外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全長1941米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),除西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部部分損毀(hui)外(wai)(wai),大(da)部保(bao)存完(wan)好(hao)。 內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)面呈方(fang)形,處(chu)在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)北(bei)側(ce)(ce),全長861米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),面積(ji)4.3萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)存7處(chu)豁(huo)口,西(xi)(xi)北(bei)角(jiao)、南(nan)正(zheng)中(zhong)及北(bei)上中(zhong)3處(chu)豁(huo)口可(ke)以(yi)肯定為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為東、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)、南(nan)面3處(chu)豁(huo)口,均可(ke)確定為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)。西(xi)(xi)北(bei)角(jiao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)寬(kuan)35米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)底基(ji)距贛江水面落差(cha)僅2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),贛水上漲時,河(he)水可(ke)直接入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei),推測(ce)可(ke)能為水門(men)(men)。西(xi)(xi)正(zheng)中(zhong)門(men)(men)寬(kuan)28米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為“凸”形結(jie)構(gou),從其(qi)上殘存疊壓瓦片分析,此處(chu)原可(ke)能為一(yi)(yi)處(chu)門(men)(men)闕。北(bei)正(zheng)中(zhong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)寬(kuan)15米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),入門(men)(men)較(jiao)陡,可(ke)分別進入內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)門(men)(men)為“凹”形結(jie)構(gou),似為“甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,也(ye)有大(da)量瓦礫堆積(ji)。 內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)門(men)(men)寬(kuan)17.4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)兩側(ce)(ce)見大(da)量瓦礫堆積(ji),并采(cai)集到一(yi)(yi)塊完(wan)整四(si)葉云紋瓦當。 內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)角(jiao)有一(yi)(yi)長方(fang)形土(tu)臺,為全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高(gao)地(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),東西(xi)(xi)長47米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),南(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)35米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),面積(ji)1645平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)出(chu)周圍(wei)平(ping)地(di)(di)0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)出(chu)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)它(ta)地(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai)約(yue)2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)為土(tu)筑(zhu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高(gao)度因地(di)(di)勢(shi)的南(nan)高(gao)北(bei)低(di)而相反,以(yi)使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)四(si)周基(ji)本(ben)處(chu)于同一(yi)(yi)水平(ping)面上。南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)距地(di)(di)表4.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高(gao)10.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高(gao)20.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)頂寬(kuan)2—3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)寬(kuan)20—28米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。以(yi)北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)基(ji)寬(kuan)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)有護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he), 以(yi)南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)及南(nan)側(ce)(ce)斷面可(ke)知,南(nan)側(ce)(ce)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)寬(kuan)16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東西(xi)(xi)兩側(ce)(ce)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)寬(kuan)30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)由南(nan)往北(bei)流入贛江。
白(bai)口(kou)城址(zhi)于(yu)1980年(nian)代文物普查(cha)時發現(xian),2001年(nian)9月(yue)到10月(yue)江西省文物考古研究所和(he)(he)泰和(he)(he)縣博物館一起進行了試掘,2004年(nian)12月(yue)正式發掘。考古發現(xian),該城始筑于(yu)西漢,延用(yong)至(zhi)東晉(jin)末年(nian)前后。
白口城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)總面積(ji)達23萬平方(fang)米,形(xing)(xing)狀呈(cheng)倒(dao)梯(ti)形(xing)(xing),分為(wei)(wei)(wei)內城(cheng)(cheng)和外城(cheng)(cheng)。外城(cheng)(cheng)長1941米,大(da)部分保存完好。內城(cheng)(cheng)呈(cheng)方(fang)形(xing)(xing),位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)內北(bei)側,長861米,面積(ji)4.3萬平方(fang)米。現發現城(cheng)(cheng)門10處,其中內城(cheng)(cheng)西北(bei)門為(wei)(wei)(wei)“凹”形(xing)(xing)結構,似為(wei)(wei)(wei)“甕城(cheng)(cheng)” 。城(cheng)(cheng)墻為(wei)(wei)(wei)土筑,城(cheng)(cheng)外有(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)河(he),由南往北(bei)流入贛江。航空遙感拍攝的照片(pian)顯示,白口城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)保存較為(wei)(wei)(wei)完好,古城(cheng)(cheng)的布局(ju)、結構非常清晰。
據《南(nan)(nan)(nan)史(shi)》、《陳(chen)(chen)(chen)書》等記載,南(nan)(nan)(nan)朝梁(liang)侯景(jing)之亂時,大寶(bao)元年(nian)(550年(nian)),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)霸(ba)(ba)先自嶺南(nan)(nan)(nan)引軍(jun)討伐侯景(jing),坐鎮南(nan)(nan)(nan)康(kang)。高州刺史(shi)李(li)遷仕在(zai)寧都人劉藹等資助下,順贛江而下,進擊陳(chen)(chen)(chen)霸(ba)(ba)先。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)霸(ba)(ba)先派遣杜(du)僧明(ming)據白口(kou)城(cheng)加固城(cheng)墻抵御,李(li)遷仕則(ze)于其東面(mian)筑古城(cheng)相對。次年(nian),杜(du)僧明(ming)攻(gong)破古城(cheng),俘(fu)虜(lu)李(li)遷仕,送(song)往南(nan)(nan)(nan)康(kang)斬首。是年(nian)六月,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)霸(ba)(ba)先進軍(jun)西昌,駐白口(kou)城(cheng),當時“有(you)龍見于水濱(bin),高五丈(zhang)許,五采(cai)鮮耀(yao),軍(jun)民觀(guan)者數萬人”,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)霸(ba)(ba)先一(yi)時威望大振(zhen),數年(nian)后代(dai)梁(liang)稱帝建(jian)立了陳(chen)(chen)(chen)朝。
泰(tai)(tai)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館館長肖用桁(heng)介紹,因“地(di)(di)產嘉禾,和(he)氣(qi)所生”而得名的(de)(de)(de)(de)泰(tai)(tai)和(he),歷(li)屬(shu)吳(wu)越,西(xi)漢(han)為(wei)古(gu)(gu)廬(lu)陵縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di),為(wei)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)“西(xi)漢(han)十八(ba)縣(xian)(xian)”之(zhi)一(yi)。東(dong)漢(han)為(wei)西(xi)昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian),為(wei)廬(lu)陵郡治,歷(li)來(lai)就是(shi)江西(xi)一(yi)方政(zheng)治文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)心,尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)漢(han)晉(jin)以來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)積淀(dian),形(xing)成了代表贛文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)風貌的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)因子(zi)。泰(tai)(tai)和(he)地(di)(di)處水陸要沖,其(qi)(qi)“咽喉荊(jing)廣、唇齒淮浙”由來(lai)已久。昔秦皇漢(han)武(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩次(ci)征伐嶺(ling)南(南越),數(shu)十萬浩(hao)(hao)浩(hao)(hao)大(da)軍(jun)均由此經過。公(gong)(gong)元550年(nian),南朝陳霸(ba)先從始(shi)興發(fa)兵護主,正(zheng)是(shi)經過泰(tai)(tai)和(he),并(bing)在(zai)白(bai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)屯兵激戰,之(zhi)后揮(hui)師(shi)北上(shang)建立了不(bu)(bu)朽的(de)(de)(de)(de)帝業(ye)。 雖然(ran)《泰(tai)(tai)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》和(he)《吉(ji)安(an)府志(zhi)》對白(bai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)均有(you)(you)記載(zai),但是(shi)這(zhe)座千年(nian)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)直養(yang)在(zai)深閨人未(wei)知(zhi),并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)(you)深究(jiu)其(qi)(qi)真(zhen)正(zheng)蘊(yun)孕的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史價值(zhi)。但是(shi),一(yi)次(ci)偶(ou)然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機會,卻(que)使(shi)白(bai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重放異(yi)彩,令世人矚目。2001年(nian)8月,修建贛粵高速公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)吉(ji)安(an)段時(shi),時(shi)任(ren)江西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)考古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)所副所長、現任(ren)江西(xi)省(sheng)(sheng)博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館副館長的(de)(de)(de)(de)劉詩中(zhong)帶隊來(lai)到(dao)泰(tai)(tai)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)境內高速公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)沿(yan)線進行文(wen)(wen)物(wu)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查,當(dang)(dang)時(shi)只是(shi)看(kan)了沿(yan)線馬市鎮的(de)(de)(de)(de)先烈古(gu)(gu)樟和(he)幾個古(gu)(gu)墓。在(zai)返回(hui)泰(tai)(tai)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時(shi),陪同勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查的(de)(de)(de)(de)肖用桁(heng)想(xiang):省(sheng)(sheng)里專(zhuan)家來(lai)一(yi)趟也不(bu)(bu)容(rong)易,何(he)不(bu)(bu)建議他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)到(dao)離縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)僅3公(gong)(gong)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)看(kan)看(kan),聽(ting)聽(ting)他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意見。因白(bai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)在(zai)高速公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)旁,非此次(ci)勘(kan)(kan)(kan)查范圍,加上(shang)其(qi)(qi)僅是(shi)縣(xian)(xian)級文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保護單位,并(bing)未(wei)引起(qi)人們(men)(men)關注。當(dang)(dang)車拐上(shang)往白(bai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)時(shi),有(you)(you)人說(shuo):“到(dao)那地(di)(di)方去干什么,無東(dong)西(xi)可看(kan)。”然(ran)而,當(dang)(dang)劉詩中(zhong)一(yi)走(zou)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭時(shi),他(ta)(ta)就情不(bu)(bu)自禁地(di)(di)贊(zan)嘆(tan):“真(zhen)是(shi)國寶,很有(you)(you)價值(zhi)!” 回(hui)憶起(qi)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情景,肖用桁(heng)仍然(ran)很興奮,他(ta)(ta)說(shuo),省(sheng)(sheng)專(zhuan)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一(yi)次(ci)“造訪”,使(shi)泰(tai)(tai)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)工作者感到(dao)振奮。隨后,他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)趕往南昌(chang),向省(sheng)(sheng)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)廳、省(sheng)(sheng)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)局、省(sheng)(sheng)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)考古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)所作了有(you)(you)關白(bai)口(kou)(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)詳(xiang)細匯報,并(bing)請求(qiu)進行考古(gu)(gu)發(fa)掘。
肖用(yong)桁(heng)館(guan)長(chang)(chang)告訴(su)記者,2001年9月(yue)至(zhi)10月(yue)和2004年12月(yue)至(zhi)2005年1月(yue),江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)(xi)省文物(wu)(wu)考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)所(suo)副所(suo)長(chang)(chang)徐長(chang)(chang)青(qing)率領的(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)小(xiao)組在(zai)泰和縣博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)的(de)(de)配(pei)合(he)下(xia),對白口城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)進行了(le)考(kao)古(gu)勘探,分別(bie)進行了(le)試掘和正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)發(fa)掘。考(kao)古(gu)勘探以(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)向直線布點鉆(zhan)探,共布直線9條,遍布城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)主要地區(qu)。從(cong)勘查和發(fa)掘得(de)知,外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)全長(chang)(chang)1941米(mi)(mi),除(chu)北側(ce)部分損毀外(wai)(wai),大都保(bao)存(cun)完好。內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呈方(fang)形(xing),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)全長(chang)(chang)861米(mi)(mi),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積4﹒3萬平方(fang)米(mi)(mi),文化(hua)堆積普遍達1﹒8至(zhi)2﹒2米(mi)(mi)。 外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)存(cun)7處豁(huo)口,西(xi)(xi)北角、南(nan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中及(ji)北正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中3處豁(huo)口均可定為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)。外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)北角城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)寬(kuan)(kuan)35米(mi)(mi),其(qi)底(di)基(ji)(ji)距現(xian)贛(gan)(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)落差僅2米(mi)(mi),贛(gan)(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)上(shang)漲時(shi),河水(shui)可直接入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei),推測為(wei)水(shui)門(men)(men)。南(nan)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中門(men)(men)寬(kuan)(kuan)28米(mi)(mi),為(wei)“凸(tu)”形(xing)結(jie)構,從(cong)其(qi)上(shang)殘(can)存(cun)疊壓的(de)(de)瓦(wa)片(pian)分析(xi),該(gai)處原(yuan)可能為(wei)一(yi)門(men)(men)闕。北正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)寬(kuan)(kuan)15米(mi)(mi),入(ru)門(men)(men)較陡,可分別(bie)進入(ru)內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。 城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)土(tu)筑,高(gao)(gao)度因地勢的(de)(de)南(nan)高(gao)(gao)北低而(er)相反(fan),從(cong)而(er)使城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)四周基(ji)(ji)本(ben)處于(yu)同(tong)一(yi)水(shui)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)。南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)(gao)4﹒5米(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)(gao)10﹒2米(mi)(mi),北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)則高(gao)(gao)達20﹒5米(mi)(mi);城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)頂寬(kuan)(kuan)2-3米(mi)(mi),基(ji)(ji)寬(kuan)(kuan)20-28米(mi)(mi),以(yi)北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)(ji)寬(kuan)(kuan)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)有(you)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河,南(nan)側(ce)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河寬(kuan)(kuan)16﹒5米(mi)(mi),深1﹒5米(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩側(ce)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河寬(kuan)(kuan)逾30米(mi)(mi),護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河由南(nan)往北流入(ru)贛(gan)(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)。 發(fa)掘中,出(chu)土(tu)了(le)春(chun)秋(qiu)戰國時(shi)漢(han)晉時(shi)期珍貴文物(wu)(wu)數百件(jian)(jian),有(you)大型建筑材料:長(chang)(chang)達40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)板瓦(wa)、筒瓦(wa),一(yi)批保(bao)存(cun)完好的(de)(de)圓形(xing)瓦(wa)當,其(qi)紋瓦(wa)當酷似秦(qin)咸陽宮出(chu)土(tu)文物(wu)(wu),頗具秦(qin)文化(hua)風(feng)格;有(you)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)兵器:青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)箭鏃;有(you)生產生活用(yong)具、鐵器、陶紡(fang)輪、陶網墜、陶通(tong)風(feng)管,還有(you)大量的(de)(de)鐵渣(zha)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)飾件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。同(tong)時(shi),在(zai)白口城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)南(nan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和西(xi)(xi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)還發(fa)現(xian)“天子堆”、皇帝地等(deng)(deng)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)同(tong)時(shi)代的(de)(de)古(gu)墓群。 肖用(yong)桁(heng)說,專家們(men)從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)解剖結(jie)果(guo)表明白口城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)板筑法筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),分層(ceng)棍棒夯筑,而(er)層(ceng)內(nei)(nei)出(chu)土(tu)物(wu)(wu)均為(wei)漢(han)代板瓦(wa)殘(can)片(pian),故其(qi)時(shi)代應(ying)在(zai)漢(han)代,也(ye)就是說該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始筑于(yu)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)初年,使用(yong)年代至(zhi)少延續(xu)到(dao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉。
肖用(yong)桁(heng)告訴記者,吉安(an)古稱廬陵,廬陵縣建于秦末漢初,治所在西(xi)昌已見于史載,但城(cheng)址(zhi)的(de)具體位置一直(zhi)無定(ding)論(lun),白口城(cheng)的(de)勘(kan)探,確定(ding)了白口城(cheng)為(wei)廬陵城(cheng)。
肖用桁介紹,秦(qin)始(shi)皇統(tong)一六國推行郡縣制,分天下三(san)十六郡,其(qi)中(zhong)九(jiu)江郡轄江西部分地區。《明一統(tong)志(zhi)》云:“始(shi)皇二(er)十四年王翦滅楚,虜(lu)負芻,明年(公元前(qian)222年)置廬(lu)(lu)陵(ling)、安(an)平(ping)、新淦三(san)縣,屬(shu)(shu)(shu)九(jiu)江郡。”《泰和(he)縣志(zhi)》沿革(ge)表(biao):“秦(qin)廬(lu)(lu)陵(ling)縣屬(shu)(shu)(shu)九(jiu)江郡,唐志(zhi)、舊志(zhi)未載(zai)縣治(zhi),疑即(ji)西昌(chang)。漢高帝(di)二(er)年分淮南立豫章郡,唐志(zhi)故縣在今(jin)泰和(he)縣西三(san)里(li)。”乾(qian)隆(long)版《吉安(an)府志(zhi)》引(yin)《太平(ping)寰宇記》:“漢高帝(di)五年,以廬(lu)(lu)陵(ling)縣屬(shu)(shu)(shu)豫章郡,故廬(lu)(lu)陵(ling)縣在今(jin)泰和(he)縣西三(san)里(li)。”以上(shang)史載(zai)不但闡(chan)明了廬(lu)(lu)陵(ling)縣的設置時間,而且指出了其(qi)治(zhi)所的位置。
《晉書(shu)》地志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廬(lu)陵郡條下注云:吳置(zhi),其(qi)屬有西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)、高昌(chang)(chang)、石陽(yang)(yang)、巴邱、南野、東昌(chang)(chang)、遂興(xing)(xing)、吉(ji)陽(yang)(yang)、興(xing)(xing)平(ping)、陽(yang)(yang)豐十縣(xian)。《宋書(shu)》:領縣(xian)九,曰:石陽(yang)(yang),西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)、東昌(chang)(chang)、吉(ji)陽(yang)(yang)、巴邱、興(xing)(xing)平(ping)、陽(yang)(yang)豐、高昌(chang)(chang)、遂興(xing)(xing)。《南齊書(shu)》同,梁(liang)、陳無地志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。又《舊唐書(shu)》地志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云:廬(lu)陵漢(han)縣(xian),后(hou)改(gai)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang),舊志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱置(zhi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)為(wei)郡治。從《晉書(shu)》與《唐書(shu)》考歷代史及省府各志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所載,省、府、州、縣(xian)皆先附(fu)郭之(zhi)名。如《晉書(shu)》所載即(ji)以(yi)(yi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)為(wei)首(shou)縣(xian),后(hou)遷石陽(yang)(yang)為(wei)郡治,《宋書(shu)》所載即(ji)以(yi)(yi)石陽(yang)(yang)為(wei)首(shou)縣(xian),“后(hou)漢(han)末以(yi)(yi)廬(lu)陵縣(xian)為(wei)郡,置(zhi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)縣(xian)為(wei)廬(lu)陵郡治”。由此可以(yi)(yi)認(ren)定當時廬(lu)陵郡治在西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)。
按《泰和(he)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志》唐乾元三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元760年(nian)(nian)),縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)由西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遷至(zhi)白(bai)下驛西(xi)(xi)(xi),名白(bai)下城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(即(ji)(ji)大致(zhi)為今縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)),而之前(qian)的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)三(san)里(li),即(ji)(ji)東起(qi)坳街,西(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)街尾,南靠澄江河,北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)竹筱巷。唐朝前(qian)期縣(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),白(bai)口(kou)(kou)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)恰好在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)三(san)里(li),與(yu)(yu)以(yi)上史籍相符。有(you)(you)(you)資料認為,廬陵縣(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)今泰和(he)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)30公里(li)處(chu),肖用桁稱,這種認為是不(bu)正確的(de),因為西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢初豫章郡(jun)(現江西(xi)(xi)(xi))僅有(you)(you)(you)18個縣(xian)(xian)(xian),人口(kou)(kou)不(bu)過35﹒2萬(wan)(wan)人,平均一(yi)(yi)個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)只有(you)(you)(you)2萬(wan)(wan)人。那時農業耕(geng)作剛(gang)脫離“刀(dao)耕(geng)火種”的(de)原(yuan)始粗放方(fang)式(shi),尚處(chu)于封建(jian)社會(hui)早(zao)期,生產(chan)力(li)不(bu)發達,人口(kou)(kou)又稀疏,不(bu)可(ke)能在(zai)(zai)面(mian)積達23萬(wan)(wan)平方(fang)米的(de)白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)30公里(li)地(di)同時還有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)座作為一(yi)(yi)方(fang)政治(zhi)、經(jing)濟、文化中心的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池,更何況當地(di)文物(wu)工作者多次有(you)(you)(you)針對性的(de)調查(cha),在(zai)(zai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)向(xiang)一(yi)(yi)直未發現一(yi)(yi)絲古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址的(de)蹤(zong)跡。而白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始筑于西(xi)(xi)(xi)漢初年(nian)(nian),沿用到東晉末年(nian)(nian)前(qian)后,它與(yu)(yu)古(gu)(gu)廬陵縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)創建(jian)至(zhi)升廬陵郡(jun)后外遷和(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)初建(jian)年(nian)(nian)代基本相符。
再(zai)者,白口城位于(yu)贛江邊,處于(yu)水陸要沖,區(qu)位優勢明顯,昔秦皇(huang)漢武的(de)(de)兩次征伐嶺南,數十(shi)萬浩浩大軍均(jun)由(you)此(ci)經過,上(shang)世紀70年代,泰和鄰(lin)縣遂川出土的(de)(de)一批秦代銅制兵器(qi)便(bian)是證明。從(cong)泰和的(de)(de)行政治(zhi)所的(de)(de)歷史變(bian)遷來(lai)看(kan),廬陵(ling)縣始建于(yu)白口城,漢興平元年(公(gong)元194年)升遷為郡(jun)置西昌縣時,郡(jun)縣治(zhi)同在白口城。光緒版《泰和縣志》記(ji)載:“西昌為郡(jun)治(zhi)耳。”肯定(ding)(ding)了郡(jun)、縣同一治(zhi)所,與此(ci)相(xiang)符。綜上(shang)所述,即可確定(ding)(ding)白口城為廬陵(ling)城。
肖用桁說,對(dui)白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勘探(tan),其意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)僅(jin)(jin)僅(jin)(jin)確定了白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)廬(lu)陵(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),從(cong)而破解(jie)了困擾人們(men)千百年(nian)來古(gu)稱廬(lu)陵(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉安源頭之(zhi)謎,而且對(dui)帶動(dong)江(jiang)(jiang)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)考古(gu)研(yan)究和對(dui)于地域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、歷(li)(li)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)西古(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)研(yan)究都具(ju)有(you)顯著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)值。徐(xu)長(chang)青(qing)等專(zhuan)家曾撰文(wen)(wen)認為(wei)(wei),20世紀80年(nian)代文(wen)(wen)物(wu)普查時,僅(jin)(jin)發現(xian)柴桑、梟(xiao)阝陽(yang)、南野(ye)等城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺(yi)物(wu)較(jiao)豐富。其中柴桑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)僅(jin)(jin)有(you)記載(zai)和漢晉時期墓(mu)葬依據,梟(xiao)阝陽(yang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)僅(jin)(jin)剩(sheng)數十(shi)米(mi)(mi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)且已陷入鄱陽(yang)湖包圍中,南野(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)秦軍(jun)守(shou)南野(ye)界之(zhi)地,今存(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積約4﹒6萬(wan)平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。而白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積達23萬(wan)平方(fang)米(mi)(mi),無(wu)論(lun)從(cong)規模還是(shi)保存(cun)狀(zhuang)況,在江(jiang)(jiang)西省都是(shi)當之(zhi)無(wu)愧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大和好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因此,從(cong)研(yan)究白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)入手(shou)帶動(dong)江(jiang)(jiang)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)研(yan)究具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)。白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于贛(gan)(gan)(gan)中腹地,為(wei)(wei)贛(gan)(gan)(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)中游(you)(you)入上(shang)游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“咽(yan)喉”所在,它在贛(gan)(gan)(gan)北、贛(gan)(gan)(gan)中、贛(gan)(gan)(gan)南文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)承(cheng)鏈條上(shang)具(ju)有(you)十(shi)分顯赫(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理優勢,贛(gan)(gan)(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)中下游(you)(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)如吳城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、新干(gan)商墓(mu)以及戰國糧倉等著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均位于這(zhe)一文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)傳(chuan)承(cheng)帶上(shang)。從(cong)這(zhe)個意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)講,研(yan)究白(bai)口(kou)(kou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)于地域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、歷(li)(li)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)西古(gu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)都具(ju)有(you)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)(yi)。