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墓地概況

大河口西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓地(di)位于山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)省(sheng)臨汾市翼(yi)城(cheng)縣，占地(di)面(mian)積(ji)約4萬余(yu)平方米，有墓葬千余(yu)座(zuo)。從2009年開(kai)始(shi)，考古(gu)工(gong)作者對墓地(di)進行(xing)的(de)(de)大面(mian)積(ji)發(fa)掘已揭露面(mian)積(ji)15000余(yu)平方米，發(fa)現(xian)墓葬615座(zuo)、車(che)馬坑22座(zuo)。墓葬內不(bu)僅首(shou)次發(fa)現(xian)了漆(qi)木俑(yong)、原始(shi)瓷器等(deng)國(guo)(guo)寶(bao)(bao)，而且首(shou)次發(fa)現(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)時期三(san)(san)足銅盂、三(san)(san)足鼎式(shi)簋(gui)等(deng)珍稀青(qing)銅器，個別墓葬甚至發(fa)現(xian)有金(jin)器，三(san)(san)千年前的(de)(de)這(zhe)些寶(bao)(bao)器為研究古(gu)代封國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)歷史提供了重要(yao)史料。2011年4月25日，山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)翼(yi)城(cheng)縣“大河口西(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓地(di)”入圍2010年中國(guo)(guo)十大考古(gu)新發(fa)現(xian)。

地理位置

大河(he)口西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)位于(yu)(yu)翼城縣城以(yi)東(dong)約(yue)(yue)6公里(li)處，處于(yu)(yu)一片兩河(he)交匯形成的(de)(de)三角洲高(gao)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)。墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)四(si)周除了西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部與西(xi)(xi)側(ce)臺(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)相接外，皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)溝壑(he)地(di)(di)(di)貌，澮河(he)干流(liu)和支流(liu)分別縈繞(rao)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)兩側(ce)流(liu)過，地(di)(di)(di)勢為(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)高(gao)南(nan)低的(de)(de)向陽(yang)緩(huan)坡(po)。其北(bei)部為(wei)(wei)(wei)太岳山(shan)(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈(mo)和尚公德山(shan)(shan)(shan)（又(you)名二峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)），東(dong)南(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)太行山(shan)(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈(mo)翔山(shan)(shan)(shan)，西(xi)(xi)部為(wei)(wei)(wei)凸起(qi)的(de)(de)丘陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)沖積平原。在墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)周圍發現了幾(ji)處不同時期的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址，其中(zhong)新石器(qi)時代(dai)遺(yi)(yi)址位于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)方的(de)(de)澮河(he)東(dong)岸臺(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)，西(xi)(xi)周遺(yi)(yi)址位于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)約(yue)(yue)0.5公里(li)處，東(dong)周和漢(han)代(dai)遺(yi)(yi)址分布于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)東(dong)北(bei)、東(dong)側(ce)和西(xi)(xi)南(nan)方臺(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)，墓(mu)地(di)(di)(di)范(fan)圍內也(ye)包含有(you)數十座東(dong)周窖穴遺(yi)(yi)存。

發掘歷史

2007年5月大河口西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地被盜(dao)發(fa)(fa)現，山西省考古(gu)研(yan)究所報請國家文物局(ju)批準，于(yu)2007年9月至(zhi)2008年5月進(jin)行(xing)了(le)考古(gu)勘探(tan)和試掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，共(gong)試掘(jue)(jue)(jue)了(le)6座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬；2008年9月至(zhi)12月進(jin)行(xing)了(le)全面(mian)普探(tan)，通過勘探(tan)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)了(le)解到(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地分布面(mian)積約4萬(wan)余(yu)平(ping)方米(mi)，埋藏西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬 1000余(yu)座。2009年5月開始進(jin)行(xing)大規(gui)模搶救性(xing)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)。已揭露面(mian)積15000余(yu)平(ping)方米(mi)，發(fa)(fa)現墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬615座，車(che)馬(ma)坑(keng)22座。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬內出土(tu)的青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具、車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等；陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合主要有(you)：鬲，鬲罐，罐，鬲盆罐等。玉、石、骨、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和串飾較(jiao)多，部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬隨(sui)葬錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬甚至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現有(you)金器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。到(dao)2011年4月末，大河口西周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)工(gong)作進(jin)入尾聲，僅剩下數十座小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬尚未(wei)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)、保護。

為(wei)了保證遺址科學順利地(di)發掘，工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員(yuan)進(jin)行(xing)了全(quan)面(mian)(mian)部署(shu)。以勘探結(jie)果為(wei)依據，選擇重點區域，確定發掘面(mian)(mian)積，設立坐(zuo)標基點，統(tong)(tong)一分區布方(fang)，首先進(jin)行(xing)抽樣式小探方(fang)發掘，再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)大面(mian)(mian)積探方(fang)揭(jie)露，按層(ceng)(ceng)位發掘所有探方(fang)墓(mu)口上(shang)文化層(ceng)(ceng)，暴露墓(mu)口，拍(pai)攝探方(fang)全(quan)景(jing)照后，打掉隔(ge)梁，然(ran)后將每座墓(mu)葬下(xia)挖(wa)30厘米，對墓(mu)葬進(jin)行(xing)統(tong)(tong)一測量繪圖、航拍(pai)、編號，再(zai)按計劃有步驟地(di)發掘單個墓(mu)葬。墓(mu)葬填土(tu)采(cai)取(qu)半剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)或多剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)結(jie)合的(de)(de)發掘方(fang)法，按照逆埋葬順序(xu)逐層(ceng)(ceng)發掘，并(bing)及(ji)時做好記錄資(zi)料、取(qu)樣和現場文物(wu)保護工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，加強多學科合作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。此(ci)次大規(gui)模(mo)發掘發現并(bing)搶救了一大批珍貴的(de)(de)文物(wu)，考古工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)取(qu)得了階段性的(de)(de)重要成果。

2017年(nian)6月(yue)7日，山西省考(kao)古(gu)研究所獲(huo)悉，經過考(kao)古(gu)工作(zuo)者3年(nian)再發掘(jue)，翼城(cheng)大河口西周“霸國”墓地(di)已全(quan)部發掘(jue)完(wan)成。10年(nian)間，共(gong)發掘(jue)墓葬2200余(yu)座，出土(tu)器物2.5萬余(yu)件(jian)組。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)長方形(xing)土壙豎穴，多(duo)口小底大(da)(da)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗絕大(da)(da)多(duo)數為(wei)(wei)(wei)東西(xi)(xi)向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，以頭(tou)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，少量(liang)頭(tou)向(xiang)東，南(nan)北向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余座(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)間很少發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)打破現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘區(qu)域內散布，分(fen)布沒(mei)有(you)明顯規(gui)律，區(qu)域內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)聚群特(te)征明顯。車馬(ma)坑均(jun)位于(yu)大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)東側，除1座(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)北向(xiang)外，余均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東西(xi)(xi)向(xiang)。部(bu)(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)腳(jiao)窩和(he)生土二層臺，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)壁龕，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)棺、一(yi)棺一(yi)槨(guo)(guo)或二棺一(yi)槨(guo)(guo)，槨(guo)(guo)蓋板(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)橫鋪，棺蓋板(ban)(ban)(ban)、底板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)槨(guo)(guo)底板(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)豎鋪（個別例外），四壁立板(ban)(ban)(ban)間多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)榫卯結構。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)仰身(shen)(shen)直肢，個別為(wei)(wei)(wei)屈(qu)肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)俯身(shen)(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)腰坑和(he)腰坑殉狗的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)較(jiao)多(duo)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)殉人。僅2008年發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的(de)M1發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)四個斜洞，其余墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)此(ci)類(lei)設施。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)物多(duo)放置在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭(tou)前，其余置于(yu)棺槨(guo)(guo)間、二層臺上、棺內或蓋板(ban)(ban)(ban)上，大(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)青銅器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主。青銅器(qi)(qi)種類(lei)豐(feng)富，食(shi)器(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)等(deng)都有(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)；陶器(qi)(qi)組合主要(yao)有(you)鬲(li)(li)、鬲(li)(li)罐(guan)、罐(guan)、鬲(li)(li)盆(pen)罐(guan)等(deng)等(deng)；玉、石(shi)、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)串飾較(jiao)多(duo)；部(bu)(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)或漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)；個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)金器(qi)(qi)；少部(bu)(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)物。

M1為東西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，土坑豎穴，口小底(di)大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)口長4.25米(mi)(mi)、寬3.22米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)底(di)長4.6米(mi)(mi)、寬3.78米(mi)(mi)、自深9.75米(mi)(mi)，在墓(mu)(mu)口平面四角(jiao)(jiao)外(wai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)4個(ge)通(tong)向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)壁(bi)的斜(xie)(xie)洞，這是繼絳(jiang)縣橫水(shui)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)之后又(you)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)類似(si)的斜(xie)(xie)洞設(she)施。墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)，仰身直下肢，一(yi)(yi)棺一(yi)(yi)槨，槨底(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)腰坑。在墓(mu)(mu)室二(er)層(ceng)臺之上四壁(bi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)11個(ge)壁(bi)龕，壁(bi)龕內(nei)(nei)放(fang)置漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始(shi)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)物(wu)，已發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)俎、罍、豆(dou)、壺、杯（雙(shuang)耳(er)杯、單耳(er)杯、角(jiao)(jiao)狀杯）、犧(xi)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)、坐屏等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)，在一(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)如此多的壁(bi)龕、并且在壁(bi)龕內(nei)(nei)放(fang)置大(da)量器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)的現(xian)象，為西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)考古中(zhong)(zhong)首(shou)見(jian)。在東部二(er)層(ceng)臺上發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)兩個(ge)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)俑，雙(shuang)足(zu)站立于漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)龜(gui)上，雙(shuang)手(shou)作持(chi)物(wu)狀，兩俑前面及(ji)側面放(fang)置有(you)(you)(you)(you)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，這在中(zhong)(zhong)原地(di)區西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)(nei)也(ye)是首(shou)見(jian)。在其他幾面二(er)層(ceng)臺上還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)帶(dai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)柄(bing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)盾牌等(deng)(deng)。在墓(mu)(mu)室內(nei)(nei)棺槨之間或棺蓋上發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)大(da)量的青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始(shi)瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)物(wu)，其中(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最(zui)多，包括禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)(jue)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)(zun)(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單耳(er)罐(guan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗(dou)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)，樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鐘和鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的木(mu)(mu)(mu)盾牌青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)飾(shi)昜、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、戟、矛、鉞等(deng)(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都具有(you)(you)(you)(you)非常高的價值，很多兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存有(you)(you)(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)(mu)柄(bing)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)工具有(you)(you)(you)(you)斧、鑿、鏟等(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)掛(gua)韁鉤、鑾鈴、車轄、當盧等(deng)(deng)，還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)原始(shi)瓷(ci)尊(zun)(zun)(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形尊(zun)(zun)(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)(jue)杯2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈(quan)足(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)，此外(wai)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)大(da)量的玉石器(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜(gui)甲、鹿(lu)角(jiao)(jiao)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為四足(zu)圓角(jiao)(jiao)方(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為四足(zu)方(fang)(fang)角(jiao)(jiao)方(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，腹足(zu)帶(dai)扉棱(leng)圓鼎(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)內(nei)(nei)壁(bi)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“伯作寶尊(zun)(zun)(zun)彝(yi)(yi)”，無(wu)扉棱(leng)柱足(zu)圓鼎(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)簋9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)座簋 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈(quan)足(zu)簋2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條紋簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇(la)叭(ba)形圈(quan)足(zu)簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)底(di)鑄(zhu)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)“□父(fu)戊”，鼎(ding)(ding)式(shi)簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋、器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)底(di)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)文(wen)“芮公舍霸馬(ma)兩玉金用鑄(zhu)簋”，乳釘紋簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈(quan)足(zu)三足(zu)簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋底(di)對銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“霸中(zhong)(zhong)作旅彝(yi)(yi)”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)卣(you)(you)形制(zhi)(zhi)略同，從大(da)到小排列，前兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制(zhi)(zhi)相同，后兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制(zhi)(zhi)相同。其中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)大(da)的一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣(you)(you)蓋內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“燕侯旨作姑妹寶尊(zun)(zun)(zun)彝(yi)(yi)”，卣(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)置酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)爵(jue)(jue)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“旨作父(fu)辛爵(jue)(jue)”。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)觶6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“析父(fu)丁(ding)”。從隨葬(zang)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)判斷墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為男(nan)性。

M2為一座三(san)鼎(ding)墓，土壙豎穴，東西向(xiang)，墓主頭向(xiang)西，墓口長3.51米(mi)、寬(kuan)2.49米(mi)、墓底(di)長4.2米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.47米(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)，兩棺(guan)一槨，墓主為女性，仰身(shen)直肢。隨葬(zang)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)有(you)鼎(ding)3件(jian)(jian)、簋1件(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)、盆(pen)1件(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)等，陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)有(you)鬲1件(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)、三(san)足甕1件(jian)(jian)、未燒結碎(sui)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)7件(jian)(jian)，玉石串(chuan)飾(shi)(shi)7 件(jian)(jian)、項(xiang)飾(shi)(shi)2件(jian)(jian)、玉玦(jue)8件(jian)(jian)、握玉2件(jian)(jian)、柄形飾(shi)(shi)2組。另外還發(fa)現(xian)(xian)蚌器(qi)(qi)和貝等。在M2銅(tong)甗內壁發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)鑄銘(ming)“唯(wei)正月初吉霸（□）伯作(zuo)寶甗其永用”。

M1017墓口長5米(mi)、寬3.4米(mi)、自(zi)深10米(mi)，口小(xiao)底大，墓主(zhu)頭(tou)向西，有(you)(you)腰(yao)坑。墓室內(nei)發(fa)(fa)現大量青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等，數十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)置于墓主(zhu)頭(tou)前棺槨(guo)之間(jian)(jian)，其余青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)現于棺槨(guo)之間(jian)(jian)或棺蓋上。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有(you)(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)鼎簋數量較(jiao)多(duo)，計有(you)(you)方鼎5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆(pen)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃多(duo)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具有(you)(you)鑿、刀等，金柄(bing)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層臺上發(fa)(fa)現陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)盂、簋、豆(dou)等器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)發(fa)(fa)現銘文，其中(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)豆(dou)蓋內(nei)銘“霸伯作大寶尊(zun)彝其孫孫子子萬年(nian)永用”。此(ci)墓已整體(ti)搬(ban)遷至室內(nei)進行(xing)發(fa)(fa)掘。

M2002墓(mu)口長2.75米、寬1.68米、墓(mu)底長3.83米、寬2.83米、自深9.91米，口小底大(da)，墓(mu)主(zhu)頭(tou)向西，腰坑內(nei)殉狗1只，一棺一槨，墓(mu)主(zhu)仰身直肢(zhi)，為男性。隨葬銅鼎3件(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)3件(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)(li)2件(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)、鳥尊形盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)，及大(da)量(liang)的青(qing)銅兵器(qi)(qi)、車馬器(qi)(qi)和工具等，還發現陶鬲(li)(li)1件(jian)(jian)及鉛(qian)、玉、石、骨、蚌、貝等器(qi)(qi)物。其中出土的瓦棱(leng)紋扁腹(fu)圈足雙(shuang)耳(er)銅簋(gui)的蓋(gai)、內(nei)底鑄(zhu)有銘(ming)文4行(xing)近(jin)30字(zi)，鳥尊形盉(he)蓋(gai)內(nei)鑄(zhu)銘(ming)文8行(xing)約50字(zi)。

M1034墓(mu)口長(chang)3米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.61米(mi)、墓(mu)底(di)長(chang)3.15米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.86米(mi)、自深4.43米(mi)，口小底(di)大(da)，墓(mu)主頭向西，腰(yao)坑內(nei)殉(xun)狗1只，一棺一槨，墓(mu)主仰身(shen)直肢，雙手置于(yu)髖(kuan)骨位置，為(wei)男性。隨(sui)葬銅(tong)(tong)鼎3件、銅(tong)(tong)簋2件，及大(da)量(liang)的(de)青銅(tong)(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)、車馬器(qi)、漆器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和貝等。

出土文物

“霸”國出現填補(bu)空白

在試(shi)掘階段，考古隊就發(fa)現這是一(yi)個諸侯(hou)國君級別的墓——墓葬二層臺四壁有11個壁龕(kan)，壁龕(kan)內放置漆木器、原(yuan)始瓷器、陶器等物。

從出土的(de)青銅器(qi)上面(mian)的(de)銘文(wen)(wen)確證，大河口墓地墓主的(de)國(guo)族(zu)名為(wei) “霸(ba)”，“霸(ba)伯”是(shi)這里(li)的(de)最高權(quan)力擁有者。“霸(ba)”國(guo)的(de)商、周文(wen)(wen)化因(yin)素(su)都(dou)比(bi)較(jiao)明顯(xian)，并具有自身獨特的(de)文(wen)(wen)化風格。其人(ren)群應為(wei)狄人(ren)系(xi)統的(de)一(yi)支(zhi)，是(shi)被(bei)中原(yuan)商周文(wen)(wen)化同化的(de)狄人(ren)人(ren)群。相繼(ji)的(de)考古發現(xian)，“霸(ba)”國(guo)和周王室以及晉(jin)國(guo)、倗國(guo)、燕國(guo)等國(guo)關系(xi)密切(qie)。

“霸(ba)”國(guo)與晉(jin)國(guo)相鄰。從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地規模及隨葬品推測，“霸(ba)”國(guo)應比晉(jin)國(guo)低一(yi)個(ge)檔次，屬于小國(guo)。在君(jun)主(zhu)稱謂(wei)方面，晉(jin)國(guo)的(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)被(bei)封為(wei)晉(jin)侯(hou)，而(er)“霸(ba)”國(guo)的(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)則(ze)被(bei)稱為(wei)霸(ba)伯。此外，兩(liang)國(guo)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規模也相距甚遠，晉(jin)國(guo)曲村墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬多(duo)達20000多(duo)座，而(er)“霸(ba)”國(guo)大河(he)口(kou)(kou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬僅有1500座左右，從這(zhe)里(li)也可反(fan)映出兩(liang)國(guo)國(guo)都人口(kou)(kou)規模的(de)(de)差(cha)距。

中國(guo)社會科學院(yuan)考古(gu)(gu)所所長王(wang)巍認(ren)為(wei)，大河口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地的(de)發現揭示了(le)不見于歷史文獻記載的(de)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)“霸”國(guo)的(de)歷史及文化，并(bing)為(wei)研(yan)究西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)期的(de)分封(feng)制度、器用制度和(he)族群融合等問題提(ti)供了(le)寶貴的(de)實物資料(liao)，填(tian)補了(le)中國(guo)對西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)期考古(gu)(gu)研(yan)究的(de)一項空白。

稀有漆木俑(yong)保(bao)留完好

墓(mu)葬二(er)層(ceng)臺四壁(bi)有(you)11個壁(bi)龕，一座墓(mu)葬內發現如此多的壁(bi)龕在西周考古上還是第一次，墓(mu)內隨葬漆木俑可能是目前(qian)中原(yuan)地區出(chu)土最早的實物資料。

考(kao)古隊在發掘墓葬的(de)填(tian)土(tu)工作中(zhong)，在東邊二(er)(er)層臺上意外發掘出了重要寶(bao)物：兩個(ge)一(yi)米多高的(de)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)俑雙足站立(li)于漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)龜上，雙手作持(chi)物狀，兩俑前面及側面放置漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器，這在中(zhong)原地區西周墓葬內也是(shi)首見。考(kao)古學家介紹，漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器在兩種環境下易于保(bao)(bao)存：一(yi)是(shi)十分(fen)濕(shi)潤的(de)環境，二(er)(er)是(shi)十分(fen)干燥的(de)環境。在黃土(tu)高原忽(hu)干忽(hu)濕(shi)的(de)環境里(li)，兩個(ge)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)俑經數(shu)千年還能較為(wei)完(wan)好地保(bao)(bao)留下來，彌足珍貴。

山西省考古(gu)所(suo)副所(suo)長謝堯亭介紹，中(zhong)華文化的(de)一個(ge)顯著(zhu)特(te)征是禮制。古(gu)人(ren)朝會(hui)、狩獵、宴享、訓練軍隊等活(huo)動都(dou)強調‘秩序’。故而推(tui)測這兩個(ge)漆木俑與禮制和宗教(jiao)有關系(xi)。

考(kao)古專家歷經(jing)兩年，清(qing)理出(chu)大量的漆木(mu)器(qi)遺(yi)存(cun)，包括漆木(mu)俑(yong)、俎、罍、豆、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案、盾牌、方彝等種(zhong)類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥盉（hé）。這件(jian)(jian)器(qi)(qi)物被(bei)視為大(da)河口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)墓葬銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)中的瑰寶，它為中國青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)發展史提(ti)供了一件(jian)(jian)新的器(qi)(qi)形。

在(zai)此件鳥(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)出(chu)土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)，發現的(de)鳥(niao)尊大多屬于酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)，簡(jian)單地說(shuo)，就是一(yi)種(zhong)鳥(niao)形(xing)的(de)盛酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)，用來在(zai)各類祭祀活動中盛裝(zhuang)不同(tong)的(de)酒(jiu)。距此二三十公里的(de)北趙(zhao)晉(jin)侯(hou)墓(mu)地就發現了鳥(niao)尊，被收藏(zang)在(zai)山西省博物(wu)院(yuan)，是其“鎮院(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)寶”。此次發現的(de)青銅(tong)鳥(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)與(yu)北趙(zhao)晉(jin)侯(hou)墓(mu)地發現的(de)鳥(niao)尊有(you)所不同(tong)，腹部沒(mei)有(you)管狀流。專(zhuan)家認為(wei)，大河口(kou)這件鳥(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)不是尊，而是盉(he)。

謝堯亭介紹，商(shang)(shang)周時期，盉多是一(yi)種注水(shui)的水(shui)器(qi)。按照商(shang)(shang)周貴族禮儀，在(zai)祭(ji)祀、宴飲、典禮過程中，參(can)與者(zhe)要洗手盥洗。

侍(shi)者用盉將水倒出。在既往的考古發現和傳世器物(wu)中都未曾見過像大河口墓葬中這(zhe)樣的鳥(niao)形盉。

鳥形盉(he)的出(chu)現也意外(wai)糾正了(le)一個錯誤：山西省(sheng)博物院收藏的鳥尊在發(fa)掘(jue)時尾(wei)巴已斷(duan)，上海博物院將尾(wei)巴修復(fu)為朝里卷(juan)。此次發(fa)現的鳥形盉(he)十分完整，它清晰(xi)地(di)顯(xian)示，鳥的尾(wei)巴是朝外(wai)卷(juan)的。

墓地價值

大(da)河(he)口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)這(zhe)一考(kao)古(gu)(gu)項目受到業內專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度肯(ken)定(ding)。來自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)國社會(hui)科學(xue)院(yuan)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)所(suo)所(suo)長王(wang)巍就在會(hui)上表示(shi)，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)封(feng)國墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)收(shou)獲(huo)。青銅器(qi)(qi)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)，“霸”是(shi)這(zhe)處墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國族名，“霸伯”是(shi)其最高權(quan)力擁有者(zhe)，“霸”器(qi)(qi)曾(ceng)見于以(yi)往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅器(qi)(qi)著錄，在《殷(yin)周(zhou)(zhou)金(jin)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)集成》中(zhong)(zhong)著錄有“霸姞作(zuo)寶(bao)尊(zun)彝”鼎簋(gui)，曲村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)M6197也(ye)曾(ceng)出土(tu)過一件(jian)“霸伯作(zuo)寶(bao)尊(zun)彝”銅簋(gui)。雖然“霸”是(shi)國名，但不(bu)見于傳世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)獻記載，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面積和(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)埋藏數(shu)量顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)，當(dang)時大(da)河(he)口人(ren)群規模不(bu)大(da)，推測其所(suo)居(ju)城邑和(he)(he)所(suo)轄(xia)區域也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)很大(da)。可是(shi)銘文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上又顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)它與(yu)晉(jin)、燕等國和(he)(he)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)朝都有往來關系，從埋葬(zang)習俗(su)看，大(da)河(he)口墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭向、腰(yao)坑(keng)、殉狗、斜洞(dong)、使用日名等習俗(su)與(yu)絳縣橫水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)相似；車馬(ma)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局、無俯身葬(zang)、無殉人(ren)等現象(xiang)又與(yu)天馬(ma)—曲村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)有共同之處；陶器(qi)(qi)組合和(he)(he)青銅器(qi)(qi)風格(ge)又具有周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征，商(shang)、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)因素都比較明顯(xian)(xian)，自(zi)身文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)特色獨(du)具。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)時代(dai)橫貫西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期進入(ru)春秋初(chu)年，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人(ren)群應為狄(di)人(ren)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一支，是(shi)被中(zhong)(zhong)原商(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)人(ren)群，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)面貌顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)其人(ren)群相對單純。大(da)河(he)口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現為研究(jiu)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分封(feng)制(zhi)度、器(qi)(qi)用制(zhi)度和(he)(he)族群融合等歷史和(he)(he)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)問(wen)題等具有重要(yao)意義(yi)。

中(zhong)新網太原(yuan)6月(yue)9日(ri)電(胡健)記者9日(ri)傍晚從山西(xi)省(sheng)考古(gu)研(yan)究所獲(huo)悉，山西(xi)翼城縣大河口西(xi)周墓地成(cheng)功(gong)入選(xuan)2010年度中(zhong)國(guo)十(shi)大考古(gu)新發現。

山西(xi)翼(yi)城縣大河口西(xi)周墓地是(shi)新發(fa)現(xian)的(de)一處西(xi)周封國墓地，發(fa)現(xian)的(de)眾多青銅器銘(ming)文中的(de)“霸伯”是(shi)這里的(de)最高權(quan)力擁有者(zhe)。

“霸”是其國(guo)名，“霸”國(guo)未見于傳世(shi)的(de)文獻記(ji)載，山西(xi)省考古(gu)研(yan)究(jiu)所副(fu)所長謝(xie)堯亭在報告中指(zhi)出。銘(ming)文資(zi)料顯示，“霸”與晉、北燕、芮等國(guo)曾有(you)往來。在大河口墓地(di)，商、周文化因(yin)素都比較明(ming)(ming)顯，自身特(te)色也很(hen)鮮明(ming)(ming)，墓葬時代橫貫(guan)西(xi)周，晚期已(yi)進入春秋(qiu)初(chu)年。大河口墓地(di)的(de)發現(xian)為研(yan)究(jiu)西(xi)周分(fen)封制度和西(xi)周史提供了重要(yao)資(zi)料，對探(tan)討諸侯制度具有(you)重要(yao)意義。

2007年5月(yue)，大(da)河口(kou)墓地(di)因(yin)被盜(dao)被發(fa)現，同(tong)年9月(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)次年5月(yue)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)考古勘探和試掘，2008年9月(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)12月(yue)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)全面普探，2009年5月(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)2011年5月(yue)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)大(da)規(gui)模搶救性發(fa)掘。

大河(he)口墓地(di)位于山西(xi)(xi)省南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)翼城縣城以東(dong)約(yue)(yue)6公(gong)里處(chu)，墓地(di)四(si)周(zhou)除(chu)了西(xi)(xi)北部(bu)(bu)與西(xi)(xi)側臺(tai)地(di)相(xiang)接外皆為(wei)溝壑，澮河(he)干流(liu)(liu)和支流(liu)(liu)分別縈繞(rao)其(qi)西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)(nan)兩側流(liu)(liu)過，地(di)勢為(wei)北高南(nan)(nan)低的(de)向(xiang)陽緩坡地(di)，北方為(wei)太(tai)岳山余(yu)脈(mo)二峰山，東(dong)、南(nan)(nan)方為(wei)太(tai)行(xing)山余(yu)脈(mo)翔(xiang)山，西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)凸起的(de)丘陵山地(di)，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)澮河(he)沖(chong)積(ji)谷地(di)。在墓地(di)周(zhou)圍(wei)發現了幾處(chu)不同(tong)時期(qi)的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)，其(qi)中西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于墓地(di)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)約(yue)(yue)0.5公(gong)里處(chu)。墓地(di)分布面積(ji)約(yue)(yue)4萬余(yu)平方米，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓葬約(yue)(yue)1500余(yu)座。

此(ci)次“2010年(nian)度(du)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)十(shi)大考古新(xin)發現”由(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家文(wen)物局(ju)主辦，自2010年(nian)11月底啟動，從(cong)2010年(nian)1月1日～12月31日期間在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)進行發掘的(de)合法考古項目中(zhong)遴(lin)選出56個候(hou)選項目進入(ru)初(chu)評(ping)。初(chu)評(ping)由(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家文(wen)物局(ju)考古專家組成員、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)考古學會常務理事和理事、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)65 家考古發掘資質單位共同參與投票，最終，有25個項目入(ru)圍。

此次2010年度中國十(shi)大(da)考古(gu)新(xin)發(fa)現(xian)的具體(ti)名單(dan)為(wei)：河(he)南(nan)(nan)新(xin)鄭望(wang)京(jing)樓夏(xia)商時期城址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、山東濟南(nan)(nan)大(da)辛莊商代遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、山西翼(yi)城縣大(da)河(he)口(kou)西周墓地(di)、江蘇蘇州市木瀆(du)古(gu)城遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、陜(shan)西西安鳳棲原西漢(han)家族墓地(di)、新(xin)疆鄯(shan)善吐峪溝(gou)石窟(ku)群和佛寺遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、陜(shan)西藍田(tian)北宋呂氏(shi)家族墓園、湖南(nan)(nan)永(yong)順老(lao)司城遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、江蘇南(nan)(nan)京(jing)大(da)報恩寺遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、廣東汕頭“南(nan)(nan)澳1號”明代沉船遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。