簡介
汝(ru)(ru)州文廟(miao)(miao)(miao)位(wei)于河南省汝(ru)(ru)州市區望嵩路中段,原稱孔廟(miao)(miao)(miao),明代以后被(bei)稱作文廟(miao)(miao)(miao)。
汝州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)初建于(yu)明洪武三(san)年(公(gong)元1370年),它(ta)坐北(bei)面南,南北(bei)長300余(yu)米,東(dong)西寬50多米,總面積20870平(ping)方米。明清時期(qi),文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)一直是汝州(zhou)的高學府。民(min)國(guo)時期(qi),汝陽(yang)中學曾在此成立,后改為(wei)省立臨汝中學。文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)于(yu)1986年被公(gong)布為(wei)河(he)南省重點文(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位,2006年,被國(guo)務院確定為(wei)第六批全(quan)國(guo)重點文(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單(dan)位。
建筑
汝州文(wen)廟建(jian)于明(ming)代中晚期,其特(te)點為(wei)中軸線(xian)明(ming)顯,建(jian)筑(zhu)排列(lie)有序。大成(cheng)(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)居南端(duan),面向中大街,系(xi)單檐(yan)硬山式建(jian)筑(zhu),面闊(kuo)3間(jian),進(jin)深(shen)兩(liang)間(jian)。殿(dian)(dian)臺(tai)高筑(zhu),柱(zhu)礎作(zuo)圓鼓型,高檐(yan)柱(zhu),細(xi)(xi)小(xiao)昂(ang)頭(tou)作(zuo)卷(juan)云(yun)狀(zhuang),殿(dian)(dian)頂施青瓦(wa)(wa)。大成(cheng)(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)后為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang)(fang),文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang)(fang)后為(wei)明(ming)倫堂,再(zai)后是名宦祠和鄉賢祠,分列(lie)兩(liang)邊(bian),為(wei)出檐(yan)廊房式。之(zhi)后正中是大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian),后為(wei)啟圣宮(gong)。廟中殿(dian)(dian)字均居高臺(tai)之(zhi)上(shang)。 大成(cheng)(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)位于文(wen)廟南端(duan),系(xi)單檐(yan)硬山式建(jian)筑(zhu),面闊(kuo)3間(jian),進(jin)深(shen)兩(liang)間(jian)。殿(dian)(dian)臺(tai)高筑(zhu),柱(zhu)基呈圓鼓狀(zhuang),高檐(yan)柱(zhu),細(xi)(xi)小(xiao)昂(ang)頭(tou)作(zuo)卷(juan)云(yun)狀(zhuang),殿(dian)(dian)頂施青瓦(wa)(wa)。大成(cheng)(cheng)坊(fang)(fang)后為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang)(fang),這里是古代儒(ru)家學子讀書的地方。
大成(cheng)殿是文廟(miao)中高大的(de)建筑(zhu),屬單檐殿式(shi),面闊5間,進深兩間,綠瓦(wa)獸吻,氣勢雄偉,莊嚴肅穆(mu)。這(zhe)里是過(guo)去祭(ji)祀大成(cheng)至圣先師孔子的(de)地(di)方。殿門上曾(ceng)懸掛過(guo)清(qing)朝(chao)多(duo)位皇帝書寫(xie)的(de)匾額,為康熙二十三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1684年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“萬世師表”、雍(yong)正三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1725年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“生(sheng)民未有”、乾(qian)隆三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1738年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“與(yu)天地(di)參(can)”、嘉(jia)慶四年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1799年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“圣集(ji)大成(cheng)”、道光(guang)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)1821年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)“圣協時中”等5塊。
大(da)成殿兩(liang)側的廊坊,原來分(fen)別是鄉(xiang)賢祠和名宦祠,后為汝(ru)瓷博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)。該博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)是汝(ru)州市的市(縣)級博(bo)物(wu)館(guan),也是全國的以收藏、展覽汝(ru)瓷為主的專業性場館(guan)。