芒果视频下载

墓地概況

大(da)河口西周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)地位(wei)于山(shan)西省臨汾市翼城(cheng)縣(xian)，占地面(mian)(mian)積約(yue)4萬余平(ping)方(fang)米，有(you)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)千(qian)余座(zuo)。從2009年開始(shi)，考古(gu)工作者對墓(mu)地進行(xing)的大(da)面(mian)(mian)積發掘已揭露面(mian)(mian)積15000余平(ping)方(fang)米，發現(xian)(xian)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)615座(zuo)、車(che)馬坑(keng)22座(zuo)。墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)內不僅首次發現(xian)(xian)了漆木俑、原始(shi)瓷器(qi)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)寶(bao)，而且首次發現(xian)(xian)西周(zhou)(zhou)時期三(san)足銅(tong)盂、三(san)足鼎式簋等(deng)珍稀(xi)青銅(tong)器(qi)，個別墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)甚至發現(xian)(xian)有(you)金器(qi)，三(san)千(qian)年前的這些寶(bao)器(qi)為研究(jiu)古(gu)代封國(guo)(guo)的歷史提供了重(zhong)要史料。2011年4月25日，山(shan)西翼城(cheng)縣(xian)“大(da)河口西周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)地”入圍2010年中國(guo)(guo)十大(da)考古(gu)新發現(xian)(xian)。

地理位置

大河口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)位于(yu)翼(yi)城縣城以(yi)東(dong)約(yue)6公里處(chu)，處(chu)于(yu)一片兩河交匯形成的(de)(de)(de)三角(jiao)洲(zhou)高地(di)(di)上。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)四周(zhou)(zhou)除了西(xi)北部(bu)與(yu)西(xi)側(ce)臺(tai)地(di)(di)相接外(wai)，皆(jie)為溝壑地(di)(di)貌，澮(kuai)河干流和(he)支流分別縈繞墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)南(nan)兩側(ce)流過(guo)，地(di)(di)勢為北高南(nan)低的(de)(de)(de)向(xiang)陽緩坡。其(qi)北部(bu)為太(tai)岳山(shan)余(yu)脈(mo)和(he)尚公德山(shan)（又名二峰山(shan)），東(dong)南(nan)為太(tai)行山(shan)余(yu)脈(mo)翔(xiang)山(shan)，西(xi)部(bu)為凸起的(de)(de)(de)丘(qiu)陵山(shan)地(di)(di)，西(xi)南(nan)為沖(chong)積平(ping)原(yuan)。在墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)發現(xian)了幾(ji)處(chu)不同時期的(de)(de)(de)遺址，其(qi)中新(xin)石器時代遺址位于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)南(nan)方的(de)(de)(de)澮(kuai)河東(dong)岸臺(tai)地(di)(di)上，西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)遺址位于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)南(nan)約(yue)0.5公里處(chu)，東(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)和(he)漢代遺址分布于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)東(dong)北、東(dong)側(ce)和(he)西(xi)南(nan)方臺(tai)地(di)(di)上，墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)范圍(wei)內(nei)也(ye)包含有數十座(zuo)東(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)窖穴遺存(cun)。

發掘歷史

2007年5月(yue)(yue)大(da)(da)河(he)口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)被盜(dao)發(fa)現(xian)，山西(xi)(xi)省考(kao)古研究所報請(qing)國家(jia)文物局批準，于2007年9月(yue)(yue)至2008年5月(yue)(yue)進行(xing)了(le)(le)考(kao)古勘(kan)探(tan)(tan)和試掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，共試掘(jue)(jue)(jue)了(le)(le)6座墓(mu)葬(zang)；2008年9月(yue)(yue)至12月(yue)(yue)進行(xing)了(le)(le)全面普探(tan)(tan)，通(tong)過(guo)勘(kan)探(tan)(tan)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)了(le)(le)解到墓(mu)地(di)(di)分(fen)布面積約(yue)4萬(wan)余(yu)平方(fang)米(mi)，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)葬(zang) 1000余(yu)座。2009年5月(yue)(yue)開始進行(xing)大(da)(da)規(gui)模搶救性發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)。已揭(jie)露面積15000余(yu)平方(fang)米(mi)，發(fa)現(xian)墓(mu)葬(zang)615座，車馬(ma)坑22座。墓(mu)葬(zang)內出土(tu)的青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)；陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合主(zhu)要有(you)：鬲(li)(li)(li)，鬲(li)(li)(li)罐，罐，鬲(li)(li)(li)盆罐等(deng)(deng)。玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和串飾較多，部分(fen)墓(mu)葬(zang)隨葬(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，個別墓(mu)葬(zang)甚至發(fa)現(xian)有(you)金器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。到2011年4月(yue)(yue)末，大(da)(da)河(he)口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)工作進入(ru)尾聲，僅剩下(xia)數(shu)十座小型墓(mu)葬(zang)尚(shang)未發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)、保護。

為(wei)了(le)(le)保證(zheng)遺(yi)址科(ke)學(xue)順利地(di)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)，工(gong)作(zuo)人員(yuan)進(jin)行了(le)(le)全面(mian)(mian)(mian)部署。以勘探結果為(wei)依據，選擇重點區域，確定發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)，設立坐標基點，統一分區布方(fang)(fang)，首先(xian)進(jin)行抽樣(yang)式小探方(fang)(fang)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)，再(zai)進(jin)行大(da)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)探方(fang)(fang)揭露，按層位(wei)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)所有(you)探方(fang)(fang)墓(mu)口上文(wen)化層，暴露墓(mu)口，拍攝(she)探方(fang)(fang)全景(jing)照后，打掉隔梁，然后將每座墓(mu)葬下挖30厘(li)米，對墓(mu)葬進(jin)行統一測(ce)量(liang)繪圖(tu)、航拍、編號，再(zai)按計(ji)劃有(you)步驟地(di)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)單個墓(mu)葬。墓(mu)葬填土采取(qu)半剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)或多剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)結合(he)的(de)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)方(fang)(fang)法，按照逆埋葬順序逐層發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)，并及時做(zuo)好記錄(lu)資料(liao)、取(qu)樣(yang)和現(xian)場文(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)工(gong)作(zuo)，加強多學(xue)科(ke)合(he)作(zuo)。此次大(da)規模發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)發(fa)現(xian)并搶救(jiu)了(le)(le)一大(da)批珍貴的(de)文(wen)物(wu)，考古工(gong)作(zuo)取(qu)得(de)了(le)(le)階(jie)段性的(de)重要成果。

2017年6月(yue)7日(ri)，山西省考古研究所獲悉，經過(guo)考古工作者3年再發掘(jue)，翼城(cheng)大河口西周“霸國”墓地已全部發掘(jue)完成。10年間，共發掘(jue)墓葬2200余座，出土器物2.5萬余件組(zu)。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方形(xing)土壙豎穴，多(duo)(duo)口小底(di)(di)大。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗(su)絕大多(duo)(duo)數為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，以頭向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主，少量頭向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)，南北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余(yu)(yu)(yu)座(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)間很少發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)打破現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，大中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)區域內散布，分(fen)(fen)(fen)布沒有(you)明顯規(gui)律(lv)，區域內墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)聚群(qun)特(te)征明顯。車馬坑(keng)均(jun)(jun)位于(yu)大中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的東(dong)側，除1座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)外，余(yu)(yu)(yu)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)。部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)腳窩(wo)和生土二層臺，個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)壁龕，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)棺(guan)、一(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)槨或(huo)二棺(guan)一(yi)槨，槨蓋板(ban)一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)橫鋪，棺(guan)蓋板(ban)、底(di)(di)板(ban)和槨底(di)(di)板(ban)一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豎鋪（個別(bie)例外），四(si)壁立(li)板(ban)間多(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榫(sun)卯結(jie)構。墓(mu)(mu)主多(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仰身(shen)直肢，個別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)屈肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)俯身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)腰坑(keng)和腰坑(keng)殉狗的墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)較多(duo)(duo)，未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)殉人。僅2008年發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的M1發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)四(si)個斜(xie)洞(dong)，其(qi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)(jun)未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)此類(lei)設施。隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)(duo)放置(zhi)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)主頭前(qian)，其(qi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)置(zhi)于(yu)棺(guan)槨間、二層臺上、棺(guan)內或(huo)蓋板(ban)上，大中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主，小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主。青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類(lei)豐富，食(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)都(dou)有(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組合主要有(you)鬲、鬲罐、罐、鬲盆(pen)罐等(deng)等(deng)；玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和串飾較多(duo)(duo)；部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)；個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)金(jin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)；少部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)隨(sui)(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)。

M1為(wei)東(dong)西(xi)方向，土坑豎(shu)穴，口(kou)小(xiao)底大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)長4.25米、寬3.22米、墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)底長4.6米、寬3.78米、自(zi)深9.75米，在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)平面四(si)角(jiao)(jiao)外發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)4個通向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)洞，這是繼絳縣橫水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地之后又一(yi)(yi)次(ci)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)類(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)洞設施(shi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭(tou)向西(xi)，仰身直(zhi)下肢，一(yi)(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)槨，槨底有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)腰坑。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室二層(ceng)臺(tai)之上四(si)壁發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)11個壁龕，壁龕內(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)置漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)始瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)物，已發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)俎、罍、豆、壺、杯(bei)(bei)（雙(shuang)耳杯(bei)(bei)、單(dan)耳杯(bei)(bei)、角(jiao)(jiao)狀(zhuang)杯(bei)(bei)）、犧尊(zun)(zun)、坐屏等(deng)等(deng)，在一(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)如(ru)此多的(de)(de)(de)壁龕、并且在壁龕內(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)置大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，為(wei)西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)考古中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)首見(jian)。在東(dong)部二層(ceng)臺(tai)上發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)兩(liang)個漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)(mu)俑(yong)，雙(shuang)足(zu)站(zhan)立于漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)(mu)龜上，雙(shuang)手作(zuo)持物狀(zhuang)，兩(liang)俑(yong)前面及側面放(fang)(fang)置有(you)(you)(you)(you)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)地區西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬內(nei)(nei)也是首見(jian)。在其(qi)他幾面二層(ceng)臺(tai)上還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)帶木(mu)(mu)柄銅(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)(mu)盾牌(pai)等(deng)。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室內(nei)(nei)棺(guan)槨之間或棺(guan)蓋(gai)(gai)上發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)始瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)物，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)最多，包(bao)括禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶(zhi)8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單(dan)耳罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)，樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)鐘和鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)盾牌(pai)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)飾昜、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、戟、矛(mao)、鉞等(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)非(fei)常高的(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)，很(hen)多兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺存有(you)(you)(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)柄，銅(tong)(tong)工具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)斧、鑿、鏟等(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)掛韁鉤、鑾鈴、車(che)轄、當盧等(deng)，還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)原(yuan)始瓷(ci)尊(zun)(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形(xing)尊(zun)(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)杯(bei)(bei)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈足(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)，此外還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜甲、鹿角(jiao)(jiao)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)方鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)足(zu)圓角(jiao)(jiao)方鼎(ding)(ding)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四(si)足(zu)方角(jiao)(jiao)方鼎(ding)(ding)，腹足(zu)帶扉(fei)棱圓鼎(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)內(nei)(nei)壁銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“伯(bo)作(zuo)寶尊(zun)(zun)彝”，無扉(fei)棱柱(zhu)足(zu)圓鼎(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方座簋(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈足(zu)簋(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎(shu)條紋(wen)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇叭形(xing)圈足(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)底鑄銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文“□父戊”，鼎(ding)(ding)式簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)(gai)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)底有(you)(you)(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)文“芮公舍霸馬兩(liang)玉(yu)金用鑄簋(gui)(gui)”，乳釘紋(wen)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈足(zu)三足(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)(gai)底對銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“霸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)旅(lv)彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)卣形(xing)制略(lve)同(tong)，從大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)到小(xiao)排(pai)列，前兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制相同(tong)，后兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制相同(tong)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣蓋(gai)(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“燕侯旨(zhi)作(zuo)姑妹(mei)寶尊(zun)(zun)彝”，卣內(nei)(nei)置酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)套(tao)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)爵(jue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“旨(zhi)作(zuo)父辛爵(jue)”。銅(tong)(tong)觶(zhi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋(gai)(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)(ming)“析父丁”。從隨葬兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)判斷墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為(wei)男性。

M2為一(yi)座三(san)鼎墓(mu)(mu)，土壙(kuang)豎穴(xue)，東西(xi)向，墓(mu)(mu)主頭(tou)向西(xi)，墓(mu)(mu)口長3.51米(mi)(mi)、寬2.49米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)底長4.2米(mi)(mi)、寬3.47米(mi)(mi)、自(zi)深8.2米(mi)(mi)，兩棺一(yi)槨，墓(mu)(mu)主為女性，仰身直肢。隨葬銅(tong)器(qi)有(you)鼎3件(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)(jian)等，陶(tao)器(qi)有(you)鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、三(san)足(zu)甕1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、未燒結碎(sui)陶(tao)器(qi)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)，玉石(shi)串飾7 件(jian)(jian)(jian)、項飾2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、玉玦8件(jian)(jian)(jian)、握玉2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、柄形飾2組。另(ling)外還(huan)發現(xian)蚌器(qi)和貝(bei)等。在M2銅(tong)甗(yan)內壁發現(xian)有(you)鑄(zhu)銘(ming)“唯正月初吉霸(ba)（□）伯作寶(bao)甗(yan)其(qi)永用”。

M1017墓(mu)口長5米(mi)、寬3.4米(mi)、自深10米(mi)，口小(xiao)底大(da)，墓(mu)主頭(tou)向西，有腰坑。墓(mu)室內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)現大(da)量青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)，數十件(jian)(jian)(jian)青銅(tong)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)置于(yu)墓(mu)主頭(tou)前棺(guan)槨之(zhi)間，其余青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)現于(yu)棺(guan)槨之(zhi)間或棺(guan)蓋上(shang)。青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有食器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，青銅(tong)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)中鼎(ding)(ding)簋數量較多，計有方鼎(ding)(ding)5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋6件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆4件(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊3件(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺(hu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan) 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬(yong)鐘(zhong)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)，青銅(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃多件(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具有鑿、刀(dao)等(deng)，金柄形器(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層臺(tai)上(shang)發(fa)(fa)現陶(tao)鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)。在青銅(tong)盂、簋、豆等(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)現銘文，其中銅(tong)豆蓋內(nei)(nei)銘“霸伯作大(da)寶尊彝其孫孫子子萬年(nian)永用(yong)”。此墓(mu)已整體搬(ban)遷至室內(nei)(nei)進行(xing)發(fa)(fa)掘。

M2002墓口長(chang)2.75米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.68米(mi)、墓底長(chang)3.83米(mi)、寬(kuan)2.83米(mi)、自(zi)深9.91米(mi)，口小底大(da)，墓主(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)向西，腰(yao)坑內(nei)殉(xun)狗1只，一(yi)(yi)棺一(yi)(yi)槨(guo)，墓主(zhu)(zhu)仰身(shen)直肢，為男(nan)性。隨葬銅鼎3件、簋3件、鬲2件、甗(yan)1件、盤1件、鳥(niao)尊形盉1件，及(ji)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)青銅兵(bing)器、車馬器和(he)工具等(deng)，還發現(xian)陶鬲1件及(ji)鉛、玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌(bang)、貝等(deng)器物(wu)。其中出土的(de)(de)瓦棱(leng)紋扁腹圈足(zu)雙(shuang)耳銅簋的(de)(de)蓋、內(nei)底鑄有銘(ming)文(wen)4行(xing)(xing)近30字，鳥(niao)尊形盉蓋內(nei)鑄銘(ming)文(wen)8行(xing)(xing)約50字。

M1034墓口長(chang)3米(mi)(mi)、寬1.61米(mi)(mi)、墓底長(chang)3.15米(mi)(mi)、寬1.86米(mi)(mi)、自深4.43米(mi)(mi)，口小底大，墓主(zhu)頭向(xiang)西，腰坑內殉狗1只，一棺一槨，墓主(zhu)仰身直肢，雙(shuang)手(shou)置于髖骨位置，為男性。隨葬銅(tong)鼎3件、銅(tong)簋2件，及大量的青銅(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)、漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)貝等。

出土文物

“霸”國出(chu)現填(tian)補空白

在試掘階段(duan)，考古隊就發現這是一個(ge)諸侯國(guo)君級別的墓——墓葬二層(ceng)臺四壁(bi)(bi)有11個(ge)壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)，壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)內放(fang)置漆木器(qi)、原始瓷器(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)等(deng)物。

從(cong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)青銅器上面(mian)的(de)銘文(wen)確證，大河口墓地墓主(zhu)的(de)國(guo)(guo)族(zu)名為 “霸(ba)”，“霸(ba)伯”是這里(li)的(de)最高權力擁有者。“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)的(de)商、周文(wen)化(hua)因素都(dou)比較明顯，并具有自身獨特的(de)文(wen)化(hua)風格。其人(ren)(ren)群應為狄人(ren)(ren)系統的(de)一支(zhi)，是被中原商周文(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)狄人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)群。相繼的(de)考古發現，“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)和周王室(shi)以及晉國(guo)(guo)、倗國(guo)(guo)、燕國(guo)(guo)等國(guo)(guo)關系密切。

“霸”國(guo)(guo)與晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)相鄰。從墓(mu)(mu)地規(gui)(gui)模及隨葬(zang)品(pin)推測，“霸”國(guo)(guo)應比晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)低一個檔次，屬于小國(guo)(guo)。在君(jun)主(zhu)稱謂方面(mian)，晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)被(bei)封為晉(jin)侯，而“霸”國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)君(jun)主(zhu)則被(bei)稱為霸伯。此外，兩國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)規(gui)(gui)模也相距甚遠(yuan)，晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)曲(qu)村墓(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)多(duo)達(da)20000多(duo)座，而“霸”國(guo)(guo)大河口(kou)墓(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)僅(jin)有(you)1500座左右，從這里也可反映出(chu)兩國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)都人口(kou)規(gui)(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)差距。

中國社會(hui)科學院(yuan)考古(gu)所所長王巍認為，大河口(kou)西周(zhou)墓地的(de)(de)發現(xian)揭示了(le)(le)不見于歷史文(wen)獻記(ji)載的(de)(de)西周(zhou)“霸(ba)”國的(de)(de)歷史及文(wen)化(hua)，并為研(yan)究西周(zhou)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)分(fen)封制度、器用(yong)制度和族群融合等問(wen)題提(ti)供了(le)(le)寶貴的(de)(de)實物資料，填補(bu)了(le)(le)中國對西周(zhou)時(shi)期(qi)考古(gu)研(yan)究的(de)(de)一項空(kong)白。

稀有漆木(mu)俑保留完好

墓(mu)葬二(er)層臺四壁(bi)有11個壁(bi)龕(kan)，一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)墓(mu)葬內(nei)發(fa)現如此多的壁(bi)龕(kan)在西周考古(gu)上還是第(di)一(yi)(yi)次，墓(mu)內(nei)隨葬漆(qi)木俑可能是目前中原地區出(chu)土最(zui)早的實(shi)物(wu)資(zi)料。

考古隊在(zai)(zai)(zai)發掘(jue)墓葬(zang)的填土(tu)工作中，在(zai)(zai)(zai)東邊二層(ceng)臺上(shang)意(yi)外發掘(jue)出了重要寶(bao)物：兩(liang)個(ge)一米多(duo)高的漆木(mu)(mu)俑雙足站立于漆木(mu)(mu)龜上(shang)，雙手作持物狀，兩(liang)俑前面(mian)及側(ce)面(mian)放置漆木(mu)(mu)器，這在(zai)(zai)(zai)中原(yuan)地區西(xi)周墓葬(zang)內也(ye)是首見(jian)。考古學家(jia)介紹，漆木(mu)(mu)器在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)種環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)易(yi)于保存：一是十(shi)分濕(shi)潤(run)的環(huan)境(jing)，二是十(shi)分干燥的環(huan)境(jing)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)黃土(tu)高原(yuan)忽干忽濕(shi)的環(huan)境(jing)里，兩(liang)個(ge)漆木(mu)(mu)俑經數(shu)千年(nian)還(huan)能較為完好地保留(liu)下(xia)來，彌足珍貴。

山西(xi)省考古所副所長謝(xie)堯亭介紹(shao)，中華文化的(de)一個顯著特(te)征是禮制。古人(ren)朝會、狩獵(lie)、宴享(xiang)、訓練(lian)軍隊(dui)等活動都(dou)強調(diao)‘秩序’。故而推測這(zhe)兩個漆木俑與禮制和宗教有關(guan)系。

考古專家歷經兩年，清(qing)理出大量的漆木器遺存，包括(kuo)漆木俑、俎、罍、豆、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案、盾牌、方彝等(deng)種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥盉（hé）。這(zhe)件(jian)器(qi)物被視為(wei)大河(he)口西周墓(mu)葬銅器(qi)中的(de)瑰(gui)寶(bao)，它為(wei)中國青(qing)銅器(qi)發(fa)展史提供了一件(jian)新的(de)器(qi)形(xing)。

在(zai)此件鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物出土之前(qian)，發(fa)現的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)尊(zun)大(da)(da)多屬于酒器(qi)，簡(jian)單地(di)(di)說，就是(shi)一種鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)形(xing)的(de)盛酒器(qi)，用(yong)來在(zai)各類(lei)祭祀活動(dong)中(zhong)盛裝不(bu)同(tong)的(de)酒。距此二三(san)十公里的(de)北趙晉(jin)侯(hou)墓地(di)(di)就發(fa)現了鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)尊(zun)，被(bei)收藏在(zai)山西省博(bo)物院，是(shi)其“鎮院之寶(bao)”。此次發(fa)現的(de)青銅鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物與北趙晉(jin)侯(hou)墓地(di)(di)發(fa)現的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)尊(zun)有所不(bu)同(tong)，腹部沒有管狀流。專家(jia)認為，大(da)(da)河口這件鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物不(bu)是(shi)尊(zun)，而是(shi)盉。

謝堯亭介(jie)紹(shao)，商(shang)周時期，盉多是一種(zhong)注水的水器。按(an)照商(shang)周貴(gui)族禮儀，在祭祀、宴飲(yin)、典禮過程中，參(can)與者要洗手盥洗。

侍者用(yong)盉將水倒(dao)出。在既往的(de)考古發(fa)現和傳世(shi)器物(wu)中都未曾見過像大河口(kou)墓葬中這樣的(de)鳥形盉。

鳥(niao)形(xing)盉(he)的出現也意(yi)外糾正了(le)一個錯誤：山西省博(bo)物(wu)院收藏的鳥(niao)尊在(zai)發(fa)掘時尾巴已斷(duan)，上海博(bo)物(wu)院將尾巴修復為(wei)朝(chao)里卷。此次發(fa)現的鳥(niao)形(xing)盉(he)十分完整，它(ta)清晰地顯示，鳥(niao)的尾巴是朝(chao)外卷的。

墓地價值

大(da)(da)(da)河口西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)這(zhe)一考(kao)(kao)(kao)古項目受到(dao)業(ye)內專家的(de)高度肯定(ding)。來(lai)自中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)科學院(yuan)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古所(suo)所(suo)長王巍就在(zai)會(hui)(hui)(hui)上(shang)表示(shi)(shi)，該墓(mu)(mu)地(di)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)封(feng)國(guo)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重要收獲。青(qing)銅(tong)器銘文(wen)(wen)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)，“霸”是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)處(chu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)的(de)國(guo)族名(ming)，“霸伯”是(shi)(shi)其最(zui)高權力(li)擁有(you)者，“霸”器曾見于以往的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器著(zhu)錄(lu)(lu)，在(zai)《殷周(zhou)(zhou)金(jin)文(wen)(wen)集(ji)成》中(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)錄(lu)(lu)有(you)“霸姞(ji)作(zuo)寶(bao)尊彝(yi)”鼎(ding)簋，曲(qu)村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)M6197也曾出土(tu)過一件“霸伯作(zuo)寶(bao)尊彝(yi)”銅(tong)簋。雖(sui)然“霸”是(shi)(shi)國(guo)名(ming)，但(dan)不見于傳(chuan)世(shi)的(de)文(wen)(wen)獻記載，墓(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)面(mian)積和墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)埋藏數量顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)，當時大(da)(da)(da)河口人群(qun)(qun)(qun)規模(mo)不大(da)(da)(da)，推測其所(suo)居城邑和所(suo)轄區域也不會(hui)(hui)(hui)很大(da)(da)(da)。可是(shi)(shi)銘文(wen)(wen)上(shang)又(you)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)它與(yu)(yu)晉(jin)、燕等(deng)(deng)國(guo)和周(zhou)(zhou)王朝都有(you)往來(lai)關系(xi)，從埋葬(zang)(zang)習俗看(kan)，大(da)(da)(da)河口墓(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)頭向、腰坑、殉狗(gou)、斜洞(dong)、使(shi)用日名(ming)等(deng)(deng)習俗與(yu)(yu)絳縣(xian)橫水墓(mu)(mu)地(di)相(xiang)似；車馬(ma)坑的(de)布(bu)局、無(wu)俯身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)、無(wu)殉人等(deng)(deng)現象又(you)與(yu)(yu)天(tian)馬(ma)—曲(qu)村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)有(you)共同之處(chu)；陶器組合和青(qing)銅(tong)器風格(ge)又(you)具(ju)有(you)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)特征，商、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)因素都比較明顯(xian)(xian)，自身(shen)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)特色獨具(ju)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)時代(dai)橫貫(guan)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期進入春秋(qiu)初年，其墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)人群(qun)(qun)(qun)應為狄人系(xi)統的(de)一支，是(shi)(shi)被中(zhong)(zhong)原商周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)狄人人群(qun)(qun)(qun)，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面(mian)貌(mao)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)其人群(qun)(qun)(qun)相(xiang)對單純。大(da)(da)(da)河口西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)發現為研究西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)時期的(de)分封(feng)制(zhi)度、器用制(zhi)度和族群(qun)(qun)(qun)融(rong)合等(deng)(deng)歷史和考(kao)(kao)(kao)古問題等(deng)(deng)具(ju)有(you)重要意義。

中(zhong)新網(wang)太原6月(yue)9日電(胡健)記者9日傍晚從(cong)山西省考古研究(jiu)所獲悉(xi)，山西翼城縣大(da)河口西周墓地成功入(ru)選2010年(nian)度中(zhong)國十大(da)考古新發(fa)現(xian)。

山西(xi)翼(yi)城縣大河口西(xi)周墓地是新發(fa)現(xian)的(de)一處(chu)西(xi)周封國(guo)墓地，發(fa)現(xian)的(de)眾多青銅器(qi)銘文中的(de)“霸(ba)伯”是這里的(de)最(zui)高權力(li)擁有者。

“霸”是(shi)其國(guo)名，“霸”國(guo)未(wei)見于傳世(shi)的(de)文(wen)獻記載，山西(xi)(xi)省考古研(yan)究所(suo)副(fu)所(suo)長(chang)謝(xie)堯亭在(zai)報告中(zhong)指出。銘(ming)文(wen)資料(liao)顯示，“霸”與晉、北燕(yan)、芮等國(guo)曾有往(wang)來。在(zai)大(da)河口墓(mu)地，商、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)化因素都比(bi)較明顯，自身特色(se)也很鮮明，墓(mu)葬(zang)時代(dai)橫貫西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期已進入春秋初(chu)年。大(da)河口墓(mu)地的(de)發現為研(yan)究西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)分封(feng)制度(du)和西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)史提供了重要資料(liao)，對(dui)探(tan)討諸侯制度(du)具有重要意義。

2007年(nian)5月(yue)，大河(he)口墓(mu)地因被盜(dao)被發(fa)現，同年(nian)9月(yue)至(zhi)次年(nian)5月(yue)進行了考古勘探和試掘(jue)，2008年(nian)9月(yue)至(zhi)12月(yue)進行了全面普探，2009年(nian)5月(yue)至(zhi)2011年(nian)5月(yue)進行了大規模搶(qiang)救性發(fa)掘(jue)。

大河口墓地(di)位于(yu)(yu)山西(xi)(xi)省南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)翼(yi)城縣(xian)城以東約(yue)6公里(li)處(chu)，墓地(di)四(si)周(zhou)除了西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)與西(xi)(xi)側臺地(di)相接外(wai)皆為溝(gou)壑，澮河干流和支流分別縈繞其西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)(nan)兩側流過，地(di)勢為北(bei)(bei)高南(nan)(nan)低的(de)(de)向陽緩坡地(di)，北(bei)(bei)方(fang)為太岳山余(yu)脈二峰(feng)山，東、南(nan)(nan)方(fang)為太行山余(yu)脈翔(xiang)山，西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)為凸起的(de)(de)丘陵山地(di)，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)為澮河沖積谷地(di)。在墓地(di)周(zhou)圍(wei)發現了幾處(chu)不同時期的(de)(de)遺(yi)址，其中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)遺(yi)址位于(yu)(yu)墓地(di)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)約(yue)0.5公里(li)處(chu)。墓地(di)分布面積約(yue)4萬余(yu)平方(fang)米(mi)，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓葬約(yue)1500余(yu)座。

此(ci)次“2010年度(du)全(quan)國十大考(kao)古新發現”由國家文物局(ju)主辦，自(zi)2010年11月底啟動，從2010年1月1日(ri)～12月31日(ri)期間在(zai)中國境內進(jin)行發掘的合法(fa)考(kao)古項目中遴選(xuan)出(chu)56個(ge)候選(xuan)項目進(jin)入(ru)初(chu)評。初(chu)評由國家文物局(ju)考(kao)古專家組成員、中國考(kao)古學會常務(wu)理事和理事、中國65 家考(kao)古發掘資(zi)質單位共同參與投票，最終，有25個(ge)項目入(ru)圍。

此次2010年度(du)中國十大(da)考古(gu)新(xin)發現的(de)具體名(ming)單為：河南新(xin)鄭望京(jing)樓夏(xia)商(shang)時期城址(zhi)、山東濟南大(da)辛莊商(shang)代遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、山西翼(yi)城縣(xian)大(da)河口西周(zhou)墓地(di)、江蘇蘇州市木瀆古(gu)城遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、陜西西安鳳棲(qi)原西漢家族墓地(di)、新(xin)疆鄯善吐峪溝石(shi)窟群和(he)佛寺(si)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、陜西藍田(tian)北宋呂氏(shi)家族墓園、湖南永順老司城遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、江蘇南京(jing)大(da)報恩寺(si)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、廣東汕頭“南澳1號(hao)”明代沉船遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。