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墓地概況

大(da)河(he)口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)地位于山西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)臨汾市翼(yi)城縣(xian)，占地面積約4萬余(yu)平方米，有(you)墓(mu)葬千余(yu)座(zuo)。從2009年(nian)(nian)開始(shi)，考古工(gong)作(zuo)者對墓(mu)地進行的大(da)面積發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)已(yi)揭露面積15000余(yu)平方米，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)墓(mu)葬615座(zuo)、車馬坑22座(zuo)。墓(mu)葬內(nei)不僅(jin)首(shou)次發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了漆木(mu)俑(yong)、原始(shi)瓷器等(deng)國(guo)寶，而(er)且首(shou)次發(fa)(fa)現(xian)西(xi)(xi)周時期三足銅盂、三足鼎式簋等(deng)珍稀青銅器，個別墓(mu)葬甚至發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)金器，三千年(nian)(nian)前(qian)的這些寶器為(wei)研究古代封國(guo)的歷(li)史提供(gong)了重要史料。2011年(nian)(nian)4月25日，山西(xi)(xi)翼(yi)城縣(xian)“大(da)河(he)口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)地”入圍2010年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)十(shi)大(da)考古新(xin)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)。

地理位置

大河口西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地位于(yu)(yu)(yu)翼城縣城以東(dong)約(yue)6公里處(chu)，處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)片(pian)兩河交匯形成的(de)(de)(de)三角洲高地上(shang)。墓(mu)(mu)地四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)除了西(xi)北部與西(xi)側(ce)臺地相(xiang)接(jie)外，皆(jie)為溝壑地貌，澮河干流和支流分別(bie)縈繞墓(mu)(mu)地西(xi)南(nan)兩側(ce)流過，地勢(shi)為北高南(nan)低的(de)(de)(de)向陽緩坡。其北部為太岳山(shan)余(yu)脈和尚公德(de)山(shan)（又名二(er)峰山(shan)），東(dong)南(nan)為太行山(shan)余(yu)脈翔山(shan)，西(xi)部為凸起的(de)(de)(de)丘陵山(shan)地，西(xi)南(nan)為沖積(ji)平原。在墓(mu)(mu)地的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)圍發現了幾處(chu)不(bu)同時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)，其中(zhong)新(xin)石(shi)器時(shi)代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地西(xi)南(nan)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)澮河東(dong)岸臺地上(shang)，西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地西(xi)南(nan)約(yue)0.5公里處(chu)，東(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)和漢代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)分布于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地東(dong)北、東(dong)側(ce)和西(xi)南(nan)方(fang)臺地上(shang)，墓(mu)(mu)地范圍內也(ye)包含(han)有數十座(zuo)東(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)窖穴遺(yi)存。

發掘歷史

2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口西周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地被盜發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，山(shan)西省考古研究所(suo)報請(qing)國家文物局批準，于2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)考古勘(kan)探和(he)試掘，共試掘了(le)6座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)；2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至12月(yue)(yue)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)普探，通過勘(kan)探發(fa)(fa)掘了(le)解到墓(mu)(mu)地分布面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約4萬(wan)余(yu)平方(fang)米(mi)，埋藏西周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang) 1000余(yu)座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)開始進(jin)行(xing)大(da)(da)規模(mo)搶救(jiu)性發(fa)(fa)掘。已揭露面(mian)(mian)積(ji)15000余(yu)平方(fang)米(mi)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)615座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，車馬坑22座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)內出土的青銅器(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)等；陶器(qi)(qi)組(zu)合主要有(you)：鬲(li)，鬲(li)罐，罐，鬲(li)盆罐等。玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)串飾(shi)較多，部分墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)隨葬(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)或漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)，個別墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)甚至發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)金器(qi)(qi)。到2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)末(mo)，大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口西周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地發(fa)(fa)掘工作進(jin)入尾聲，僅剩下數十座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)尚未發(fa)(fa)掘、保護。

為了(le)保證(zheng)遺址科(ke)學(xue)順利地發(fa)掘，工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員進(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)全(quan)面(mian)(mian)部署。以勘探(tan)結果為依(yi)據(ju)，選擇重(zhong)點區域，確定發(fa)掘面(mian)(mian)積，設立坐標基點，統一(yi)分區布方，首先進(jin)行(xing)(xing)抽(chou)樣式小探(tan)方發(fa)掘，再進(jin)行(xing)(xing)大面(mian)(mian)積探(tan)方揭露(lu)，按(an)層位發(fa)掘所有探(tan)方墓(mu)口上文化層，暴露(lu)墓(mu)口，拍攝探(tan)方全(quan)景照后(hou)，打掉隔梁，然后(hou)將(jiang)每座墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)下挖30厘米，對墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)統一(yi)測量(liang)繪圖、航拍、編號，再按(an)計劃有步驟地發(fa)掘單個(ge)墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)。墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)填土采取半剖面(mian)(mian)或(huo)多剖面(mian)(mian)結合(he)的(de)發(fa)掘方法，按(an)照逆埋葬(zang)(zang)順序逐層發(fa)掘，并及時做(zuo)好(hao)記錄資料、取樣和現場(chang)文物保護工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，加強多學(xue)科(ke)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。此(ci)次大規模發(fa)掘發(fa)現并搶救了(le)一(yi)大批珍貴的(de)文物，考(kao)古工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)取得(de)了(le)階段性的(de)重(zhong)要成果。

2017年6月7日，山西(xi)省考(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究所獲悉，經過考(kao)古(gu)工(gong)作者3年再發掘(jue)，翼(yi)城大河口西(xi)周(zhou)“霸(ba)國”墓地已全(quan)部發掘(jue)完成。10年間，共發掘(jue)墓葬2200余(yu)座，出土(tu)器物(wu)2.5萬余(yu)件組。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)形制均(jun)為(wei)(wei)長方(fang)形土壙(kuang)豎穴，多(duo)(duo)(duo)口小底(di)大。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗絕(jue)大多(duo)(duo)(duo)數(shu)為(wei)(wei)東西(xi)向墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，以頭向西(xi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，少(shao)量(liang)頭向東，南北(bei)向墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余座(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)間(jian)(jian)(jian)很少(shao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有打破現(xian)象，大中(zhong)(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)區(qu)域內散布，分布沒有明顯規律(lv)，區(qu)域內墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)聚(ju)群特征明顯。車馬坑均(jun)位(wei)于大中(zhong)(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)東側(ce)，除(chu)1座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)南北(bei)向外(wai)，余均(jun)為(wei)(wei)東西(xi)向。部(bu)分墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有腳(jiao)窩和(he)(he)生土二(er)層(ceng)臺，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)有壁龕，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)(wei)一棺(guan)、一棺(guan)一槨或二(er)棺(guan)一槨，槨蓋(gai)(gai)板一般為(wei)(wei)橫鋪(pu)，棺(guan)蓋(gai)(gai)板、底(di)板和(he)(he)槨底(di)板一般為(wei)(wei)豎鋪(pu)（個(ge)(ge)別(bie)例外(wai)），四(si)壁立板間(jian)(jian)(jian)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)榫卯結(jie)構。墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)仰身直肢，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)屈肢葬(zang)(zang)(zang)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)俯(fu)身葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)腰坑和(he)(he)腰坑殉狗的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)較多(duo)(duo)(duo)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)殉人(ren)。僅2008年發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)M1發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有四(si)個(ge)(ge)斜洞(dong)，其余墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)此類(lei)設施。隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物多(duo)(duo)(duo)放置(zhi)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭前，其余置(zhi)于棺(guan)槨間(jian)(jian)(jian)、二(er)層(ceng)臺上(shang)、棺(guan)內或蓋(gai)(gai)板上(shang)，大中(zhong)(zhong)型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，小型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)以隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類(lei)豐富，食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)都有發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合(he)主(zhu)要有鬲、鬲罐(guan)、罐(guan)、鬲盆罐(guan)等(deng)等(deng)；玉(yu)、石、骨、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)(he)串飾較多(duo)(duo)(duo)；部(bu)分墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有金器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)；少(shao)部(bu)分墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物。

M1為東西方(fang)(fang)向，土(tu)坑(keng)(keng)豎穴，口(kou)小底(di)大，墓(mu)(mu)口(kou)長(chang)4.25米、寬3.22米、墓(mu)(mu)底(di)長(chang)4.6米、寬3.78米、自深9.75米，在(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)口(kou)平面四(si)(si)角外發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)4個通向墓(mu)(mu)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)斜洞(dong)，這是繼(ji)絳縣(xian)橫水墓(mu)(mu)地之后又一(yi)(yi)次發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)類似(si)的(de)(de)斜洞(dong)設施(shi)。墓(mu)(mu)主頭向西，仰身(shen)直下(xia)肢，一(yi)(yi)棺(guan)一(yi)(yi)槨，槨底(di)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)腰坑(keng)(keng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)二層臺(tai)之上四(si)(si)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)11個壁(bi)(bi)(bi)龕，壁(bi)(bi)(bi)龕內放置(zhi)漆木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)始(shi)瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物，已發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)漆木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)俎、罍、豆(dou)、壺(hu)、杯(bei)（雙(shuang)耳杯(bei)、單耳杯(bei)、角狀杯(bei)）、犧尊(zun)、坐(zuo)屏等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)葬內發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)如此多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)龕、并且在(zai)(zai)(zai)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)龕內放置(zhi)大量(liang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物的(de)(de)現(xian)象，為西周墓(mu)(mu)考古中首見(jian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)東部二層臺(tai)上發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)兩(liang)個漆木(mu)(mu)俑(yong)，雙(shuang)足站立(li)于漆木(mu)(mu)龜(gui)上，雙(shuang)手作持物狀，兩(liang)俑(yong)前面及側面放置(zhi)有(you)(you)漆木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這在(zai)(zai)(zai)中原(yuan)地區西周墓(mu)(mu)葬內也是首見(jian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)他(ta)幾面二層臺(tai)上還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)帶木(mu)(mu)柄銅(tong)(tong)(tong)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)漆木(mu)(mu)盾牌等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)內棺(guan)槨之間或棺(guan)蓋(gai)上發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了大量(liang)的(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)始(shi)瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物，其(qi)中青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)最多(duo)(duo)，包(bao)括禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)鼎24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚(gu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶(zhi)8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單耳罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鐘(zhong)和(he)鐃3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)盾牌青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)飾昜、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、戟、矛、鉞等(deng)(deng)(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)具(ju)有(you)(you)非常高的(de)(de)價(jia)值，很多(duo)(duo)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺存有(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)柄，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)工具(ju)有(you)(you)斧、鑿、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)掛韁鉤、鑾鈴、車轄、當盧(lu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)原(yuan)始(shi)瓷尊(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)鼎2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形(xing)尊(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵杯(bei)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺(hu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈足盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三(san)足盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，此外還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)大量(liang)的(de)(de)玉(yu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜(gui)甲、鹿(lu)角、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼎中有(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)鼎2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為四(si)(si)足圓角方(fang)(fang)鼎，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為四(si)(si)足方(fang)(fang)角方(fang)(fang)鼎，腹足帶扉棱圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎內壁(bi)(bi)(bi)銘(ming)“伯作寶尊(zun)彝”，無扉棱柱(zhu)足圓鼎12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足鼎2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)簋(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中方(fang)(fang)座(zuo)簋(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈足簋(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條紋簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇叭(ba)形(xing)圈足簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內底(di)鑄(zhu)銘(ming)文(wen)“□父(fu)戊”，鼎式簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內底(di)有(you)(you)銘(ming)文(wen)“芮公(gong)舍霸馬(ma)兩(liang)玉(yu)金用鑄(zhu)簋(gui)(gui)”，乳釘紋簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈足三(san)足簋(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)底(di)對(dui)銘(ming)“霸中作旅彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)卣(you)形(xing)制(zhi)略同，從(cong)大到小排(pai)列，前兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制(zhi)相同，后兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)制(zhi)相同。其(qi)中最大的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣(you)蓋(gai)內銘(ming)“燕(yan)侯旨(zhi)作姑妹寶尊(zun)彝”，卣(you)內置(zhi)酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)爵中有(you)(you)兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)“旨(zhi)作父(fu)辛爵”。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)觶(zhi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋(gai)內銘(ming)“析父(fu)丁”。從(cong)隨葬兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)判斷墓(mu)(mu)主為男性。

M2為一座三鼎墓，土壙豎穴，東(dong)西向，墓主(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)向西，墓口長3.51米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬2.49米(mi)(mi)(mi)、墓底長4.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬3.47米(mi)(mi)(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)，兩棺(guan)一槨，墓主(zhu)(zhu)為女(nv)性，仰身直肢。隨(sui)葬銅器有鼎3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等，陶器有鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罐(guan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足甕1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、未(wei)燒結碎陶器7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，玉(yu)石串(chuan)飾7 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、項飾2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、玉(yu)玦8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、握玉(yu)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、柄形飾2組。另外還發現(xian)蚌器和貝等。在M2銅甗內壁發現(xian)有鑄銘“唯正(zheng)月(yue)初吉霸（□）伯作寶甗其永用”。

M1017墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口長(chang)5米、寬3.4米、自深10米，口小底(di)大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭向(xiang)西，有腰坑。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)內(nei)發現(xian)大(da)量(liang)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)等(deng)，數(shu)十(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)置于墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主頭前棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)之(zhi)間，其余青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發現(xian)于棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)之(zhi)間或棺(guan)(guan)蓋上。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類(lei)有食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中鼎簋(gui)數(shu)量(liang)較多(duo)，計有方(fang)鼎5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨(xu)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃多(duo)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工(gong)具有鑿、刀(dao)等(deng)，金柄形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層臺上發現(xian)陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盂、簋(gui)、豆等(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)發現(xian)銘文(wen)，其中銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆蓋內(nei)銘“霸伯作大(da)寶尊彝其孫(sun)(sun)孫(sun)(sun)子(zi)子(zi)萬年永用”。此墓(mu)(mu)(mu)已整體(ti)搬遷至室(shi)內(nei)進(jin)行發掘。

M2002墓口長2.75米、寬(kuan)1.68米、墓底長3.83米、寬(kuan)2.83米、自深9.91米，口小(xiao)底大(da)，墓主頭(tou)向(xiang)西，腰坑內(nei)殉狗1只，一棺(guan)一槨，墓主仰(yang)身直(zhi)肢(zhi)，為(wei)男(nan)性。隨(sui)葬銅(tong)鼎3件、簋3件、鬲(li)2件、甗1件、盤(pan)1件、鳥尊形盉1件，及(ji)大(da)量的(de)(de)青銅(tong)兵器、車(che)馬器和工具等(deng)，還(huan)發(fa)現陶鬲(li)1件及(ji)鉛、玉、石、骨、蚌、貝等(deng)器物。其中出土的(de)(de)瓦棱紋扁腹圈足(zu)雙耳銅(tong)簋的(de)(de)蓋、內(nei)底鑄有銘(ming)(ming)文4行近(jin)30字(zi)(zi)，鳥尊形盉蓋內(nei)鑄銘(ming)(ming)文8行約50字(zi)(zi)。

M1034墓(mu)口(kou)長3米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)1.61米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)底(di)(di)長3.15米(mi)(mi)、寬(kuan)(kuan)1.86米(mi)(mi)、自深4.43米(mi)(mi)，口(kou)小底(di)(di)大，墓(mu)主頭向西，腰坑內殉狗(gou)1只，一棺一槨，墓(mu)主仰身直(zhi)肢(zhi)，雙手(shou)置于髖骨(gu)位(wei)置，為男性。隨葬銅鼎(ding)3件、銅簋2件，及大量的(de)青銅兵器(qi)、車馬(ma)器(qi)、漆器(qi)、蚌(bang)器(qi)和貝等(deng)。

出土文物

“霸”國出現(xian)填補(bu)空白(bai)

在(zai)試掘階段，考古隊就(jiu)發現這是一個(ge)諸(zhu)侯國君級別(bie)的(de)墓(mu)——墓(mu)葬二層臺四壁有11個(ge)壁龕(kan)，壁龕(kan)內放置漆木器、原始(shi)瓷(ci)器、陶器等物(wu)。

從出土的(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅器上面的(de)(de)(de)銘文(wen)確證，大(da)河口墓(mu)地(di)墓(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)族名為 “霸(ba)”，“霸(ba)伯”是這里的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)權力擁有者。“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)、周文(wen)化(hua)因素(su)都(dou)比較(jiao)明顯，并具有自身獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)風格。其人(ren)群應為狄人(ren)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)一支，是被中原商(shang)周文(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)狄人(ren)人(ren)群。相繼的(de)(de)(de)考古發現，“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)和周王室以及晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)、倗國(guo)(guo)、燕國(guo)(guo)等國(guo)(guo)關系(xi)密(mi)切。

“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)相鄰。從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地規(gui)(gui)模及隨葬(zang)品推測，“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)應比(bi)晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)低一個檔次，屬于小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。在君主(zhu)稱(cheng)(cheng)謂方(fang)面，晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)君主(zhu)被(bei)封為晉(jin)侯，而(er)“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)君主(zhu)則被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)為霸(ba)(ba)伯。此外，兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)規(gui)(gui)模也相距(ju)(ju)甚遠，晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)曲(qu)村墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)多達20000多座，而(er)“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大河口(kou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)僅(jin)有1500座左右，從這里也可反映出兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都人口(kou)規(gui)(gui)模的(de)差(cha)距(ju)(ju)。

中(zhong)國社會科學院考古(gu)所所長(chang)王巍(wei)認為，大河口(kou)西周(zhou)墓地的(de)發現揭(jie)示(shi)了(le)(le)不(bu)見于歷史文獻記載(zai)的(de)西周(zhou)“霸”國的(de)歷史及文化，并為研究(jiu)西周(zhou)時期的(de)分(fen)封制度、器用制度和族(zu)群融合等問題(ti)提供(gong)了(le)(le)寶貴的(de)實(shi)物資料，填補(bu)了(le)(le)中(zhong)國對西周(zhou)時期考古(gu)研究(jiu)的(de)一項空白(bai)。

稀有漆木俑保留(liu)完(wan)好

墓(mu)葬(zang)二層臺四壁有(you)11個壁龕，一(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)葬(zang)內(nei)發現如此(ci)多的(de)壁龕在西周(zhou)考古上還是(shi)第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)，墓(mu)內(nei)隨葬(zang)漆木俑(yong)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)目(mu)前中原地(di)區出土最(zui)早的(de)實物資料。

考古隊在發(fa)掘墓(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)填土工(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，在東邊(bian)二(er)層臺(tai)上(shang)意外發(fa)掘出了(le)重要寶物：兩(liang)個一(yi)米多高的(de)(de)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)雙(shuang)足站立于漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)龜上(shang)，雙(shuang)手(shou)作(zuo)持物狀，兩(liang)俑(yong)前面及側面放置(zhi)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)器(qi)，這在中(zhong)原(yuan)地區西周墓(mu)葬(zang)內也(ye)是(shi)首見。考古學家介紹，漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)器(qi)在兩(liang)種環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)下(xia)(xia)易于保存：一(yi)是(shi)十分濕(shi)潤的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)，二(er)是(shi)十分干燥的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)。在黃土高原(yuan)忽(hu)干忽(hu)濕(shi)的(de)(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)里，兩(liang)個漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)經數千年(nian)還能較為(wei)完好地保留下(xia)(xia)來(lai)，彌足珍貴。

山西(xi)省考古所(suo)副所(suo)長謝堯亭介紹，中華文化的一個顯著(zhu)特(te)征是禮(li)制。古人朝會(hui)、狩獵、宴(yan)享、訓練軍隊等活(huo)動都強調‘秩序’。故而推(tui)測這兩(liang)個漆木(mu)俑與禮(li)制和宗(zong)教(jiao)有關系。

考古專家歷經兩年，清理出大量的漆木器遺存，包括漆木俑、俎、罍(lei)、豆、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案、盾牌(pai)、方彝等種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥盉（hé）。這件(jian)器(qi)物被視為大河口西周(zhou)墓(mu)葬銅(tong)器(qi)中(zhong)的瑰寶，它為中(zhong)國青銅(tong)器(qi)發展史提(ti)供了一件(jian)新的器(qi)形。

在此(ci)件(jian)鳥形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物出土(tu)之前，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)鳥尊大多屬(shu)于酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)，簡(jian)單地說，就(jiu)是一種(zhong)鳥形(xing)的(de)盛酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)，用(yong)來(lai)在各(ge)類祭祀活動中盛裝不(bu)(bu)同的(de)酒(jiu)。距此(ci)二三十公里的(de)北趙(zhao)晉侯墓地就(jiu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了鳥尊，被收(shou)藏在山西省(sheng)博物院，是其“鎮院之寶(bao)”。此(ci)次發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)青銅鳥形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物與北趙(zhao)晉侯墓地發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)鳥尊有所(suo)不(bu)(bu)同，腹部沒有管狀流。專(zhuan)家認為，大河口這件(jian)鳥形(xing)器(qi)(qi)物不(bu)(bu)是尊，而是盉。

謝(xie)堯(yao)亭介紹，商(shang)(shang)周時期，盉多是(shi)一種(zhong)注水的水器。按(an)照商(shang)(shang)周貴族禮(li)儀(yi)，在祭祀、宴飲、典禮(li)過程中，參(can)與者要洗(xi)手盥洗(xi)。

侍(shi)者用盉將水(shui)倒出。在既往的考(kao)古發現和傳世器物中(zhong)(zhong)都未(wei)曾見(jian)過(guo)像大河(he)口墓葬中(zhong)(zhong)這樣的鳥形盉。

鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)形(xing)盉的(de)出現也意外糾正了一個錯(cuo)誤(wu)：山(shan)西省博物院收藏的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)尊在發(fa)掘(jue)時尾(wei)巴已斷，上海博物院將尾(wei)巴修復為朝(chao)里卷。此次(ci)發(fa)現的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)形(xing)盉十分完整(zheng)，它清晰地(di)顯示(shi)，鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)的(de)尾(wei)巴是朝(chao)外卷的(de)。

墓地價值

大(da)河(he)口(kou)(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)這(zhe)一(yi)考古(gu)項(xiang)目受(shou)到業內專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)肯定。來自(zi)中國(guo)社會(hui)科學院考古(gu)所(suo)所(suo)長王巍(wei)就在會(hui)上(shang)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)封國(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)考古(gu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要收獲。青(qing)銅器銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)，“霸(ba)”是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)處(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)族名，“霸(ba)伯”是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)最高權力(li)擁有(you)(you)者，“霸(ba)”器曾見(jian)于以往的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅器著錄(lu)，在《殷周(zhou)(zhou)金文(wen)(wen)集成》中著錄(lu)有(you)(you)“霸(ba)姞作(zuo)寶尊彝(yi)”鼎(ding)簋，曲村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)M6197也曾出(chu)土過一(yi)件“霸(ba)伯作(zuo)寶尊彝(yi)”銅簋。雖然“霸(ba)”是(shi)(shi)國(guo)名，但不(bu)見(jian)于傳世的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)獻記載，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積和(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)埋(mai)藏(zang)數量顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)，當時(shi)大(da)河(he)口(kou)(kou)人(ren)群(qun)規(gui)模不(bu)大(da)，推(tui)測其(qi)(qi)所(suo)居城邑和(he)(he)所(suo)轄區域(yu)也不(bu)會(hui)很(hen)大(da)。可是(shi)(shi)銘(ming)文(wen)(wen)上(shang)又(you)(you)(you)顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)它與(yu)(yu)晉、燕等國(guo)和(he)(he)周(zhou)(zhou)王朝都有(you)(you)往來關系，從埋(mai)葬(zang)習(xi)俗(su)看，大(da)河(he)口(kou)(kou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)向、腰坑、殉(xun)狗、斜洞(dong)、使用日名等習(xi)俗(su)與(yu)(yu)絳縣橫(heng)水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)相似；車馬坑的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)、無(wu)(wu)俯身葬(zang)、無(wu)(wu)殉(xun)人(ren)等現(xian)象又(you)(you)(you)與(yu)(yu)天馬—曲村(cun)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)有(you)(you)共同之(zhi)處(chu)；陶器組合(he)和(he)(he)青(qing)銅器風格又(you)(you)(you)具有(you)(you)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征，商(shang)、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)因素都比(bi)較明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，自(zi)身文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特(te)色獨具。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)時(shi)代橫(heng)貫西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期進入春秋初年，其(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)群(qun)應為狄(di)人(ren)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支，是(shi)(shi)被中原商(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)同化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)人(ren)群(qun)，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)面(mian)貌顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)人(ren)群(qun)相對單純。大(da)河(he)口(kou)(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)為研究(jiu)西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)分封制度(du)、器用制度(du)和(he)(he)族群(qun)融合(he)等歷(li)史和(he)(he)考古(gu)問題等具有(you)(you)重要意義。

中(zhong)新(xin)網太原6月9日電(胡健)記者9日傍晚從山(shan)西(xi)省考古研(yan)究所獲悉，山(shan)西(xi)翼城縣大河(he)口西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地成功入(ru)選2010年度中(zhong)國十大考古新(xin)發(fa)現。

山西翼城縣大河口西周(zhou)(zhou)墓地(di)是(shi)新發現的(de)(de)一處西周(zhou)(zhou)封國墓地(di)，發現的(de)(de)眾多(duo)青銅器(qi)銘文中的(de)(de)“霸伯”是(shi)這(zhe)里的(de)(de)最高權力擁有者。

“霸”是(shi)其國名，“霸”國未見于傳世的(de)文獻記(ji)載(zai)，山西(xi)省考古研(yan)究所副所長(chang)謝(xie)堯亭在(zai)報告中指出。銘文資(zi)(zi)料顯示，“霸”與晉、北燕、芮等國曾(ceng)有往來。在(zai)大河(he)口(kou)墓(mu)地(di)，商、周(zhou)文化因素都比較明顯，自身特色也很鮮明，墓(mu)葬時代橫貫西(xi)周(zhou)，晚期已進入春秋初年。大河(he)口(kou)墓(mu)地(di)的(de)發現為研(yan)究西(xi)周(zhou)分(fen)封制度(du)和西(xi)周(zhou)史提供了重要(yao)資(zi)(zi)料，對(dui)探討諸侯制度(du)具有重要(yao)意義。

2007年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)，大(da)河口墓地因被盜被發現，同年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)至次年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)進(jin)行了考古勘探和試掘，2008年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)至12月(yue)進(jin)行了全面普(pu)探，2009年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)至2011年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)進(jin)行了大(da)規模搶救(jiu)性發掘。

大河(he)(he)口墓(mu)地(di)位(wei)于山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省南部(bu)翼城(cheng)縣城(cheng)以東約6公(gong)里(li)處(chu)，墓(mu)地(di)四周除(chu)了西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北部(bu)與西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)側臺地(di)相接外(wai)皆為(wei)溝壑，澮(kuai)(kuai)河(he)(he)干流(liu)和支流(liu)分別(bie)縈繞其西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、南兩側流(liu)過，地(di)勢(shi)為(wei)北高南低的向陽(yang)緩坡地(di)，北方為(wei)太岳山(shan)(shan)(shan)余脈二峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)，東、南方為(wei)太行山(shan)(shan)(shan)余脈翔山(shan)(shan)(shan)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)為(wei)凸起(qi)的丘(qiu)陵山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南為(wei)澮(kuai)(kuai)河(he)(he)沖積谷地(di)。在墓(mu)地(di)周圍發現了幾(ji)處(chu)不同時期的遺址(zhi)，其中西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周遺址(zhi)位(wei)于墓(mu)地(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南約0.5公(gong)里(li)處(chu)。墓(mu)地(di)分布面積約4萬余平(ping)方米，埋藏西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周墓(mu)葬約1500余座。

此次“2010年度全(quan)國十大考古(gu)新發現”由國家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)局主辦(ban)，自2010年11月底啟(qi)動，從2010年1月1日～12月31日期(qi)間在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國境內(nei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)發掘(jue)的合法(fa)考古(gu)項(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)遴選(xuan)出56個候選(xuan)項(xiang)目(mu)進(jin)(jin)入初評(ping)。初評(ping)由國家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)局考古(gu)專家(jia)組成員、中(zhong)(zhong)國考古(gu)學(xue)會常務理事和理事、中(zhong)(zhong)國65 家(jia)考古(gu)發掘(jue)資質(zhi)單位(wei)共同參與投票，最終，有25個項(xiang)目(mu)入圍。

此次2010年度(du)中國十大考古新發現(xian)的具體(ti)名單為：河南(nan)(nan)新鄭(zheng)望京樓夏(xia)商(shang)時期城(cheng)址(zhi)、山(shan)東濟南(nan)(nan)大辛(xin)莊商(shang)代遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、山(shan)西翼城(cheng)縣(xian)大河口西周墓地、江(jiang)蘇蘇州市木瀆古城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、陜西西安(an)鳳棲(qi)原西漢家族墓地、新疆鄯善吐峪(yu)溝石窟(ku)群和佛寺遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、陜西藍田(tian)北宋呂(lv)氏(shi)家族墓園、湖南(nan)(nan)永順老司(si)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、江(jiang)蘇南(nan)(nan)京大報恩寺遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、廣東汕(shan)頭“南(nan)(nan)澳1號”明(ming)代沉船遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。