)(deng)(deng),制骨作(zuo)(zuo)坊在(zai)東(dong)關東(dong)北(bei),躍(yue)進路北(bei)側(ce),約2.4萬平方米(mi)(mi),發(fa)現(xian)有(you)牛、豬等(deng)(deng)(deng)各種骨骼,上面(mian)的鋸痕清晰(xi),有(you)的已變為(wei)化(hua)石(shi)。兩(liang)遺(yi)址中發(fa)現(xian)有(you)紅陶(tao)(tao)片、細把(ba)陶(tao)(tao)豆、折(zhe)沿(yan)旋紋陶(tao)(tao)盆(pen),以(yi)及(ji)繩紋小磚(zhuan)等(deng)(deng)(deng),這些遺(yi)物(wu)為(wei)龍山(shan)、春(chun)秋戰國至(zhi)漢代的、1986年4月下旬河南(nan)省文物(wu)研究(jiu)所鑒定,紂王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)上段為(wei)衛(wei)國故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)。1986年12月公(gong)布為(wei)河南(nan)省文物(wu)保護單位。
衛國故城四百年
公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian) 11世紀,西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)政(zheng)權建(jian)立后不久,以朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌為中心發生(sheng)了“三(san)監(jian)之亂”,西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)再次東征朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌,歷時(shi)三(san)年,最終(zhong)殺武庚(geng)、斬管叔(shu),叛亂亂被徹(che)底鎮(zhen)壓。為了鞏固西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)政(zheng)權,周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)旦(dan)奉成王(wang)之命,將殷紂王(wang)的(de)(de)兒子武庚(geng)曾經統治的(de)(de)殷地朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌及周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)邊“三(san)監(jian)”之地封給衛(wei)康(kang)叔(shu),以朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌為都(dou)城建(jian)立了衛(wei)國。 ?
12月(yue)13日,淇縣史學界(jie)人(ren)(ren)士接受記(ji)者采訪時介紹(shao),歷史上衛(wei)國共延續了850多年(nian),而從衛(wei)康叔建(jian)都朝歌到衛(wei)懿公(gong)被殺,朝歌作為衛(wei)國都城(cheng)存在了400多年(nian)。其間,這里曾(ceng)有(you)過(guo)康叔之治、武公(gong)盛世的輝(hui)煌歲月(yue),也上演過(guo)石碏(que)大義滅親(qin)、許穆夫人(ren)(ren)馳騁疆場(chang)的壯舉…… ?
衛國八百五十年
朝(chao)歌(ge)古(gu)城淇縣,歷史上曾(ceng)是(shi)京畿之(zhi)地,殷(yin)商晚期(qi)(qi)先后有 4位帝(di)王在此營(ying)建都(dou)城。殷(yin)商滅(mie)亡后,朝(chao)歌(ge)繼而成為衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)。作為西周時期(qi)(qi)主要的(de)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)一,衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)朝(chao)歌(ge)為都(dou)時間長達403年(nian)。到了衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)時期(qi)(qi),衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)衰微,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前660年(nian),北(bei)狄進(jin)犯衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)戰死,衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)城被迫由(you)朝(chao)歌(ge)遷(qian)(qian)至(zhi)楚(chu)丘(qiu)(qiu)(今(jin)滑(hua)縣境內),北(bei)狄乘勝追擊(ji),迫使衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)又遷(qian)(qian)都(dou)帝(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)(今(jin)濮陽(yang))。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前238年(nian),衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)又由(you)帝(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)遷(qian)(qian)都(dou)至(zhi)野王(今(jin)沁(qin)陽(yang))。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前209年(nian),秦二(er)世廢黜(chu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),延續了850余年(nian)的(de)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)從此滅(mie)亡。 ?
“衛(wei)康叔受(shou)封在(zai)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌(ge)(ge)所建(jian)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo),是當時(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個諸(zhu)(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)。”淇(qi)縣(xian)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌(ge)(ge)古都(dou)學會會長燕昭安(an)(an)說(shuo)。燕昭安(an)(an)認(ren)為(wei),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌(ge)(ge)作(zuo)為(wei)殷商(shang)故(gu)都(dou)曾在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷史上(shang)占有重(zhong)要(yao)地位(wei),在(zai)殷商(shang)滅亡后的(de)(de)(de)(de)400余年(nian)間,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌(ge)(ge)又(you)成為(wei)當時(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)一衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)都(dou)。自衛(wei)康叔建(jian)國(guo)(guo)到衛(wei)懿公(gong)被殺(sha),衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)歌(ge)(ge)共歷14世17位(wei)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)。衛(wei)懿公(gong)之(zhi)前,衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)處在(zai)相(xiang)對安(an)(an)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展環境中(zhong),百姓安(an)(an)居(ju)樂業,國(guo)(guo)家興旺(wang)發(fa)達,曾出現康叔之(zhi)治、武公(gong)盛(sheng)世的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面,并成為(wei)當時(shi)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)儀之(zhi)邦。隨著(zhu)周(zhou)王朝(chao)(chao)(chao)逐漸走向衰敗(bai),對各諸(zhu)(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)也逐漸失去了控制權(quan),導致(zhi)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)連年(nian)征戰(zhan)、相(xiang)互殺(sha)戮,衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)也在(zai)這場諸(zhu)(zhu)侯爭霸中(zhong)元氣大傷(shang)。 ?
淇(qi)縣(xian)文物管理所所長王(wang)小運告(gao)訴記者,淇(qi)縣(xian)朝歌在衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)時期出現了許多著名歷史人物,如開國(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)君衛康叔、高風亮節的(de)衛武公、大義(yi)滅親的(de)石(shi)碏,以(yi)及中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)第一(yi)位愛國(guo)(guo)(guo)女(nv)詩(shi)人許穆夫人、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)第一(yi)俠(xia)客荊軻、政(zheng)治家和改革家商鞅等(deng)。 ?
康叔受封建衛國
康(kang)叔(shu),姓(xing)姬名(ming)封,周文(wen)王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子,周武王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弟,因(yin)其原封于康(kang)地(di)(今禹州),史稱康(kang)叔(shu)。據《淇縣志(zhi)》記載,周王朝平息 “三(san)(san)監之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)”后,將(jiang)殷都朝歌及周邊三(san)(san)監之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)邶、鄘、衛三(san)(san)國(guo)封給了(le)(le)康(kang)叔(shu),攝政王周公旦還為康(kang)叔(shu)掃除(chu)了(le)(le)政治隱患(huan),將(jiang)大批朝歌“殷頑”遷至洛陽為奴,僅留下陶、施、樊等七族殷商(shang)遺民,并(bing)在長安為康(kang)叔(shu)舉行了(le)(le)封地(di)儀(yi)式。 ?
王小運介(jie)紹衛(wei)國建國情況時(shi)說,公元前 1062年,康叔(shu)率(lv)兩萬將(jiang)士來到朝(chao)歌(ge),開始在今淇縣城東街建王宮、修城池、治(zhi)國家。康叔(shu)將(jiang)大批奴隸釋放后,按(an)照周朝(chao)的制(zhi)度分給他們土(tu)地,鼓勵百姓(xing)(xing)(xing)開墾私田(tian),此外還(huan)擴建桑園,興建冶鐵和(he)制(zhi)骨作坊,促進了(le)商業(ye)和(he)手工業(ye)發展。在婚姻方(fang)(fang)面,提倡(chang)“男女(nv)同(tong)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)其生(sheng)不番”,改變以往(wang)同(tong)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)通婚的習(xi)俗。還(huan)廢除(chu)了(le)商朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)活人(ren)殉(xun)葬的陋(lou)習(xi),殉(xun)葬品(pin)改用草人(ren)、草馬等。由于康叔(shu)治(zhi)國有方(fang)(fang),衛(wei)國很快(kuai)出現了(le)百業(ye)興旺的局(ju)面,史稱“康叔(shu)之治(zhi)”,朝(chao)歌(ge)人(ren)后來還(huan)修建了(le)康叔(shu)祠供后人(ren)祭祀(si)。
康叔之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)的(de)衛(wei)(wei)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)也(ye)是一(yi)位賢明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)君,在(zai)他執(zhi)政的(de) 55年間(jian),衛(wei)(wei)國得到(dao)進(jin)一(yi)步發展,他也(ye)深(shen)受百姓擁戴。史(shi)料記載(zai),衛(wei)(wei)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)能夠“百采眾諫,與臣共(gong)勉”。犬(quan)戎(rong)殺(sha)周幽王后(hou),衛(wei)(wei)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)從朝(chao)歌起兵輔佐周朝(chao)平定了犬(quan)戎(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)亂,因戰功(gong)顯赫,被(bei)周平王封為公(gong)(gong)爵。衛(wei)(wei)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)95歲高齡時(shi)曾作(zuo)《抑》詩自儆(jing):“人(ren)(ren)(ren)亦有(you)言,靡哲不愚。投我以桃,報之(zhi)(zhi)以李。溫溫恭(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren),維德之(zhi)(zhi)基。”衛(wei)(wei)武(wu)公(gong)(gong)在(zai)位期間(jian)還(huan)建造了被(bei)后(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)稱為中(zhong)國首(shou)座國家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林的(de)淇園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。淇園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)位于今(jin)淇縣城西約20公(gong)(gong)里,后(hou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為紀念衛(wei)(wei)武(wu)公(gong)(gong),于春秋初期在(zai)淇園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)修建了武(wu)公(gong)(gong)祠(ci),還(huan)將武(wu)公(gong)(gong)祠(ci)附(fu)近(jin)的(de)一(yi)條河(he)流和一(yi)個村莊分別命名為思(si)德河(he)和思(si)德村,意為思(si)念武(wu)公(gong)(gong)的(de)美德。武(wu)公(gong)(gong)祠(ci)建成后(hou),歷(li)代均有(you)重修,直到(dao)上世紀初還(huan)尚(shang)存一(yi)定規模。如今(jin),武(wu)公(gong)(gong)祠(ci)和淇園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)遺址(zhi)被(bei)奪豐水(shui)庫淹沒。 ?
大義滅親保衛國
淇縣(xian)人(ren)至今對石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)殺子衛(wei)(wei)國的(de)(de)(de)故事(shi)耳熟能詳。石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)是(shi)衛(wei)(wei)國大夫、衛(wei)(wei)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)老臣,他(ta)為(wei)人(ren)耿直,體(ti)恤百姓疾苦。衛(wei)(wei)武公(gong)死后,衛(wei)(wei)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)的(de)(de)(de)小兒子州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)生性殘(can)忍、暴戾,無惡(e)不(bu)作,石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)多(duo)次勸莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)管束(shu)州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu),莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)聽不(bu)進去,致使(shi)州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)更加猖狂。令石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)沒(mei)有想到的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)兒子石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)竟然與州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)廝(si)混在一起,經(jing)常干(gan)一些(xie)禍國殃民的(de)(de)(de)壞事(shi)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)為(wei)了教訓石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou),用鞭子抽打石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)并將他(ta)囚禁起來,可石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)不(bu)思(si)悔改,越(yue)窗逃出后住進了州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)府中。 ?
衛(wei)莊公(gong)(gong)死(si)后,州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)的(de)哥(ge)哥(ge)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)繼位。衛(wei)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)生(sheng)性懦弱,這讓州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)更加(jia)橫行霸道(dao)。公(gong)(gong)元前(qian) 719年,衛(wei)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)要去(qu)(qu)洛陽(yang)覲見周王(wang),州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)與石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)合謀,借(jie)餞(jian)宴之機殺死(si)了衛(wei)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong),州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)自(zi)立為君,首開春秋諸(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政變(bian)之先河。此后,州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)與石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)大(da)肆(si)征兵攻打鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),搞得民(min)不聊生(sheng),當時朝(chao)歌有民(min)謠(yao)唱道(dao):“一雄斃,一雄奸(jian),歌舞變(bian)刀(dao)兵,何時見太平?”為了平息民(min)怨,州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)與石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)決定請石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)出謀劃策。這時石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)已經告(gao)老還鄉,州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)便派大(da)臣帶著(zhu)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)禮(li)去(qu)(qu)請石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que),但石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)痛(tong)恨州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu),拒絕參政。無(wu)奈,石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)只好親自(zi)去(qu)(qu)請老父出山(shan)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)看(kan)到衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)被州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)搞得不成(cheng)樣子(zi),便想為民(min)除害,重(zhong)整社稷(ji)。于是他假意(yi)獻計,讓州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)去(qu)(qu)陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)請教(jiao)陳(chen)(chen)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong),州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)便去(qu)(qu)了陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。而此前(qian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)已把一封血(xue)書(shu)送(song)到陳(chen)(chen)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),請求陳(chen)(chen)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)將(jiang)(jiang)州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)處死(si)。陳(chen)(chen)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)與石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)交情甚篤,于是將(jiang)(jiang)州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)厚(hou)(hou)(hou)囚禁。消息傳回(hui)(hui)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),石(shi)(shi)(shi)碏(que)派人急速趕往邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)請姬晉(州(zhou)(zhou)吁(yu)二哥(ge),史(shi)稱衛(wei)宣(xuan)公(gong)(gong))回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)繼位。 ?
當時陳國有大(da)臣(chen)說,州(zhou)吁(yu)是(shi)首(shou)惡,罪當斬首(shou)。石(shi)厚(hou)是(shi)從犯(fan),不必處死。石(shi)碏(que)卻(que)說: “石(shi)厚(hou)與州(zhou)吁(yu)沆(hang)瀣一氣,不殺掉他,我(wo)在(zai)朝歌無(wu)臉見人。”結(jie)果,石(shi)厚(hou)和州(zhou)吁(yu)都被(bei)殺掉了。左(zuo)秋明在(zai)《左(zuo)傳》中贊曰:“石(shi)碏(que),純臣(chen)也……大(da)義滅親,其是(shi)之謂(wei)乎!” ?
玩物喪志失都城
但是(shi)(shi),石碏的(de)大義(yi)滅親(qin)并沒有扭轉衛(wei)國日益衰敗(bai)的(de)局面。自州(zhou)吁篡位被誅(zhu)、宣公(gong)繼位后,統治者生活奢靡,不聞(wen)朝政,王室內(nei)訌頻仍,至衛(wei)懿公(gong)時,衛(wei)國已(yi)是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)弩之末(mo)。衛(wei)懿公(gong)治國無方,卻是(shi)(shi)個養鶴的(de)高(gao)手,整日癡迷養鶴,最終導(dao)致亡國,他因此成(cheng)為歷史(shi)上 “玩物(wu)喪志”的(de)典型(xing)人物(wu)。 ?
衛懿公(gong)在王宮及(ji)朝歌(ge)城外設(she)有(you)多處養鶴(he)場(chang)(chang)(chang),他的(de)鶴(he)像官員一(yi)樣享有(you)級別(bie)和俸祿(lu),上等鶴(he)享大夫(fu)(fu)祿(lu),次等鶴(he)享士祿(lu),外出游玩時車(che)前有(you) “將軍(jun)鶴(he)”引導,用餐、朝議時也必(bi)須(xu)有(you)鶴(he)做(zuo)為伴(ban),還(huan)有(you)宮女為鶴(he)梳理(li)羽毛,甚至把練兵場(chang)(chang)(chang)改成了(le)馴鶴(he)場(chang)(chang)(chang),把軍(jun)糧(liang)當(dang)作鶴(he)飼料。他的(de)鶴(he)出門(men)時一(yi)律乘(cheng)只有(you)大夫(fu)(fu)級別(bie)的(de)官員才能(neng)乘(cheng)坐(zuo)的(de)軒(xuan),對獻(xian)鶴(he)之人衛懿公(gong)更是給予賞賜。養鶴(he)耗費(fei)了(le)大量錢財,增加了(le)百姓負擔,舉國上下怨聲載道,國家也日益衰弱。 ?
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前 660年冬,北(bei)狄(今大(da)同一帶(dai))人(ren)興兵伐衛(wei),衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)“斂兵授甲(jia),抵御狄寇”,但大(da)臣(chen)們(men)卻對衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說:“主公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)鶴都有高官厚祿,讓它們(men)去打(da)仗吧。”無奈(nai),衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)只(zhi)得(de)帶(dai)領少數親信赴前線迎敵,結果大(da)敗,衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被(bei)(bei)狄寇砍成了肉泥。噩耗傳回朝(chao)歌,衛(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子姬申帶(dai)領衛(wei)國人(ren)連(lian)夜向東南逃去,狄人(ren)一路追殺到黃(huang)河(he)邊,這時幸遇宋國出(chu)兵保護,狄人(ren)方(fang)才退兵。此后,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子申被(bei)(bei)立為(wei)衛(wei)戴公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),在今滑縣道口鎮東暫避禍亂。 ?
朝(chao)歌淪陷后(hou),衛國大夫弘演(yan)(yan)前(qian)去(qu)收尸,只(zhi)(zhi)見衛懿公(gong)的(de)尸體零碎不(bu)全,只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)一只(zhi)(zhi)肝尚且(qie)完整。弘演(yan)(yan)跪下哭道: “主公(gong)風光(guang)一世,如(ru)今(jin)無(wu)人收葬(zang),我(wo)將以身為棺矣!”說罷,拔刀(dao)剖開自己的(de)肚子,把衛懿公(gong)的(de)肝放(fang)進(jin)腹(fu)中,上(shang)演(yan)(yan)了一出(chu)“破腹(fu)葬(zang)肝”的(de)悲劇。 ?
許穆夫人救衛國
朝(chao)歌(ge)淪陷后,衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)處于生死存亡的緊要(yao)關頭。這時,有一位(wei)女子(zi)挺身而出,在各諸侯國(guo)中奔走(zou)呼號,請(qing)求支(zhi)援衛(wei)(wei)國(guo),并最終得到(dao)齊國(guo)的支(zhi)持(chi),為衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)復興立下了(le)功(gong)勛。這名女子(zi)就(jiu)是衛(wei)(wei)懿公的妹妹許穆夫(fu)人。 ?
許(xu)穆(mu)夫(fu)人(ren),約公(gong)(gong)元前 690年出生(sheng)在衛國都(dou)城朝歌,后因嫁給了許(xu)穆(mu)公(gong)(gong),故(gu)稱許(xu)穆(mu)夫(fu)人(ren)。許(xu)穆(mu)夫(fu)人(ren)自幼喜愛詩(shi)(shi)詞(ci)曲(qu)賦,她的《載馳》等著名詩(shi)(shi)篇比屈原的《離騷(sao)》還要早300多年,因而又(you)被稱為中國第一位愛國女(nv)詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)。 ?
許(xu)(xu)穆夫人遠嫁(jia)許(xu)(xu)國(guo)(guo)后,時刻思(si)念(nian)著自己的祖(zu)國(guo)(guo)。看到(dao)(dao)哥(ge)哥(ge)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)嗜鶴(he)如命,國(guo)(guo)事荒(huang)廢,她在詩中寫道: “思(si)須與漕,我(wo)心悠悠。駕言(yan)出游,以寫我(wo)憂。”表達了對祖(zu)國(guo)(guo)的關(guan)切和思(si)念(nian)。朝歌淪陷、衛(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)被殺的消息傳到(dao)(dao)許(xu)(xu)國(guo)(guo),許(xu)(xu)穆夫人向許(xu)(xu)穆公(gong)提(ti)出援助(zhu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),但(dan)靠許(xu)(xu)國(guo)(guo)的國(guo)(guo)力(li)無法幫(bang)助(zhu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),于是她毅然帶領隨嫁(jia)的同族姐妹經過長(chang)途跋涉回到(dao)(dao)祖(zu)國(guo)(guo),并與兄長(chang)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)公(gong)一同說服了齊國(guo)(guo),齊桓公(gong)派(pai)戰車300乘、甲士3000人幫(bang)助(zhu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)收復了失(shi)地,使衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)進入了復興時期。 ?
殘垣之上說衛城
目(mu)前,現存的衛國城(cheng)(cheng)墻有四段,每段古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻邊都(dou)(dou)立有 “全(quan)國重點(dian)文(wen)物保護(hu)單位──衛國都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)”的標志。記者(zhe)登(deng)上古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻,遙想當年衛國都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)的繁(fan)華景象,如今卻只留下(xia)了城(cheng)(cheng)墻遺址(zhi)供(gong)人(ren)憑吊。 ?
“衛(wei)國(guo)都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于(yu)淇(qi)縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四(si)周(zhou),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址平面(mian)(mian)呈長(chang)方形,南北長(chang)2250米(mi)(mi),東西(xi)寬(kuan)1650米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)寬(kuan)70米(mi)(mi),高9米(mi)(mi),文化(hua)層(ceng)厚達(da)13米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)面(mian)(mian)積約有(you)400萬平方米(mi)(mi)。”王小(xiao)(xiao)運(yun)介紹(shao)衛(wei)國(guo)都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時如數家(jia)珍。王小(xiao)(xiao)運(yun)說,保存至今的(de)(de)(de)四(si)段古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),一段是(shi)(shi)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北三里(li)(li)橋(qiao)兩(liang)側長(chang)830米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),其(qi)他三段是(shi)(shi)西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),分別位于(yu)縣(xian)(xian)煤建(jian)公(gong)司、縣(xian)(xian)林(lin)業局院內(nei)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)銀河紗(sha)廠后(hou)面(mian)(mian)。記者在(zai)淇(qi)縣(xian)(xian)林(lin)業局院內(nei)看到(dao),長(chang)13米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)11米(mi)(mi)、高3米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)衛(wei)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),四(si)周(zhou)建(jian)有(you)漂亮的(de)(de)(de)花墻(qiang)(qiang)將其(qi)保護了(le)起來(lai)。 上世(shi)紀曾在(zai)淇(qi)縣(xian)(xian)朝歌(ge)鎮東關村、付(fu)莊村和(he)橋(qiao)盟鄉(xiang)橋(qiao)盟村先(xian)后(hou)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)制骨(gu)和(he)冶鐵作(zuo)坊遺址,以(yi)及(ji)春秋戰國(guo)時期的(de)(de)(de)墓地,出(chu)土(tu)了(le)銅鼎、銅劍、骨(gu)器(qi)、陶器(qi)等一批文物。王小(xiao)(xiao)運(yun)說,衛(wei)國(guo)都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)宮殿區和(he)墓葬區,由于(yu)種種原(yuan)因(yin)目前尚未進行(xing)全面(mian)(mian)勘探,所以(yi)不知(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)詳。但可(ke)以(yi)想象的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),那里(li)(li)一定埋藏著衛(wei)國(guo)都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)更(geng)多(duo)鮮為人知(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)秘密。 ?
衛國故城遺址
朝(chao)歌(ge)是周(zhou)王(wang)朝(chao)衛(wei)(wei)同都(dou)城,歷時403年。武王(wang)伐紂以后(hou),封其弟康(kang)叔為(wei)(wei)衛(wei)(wei)公(gong),治理殷地,治所朝(chao)歌(ge)。《辭(ci)海》記(ji)云;“衛(wei)(wei),古(gu)國名。始封之(zhi)君為(wei)(wei)周(zhou)武王(wang)弟康(kang)叔。公(gong)元前十(shi)一世紀周(zhou)公(gong)平定武庚的反叛后(hou),把原來(lai)商都(dou)周(zhou)圍地區和殷民七旅分封給他,成為(wei)(wei)當(dang)時大(da)國。建都(dou)朝(chao)歌(ge)(今河南淇縣)。”
衛國都(dou)城(cheng),俗稱朝(chao)歌二道城(cheng)。位于淇縣(xian)中偏東的(de)朝(chao)歌舊殷墟地,該城(cheng)周長9227米(mi),寬米(mi)50--70米(mi),殘高1.5一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)3.6米(mi)。夯(hang)層(ceng)清晰,厚薄(bo)相近(jin),夯(hang)面平整(zheng),每層(ceng)為6—一(yi)(yi)12厘米(mi),夯(hang)窩排列整(zheng)齊(qi);板眼(yan)明(ming)顯,板眼(yan)間距(ju)2.2——3.1米(mi)。板眼(yan)孔(kong)徑6—一(yi)(yi)8厘米(mi)。其(qi)包含物(wu)有陶(tao)細柄豆,陶(tao)甑底,陶(tao)盆,繩(sheng)紋(wen)板瓦,矮粗繩(sheng)紋(wen)鬲,均系春秋中晚期遺(yi)物(wu)。
1986乍(zha)春(chun),淇縣文管所與有關單位和個人在進行田野(ye)考(kao)古調查中(zhong),于衛國城東發現了付(fu)莊冶(ye)鐵遺址和東關制骨作坊。 ?
付(fu)莊(zhuang)冶(ye)鐵遺(yi)址南北(bei)長,東西寬(kuan)各約300米。在遺(yi)址西部(bu)的斷崖(ya)上和壕溝里(li)發現了冶(ye)鐵殘(can)(can)爐、木炭、熔碴、范扳及殘(can)(can)鼓(gu)風管等。采集到的陶(tao)片有春秋中晚期和戰國初期的細陶(tao)豆、折沿旋紋陶(tao)盆等。
東(dong)關制(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)作(zuo)坊東(dong)西長160米(mi),南北(bei)寬(kuan)150米(mi)。在公路(lu)北(bei)側灼路(lu)溝(gou)中采集到(dao)的有(you)(you)牛、豬各種骨(gu)(gu)骼。其中還有(you)(you)留有(you)(you)鋸痕(hen)的骨(gu)(gu)片。據東(dong)關老(lao)年人講,清宣(xuan)統(tong)年間,附近群(qun)眾在此挖出三(san)百馬車(che)骨(gu)(gu)頭賣給了(le)一(yi)個(ge)意大利商人,裝上(shang)火車(che)運走(zou)了(le)。從采到(dao)的陶片看(kan),與衛國城址(zhi)和付莊冶鐵遺址(zhi)包含物類同(tong)。
從上(shang)述城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻建(jian)筑之(zhi)雄(xiong)偉,冶(ye)鐵(tie)遺址和制骨作坊規模之(zhi)宏(hong)大,可以斷言,當時衛國都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)朝歌是(shi)何(he)等繁榮與昌(chang)盛!這對研究(jiu)衛同的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池建(jian)筑、手工(gong)業(ye)、冶(ye)煉業(ye)和經濟狀況提供了實物資料(liao)。
據史料記(ji)載(zai)和城(cheng)垣(yuan)中包(bao)含物證明,此城(cheng)為衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)都(dou)(dou)城(cheng)無疑(yi)。《史記(ji)·衛(wei)康叔世(shi)家》記(ji)云(yun):“周公(gong)旦以成王命興(xing)師伐(fa)武(wu)庚(geng)祿父(fu)、管叔、放蔡叔,以武(wu)庚(geng)殷余民封(feng)康叔為衛(wei)河(he)(he)淇(qi)間故(gu)商墟。”清乾隆乙(yi)女年(nian)重(zhong)(zhong)修《汲(ji)縣志》載(zai):,武(wu)王封(feng)康叔于衛(wei),今衛(wei)輝府東北朝歌城(cheng)是(shi)(shi)也,是(shi)(shi)衛(wei)都(dou)(dou),本在淇(qi)縣。”衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)故(gu)城(cheng)城(cheng)廓之(zhi)大、城(cheng)墻之(zhi)厚(hou)皆屬罕見。將來通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)衛(wei)下層的(de)發掘,進而對(dui)殷末(mo)帝都(dou)(dou)的(de)考證將提(ti)供不可(ke)多得的(de)資料。衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)故(gu)城(cheng)城(cheng)址現已(yi)列為河(he)(he)南省(sheng)重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)物保(bao)護單位。