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墓地概況

大(da)河口(kou)(kou)西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地位于山(shan)西省臨汾(fen)市翼城縣，占地面(mian)積約4萬余(yu)平方米(mi)，有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)千(qian)(qian)余(yu)座(zuo)。從(cong)2009年(nian)開始，考古(gu)工作者(zhe)對墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地進(jin)行的(de)大(da)面(mian)積發(fa)掘已揭(jie)露(lu)面(mian)積15000余(yu)平方米(mi)，發(fa)現墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)615座(zuo)、車(che)馬坑22座(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)不僅首次(ci)發(fa)現了(le)漆木俑、原始瓷器等(deng)國寶，而且首次(ci)發(fa)現西周時期(qi)三足(zu)銅盂、三足(zu)鼎式(shi)簋等(deng)珍稀青銅器，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)甚(shen)至發(fa)現有(you)金器，三千(qian)(qian)年(nian)前(qian)的(de)這(zhe)些寶器為(wei)研究(jiu)古(gu)代封國的(de)歷史提(ti)供了(le)重(zhong)要(yao)史料。2011年(nian)4月(yue)25日，山(shan)西翼城縣“大(da)河口(kou)(kou)西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地”入(ru)圍2010年(nian)中國十大(da)考古(gu)新發(fa)現。

地理位置

大河(he)口(kou)西周(zhou)墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)于翼城縣(xian)城以東(dong)(dong)約(yue)6公(gong)里(li)處(chu)，處(chu)于一(yi)片兩河(he)交(jiao)匯形成的(de)(de)三角洲(zhou)高地(di)(di)(di)(di)上。墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)四(si)周(zhou)除了西北(bei)部(bu)(bu)與西側(ce)臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)相接外，皆為(wei)溝壑地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌，澮河(he)干(gan)流和支流分別縈繞墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)西南(nan)兩側(ce)流過，地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢為(wei)北(bei)高南(nan)低的(de)(de)向陽緩坡。其北(bei)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)太岳山(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈和尚公(gong)德(de)山(shan)(shan)（又名二峰山(shan)(shan)），東(dong)(dong)南(nan)為(wei)太行(xing)山(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈翔山(shan)(shan)，西部(bu)(bu)為(wei)凸起的(de)(de)丘陵山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)，西南(nan)為(wei)沖(chong)積平原(yuan)。在(zai)墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)周(zhou)圍發(fa)現了幾處(chu)不同(tong)時期的(de)(de)遺址(zhi)(zhi)，其中(zhong)新石器時代遺址(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)西南(nan)方(fang)的(de)(de)澮河(he)東(dong)(dong)岸(an)臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)上，西周(zhou)遺址(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)西南(nan)約(yue)0.5公(gong)里(li)處(chu)，東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)和漢(han)代遺址(zhi)(zhi)分布于墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、東(dong)(dong)側(ce)和西南(nan)方(fang)臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)上，墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)范(fan)圍內(nei)也包含有數十座(zuo)東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)窖(jiao)穴遺存。

發掘歷史

2007年(nian)5月(yue)大(da)河口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)被盜發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，山西(xi)省(sheng)考古研究所報(bao)請國家文(wen)物局批準，于2007年(nian)9月(yue)至2008年(nian)5月(yue)進(jin)行了考古勘探和(he)試(shi)掘(jue)，共試(shi)掘(jue)了6座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)；2008年(nian)9月(yue)至12月(yue)進(jin)行了全面(mian)普(pu)探，通過(guo)勘探發(fa)掘(jue)了解到墓(mu)(mu)地(di)分布面(mian)積約4萬余平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米，埋藏西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang) 1000余座(zuo)(zuo)。2009年(nian)5月(yue)開始進(jin)行大(da)規(gui)模搶(qiang)救性發(fa)掘(jue)。已揭露面(mian)積15000余平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)615座(zuo)(zuo)，車馬坑22座(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)內出土的青銅器(qi)(qi)種類有食器(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具、車馬器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)等；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)組合主要有：鬲(li)(li)，鬲(li)(li)罐，罐，鬲(li)(li)盆罐等。玉、石、骨(gu)、蚌器(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)串飾較多，部(bu)分墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)，個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)甚至發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有金器(qi)(qi)。到2011年(nian)4月(yue)末，大(da)河口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)發(fa)掘(jue)工(gong)作進(jin)入尾聲，僅剩下數十座(zuo)(zuo)小型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)尚未(wei)發(fa)掘(jue)、保護。

為(wei)了(le)(le)保(bao)證遺(yi)址科學順(shun)利地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，工作人員進(jin)行了(le)(le)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)部署。以(yi)勘探(tan)結(jie)果為(wei)依據，選(xuan)擇重點(dian)區(qu)域，確定發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積，設立坐標(biao)基點(dian)，統(tong)一(yi)分區(qu)布方(fang)，首先進(jin)行抽(chou)樣(yang)式小探(tan)方(fang)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，再進(jin)行大(da)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積探(tan)方(fang)揭露，按(an)層(ceng)位(wei)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)所有(you)探(tan)方(fang)墓(mu)口上文化層(ceng)，暴(bao)露墓(mu)口，拍攝探(tan)方(fang)全(quan)景照后(hou)，打(da)掉(diao)隔梁，然后(hou)將每座墓(mu)葬(zang)下挖30厘米(mi)，對墓(mu)葬(zang)進(jin)行統(tong)一(yi)測量繪(hui)圖、航拍、編號，再按(an)計劃有(you)步(bu)驟地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)單個(ge)墓(mu)葬(zang)。墓(mu)葬(zang)填土采取(qu)半(ban)剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)或多剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)結(jie)合的發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)方(fang)法，按(an)照逆埋葬(zang)順(shun)序逐(zhu)層(ceng)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，并及時做好記錄資(zi)料、取(qu)樣(yang)和現場文物(wu)保(bao)護工作，加強多學科合作。此次大(da)規(gui)模發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)發(fa)(fa)現并搶救了(le)(le)一(yi)大(da)批珍貴的文物(wu)，考古(gu)工作取(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)階(jie)段性的重要成果。

2017年(nian)6月7日，山西省考古研(yan)究所獲悉，經過考古工作者3年(nian)再發掘，翼城大河口西周“霸(ba)國”墓(mu)地(di)已全(quan)部發掘完成。10年(nian)間，共發掘墓(mu)葬(zang)2200余座，出(chu)土器物2.5萬(wan)余件(jian)組。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形制均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方形土壙豎(shu)(shu)穴(xue)，多(duo)口(kou)小(xiao)底大。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗絕(jue)大多(duo)數為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西向(xiang)(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，以(yi)頭向(xiang)(xiang)西為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，少(shao)量頭向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)，南北向(xiang)(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余座。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)間(jian)很少(shao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)打(da)破現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，大中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘區域內(nei)(nei)散布(bu)，分(fen)布(bu)沒(mei)有(you)明顯規律，區域內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)聚群特征明顯。車(che)馬坑均(jun)位于大中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的東(dong)側，除1座為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南北向(xiang)(xiang)外(wai)，余均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西向(xiang)(xiang)。部(bu)(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)腳(jiao)窩和生(sheng)土二(er)(er)層臺(tai)(tai)，個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)壁龕(kan)，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)棺、一(yi)棺一(yi)槨(guo)(guo)或二(er)(er)棺一(yi)槨(guo)(guo)，槨(guo)(guo)蓋(gai)板一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)橫鋪，棺蓋(gai)板、底板和槨(guo)(guo)底板一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豎(shu)(shu)鋪（個(ge)別(bie)例(li)外(wai)），四壁立板間(jian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榫卯結構(gou)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仰身(shen)直肢，個(ge)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)屈(qu)肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)俯身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)腰(yao)坑和腰(yao)坑殉狗(gou)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)較(jiao)多(duo)，未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)殉人。僅2008年發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的M1發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)四個(ge)斜洞(dong)，其(qi)余墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)此類設施。隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物多(duo)放置在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭前，其(qi)余置于棺槨(guo)(guo)間(jian)、二(er)(er)層臺(tai)(tai)上、棺內(nei)(nei)或蓋(gai)板上，大中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類豐富，食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)都(dou)有(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合(he)主(zhu)要有(you)鬲(li)(li)、鬲(li)(li)罐、罐、鬲(li)(li)盆罐等(deng)等(deng)；玉、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和串飾較(jiao)多(duo)；部(bu)(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)金(jin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；少(shao)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物。

M1為(wei)東西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向，土坑豎穴，口(kou)小底(di)大(da)，墓(mu)口(kou)長4.25米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.22米(mi)、墓(mu)底(di)長4.6米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.78米(mi)、自深9.75米(mi)，在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)口(kou)平面四(si)(si)角外(wai)(wai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)4個通向墓(mu)壁(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)斜洞，這(zhe)是繼絳縣(xian)橫水墓(mu)地(di)之后又一(yi)(yi)(yi)次發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)類似(si)的(de)(de)斜洞設施。墓(mu)主頭向西(xi)，仰身直下肢，一(yi)(yi)(yi)棺一(yi)(yi)(yi)槨(guo)，槨(guo)底(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)腰坑。在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)室二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai)之上(shang)四(si)(si)壁(bi)(bi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)11個壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)，壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)內放置(zhi)(zhi)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)始(shi)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，已發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)俎、罍(lei)、豆、壺、杯(bei)(bei)（雙(shuang)耳杯(bei)(bei)、單耳杯(bei)(bei)、角狀杯(bei)(bei)）、犧尊(zun)(zun)、坐屏等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)葬內發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)如(ru)此多的(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)、并且在(zai)(zai)壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)內放置(zhi)(zhi)大(da)量器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)的(de)(de)現(xian)象，為(wei)西(xi)周墓(mu)考(kao)古(gu)中(zhong)首(shou)見(jian)。在(zai)(zai)東部(bu)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai)上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)俑(yong)(yong)，雙(shuang)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)站立于(yu)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)龜(gui)上(shang)，雙(shuang)手(shou)作持物(wu)狀，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)俑(yong)(yong)前(qian)(qian)面及側(ce)面放置(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)區(qu)西(xi)周墓(mu)葬內也是首(shou)見(jian)。在(zai)(zai)其他幾面二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)臺(tai)上(shang)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)帶木(mu)柄銅(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)盾(dun)牌(pai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)室內棺槨(guo)之間或棺蓋上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了大(da)量的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)始(shi)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，其中(zhong)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最多，包括禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車(che)(che)(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，青(qing)銅(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍(lei)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單耳罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)鐘和(he)鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)木(mu)盾(dun)牌(pai)青(qing)銅(tong)飾昜、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、戟(ji)、矛、鉞等(deng)(deng)(deng)30余(yu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)非常高(gao)的(de)(de)價值，很(hen)多兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺存有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)木(mu)柄，銅(tong)工具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)斧、鑿(zao)、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)車(che)(che)(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)掛韁鉤、鑾鈴、車(che)(che)(che)轄、當盧等(deng)(deng)(deng)，還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)原(yuan)始(shi)瓷(ci)(ci)尊(zun)(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形尊(zun)(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)杯(bei)(bei)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三(san)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，此外(wai)(wai)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)大(da)量的(de)(de)玉石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜(gui)甲、鹿(lu)角、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)(si)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)角方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)(si)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)角方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，腹足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)帶扉棱圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)內壁(bi)(bi)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“伯作寶(bao)尊(zun)(zun)彝”，無扉棱柱足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)座簋(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高(gao)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條紋簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇(la)叭形圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內底(di)鑄銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文“□父(fu)戊”，鼎(ding)(ding)式簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內底(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文“芮公(gong)舍霸(ba)馬兩(liang)(liang)(liang)玉金用鑄簋(gui)(gui)”，乳釘(ding)紋簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)三(san)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋底(di)對銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“霸(ba)中(zhong)作旅彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)卣形制略(lve)同(tong)，從(cong)大(da)到小排列(lie)，前(qian)(qian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相同(tong)，后兩(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相同(tong)。其中(zhong)最大(da)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣蓋內銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“燕侯旨作姑妹寶(bao)尊(zun)(zun)彝”，卣內置(zhi)(zhi)酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)爵(jue)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“旨作父(fu)辛(xin)爵(jue)”。銅(tong)觶6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋內銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“析父(fu)丁”。從(cong)隨葬兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)判(pan)斷(duan)墓(mu)主為(wei)男性(xing)。

M2為一座三鼎墓(mu)，土壙豎穴(xue)，東西(xi)向，墓(mu)主(zhu)頭向西(xi)，墓(mu)口(kou)長(chang)3.51米(mi)、寬2.49米(mi)、墓(mu)底(di)長(chang)4.2米(mi)、寬3.47米(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)，兩棺一槨，墓(mu)主(zhu)為女性，仰(yang)身直肢。隨葬銅器(qi)有鼎3件(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、鐘(zhong)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)，陶器(qi)有鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足甕1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、未燒(shao)結碎陶器(qi)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)，玉(yu)(yu)石串飾(shi)7 件(jian)(jian)(jian)、項飾(shi)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、玉(yu)(yu)玦8件(jian)(jian)(jian)、握玉(yu)(yu)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、柄形飾(shi)2組。另外還(huan)發現(xian)蚌(bang)器(qi)和貝等(deng)。在M2銅甗內壁發現(xian)有鑄銘“唯正月初吉霸（□）伯作寶甗其永用”。

M1017墓口(kou)長5米(mi)、寬3.4米(mi)、自深10米(mi)，口(kou)小底大，墓主(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)向西，有(you)腰(yao)坑(keng)。墓室內發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)大量青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)、玉(yu)石器(qi)(qi)、錫器(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)(deng)，數十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)置于墓主(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)前棺(guan)槨之間，其余青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)于棺(guan)槨之間或棺(guan)蓋(gai)(gai)上(shang)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)種類(lei)有(you)食器(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)食器(qi)(qi)中鼎簋(gui)數量較多(duo)，計有(you)方(fang)鼎5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗(dou)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂(yu)(yu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan) 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃多(duo)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具有(you)鑿、刀等(deng)(deng)，金(jin)柄形(xing)器(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫器(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層(ceng)臺上(shang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)陶(tao)鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)盂(yu)(yu)、簋(gui)、豆(dou)等(deng)(deng)器(qi)(qi)內發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)銘文，其中銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆(dou)蓋(gai)(gai)內銘“霸(ba)伯(bo)作(zuo)大寶尊彝(yi)其孫孫子子萬年永用”。此墓已整體搬遷至室內進行發(fa)(fa)掘。

M2002墓(mu)口(kou)長2.75米(mi)(mi)、寬1.68米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)底(di)長3.83米(mi)(mi)、寬2.83米(mi)(mi)、自深9.91米(mi)(mi)，口(kou)小底(di)大，墓(mu)主(zhu)頭(tou)向西，腰(yao)坑內(nei)殉狗1只，一(yi)棺一(yi)槨，墓(mu)主(zhu)仰(yang)身直肢，為男(nan)性。隨葬(zang)銅(tong)鼎3件(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)3件(jian)、鬲(li)(li)2件(jian)、甗1件(jian)、盤1件(jian)、鳥尊(zun)形(xing)盉1件(jian)，及大量的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)兵器(qi)、車馬器(qi)和工具等(deng)，還發現陶鬲(li)(li)1件(jian)及鉛、玉、石、骨(gu)、蚌、貝等(deng)器(qi)物(wu)。其中出(chu)土(tu)的(de)瓦(wa)棱紋(wen)扁(bian)腹(fu)圈足雙耳銅(tong)簋(gui)(gui)的(de)蓋、內(nei)底(di)鑄有銘文(wen)4行(xing)近(jin)30字，鳥尊(zun)形(xing)盉蓋內(nei)鑄銘文(wen)8行(xing)約50字。

M1034墓口長(chang)3米、寬1.61米、墓底長(chang)3.15米、寬1.86米、自深4.43米，口小底大，墓主(zhu)頭向西(xi)，腰坑內(nei)殉狗1只(zhi)，一棺一槨，墓主(zhu)仰身直肢，雙(shuang)手置(zhi)于髖(kuan)骨位(wei)置(zhi)，為男性。隨葬銅鼎3件、銅簋2件，及(ji)大量(liang)的青(qing)銅兵(bing)器(qi)、車馬器(qi)、漆器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和貝等。

出土文物

“霸”國出(chu)現填(tian)補(bu)空(kong)白

在(zai)試(shi)掘(jue)階段，考(kao)古隊就發現這是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)諸侯(hou)國君級(ji)別的墓——墓葬(zang)二層(ceng)臺四壁有(you)11個(ge)(ge)壁龕，壁龕內放置漆木器(qi)、原始瓷器(qi)、陶器(qi)等物。

從出土的(de)(de)(de)青銅器(qi)上面的(de)(de)(de)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)確證，大(da)河口墓(mu)地(di)墓(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)族名(ming)為 “霸”，“霸伯”是(shi)這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)最高權力擁有者。“霸”國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)商、周文(wen)(wen)化因素都比較(jiao)明顯，并(bing)具(ju)有自(zi)身獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化風格。其人(ren)群應為狄(di)人(ren)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)一支，是(shi)被(bei)中(zhong)原(yuan)商周文(wen)(wen)化同化的(de)(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)人(ren)群。相繼的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古發現(xian)，“霸”國(guo)(guo)和周王(wang)室以及晉國(guo)(guo)、倗國(guo)(guo)、燕國(guo)(guo)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)關系(xi)密切。

“霸(ba)”國與晉國相(xiang)鄰。從(cong)墓(mu)地規(gui)模(mo)及隨葬品推測，“霸(ba)”國應(ying)比(bi)晉國低(di)一個(ge)檔次(ci)，屬于小國。在(zai)君主(zhu)稱謂方(fang)面，晉國的君主(zhu)被封(feng)為晉侯，而“霸(ba)”國的君主(zhu)則被稱為霸(ba)伯。此外(wai)，兩國的墓(mu)葬規(gui)模(mo)也相(xiang)距甚(shen)遠，晉國曲村墓(mu)地的墓(mu)葬多達20000多座(zuo)，而“霸(ba)”國大(da)河(he)口墓(mu)地的墓(mu)葬僅有1500座(zuo)左右，從(cong)這里也可反映(ying)出兩國國都人(ren)口規(gui)模(mo)的差距。

中國(guo)社會科(ke)學院考古所所長王巍認為(wei)，大河口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓地的發現(xian)揭示了(le)不(bu)見于歷(li)史(shi)文獻記載的西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)“霸”國(guo)的歷(li)史(shi)及(ji)文化，并為(wei)研究西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期的分封(feng)制(zhi)度、器(qi)用制(zhi)度和族群(qun)融合等問題提供了(le)寶貴的實物資料，填補了(le)中國(guo)對西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期考古研究的一項空白。

稀有漆木俑保留完好(hao)

墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)二(er)層臺(tai)四壁有11個壁龕(kan)，一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內發現(xian)如此多的(de)(de)壁龕(kan)在(zai)西周考古上還是(shi)第一(yi)(yi)次，墓(mu)(mu)內隨葬(zang)漆木(mu)俑可能是(shi)目(mu)前中原地區出土最早(zao)的(de)(de)實物資料。

考古隊在(zai)發掘墓葬的填土(tu)工作中(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)東邊(bian)二(er)層(ceng)臺上意外發掘出(chu)了重要(yao)寶物(wu)(wu)：兩個一(yi)米多高的漆木俑雙(shuang)足站立于漆木龜(gui)上，雙(shuang)手作持物(wu)(wu)狀(zhuang)，兩俑前面及(ji)側面放置漆木器，這在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)原地(di)區西周墓葬內也是(shi)(shi)首見。考古學家介紹，漆木器在(zai)兩種環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)易于保存：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)十分(fen)濕潤的環(huan)境(jing)，二(er)是(shi)(shi)十分(fen)干燥(zao)的環(huan)境(jing)。在(zai)黃(huang)土(tu)高原忽干忽濕的環(huan)境(jing)里，兩個漆木俑經數千年(nian)還能(neng)較為完好(hao)地(di)保留下(xia)來，彌足珍貴。

山西省考古所副所長謝(xie)堯亭介紹，中華文化的(de)一(yi)個(ge)顯著特征是(shi)禮(li)制。古人朝(chao)會、狩獵、宴享、訓練軍(jun)隊等活(huo)動都強調‘秩序’。故而推(tui)測這兩個(ge)漆木(mu)俑(yong)與(yu)禮(li)制和宗(zong)教有關(guan)系。

考古專家歷經(jing)兩年，清理出(chu)大(da)量(liang)的漆木器遺存，包(bao)括(kuo)漆木俑、俎、罍、豆(dou)、壺、犧尊(zun)、坐屏、杯、案(an)、盾牌、方彝等種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥盉（hé）。這件(jian)器(qi)物被視為大河口(kou)西周墓葬(zang)銅器(qi)中的瑰寶(bao)，它為中國(guo)青銅器(qi)發展史提供了一件(jian)新的器(qi)形。

在此(ci)件(jian)鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)(xing)器(qi)物出(chu)土(tu)之前，發現的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)大(da)多屬于(yu)酒(jiu)(jiu)器(qi)，簡單地說，就(jiu)(jiu)是一種(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)盛酒(jiu)(jiu)器(qi)，用來在各類祭祀活動中(zhong)盛裝不同的(de)(de)酒(jiu)(jiu)。距此(ci)二三十公(gong)里的(de)(de)北趙晉侯(hou)墓(mu)地就(jiu)(jiu)發現了鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)，被收藏在山西省博物院，是其“鎮院之寶(bao)”。此(ci)次發現的(de)(de)青銅鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)(xing)器(qi)物與北趙晉侯(hou)墓(mu)地發現的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)有所(suo)不同，腹部沒有管狀流(liu)。專家認(ren)為，大(da)河口(kou)這件(jian)鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)(xing)器(qi)物不是尊(zun)，而是盉。

謝堯亭介(jie)紹，商周(zhou)時(shi)期，盉多是一種注水(shui)的(de)水(shui)器。按照商周(zhou)貴族禮(li)儀，在祭祀、宴飲、典禮(li)過程中(zhong)，參與者(zhe)要(yao)洗手盥洗。

侍(shi)者用盉將水倒出。在(zai)既(ji)往的考古發現和傳世器物中(zhong)都(dou)未曾見過像大河口墓葬中(zhong)這(zhe)樣的鳥形盉。

鳥形盉的出(chu)現也意外糾正了一(yi)個錯誤(wu)：山西省博(bo)物(wu)院收(shou)藏的鳥尊在發掘時尾(wei)巴(ba)已斷，上海博(bo)物(wu)院將尾(wei)巴(ba)修復為朝(chao)里卷。此次發現的鳥形盉十分完整，它清晰地(di)顯示，鳥的尾(wei)巴(ba)是朝(chao)外卷的。

墓地價值

大河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)這一考(kao)古(gu)(gu)項目受到業內專(zhuan)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)(du)肯定。來自(zi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)社會(hui)科學院考(kao)古(gu)(gu)所(suo)所(suo)長王巍就在(zai)會(hui)上(shang)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)，該墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)封(feng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)收獲。青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)，“霸(ba)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)這處(chu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)墓(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)族名(ming)，“霸(ba)伯(bo)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)最(zui)高權力擁有者，“霸(ba)”器(qi)曾見(jian)于(yu)以往的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)著錄(lu)，在(zai)《殷(yin)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)金文(wen)(wen)集(ji)成》中著錄(lu)有“霸(ba)姞作寶尊(zun)彝”鼎簋(gui)，曲村(cun)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)M6197也(ye)(ye)曾出土過一件(jian)“霸(ba)伯(bo)作寶尊(zun)彝”銅(tong)簋(gui)。雖(sui)然“霸(ba)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)，但不見(jian)于(yu)傳世的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)獻記(ji)載，墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積和墓(mu)葬埋藏(zang)數量(liang)顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)，當時大河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)規(gui)模不大，推測其(qi)所(suo)居城邑和所(suo)轄區域也(ye)(ye)不會(hui)很大。可是(shi)(shi)(shi)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)(wen)上(shang)又顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)它與晉、燕等國(guo)(guo)(guo)和周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王朝都(dou)有往來關系，從(cong)埋葬習俗看，大河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭向、腰坑(keng)、殉狗(gou)、斜洞、使用日名(ming)等習俗與絳縣橫水墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)相似；車馬坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局(ju)、無俯(fu)身葬、無殉人(ren)(ren)(ren)等現象又與天馬—曲村(cun)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有共同之(zhi)處(chu)；陶器(qi)組(zu)合和青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)風格又具(ju)有周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征，商、周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)因(yin)素都(dou)比較明顯(xian)，自(zi)身文(wen)(wen)化(hua)特色獨具(ju)。墓(mu)葬時代(dai)橫貫西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，晚(wan)期進入春秋初(chu)年，其(qi)墓(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)應為(wei)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)一支，是(shi)(shi)(shi)被中原商周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面(mian)貌顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)其(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群(qun)相對單純。大河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發現為(wei)研究西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)分封(feng)制(zhi)度(du)(du)、器(qi)用制(zhi)度(du)(du)和族群(qun)融合等歷史(shi)和考(kao)古(gu)(gu)問題等具(ju)有重要(yao)(yao)意義。

中新網太原6月(yue)9日電(胡健)記者9日傍晚從山西(xi)省考古(gu)研究所獲悉，山西(xi)翼城縣大(da)(da)河口西(xi)周墓地(di)成功入選(xuan)2010年度中國十(shi)大(da)(da)考古(gu)新發現。

山(shan)西翼城縣大河口西周墓地是(shi)新發(fa)現的(de)(de)一處西周封國墓地，發(fa)現的(de)(de)眾多青銅器銘文中的(de)(de)“霸伯”是(shi)這里(li)的(de)(de)最高權力(li)擁有(you)者。

“霸(ba)”是其國名，“霸(ba)”國未見(jian)于傳(chuan)世的文(wen)獻記載(zai)，山(shan)西(xi)省考古研究所副所長謝堯亭在報告(gao)中(zhong)指出(chu)。銘文(wen)資料顯示，“霸(ba)”與晉、北燕、芮等國曾(ceng)有(you)往來。在大河口墓地，商(shang)、周文(wen)化因素(su)都比(bi)較(jiao)明顯，自(zi)身特色(se)也(ye)很鮮明，墓葬時代(dai)橫(heng)貫西(xi)周，晚期已(yi)進入(ru)春秋初年。大河口墓地的發現為(wei)研究西(xi)周分封制度和(he)西(xi)周史提供了重(zhong)要資料，對探討諸侯制度具有(you)重(zhong)要意(yi)義。

2007年5月(yue)(yue)(yue)，大河(he)口墓地因被盜被發(fa)現，同年9月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)次年5月(yue)(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)了考古勘探(tan)和試掘，2008年9月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)了全(quan)面普探(tan)，2009年5月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)2011年5月(yue)(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)了大規模(mo)搶救(jiu)性發(fa)掘。

大河(he)口(kou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)于山(shan)(shan)西省南(nan)(nan)部翼城縣(xian)城以東約6公里處，墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)四周(zhou)(zhou)除(chu)了(le)西北部與西側(ce)(ce)臺地(di)(di)(di)相接外皆(jie)為(wei)溝壑，澮河(he)干流(liu)(liu)和(he)支流(liu)(liu)分別縈繞其(qi)西、南(nan)(nan)兩側(ce)(ce)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)，地(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)為(wei)北高南(nan)(nan)低的向(xiang)陽(yang)緩坡(po)地(di)(di)(di)，北方為(wei)太(tai)岳(yue)山(shan)(shan)余脈(mo)二(er)峰山(shan)(shan)，東、南(nan)(nan)方為(wei)太(tai)行山(shan)(shan)余脈(mo)翔(xiang)山(shan)(shan)，西部為(wei)凸起的丘陵山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)，西南(nan)(nan)為(wei)澮河(he)沖積谷地(di)(di)(di)。在(zai)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)周(zhou)(zhou)圍發現了(le)幾(ji)處不同時(shi)期的遺(yi)址(zhi)，其(qi)中西周(zhou)(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)西南(nan)(nan)約0.5公里處。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)分布(bu)面積約4萬(wan)余平(ping)方米，埋(mai)藏西周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)葬(zang)約1500余座(zuo)。

此(ci)次“2010年(nian)度全國十大考(kao)古(gu)新發(fa)現(xian)”由(you)(you)國家文物(wu)局主辦，自2010年(nian)11月(yue)底啟動，從2010年(nian)1月(yue)1日～12月(yue)31日期間在中(zhong)(zhong)國境內進行發(fa)掘(jue)的合法(fa)考(kao)古(gu)項目中(zhong)(zhong)遴選(xuan)出56個(ge)候選(xuan)項目進入(ru)(ru)初評(ping)。初評(ping)由(you)(you)國家文物(wu)局考(kao)古(gu)專家組成(cheng)員、中(zhong)(zhong)國考(kao)古(gu)學會常務(wu)理事和理事、中(zhong)(zhong)國65 家考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘(jue)資質單位共(gong)同(tong)參與投票(piao)，最(zui)終，有25個(ge)項目入(ru)(ru)圍。

此次2010年度中國(guo)十大考古新發現的具體名單為：河南(nan)新鄭(zheng)望(wang)京樓夏(xia)商時(shi)期城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、山東濟(ji)南(nan)大辛莊商代(dai)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、山西翼城(cheng)(cheng)縣大河口西周墓(mu)地(di)、江蘇蘇州市木瀆古城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、陜西西安鳳棲原西漢家族墓(mu)地(di)、新疆鄯善(shan)吐峪溝石窟群(qun)和(he)佛(fo)寺(si)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、陜西藍田北宋呂氏(shi)家族墓(mu)園、湖南(nan)永順老(lao)司城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、江蘇南(nan)京大報(bao)恩寺(si)遺址(zhi)(zhi)、廣東汕頭“南(nan)澳(ao)1號”明代(dai)沉船遺址(zhi)(zhi)。