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墓地概況

大河(he)口西(xi)周墓地位于山西(xi)省(sheng)臨汾市(shi)翼(yi)城縣，占地面積(ji)約(yue)4萬(wan)余平(ping)方(fang)米，有墓葬(zang)千余座(zuo)(zuo)。從2009年開(kai)始(shi)，考(kao)古(gu)工作者對墓地進(jin)行的大面積(ji)發掘(jue)已揭露面積(ji)15000余平(ping)方(fang)米，發現(xian)墓葬(zang)615座(zuo)(zuo)、車馬坑22座(zuo)(zuo)。墓葬(zang)內不(bu)僅首次發現(xian)了漆木俑、原(yuan)始(shi)瓷器等國寶，而且首次發現(xian)西(xi)周時期三足銅(tong)盂、三足鼎(ding)式簋(gui)等珍稀青銅(tong)器，個別(bie)墓葬(zang)甚(shen)至發現(xian)有金器，三千年前的這些寶器為研究(jiu)古(gu)代封國的歷史(shi)提(ti)供(gong)了重要史(shi)料。2011年4月25日，山西(xi)翼(yi)城縣“大河(he)口西(xi)周墓地”入(ru)圍2010年中國十大考(kao)古(gu)新發現(xian)。

地理位置

大河口西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)位于(yu)翼城縣城以東(dong)(dong)(dong)約6公里處，處于(yu)一片(pian)兩河交匯形成的三角(jiao)洲高地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)四周(zhou)除了西(xi)北部與(yu)西(xi)側(ce)臺地(di)(di)相接外，皆為(wei)(wei)溝壑地(di)(di)貌，澮河干(gan)流(liu)和(he)支流(liu)分別(bie)縈繞(rao)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)南(nan)兩側(ce)流(liu)過，地(di)(di)勢為(wei)(wei)北高南(nan)低的向陽緩(huan)坡。其(qi)北部為(wei)(wei)太岳山余脈(mo)和(he)尚公德山（又(you)名二峰山），東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)為(wei)(wei)太行山余脈(mo)翔山，西(xi)部為(wei)(wei)凸(tu)起的丘陵山地(di)(di)，西(xi)南(nan)為(wei)(wei)沖積平(ping)原。在墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的周(zhou)圍發現(xian)了幾處不同時期的遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)中新石器時代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)南(nan)方的澮河東(dong)(dong)(dong)岸臺地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)，西(xi)周(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)南(nan)約0.5公里處，東(dong)(dong)(dong)周(zhou)和(he)漢(han)代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)分布于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)(dong)北、東(dong)(dong)(dong)側(ce)和(he)西(xi)南(nan)方臺地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)，墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)范(fan)圍內也包含有數十座東(dong)(dong)(dong)周(zhou)窖穴(xue)遺(yi)存。

發掘歷史

2007年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)大河口(kou)西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地被(bei)盜發(fa)(fa)現，山西(xi)省考(kao)(kao)古研(yan)究所報請國家文(wen)物(wu)局批準，于(yu)2007年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)2008年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了考(kao)(kao)古勘(kan)探(tan)和試掘(jue)，共試掘(jue)了6座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)；2008年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了全面(mian)(mian)普探(tan)，通(tong)過(guo)勘(kan)探(tan)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)了解到墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地分布面(mian)(mian)積約4萬余平(ping)方米(mi)，埋藏西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang) 1000余座(zuo)。2009年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)開始進(jin)行(xing)(xing)大規模(mo)搶救性發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)。已揭(jie)露(lu)面(mian)(mian)積15000余平(ping)方米(mi)，發(fa)(fa)現墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)615座(zuo)，車(che)馬坑22座(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內出土的青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種(zhong)類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)；陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合主要有(you)：鬲，鬲罐(guan)，罐(guan)，鬲盆罐(guan)等(deng)。玉、石、骨、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和串飾較(jiao)多，部(bu)分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)隨葬(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)甚至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現有(you)金(jin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。到2011年(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)末(mo)，大河口(kou)西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)工作進(jin)入(ru)尾聲(sheng)，僅剩下數十(shi)座(zuo)小型墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)尚未發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)、保護。

為了(le)保證遺(yi)址科學順利(li)地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)，工(gong)作(zuo)人員(yuan)進行了(le)全(quan)面部署。以勘探(tan)結果為依據，選擇重點區域，確(que)定發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)面積(ji)，設(she)立坐標基點，統一(yi)分區布方(fang)，首先進行抽樣式小探(tan)方(fang)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)，再進行大面積(ji)探(tan)方(fang)揭露，按(an)層(ceng)(ceng)位(wei)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)所有(you)探(tan)方(fang)墓口(kou)上文(wen)化層(ceng)(ceng)，暴露墓口(kou)，拍攝(she)探(tan)方(fang)全(quan)景(jing)照后，打掉隔梁，然后將每座墓葬(zang)下挖(wa)30厘(li)米，對墓葬(zang)進行統一(yi)測量繪圖、航拍、編號，再按(an)計劃有(you)步(bu)驟地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)單個墓葬(zang)。墓葬(zang)填土采取(qu)半(ban)剖面或多剖面結合的(de)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)方(fang)法，按(an)照逆埋葬(zang)順序逐層(ceng)(ceng)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)，并(bing)及時(shi)做好記錄資料、取(qu)樣和現(xian)(xian)場文(wen)物保護工(gong)作(zuo)，加強多學科合作(zuo)。此次(ci)大規模發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)并(bing)搶(qiang)救了(le)一(yi)大批(pi)珍(zhen)貴的(de)文(wen)物，考(kao)古工(gong)作(zuo)取(qu)得了(le)階段性的(de)重要成果。

2017年(nian)6月7日，山西省(sheng)考古研究(jiu)所獲悉，經過考古工作者3年(nian)再發掘，翼城(cheng)大河口西周“霸國”墓地(di)已全部發掘完成。10年(nian)間，共發掘墓葬(zang)2200余座(zuo)，出土器物(wu)2.5萬余件組。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方形(xing)土壙豎穴，多(duo)口(kou)小底大(da)(da)(da)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗絕(jue)大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)數為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東西(xi)向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，以頭(tou)向(xiang)西(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，少量頭(tou)向(xiang)東，南北向(xiang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余(yu)座。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)間(jian)很(hen)少發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)打破(po)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，大(da)(da)(da)中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)散布(bu)，分布(bu)沒有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)顯規律，區(qu)(qu)域內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)聚群特(te)征明(ming)顯。車馬(ma)坑均(jun)位于大(da)(da)(da)中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的東側，除1座為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南北向(xiang)外(wai)，余(yu)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)東西(xi)向(xiang)。部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)腳窩和(he)生(sheng)土二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)壁龕，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)棺(guan)、一(yi)(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)槨或二(er)棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)槨，槨蓋(gai)板一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)橫鋪(pu)(pu)，棺(guan)蓋(gai)板、底板和(he)槨底板一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)豎鋪(pu)(pu)（個別例外(wai)），四壁立(li)板間(jian)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榫卯結構(gou)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)仰身直(zhi)肢，個別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)屈肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)俯身葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)腰(yao)(yao)坑和(he)腰(yao)(yao)坑殉(xun)狗的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)較多(duo)，未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)殉(xun)人。僅2008年發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的M1發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)四個斜洞(dong)，其(qi)余(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)此(ci)類設施。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)多(duo)放(fang)置在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)前，其(qi)余(yu)置于棺(guan)槨間(jian)、二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)上、棺(guan)內(nei)或蓋(gai)板上，大(da)(da)(da)中型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類豐(feng)富(fu)，食器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)都有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)；陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)組合(he)主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)鬲(li)、鬲(li)罐(guan)、罐(guan)、鬲(li)盆(pen)罐(guan)等(deng)等(deng)；玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)串飾較多(duo)；部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)；個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)金(jin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)；少部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)未發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)。

M1為(wei)(wei)東西(xi)方(fang)向，土坑豎穴，口(kou)小底(di)大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)口(kou)長4.25米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)3.22米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)底(di)長4.6米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)3.78米(mi)(mi)、自深9.75米(mi)(mi)，在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)口(kou)平面(mian)(mian)四(si)角(jiao)外發現(xian)(xian)4個通向墓(mu)(mu)壁的(de)斜洞，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)繼絳縣(xian)橫水墓(mu)(mu)地之后(hou)又一(yi)(yi)次(ci)發現(xian)(xian)類似的(de)斜洞設(she)施。墓(mu)(mu)主頭向西(xi)，仰身直(zhi)下肢(zhi)，一(yi)(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)槨，槨底(di)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)腰坑。在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)室二層臺(tai)之上(shang)(shang)(shang)四(si)壁發現(xian)(xian)11個壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)，壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，已發現(xian)(xian)的(de)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)俎、罍、豆、壺、杯(bei)(bei)（雙耳杯(bei)(bei)、單(dan)耳杯(bei)(bei)、角(jiao)狀杯(bei)(bei)）、犧尊(zun)、坐(zuo)屏等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)發現(xian)(xian)如此(ci)多的(de)壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)、并且在(zai)(zai)壁龕(kan)(kan)(kan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)大(da)量(liang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)的(de)現(xian)(xian)象，為(wei)(wei)西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)考古中(zhong)(zhong)首(shou)見。在(zai)(zai)東部二層臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)發現(xian)(xian)兩(liang)個漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)俑，雙足(zu)站立于漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)龜上(shang)(shang)(shang)，雙手作(zuo)(zuo)持(chi)物(wu)狀，兩(liang)俑前面(mian)(mian)及側面(mian)(mian)放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)原地區西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)首(shou)見。在(zai)(zai)其他(ta)幾面(mian)(mian)二層臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)還發現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)帶木(mu)(mu)柄銅(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)盾(dun)牌等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)室內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)棺(guan)槨之間或棺(guan)蓋(gai)(gai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)發現(xian)(xian)了大(da)量(liang)的(de)青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原始瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，其中(zhong)(zhong)青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數(shu)量(liang)最(zui)多，包括禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，青銅(tong)(tong)禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)(jue)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶(zhi)8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單(dan)耳罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)鐘和(he)鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發現(xian)(xian)的(de)木(mu)(mu)盾(dun)牌青銅(tong)(tong)飾(shi)昜(yang)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、戟、矛、鉞等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)非常(chang)高的(de)價值，很多兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺存(cun)有(you)(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)柄，銅(tong)(tong)工具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)斧(fu)、鑿、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)掛(gua)韁鉤、鑾鈴(ling)、車轄、當盧等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，還發現(xian)(xian)原始瓷尊(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形尊(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)(jue)杯(bei)(bei)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈(quan)足(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，此(ci)外還發現(xian)(xian)大(da)量(liang)的(de)玉石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜甲、鹿角(jiao)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)四(si)足(zu)圓(yuan)角(jiao)方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)四(si)足(zu)方(fang)角(jiao)方(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，腹足(zu)帶扉棱圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)壁銘(ming)(ming)“伯作(zuo)(zuo)寶尊(zun)彝”，無(wu)扉棱柱足(zu)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)座簋(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈(quan)足(zu)簋(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條紋(wen)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇叭形圈(quan)足(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)底(di)鑄(zhu)銘(ming)(ming)文“□父(fu)戊”，鼎(ding)(ding)式(shi)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)(gai)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)底(di)有(you)(you)(you)銘(ming)(ming)文“芮公舍霸(ba)馬(ma)兩(liang)玉金用鑄(zhu)簋(gui)(gui)”，乳釘紋(wen)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈(quan)足(zu)三足(zu)簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)(gai)底(di)對銘(ming)(ming)“霸(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)旅(lv)彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)卣形制略同(tong)，從大(da)到小排(pai)列，前兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，后(hou)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)大(da)的(de)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣蓋(gai)(gai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)“燕侯旨作(zuo)(zuo)姑妹寶尊(zun)彝”，卣內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)置(zhi)酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)爵(jue)(jue)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)(ming)“旨作(zuo)(zuo)父(fu)辛爵(jue)(jue)”。銅(tong)(tong)觶(zhi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋(gai)(gai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)“析父(fu)丁”。從隨葬(zang)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)判(pan)斷墓(mu)(mu)主為(wei)(wei)男性。

M2為一(yi)座三(san)鼎(ding)墓，土壙豎穴，東西向(xiang)(xiang)，墓主(zhu)頭向(xiang)(xiang)西，墓口長3.51米(mi)、寬2.49米(mi)、墓底長4.2米(mi)、寬3.47米(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)，兩棺一(yi)槨，墓主(zhu)為女性，仰身直(zhi)肢。隨葬銅器有(you)鼎(ding)3件(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)、盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)、盆(pen)1件(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)等，陶(tao)器有(you)鬲1件(jian)(jian)、罐(guan)1件(jian)(jian)、三(san)足甕1件(jian)(jian)、未(wei)燒(shao)結碎陶(tao)器7件(jian)(jian)，玉石(shi)串飾7 件(jian)(jian)、項飾2件(jian)(jian)、玉玦(jue)8件(jian)(jian)、握玉2件(jian)(jian)、柄形飾2組。另外還(huan)發現蚌(bang)器和貝等。在M2銅甗內壁發現有(you)鑄銘(ming)“唯正月初吉霸（□）伯作(zuo)寶甗其永用”。

M1017墓(mu)口長5米(mi)、寬3.4米(mi)、自深10米(mi)，口小底(di)大，墓(mu)主頭向西(xi)，有腰坑。墓(mu)室內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)大量青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)(deng)，數十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)銅容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)置于墓(mu)主頭前棺槨(guo)(guo)之(zhi)間，其余(yu)青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)于棺槨(guo)(guo)之(zhi)間或棺蓋上(shang)。青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類(lei)有食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)，青(qing)銅食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)鼎簋數量較多(duo)，計有方鼎5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝(jia)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂(yu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青(qing)銅兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、矛、鏃(zu)多(duo)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具(ju)有鑿、刀等(deng)(deng)，金柄(bing)形器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層臺上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在青(qing)銅盂(yu)、簋、豆(dou)等(deng)(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)銘文，其中(zhong)銅豆(dou)蓋內(nei)(nei)銘“霸伯作大寶尊彝(yi)其孫孫子子萬年永用”。此(ci)墓(mu)已整體搬遷(qian)至室內(nei)(nei)進行發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘。

M2002墓(mu)口長(chang)2.75米(mi)(mi)、寬1.68米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)底長(chang)3.83米(mi)(mi)、寬2.83米(mi)(mi)、自深9.91米(mi)(mi)，口小(xiao)底大(da)(da)，墓(mu)主(zhu)頭(tou)向(xiang)西，腰坑內(nei)殉狗1只，一棺一槨，墓(mu)主(zhu)仰身(shen)直肢，為男性(xing)。隨葬銅鼎(ding)3件(jian)、簋(gui)3件(jian)、鬲2件(jian)、甗1件(jian)、盤1件(jian)、鳥(niao)尊形(xing)盉1件(jian)，及(ji)大(da)(da)量的青銅兵器(qi)、車馬器(qi)和工具等，還(huan)發現陶鬲1件(jian)及(ji)鉛、玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌、貝等器(qi)物(wu)。其中出(chu)土的瓦棱紋扁腹圈(quan)足雙(shuang)耳銅簋(gui)的蓋(gai)、內(nei)底鑄有(you)銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)4行近30字(zi)，鳥(niao)尊形(xing)盉蓋(gai)內(nei)鑄銘(ming)(ming)文(wen)8行約50字(zi)。

M1034墓(mu)(mu)口長3米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.61米(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)底(di)長3.15米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.86米(mi)、自深(shen)4.43米(mi)，口小底(di)大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭向西，腰(yao)坑內殉狗1只(zhi)，一棺一槨，墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)仰身(shen)直(zhi)肢，雙手置于髖骨位置，為男性。隨葬銅鼎3件、銅簋2件，及大(da)量的青銅兵器(qi)、車馬器(qi)、漆器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和貝等(deng)。

出土文物

“霸”國出現填補空(kong)白

在試掘階(jie)段，考(kao)古隊就發現(xian)這是(shi)一(yi)個諸侯(hou)國君級別的墓——墓葬二層臺四壁(bi)(bi)有11個壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)，壁(bi)(bi)龕(kan)內(nei)放置漆木器、原始瓷器、陶(tao)器等(deng)物。

從出土的青銅器上面的銘文(wen)確證，大河(he)口(kou)墓地墓主的國族名(ming)為(wei)(wei) “霸(ba)”，“霸(ba)伯”是這里的最(zui)高權(quan)力(li)擁(yong)有者。“霸(ba)”國的商(shang)、周文(wen)化(hua)(hua)因素(su)都比較明顯，并具有自(zi)身獨特的文(wen)化(hua)(hua)風格(ge)。其人(ren)群應為(wei)(wei)狄(di)人(ren)系統(tong)的一支，是被(bei)中原商(shang)周文(wen)化(hua)(hua)同化(hua)(hua)的狄(di)人(ren)人(ren)群。相(xiang)繼的考古發(fa)現(xian)，“霸(ba)”國和周王(wang)室以及(ji)晉國、倗國、燕國等國關系密切。

“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)與晉國(guo)(guo)相(xiang)鄰。從墓地規(gui)模(mo)及隨葬品推測，“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)應比晉國(guo)(guo)低一個檔(dang)次，屬(shu)于小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)。在君主(zhu)稱謂方面，晉國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)被封為(wei)晉侯，而(er)“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)則被稱為(wei)霸(ba)(ba)伯。此外，兩國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓葬規(gui)模(mo)也相(xiang)距甚遠，晉國(guo)(guo)曲村墓地的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓葬多(duo)達20000多(duo)座，而(er)“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)大河口(kou)墓地的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓葬僅(jin)有1500座左右，從這里也可反映(ying)出(chu)兩國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)都人口(kou)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差距。

中國(guo)社(she)會科(ke)學(xue)院考(kao)古(gu)(gu)所(suo)(suo)所(suo)(suo)長(chang)王巍認(ren)為(wei)，大河(he)口西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地的發(fa)現揭示(shi)了不見于(yu)歷(li)史文獻記載的西(xi)周(zhou)“霸”國(guo)的歷(li)史及文化，并為(wei)研(yan)究西(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)期(qi)的分封制度(du)、器用制度(du)和族(zu)群融合等問題提供了寶貴的實(shi)物資料(liao)，填補了中國(guo)對(dui)西(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)期(qi)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)研(yan)究的一(yi)項空白。

稀有漆木俑保(bao)留完好(hao)

墓葬(zang)二層臺四壁(bi)有11個壁(bi)龕，一(yi)座墓葬(zang)內(nei)發現如此(ci)多的(de)壁(bi)龕在西(xi)周(zhou)考古上(shang)還是第一(yi)次，墓內(nei)隨(sui)葬(zang)漆木(mu)俑(yong)可能(neng)是目前中(zhong)原地區出土(tu)最(zui)早的(de)實物資(zi)料。

考(kao)古隊在(zai)發掘(jue)墓葬的(de)填(tian)土工作(zuo)中(zhong)，在(zai)東邊二層臺上意(yi)外發掘(jue)出了重要寶物：兩個一(yi)米多(duo)高(gao)的(de)漆木俑雙(shuang)足站立于漆木龜(gui)上，雙(shuang)手作(zuo)持物狀，兩俑前面及側面放置漆木器，這在(zai)中(zhong)原地(di)區西周墓葬內(nei)也是(shi)首(shou)見。考(kao)古學家介紹，漆木器在(zai)兩種環境(jing)(jing)下(xia)易于保存：一(yi)是(shi)十分濕潤的(de)環境(jing)(jing)，二是(shi)十分干(gan)燥(zao)的(de)環境(jing)(jing)。在(zai)黃土高(gao)原忽干(gan)忽濕的(de)環境(jing)(jing)里，兩個漆木俑經數千(qian)年(nian)還能較為完好地(di)保留下(xia)來(lai)，彌足珍貴(gui)。

山(shan)西省考古所副所長謝堯亭(ting)介紹，中華(hua)文(wen)化(hua)的一(yi)個(ge)顯著特(te)征是禮制。古人(ren)朝會、狩(shou)獵、宴享、訓(xun)練軍隊等(deng)活(huo)動都(dou)強調‘秩序(xu)’。故而推測這兩個(ge)漆木俑(yong)與禮制和宗教有關系(xi)。

考(kao)古專(zhuan)家(jia)歷經兩年，清理出大量的漆木(mu)器遺存，包括漆木(mu)俑、俎、罍(lei)、豆、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案、盾牌、方彝等(deng)種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥(niao)盉（hé）。這件器物(wu)被視為(wei)(wei)大河口西周墓葬(zang)銅器中的瑰寶，它為(wei)(wei)中國青(qing)銅器發展史(shi)提供了一件新的器形。

在(zai)此件(jian)(jian)鳥(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物(wu)出土之前，發(fa)現(xian)的(de)鳥(niao)尊(zun)(zun)大(da)多(duo)屬于酒(jiu)器(qi)，簡單地說，就是一(yi)種鳥(niao)形(xing)的(de)盛酒(jiu)器(qi)，用來在(zai)各類祭(ji)祀活動(dong)中盛裝不(bu)同的(de)酒(jiu)。距此二三十公里的(de)北(bei)趙(zhao)晉侯墓地就發(fa)現(xian)了鳥(niao)尊(zun)(zun)，被收藏在(zai)山西省博(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)，是其“鎮院(yuan)之寶”。此次(ci)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)青銅鳥(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物(wu)與北(bei)趙(zhao)晉侯墓地發(fa)現(xian)的(de)鳥(niao)尊(zun)(zun)有所不(bu)同，腹部沒有管狀(zhuang)流。專家(jia)認(ren)為，大(da)河口這件(jian)(jian)鳥(niao)形(xing)器(qi)物(wu)不(bu)是尊(zun)(zun)，而是盉。

謝(xie)堯亭介(jie)紹，商周時期，盉(he)多是一種注水的水器。按照商周貴族(zu)禮儀，在祭祀、宴飲、典禮過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，參與者要洗手盥洗。

侍者(zhe)用盉將水倒出。在既(ji)往的考古發現和傳世器(qi)物中都未(wei)曾見過像(xiang)大(da)河口墓(mu)葬中這(zhe)樣的鳥形盉。

鳥(niao)形盉的(de)出現(xian)(xian)也(ye)意外糾正了一個錯誤：山西省(sheng)博物院(yuan)收藏的(de)鳥(niao)尊在發(fa)掘時尾巴(ba)已斷，上海博物院(yuan)將尾巴(ba)修復(fu)為朝里卷。此次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)鳥(niao)形盉十分(fen)完整，它清(qing)晰地顯示，鳥(niao)的(de)尾巴(ba)是(shi)朝外卷的(de)。

墓地價值

大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)這(zhe)一考(kao)古(gu)(gu)項目受到(dao)業(ye)內(nei)專(zhuan)家的(de)高度(du)肯定。來自中國(guo)(guo)社(she)會科(ke)學(xue)院考(kao)古(gu)(gu)所(suo)所(suo)長王(wang)巍(wei)就在會上表(biao)示，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)是中國(guo)(guo)西(xi)周(zhou)封國(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)中的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)收獲(huo)。青銅器(qi)(qi)銘文(wen)(wen)顯示，“霸(ba)(ba)”是這(zhe)處(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)國(guo)(guo)族名，“霸(ba)(ba)伯”是其(qi)最(zui)高權(quan)力擁有(you)者，“霸(ba)(ba)”器(qi)(qi)曾(ceng)見于(yu)以往(wang)的(de)青銅器(qi)(qi)著錄(lu)，在《殷(yin)周(zhou)金(jin)文(wen)(wen)集(ji)成》中著錄(lu)有(you)“霸(ba)(ba)姞作寶(bao)尊彝”鼎簋(gui)，曲村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)M6197也(ye)曾(ceng)出土過一件(jian)“霸(ba)(ba)伯作寶(bao)尊彝”銅簋(gui)。雖然(ran)“霸(ba)(ba)”是國(guo)(guo)名，但不(bu)見于(yu)傳(chuan)世的(de)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)記載(zai)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)面(mian)積和(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬埋藏數量顯示，當(dang)時大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)人群規模不(bu)大(da)(da)，推測(ce)其(qi)所(suo)居城(cheng)邑和(he)(he)所(suo)轄(xia)區域也(ye)不(bu)會很大(da)(da)。可是銘文(wen)(wen)上又(you)(you)顯示它與(yu)晉、燕等(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)周(zhou)王(wang)朝都有(you)往(wang)來關系，從埋葬習俗(su)看，大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)頭向、腰坑(keng)、殉狗(gou)、斜(xie)洞、使用日(ri)名等(deng)(deng)習俗(su)與(yu)絳縣橫(heng)水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)相似(si)；車馬坑(keng)的(de)布局、無俯(fu)身葬、無殉人等(deng)(deng)現象又(you)(you)與(yu)天馬—曲村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)有(you)共同之處(chu)；陶器(qi)(qi)組合(he)和(he)(he)青銅器(qi)(qi)風格(ge)又(you)(you)具有(you)周(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)特征，商、周(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)因素都比較明顯，自身文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特色獨具。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬時代橫(heng)貫西(xi)周(zhou)，晚(wan)期進入春秋初年，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)人群應為(wei)狄(di)人系統的(de)一支(zhi)，是被中原(yuan)商周(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)同化(hua)(hua)的(de)狄(di)人人群，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)面(mian)貌(mao)顯示其(qi)人群相對單純(chun)。大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)發現為(wei)研究西(xi)周(zhou)時期的(de)分封制度(du)、器(qi)(qi)用制度(du)和(he)(he)族群融合(he)等(deng)(deng)歷史和(he)(he)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)問題等(deng)(deng)具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)意義。

中新網太原6月9日(ri)電(胡健(jian))記(ji)者9日(ri)傍晚從山(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)考古研(yan)究所獲(huo)悉，山(shan)西(xi)翼城縣大(da)河口(kou)西(xi)周墓地成功入選(xuan)2010年度中國十大(da)考古新發(fa)現。

山西翼城縣大河口西周(zhou)墓(mu)地是(shi)新發現(xian)的(de)(de)一處西周(zhou)封國墓(mu)地，發現(xian)的(de)(de)眾多青(qing)銅器(qi)銘(ming)文中的(de)(de)“霸(ba)伯”是(shi)這里的(de)(de)最高權力擁有者。

“霸”是其(qi)國名，“霸”國未見于傳世的文(wen)獻(xian)記(ji)載，山(shan)西省考(kao)古研究所副所長謝堯亭在報告(gao)中指出。銘文(wen)資(zi)料(liao)顯(xian)示，“霸”與晉、北燕、芮等國曾有往來。在大河(he)口墓地(di)，商、周(zhou)文(wen)化因(yin)素(su)都比(bi)較明顯(xian)，自身特色也很鮮明，墓葬時代橫貫(guan)西周(zhou)，晚期已進入春秋初(chu)年。大河(he)口墓地(di)的發現為研究西周(zhou)分封(feng)制度(du)和西周(zhou)史提供了重(zhong)要資(zi)料(liao)，對探討諸侯制度(du)具有重(zhong)要意義。

2007年5月(yue)(yue)，大(da)河口墓地(di)因被(bei)盜被(bei)發現，同(tong)年9月(yue)(yue)至次年5月(yue)(yue)進行了考古(gu)勘探和試掘(jue)，2008年9月(yue)(yue)至12月(yue)(yue)進行了全(quan)面(mian)普探，2009年5月(yue)(yue)至2011年5月(yue)(yue)進行了大(da)規模搶救性發掘(jue)。

大(da)河(he)口墓地(di)位于(yu)山(shan)西(xi)省南部翼(yi)城縣城以東(dong)(dong)約6公(gong)里處，墓地(di)四(si)周除了(le)西(xi)北(bei)部與西(xi)側臺地(di)相接外皆為(wei)溝壑，澮河(he)干流和支流分別縈繞其(qi)西(xi)、南兩側流過，地(di)勢為(wei)北(bei)高南低的(de)向(xiang)陽緩坡地(di)，北(bei)方(fang)為(wei)太岳山(shan)余(yu)脈二峰山(shan)，東(dong)(dong)、南方(fang)為(wei)太行山(shan)余(yu)脈翔山(shan)，西(xi)部為(wei)凸起的(de)丘陵山(shan)地(di)，西(xi)南為(wei)澮河(he)沖(chong)積(ji)谷地(di)。在墓地(di)周圍發現了(le)幾處不同(tong)時期的(de)遺(yi)址，其(qi)中西(xi)周遺(yi)址位于(yu)墓地(di)西(xi)南約0.5公(gong)里處。墓地(di)分布面(mian)積(ji)約4萬(wan)余(yu)平方(fang)米(mi)，埋藏西(xi)周墓葬約1500余(yu)座。

此次“2010年(nian)(nian)度全國(guo)十(shi)大(da)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)新發現”由國(guo)家文物(wu)局(ju)主辦，自2010年(nian)(nian)11月底啟動，從2010年(nian)(nian)1月1日(ri)(ri)～12月31日(ri)(ri)期間在中(zhong)國(guo)境內進行(xing)發掘的合法考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)項(xiang)目中(zhong)遴選出56個候選項(xiang)目進入初(chu)評。初(chu)評由國(guo)家文物(wu)局(ju)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)專家組成員、中(zhong)國(guo)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)學會常務理事(shi)和理事(shi)、中(zhong)國(guo)65 家考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘資質單位(wei)共同參與投(tou)票，最終，有25個項(xiang)目入圍。

此次(ci)2010年度中國十大(da)考(kao)古新發現的具體(ti)名(ming)單為：河(he)南(nan)(nan)新鄭望(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)夏商(shang)時期(qi)城址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、山(shan)東濟南(nan)(nan)大(da)辛莊商(shang)代(dai)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、山(shan)西(xi)翼城縣大(da)河(he)口西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)地、江蘇蘇州市木(mu)瀆古城遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、陜西(xi)西(xi)安鳳棲(qi)原(yuan)西(xi)漢家族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)地、新疆(jiang)鄯善(shan)吐峪(yu)溝石(shi)窟(ku)群和佛(fo)寺(si)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、陜西(xi)藍田北(bei)宋呂氏家族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)園、湖南(nan)(nan)永順老(lao)司(si)城遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、江蘇南(nan)(nan)京(jing)大(da)報(bao)恩寺(si)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、廣東汕(shan)頭“南(nan)(nan)澳(ao)1號”明(ming)代(dai)沉(chen)船(chuan)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。