簡介
汝州(zhou)文廟位于(yu)河南省(sheng)汝州(zhou)市區望嵩路中段,原(yuan)稱孔(kong)廟,明代以(yi)后被(bei)稱作(zuo)文廟。
汝(ru)州(zhou)文(wen)廟初建于明洪武三年(公元1370年),它坐北面南(nan),南(nan)北長300余(yu)米(mi),東西寬50多米(mi),總面積20870平方(fang)米(mi)。明清時期,文(wen)廟一直是汝(ru)州(zhou)的高(gao)學府(fu)。民(min)國(guo)時期,汝(ru)陽中(zhong)學曾在此成(cheng)立,后改為(wei)省(sheng)(sheng)立臨汝(ru)中(zhong)學。文(wen)廟于1986年被公布為(wei)河南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護單(dan)位(wei),2006年,被國(guo)務(wu)院確定為(wei)第六批(pi)全國(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)護單(dan)位(wei)。
建筑
汝州文(wen)廟建(jian)(jian)于明代中(zhong)晚期,其特點為中(zhong)軸線明顯,建(jian)(jian)筑排列有序。大(da)(da)成坊(fang)(fang)居南(nan)端(duan),面向中(zhong)大(da)(da)街(jie),系單檐(yan)(yan)硬山(shan)式建(jian)(jian)筑,面闊3間,進(jin)深兩(liang)間。殿(dian)臺(tai)高筑,柱礎作(zuo)圓鼓型,高檐(yan)(yan)柱,細小昂(ang)頭(tou)作(zuo)卷云狀,殿(dian)頂施青瓦(wa)。大(da)(da)成坊(fang)(fang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)為文(wen)明坊(fang)(fang),文(wen)明坊(fang)(fang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)為明倫堂(tang),再后(hou)(hou)(hou)是名(ming)宦祠和(he)鄉賢(xian)祠,分列兩(liang)邊,為出(chu)檐(yan)(yan)廊房式。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)正中(zhong)是大(da)(da)成殿(dian),后(hou)(hou)(hou)為啟圣(sheng)宮。廟中(zhong)殿(dian)字均居高臺(tai)之(zhi)上。 大(da)(da)成坊(fang)(fang)位(wei)于文(wen)廟南(nan)端(duan),系單檐(yan)(yan)硬山(shan)式建(jian)(jian)筑,面闊3間,進(jin)深兩(liang)間。殿(dian)臺(tai)高筑,柱基呈圓鼓狀,高檐(yan)(yan)柱,細小昂(ang)頭(tou)作(zuo)卷云狀,殿(dian)頂施青瓦(wa)。大(da)(da)成坊(fang)(fang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)為文(wen)明坊(fang)(fang),這里是古(gu)代儒家(jia)學子讀書的地方。
大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)是文廟中高(gao)大(da)(da)的(de)建筑,屬單檐殿(dian)式,面闊5間(jian),進深兩(liang)間(jian),綠瓦獸吻,氣勢雄(xiong)偉(wei),莊嚴(yan)肅穆。這里是過(guo)去祭祀大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)至圣(sheng)先師孔子的(de)地(di)方(fang)。殿(dian)門上(shang)曾懸掛過(guo)清(qing)朝多位(wei)皇帝書寫(xie)的(de)匾(bian)額,為康(kang)熙二(er)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1684年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“萬世師表”、雍(yong)正三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1725年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“生民未有”、乾(qian)隆三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1738年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“與天地(di)參”、嘉(jia)慶(qing)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1799年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“圣(sheng)集大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)”、道光元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1821年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)“圣(sheng)協(xie)時中”等5塊。
大成殿兩側的廊坊,原來(lai)分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)鄉賢祠和名宦祠,后為汝瓷博物館(guan)(guan)。該博物館(guan)(guan)是(shi)汝州市的市(縣)級(ji)博物館(guan)(guan),也(ye)是(shi)全國的以(yi)收藏(zang)、展覽汝瓷為主的專業性場館(guan)(guan)。