芒果视频下载

墓地概況

大(da)(da)河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓地位于山西(xi)(xi)省臨汾市翼城(cheng)縣，占地面積約4萬余(yu)平方米，有墓葬(zang)(zang)千余(yu)座(zuo)(zuo)。從2009年(nian)(nian)開(kai)始，考(kao)古工(gong)作者對墓地進行的大(da)(da)面積發(fa)掘已揭露面積15000余(yu)平方米，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)墓葬(zang)(zang)615座(zuo)(zuo)、車(che)馬坑22座(zuo)(zuo)。墓葬(zang)(zang)內不僅首(shou)次(ci)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)了(le)漆木俑、原始瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)等國寶，而且首(shou)次(ci)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期三(san)(san)足銅盂、三(san)(san)足鼎(ding)式簋等珍(zhen)稀(xi)青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)，個別墓葬(zang)(zang)甚至發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有金器(qi)(qi)(qi)，三(san)(san)千年(nian)(nian)前的這些寶器(qi)(qi)(qi)為研究古代封國的歷史提供(gong)了(le)重(zhong)要史料。2011年(nian)(nian)4月25日，山西(xi)(xi)翼城(cheng)縣“大(da)(da)河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓地”入圍(wei)2010年(nian)(nian)中國十大(da)(da)考(kao)古新發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。

地理位置

大河(he)口(kou)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)位(wei)于(yu)翼城縣城以東(dong)(dong)約6公里處(chu)，處(chu)于(yu)一片兩河(he)交(jiao)匯形成的(de)(de)三角洲高地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)。墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)四周(zhou)(zhou)除了(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北部與西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)側臺地(di)(di)(di)相接(jie)外，皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)溝(gou)壑地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)，澮河(he)干流(liu)和(he)(he)支(zhi)流(liu)分別縈繞墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)兩側流(liu)過(guo)，地(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)為(wei)(wei)北高南(nan)(nan)低(di)的(de)(de)向(xiang)陽緩坡。其(qi)北部為(wei)(wei)太岳山(shan)余(yu)(yu)脈和(he)(he)尚公德(de)山(shan)（又(you)名(ming)二峰(feng)山(shan)），東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)太行(xing)山(shan)余(yu)(yu)脈翔山(shan)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部為(wei)(wei)凸起的(de)(de)丘陵山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)沖積(ji)平(ping)原。在墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)周(zhou)(zhou)圍發(fa)現(xian)了(le)幾處(chu)不同時(shi)期的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)，其(qi)中新(xin)石器時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)方的(de)(de)澮河(he)東(dong)(dong)岸臺地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)約0.5公里處(chu)，東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)和(he)(he)漢代遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)分布(bu)于(yu)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)北、東(dong)(dong)側和(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)方臺地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)，墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)范(fan)圍內也包含有數十(shi)座東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)窖穴(xue)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)。

發掘歷史

2007年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)大河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)被盜發(fa)(fa)(fa)現，山西(xi)(xi)省考古研究所報請國家文物局批準，于2007年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)2008年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)進行了(le)(le)考古勘(kan)探和(he)試掘，共試掘了(le)(le)6座墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)；2008年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)12月(yue)(yue)進行了(le)(le)全面(mian)普探，通過勘(kan)探發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘了(le)(le)解到墓(mu)(mu)地(di)分(fen)布面(mian)積約4萬余平(ping)方米(mi)，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang) 1000余座。2009年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)開始進行大規模搶救性發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘。已揭露面(mian)積15000余平(ping)方米(mi)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)615座，車馬(ma)(ma)坑22座。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)內出土的(de)青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬(ma)(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等；陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)組合主要(yao)有(you)：鬲，鬲罐(guan)，罐(guan)，鬲盆罐(guan)等。玉、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)串飾較多，部(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，個別墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)甚至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現有(you)金器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。到2011年(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue)末，大河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘工作進入尾聲，僅剩下(xia)數十座小型墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)尚未發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘、保護。

為了保(bao)證遺址(zhi)科學(xue)順利地發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，工作(zuo)人員進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了全面(mian)部署。以勘探結果為依(yi)據，選(xuan)擇(ze)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)區域(yu)，確定發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)面(mian)積，設(she)立(li)坐標(biao)基點(dian)，統(tong)一(yi)分區布方(fang)，首先進(jin)(jin)行(xing)抽樣(yang)式小(xiao)探方(fang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)大(da)面(mian)積探方(fang)揭(jie)露(lu)，按(an)層(ceng)位(wei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)所有探方(fang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)上文(wen)化層(ceng)，暴露(lu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)，拍攝探方(fang)全景照后(hou)，打(da)掉隔(ge)梁(liang)，然后(hou)將(jiang)每座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)下挖30厘米(mi)，對墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)統(tong)一(yi)測量繪圖、航拍、編號(hao)，再按(an)計劃(hua)有步驟地發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)單個墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)填土采取(qu)半剖面(mian)或多(duo)剖面(mian)結合的發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)方(fang)法(fa)，按(an)照逆埋葬(zang)(zang)順序(xu)逐(zhu)層(ceng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)，并(bing)及時做好記錄資料、取(qu)樣(yang)和現(xian)(xian)場(chang)文(wen)物保(bao)護工作(zuo)，加強多(duo)學(xue)科合作(zuo)。此次大(da)規模發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)并(bing)搶(qiang)救了一(yi)大(da)批(pi)珍貴的文(wen)物，考古工作(zuo)取(qu)得了階(jie)段性(xing)的重(zhong)(zhong)要成(cheng)果。

2017年6月7日，山西省考古研(yan)究所獲悉，經過考古工作者3年再發(fa)掘，翼(yi)城大河口西周“霸國(guo)”墓地已全部發(fa)掘完成。10年間，共發(fa)掘墓葬2200余(yu)座，出土器物2.5萬(wan)余(yu)件組。

墓地形制

墓(mu)葬(zang)形(xing)制均為長方形(xing)土壙豎穴，多(duo)口(kou)小底大(da)。葬(zang)俗絕大(da)多(duo)數為東西向墓(mu)葬(zang)，以(yi)(yi)頭(tou)向西為主，少量頭(tou)向東，南(nan)(nan)北向墓(mu)葬(zang)僅10余(yu)座。墓(mu)葬(zang)間很少發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)打破現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，大(da)中(zhong)型墓(mu)葬(zang)在發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)區域內(nei)散布，分布沒(mei)有(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)規律，區域內(nei)墓(mu)葬(zang)聚(ju)群(qun)特(te)征明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)。車馬(ma)坑(keng)(keng)均位于大(da)中(zhong)型墓(mu)葬(zang)的(de)東側(ce)，除(chu)1座為南(nan)(nan)北向外，余(yu)均為東西向。部(bu)分墓(mu)葬(zang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)腳窩和(he)生土二層臺(tai)，個(ge)(ge)(ge)別墓(mu)葬(zang)有(you)(you)壁龕，葬(zang)具(ju)為一棺(guan)、一棺(guan)一槨或(huo)(huo)二棺(guan)一槨，槨蓋板(ban)一般(ban)為橫鋪，棺(guan)蓋板(ban)、底板(ban)和(he)槨底板(ban)一般(ban)為豎鋪（個(ge)(ge)(ge)別例外），四(si)壁立板(ban)間多(duo)為榫卯結構。墓(mu)主多(duo)為仰身(shen)直肢，個(ge)(ge)(ge)別為屈(qu)肢葬(zang)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)俯(fu)身(shen)葬(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)腰坑(keng)(keng)和(he)腰坑(keng)(keng)殉狗的(de)墓(mu)葬(zang)較(jiao)多(duo)，未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)殉人(ren)。僅2008年(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)M1發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)四(si)個(ge)(ge)(ge)斜洞，其(qi)余(yu)墓(mu)葬(zang)均未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)此類設(she)施。隨葬(zang)器(qi)物多(duo)放置在墓(mu)主頭(tou)前，其(qi)余(yu)置于棺(guan)槨間、二層臺(tai)上、棺(guan)內(nei)或(huo)(huo)蓋板(ban)上，大(da)中(zhong)型墓(mu)葬(zang)以(yi)(yi)隨葬(zang)青銅(tong)器(qi)為主，小型墓(mu)葬(zang)以(yi)(yi)隨葬(zang)陶器(qi)為主。青銅(tong)器(qi)種類豐(feng)富，食器(qi)、酒器(qi)、水器(qi)、兵器(qi)、工具(ju)、車馬(ma)器(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)等(deng)都(dou)有(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)；陶器(qi)組合主要有(you)(you)鬲、鬲罐、罐、鬲盆(pen)罐等(deng)等(deng)；玉、石、骨、蚌器(qi)、貝和(he)串飾較(jiao)多(duo)；部(bu)分墓(mu)葬(zang)隨葬(zang)錫(xi)器(qi)或(huo)(huo)漆器(qi)；個(ge)(ge)(ge)別墓(mu)葬(zang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)金器(qi)；少部(bu)分墓(mu)葬(zang)未(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)隨葬(zang)器(qi)物。

M1為(wei)東西(xi)方向，土坑(keng)豎穴(xue)，口小底(di)(di)(di)(di)大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)口長4.25米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.22米(mi)、墓(mu)(mu)底(di)(di)(di)(di)長4.6米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.78米(mi)、自(zi)深9.75米(mi)，在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)口平面(mian)四角外發(fa)現(xian)(xian)4個通向墓(mu)(mu)壁的(de)斜洞(dong)，這(zhe)是繼絳縣(xian)橫水墓(mu)(mu)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)后又一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)類似的(de)斜洞(dong)設施(shi)。墓(mu)(mu)主頭向西(xi)，仰身直下肢，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)棺一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)槨，槨底(di)(di)(di)(di)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)腰(yao)坑(keng)。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)二層臺(tai)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)四壁發(fa)現(xian)(xian)11個壁龕，壁龕內(nei)(nei)放置漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物，已發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有俎、罍(lei)、豆(dou)、壺、杯（雙(shuang)耳杯、單耳杯、角狀杯）、犧尊(zun)、坐(zuo)屏等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座墓(mu)(mu)葬內(nei)(nei)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)如(ru)此(ci)多(duo)的(de)壁龕、并且在(zai)壁龕內(nei)(nei)放置大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物的(de)現(xian)(xian)象，為(wei)西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)考古中(zhong)首見。在(zai)東部二層臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)兩(liang)個漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)俑，雙(shuang)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)站立于(yu)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)龜上(shang)(shang)，雙(shuang)手作持(chi)物狀，兩(liang)俑前面(mian)及側面(mian)放置有漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)在(zai)中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)區(qu)西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)葬內(nei)(nei)也是首見。在(zai)其他(ta)幾面(mian)二層臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有帶(dai)木(mu)(mu)柄銅(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)盾(dun)牌(pai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)棺槨之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)或棺蓋(gai)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)了大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)瓷器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)物，其中(zhong)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)最多(duo)，包括禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具(ju)、車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，青(qing)銅(tong)禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)有鼎(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍(lei)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單耳罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗(dou)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有銅(tong)鐘和鐃3組(zu)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)木(mu)(mu)盾(dun)牌(pai)青(qing)銅(tong)飾昜、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、戟、矛(mao)、鉞(yue)等(deng)(deng)(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)具(ju)有非(fei)常(chang)高的(de)價值，很多(duo)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存有木(mu)(mu)柄，銅(tong)工(gong)具(ju)有斧、鑿、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)車(che)馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有銅(tong)掛韁鉤、鑾鈴(ling)、車(che)轄、當盧等(deng)(deng)(deng)，還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)瓷尊(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷瓿(bu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有鼎(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒(tong)形尊(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)杯2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，此(ci)外還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)玉(yu)(yu)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜甲、鹿(lu)角、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)鼎(ding)中(zhong)有方鼎(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)角方鼎(ding)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)方角方鼎(ding)，腹足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)帶(dai)扉棱圓(yuan)鼎(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)內(nei)(nei)壁銘(ming)(ming)“伯作寶(bao)尊(zun)彝”，無(wu)扉棱柱(zhu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁(bian)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)鼎(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)方座簋(gui)(gui)(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇叭形圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)底(di)(di)(di)(di)鑄銘(ming)(ming)文“□父(fu)(fu)戊(wu)”，鼎(ding)式(shi)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)底(di)(di)(di)(di)有銘(ming)(ming)文“芮公(gong)舍霸馬(ma)兩(liang)玉(yu)(yu)金用鑄簋(gui)(gui)(gui)”，乳釘紋(wen)(wen)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)三足(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)(gui)(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)底(di)(di)(di)(di)對銘(ming)(ming)“霸中(zhong)作旅(lv)彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)卣(you)形制略(lve)同(tong)，從(cong)大(da)到小排列，前兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相同(tong)，后兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形制相同(tong)。其中(zhong)最大(da)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣(you)蓋(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)“燕侯旨(zhi)作姑(gu)妹寶(bao)尊(zun)彝”，卣(you)內(nei)(nei)置酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)爵(jue)中(zhong)有兩(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)(ming)“旨(zhi)作父(fu)(fu)辛爵(jue)”。銅(tong)觶6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)(ming)“析父(fu)(fu)丁”。從(cong)隨葬兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)判斷墓(mu)(mu)主為(wei)男性。

M2為(wei)一座三(san)鼎(ding)墓(mu)，土壙豎穴，東西向，墓(mu)主(zhu)頭向西，墓(mu)口長3.51米(mi)(mi)、寬2.49米(mi)(mi)、墓(mu)底長4.2米(mi)(mi)、寬3.47米(mi)(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)(mi)，兩棺一槨(guo)，墓(mu)主(zhu)為(wei)女性，仰身直肢。隨葬銅器有(you)(you)鼎(ding)3件(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)等，陶器有(you)(you)鬲1件(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)、三(san)足甕1件(jian)(jian)、未燒結碎(sui)陶器7件(jian)(jian)，玉石串飾(shi)7 件(jian)(jian)、項飾(shi)2件(jian)(jian)、玉玦8件(jian)(jian)、握玉2件(jian)(jian)、柄形(xing)飾(shi)2組。另(ling)外還(huan)發現蚌器和(he)貝等。在M2銅甗內(nei)壁發現有(you)(you)鑄銘(ming)“唯正月初吉霸（□）伯作寶甗其(qi)永用”。

M1017墓(mu)口長5米(mi)、寬(kuan)3.4米(mi)、自深10米(mi)，口小底大，墓(mu)主頭(tou)(tou)向西，有(you)腰坑。墓(mu)室內發(fa)(fa)現大量青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉石器(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)等(deng)，數十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)置(zhi)于墓(mu)主頭(tou)(tou)前棺(guan)槨之間(jian)，其余青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)現于棺(guan)槨之間(jian)或棺(guan)蓋上。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)食器(qi)(qi)(qi)中鼎(ding)簋數量較(jiao)多，計有(you)方鼎(ding)5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚(gu)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝(jia)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂(yu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤(pan) 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃多件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具有(you)鑿、刀等(deng)，金(jin)柄形器(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫(xi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層(ceng)臺(tai)上發(fa)(fa)現陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)盂(yu)、簋、豆等(deng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內發(fa)(fa)現銘(ming)文，其中銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆蓋內銘(ming)“霸伯作大寶尊彝其孫孫子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)萬(wan)年永(yong)用”。此墓(mu)已整體搬遷至室內進行(xing)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)。

M2002墓口長(chang)2.75米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬1.68米(mi)(mi)(mi)、墓底(di)長(chang)3.83米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬2.83米(mi)(mi)(mi)、自(zi)深9.91米(mi)(mi)(mi)，口小(xiao)底(di)大，墓主頭向西(xi)，腰(yao)坑內(nei)殉狗1只，一(yi)棺一(yi)槨，墓主仰身直肢，為(wei)男性(xing)。隨葬(zang)銅(tong)鼎3件(jian)(jian)、簋3件(jian)(jian)、鬲2件(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)、鳥尊形(xing)盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)，及大量的青銅(tong)兵器(qi)、車馬器(qi)和(he)工具等，還發現陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)及鉛、玉、石、骨、蚌、貝(bei)等器(qi)物。其中出(chu)土的瓦棱(leng)紋(wen)扁腹(fu)圈足雙耳銅(tong)簋的蓋、內(nei)底(di)鑄有銘文4行近30字，鳥尊形(xing)盉(he)蓋內(nei)鑄銘文8行約50字。

M1034墓(mu)口長3米(mi)、寬1.61米(mi)、墓(mu)底(di)長3.15米(mi)、寬1.86米(mi)、自深4.43米(mi)，口小底(di)大，墓(mu)主頭(tou)向西，腰坑內殉狗1只(zhi)，一棺一槨，墓(mu)主仰身直肢，雙手置于(yu)髖骨位置，為男性(xing)。隨(sui)葬銅(tong)鼎(ding)3件、銅(tong)簋2件，及大量的青銅(tong)兵器(qi)、車馬器(qi)、漆(qi)器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和(he)貝等。

出土文物

“霸”國出現(xian)填補空白(bai)

在試掘(jue)階段，考古隊(dui)就(jiu)發(fa)現這是一個諸侯國君級別(bie)的墓——墓葬(zang)二(er)層臺四壁(bi)有11個壁(bi)龕，壁(bi)龕內放置漆木器(qi)、原始(shi)瓷器(qi)、陶器(qi)等物(wu)。

從出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)器上面的(de)(de)(de)銘文確證，大河口(kou)墓地墓主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)族名為(wei) “霸(ba)”，“霸(ba)伯”是(shi)這里的(de)(de)(de)最高(gao)權力(li)擁有者(zhe)。“霸(ba)”國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)、周(zhou)文化(hua)因(yin)素都比較明顯(xian)，并具有自身獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)風格。其人(ren)群(qun)應為(wei)狄人(ren)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)一支，是(shi)被中原商(shang)周(zhou)文化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)狄人(ren)人(ren)群(qun)。相(xiang)繼的(de)(de)(de)考古發現，“霸(ba)”國(guo)和周(zhou)王室以及晉國(guo)、倗國(guo)、燕國(guo)等國(guo)關系密(mi)切。

“霸”國(guo)(guo)與晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)相(xiang)鄰。從墓(mu)地(di)規(gui)模(mo)及隨葬品推(tui)測，“霸”國(guo)(guo)應比晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)低一(yi)個檔(dang)次，屬于小(xiao)國(guo)(guo)。在君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)稱謂(wei)方面(mian)，晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)被封為(wei)晉(jin)(jin)侯，而“霸”國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)君(jun)(jun)主(zhu)則被稱為(wei)霸伯。此外，兩國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬規(gui)模(mo)也相(xiang)距甚(shen)遠，晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)曲(qu)村(cun)墓(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬多達20000多座，而“霸”國(guo)(guo)大河口墓(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)墓(mu)葬僅有1500座左右，從這里(li)也可反映出兩國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)都人(ren)口規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)差距。

中(zhong)國社會科學院考古所所長王巍認為(wei)，大河(he)口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓地(di)的(de)發現揭示了(le)不見(jian)于歷史文(wen)獻記載的(de)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)“霸”國的(de)歷史及(ji)文(wen)化，并為(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期的(de)分(fen)封制度、器用制度和族群(qun)融(rong)合(he)等問題提供了(le)寶貴(gui)的(de)實物資料，填補(bu)了(le)中(zhong)國對西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)時期考古研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)一項空白(bai)。

稀(xi)有漆木俑(yong)保留完(wan)好

墓葬(zang)二層臺四壁(bi)有11個壁(bi)龕，一座(zuo)墓葬(zang)內發現如此多的壁(bi)龕在西周考古上(shang)還是(shi)第一次，墓內隨葬(zang)漆木(mu)俑可(ke)能是(shi)目前(qian)中原地區出土最早的實(shi)物資料。

考古隊(dui)在(zai)發掘墓葬的填(tian)土工作中，在(zai)東(dong)邊二層臺(tai)上意外(wai)發掘出了(le)重要寶物：兩(liang)個一米多高的漆(qi)(qi)木俑(yong)雙足站立于漆(qi)(qi)木龜(gui)上，雙手作持物狀(zhuang)，兩(liang)俑(yong)前面及側面放置(zhi)漆(qi)(qi)木器，這在(zai)中原地(di)區(qu)西周墓葬內也是首(shou)見。考古學家介紹(shao)，漆(qi)(qi)木器在(zai)兩(liang)種環(huan)境(jing)下易于保(bao)存(cun)：一是十分濕潤的環(huan)境(jing)，二是十分干燥的環(huan)境(jing)。在(zai)黃土高原忽干忽濕的環(huan)境(jing)里，兩(liang)個漆(qi)(qi)木俑(yong)經數千年還能較為完好(hao)地(di)保(bao)留下來(lai)，彌足珍貴。

山西省考(kao)古(gu)所副所長謝堯(yao)亭(ting)介(jie)紹(shao)，中華文(wen)化的一(yi)個顯著(zhu)特(te)征是禮制。古(gu)人朝會、狩獵、宴享、訓練軍隊等活動都強調‘秩序’。故而推(tui)測這兩個漆木俑與禮制和(he)宗教有關系。

考古專家歷經兩(liang)年，清理出大量的漆(qi)木器遺存(cun)，包(bao)括漆(qi)木俑(yong)、俎、罍、豆、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案(an)、盾牌(pai)、方彝等種(zhong)類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥盉(he)（hé）。這(zhe)件器物被視(shi)為(wei)大(da)河口(kou)西周墓葬銅器中(zhong)的瑰寶，它為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)青(qing)銅器發展(zhan)史提供了(le)一件新(xin)的器形。

在(zai)此件(jian)鳥(niao)(niao)形器物(wu)出土之前，發現(xian)的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)(zun)大(da)多(duo)屬于酒器，簡單地(di)說(shuo)，就是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種鳥(niao)(niao)形的(de)(de)盛(sheng)酒器，用來在(zai)各類祭祀活動中盛(sheng)裝(zhuang)不同的(de)(de)酒。距(ju)此二三十公里(li)的(de)(de)北(bei)趙晉(jin)侯(hou)墓(mu)地(di)就發現(xian)了鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)(zun)，被收藏在(zai)山西省博物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)，是(shi)(shi)其“鎮(zhen)院(yuan)(yuan)之寶”。此次(ci)發現(xian)的(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)鳥(niao)(niao)形器物(wu)與北(bei)趙晉(jin)侯(hou)墓(mu)地(di)發現(xian)的(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊(zun)(zun)有所不同，腹部沒有管狀流。專家認(ren)為，大(da)河(he)口(kou)這件(jian)鳥(niao)(niao)形器物(wu)不是(shi)(shi)尊(zun)(zun)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)盉。

謝堯亭介(jie)紹，商(shang)周時期(qi)，盉多是一種注水的(de)水器。按照商(shang)周貴(gui)族禮儀，在(zai)祭祀、宴飲、典禮過程中，參與者要洗手盥(guan)洗。

侍者用盉(he)將水倒出。在既往的(de)(de)考古(gu)發現和傳世器(qi)物中都(dou)未(wei)曾見過像大河口墓(mu)葬中這樣的(de)(de)鳥形盉(he)。

鳥(niao)形盉(he)的(de)(de)出現也(ye)意外(wai)糾正了一個(ge)錯誤：山西省博(bo)物院(yuan)收藏的(de)(de)鳥(niao)尊在發(fa)掘時(shi)尾巴(ba)已斷，上海博(bo)物院(yuan)將尾巴(ba)修(xiu)復為(wei)朝里卷(juan)。此(ci)次(ci)發(fa)現的(de)(de)鳥(niao)形盉(he)十分完整(zheng)，它清晰地顯示，鳥(niao)的(de)(de)尾巴(ba)是朝外(wai)卷(juan)的(de)(de)。

墓地價值

大(da)(da)河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)這一考古項目(mu)受到業內專家(jia)的(de)(de)高度肯定。來自中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社(she)會科學院(yuan)考古所所長王(wang)巍就在(zai)會上表示，該墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)封國(guo)(guo)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)考古中(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要收獲(huo)。青銅器(qi)(qi)銘文(wen)(wen)顯(xian)(xian)示，“霸”是(shi)這處墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)墓(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)族(zu)名，“霸伯”是(shi)其最高權力擁有(you)(you)者，“霸”器(qi)(qi)曾見于以(yi)往(wang)的(de)(de)青銅器(qi)(qi)著錄，在(zai)《殷周(zhou)(zhou)金文(wen)(wen)集成》中(zhong)著錄有(you)(you)“霸姞作寶尊彝”鼎簋(gui)(gui)，曲村墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)M6197也曾出土過一件“霸伯作寶尊彝”銅簋(gui)(gui)。雖然“霸”是(shi)國(guo)(guo)名，但(dan)不見于傳(chuan)世的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)獻記(ji)載，墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)面積和(he)(he)墓(mu)(mu)葬埋藏數量顯(xian)(xian)示，當時大(da)(da)河口(kou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群規模不大(da)(da)，推測其所居城邑和(he)(he)所轄區域也不會很(hen)大(da)(da)。可是(shi)銘文(wen)(wen)上又(you)顯(xian)(xian)示它與晉、燕等(deng)國(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)朝都有(you)(you)往(wang)來關系，從埋葬習俗看(kan)，大(da)(da)河口(kou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)頭向、腰坑、殉(xun)狗、斜洞、使用日名等(deng)習俗與絳縣(xian)橫(heng)水墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)相似；車馬坑的(de)(de)布局、無俯身(shen)葬、無殉(xun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)等(deng)現(xian)象(xiang)又(you)與天(tian)馬—曲村墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)有(you)(you)共同之處；陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)組(zu)合和(he)(he)青銅器(qi)(qi)風(feng)格又(you)具(ju)有(you)(you)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)特征，商(shang)、周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)因素都比較明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)，自身(shen)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)特色獨具(ju)。墓(mu)(mu)葬時代橫(heng)貫西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期(qi)進(jin)入春秋初年，其墓(mu)(mu)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)群應(ying)為(wei)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)系統的(de)(de)一支，是(shi)被中(zhong)原商(shang)周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)同化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)群，文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)面貌顯(xian)(xian)示其人(ren)(ren)(ren)群相對(dui)單純。大(da)(da)河口(kou)西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)發現(xian)為(wei)研究西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)時期(qi)的(de)(de)分封制度、器(qi)(qi)用制度和(he)(he)族(zu)群融合等(deng)歷(li)史和(he)(he)考古問(wen)題等(deng)具(ju)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要意義。

中新網太(tai)原6月9日(ri)電(胡健)記者9日(ri)傍晚從山西省考(kao)古研究所獲悉，山西翼城縣大河口西周墓地(di)成功入選2010年度中國(guo)十(shi)大考(kao)古新發(fa)現。

山西翼城縣大河口(kou)西周墓(mu)地(di)是新發現的(de)一(yi)處西周封國墓(mu)地(di)，發現的(de)眾多(duo)青(qing)銅器銘文(wen)中(zhong)的(de)“霸伯”是這(zhe)里的(de)最高權力擁有者。

“霸(ba)”是其國(guo)(guo)名，“霸(ba)”國(guo)(guo)未見(jian)于傳世的文獻記載，山西(xi)(xi)省考古研(yan)究所副(fu)所長謝堯亭在報(bao)告中(zhong)指出。銘文資料(liao)顯示，“霸(ba)”與晉、北燕(yan)、芮等國(guo)(guo)曾有往來。在大河(he)口(kou)墓(mu)地，商、周(zhou)(zhou)文化因(yin)素都(dou)比較明(ming)顯，自身特色也很(hen)鮮明(ming)，墓(mu)葬時代(dai)橫貫西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)，晚期已進入春(chun)秋初年。大河(he)口(kou)墓(mu)地的發現為(wei)研(yan)究西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)分封(feng)制度和西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)史(shi)提供了重要資料(liao)，對探討諸侯制度具有重要意義。

2007年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)，大河口墓地(di)因(yin)被盜(dao)被發現(xian)，同年(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至次年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)進行了考古(gu)勘(kan)探和試掘，2008年(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至12月(yue)(yue)進行了全面(mian)普(pu)探，2009年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)至2011年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)進行了大規模搶(qiang)救性發掘。

大河(he)口墓(mu)地(di)(di)位(wei)于山西(xi)省南(nan)(nan)部翼城(cheng)縣(xian)城(cheng)以東約(yue)6公里處，墓(mu)地(di)(di)四周除(chu)了西(xi)北(bei)部與(yu)西(xi)側臺地(di)(di)相接(jie)外皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)溝(gou)壑，澮河(he)干流和支流分(fen)別(bie)縈(ying)繞(rao)其西(xi)、南(nan)(nan)兩側流過，地(di)(di)勢(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)北(bei)高南(nan)(nan)低的向陽(yang)緩坡(po)地(di)(di)，北(bei)方為(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)岳山余(yu)脈(mo)二峰山，東、南(nan)(nan)方為(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)行山余(yu)脈(mo)翔山，西(xi)部為(wei)(wei)(wei)凸起的丘陵山地(di)(di)，西(xi)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)澮河(he)沖積谷地(di)(di)。在墓(mu)地(di)(di)周圍發現了幾處不同時(shi)期的遺址，其中西(xi)周遺址位(wei)于墓(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)約(yue)0.5公里處。墓(mu)地(di)(di)分(fen)布面積約(yue)4萬余(yu)平方米，埋藏西(xi)周墓(mu)葬(zang)約(yue)1500余(yu)座。

此次“2010年度全國(guo)十大(da)考(kao)古新發(fa)現”由國(guo)家文物局主辦，自2010年11月底啟動，從2010年1月1日～12月31日期(qi)間在中(zhong)國(guo)境內進行發(fa)掘的合法考(kao)古項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中(zhong)遴選(xuan)出56個候(hou)選(xuan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)進入初評(ping)。初評(ping)由國(guo)家文物局考(kao)古專家組成員(yuan)、中(zhong)國(guo)考(kao)古學(xue)會常務理(li)事(shi)和(he)理(li)事(shi)、中(zhong)國(guo)65 家考(kao)古發(fa)掘資質單位共同參與投票，最終(zhong)，有25個項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)入圍(wei)。

此次2010年度(du)中(zhong)國(guo)十大(da)考古(gu)(gu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)發(fa)現的(de)具體名單為(wei)：河(he)南(nan)新(xin)(xin)(xin)鄭(zheng)望京樓(lou)夏商(shang)時期(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)址、山東(dong)濟(ji)南(nan)大(da)辛莊商(shang)代遺(yi)(yi)址、山西(xi)(xi)翼城(cheng)(cheng)縣大(da)河(he)口西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)地、江(jiang)蘇蘇州市木瀆古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址、陜西(xi)(xi)西(xi)(xi)安(an)鳳棲原西(xi)(xi)漢家族墓(mu)地、新(xin)(xin)(xin)疆鄯善吐峪溝石窟群和佛寺遺(yi)(yi)址、陜西(xi)(xi)藍田北宋呂(lv)氏家族墓(mu)園(yuan)、湖南(nan)永順老(lao)司城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址、江(jiang)蘇南(nan)京大(da)報恩寺遺(yi)(yi)址、廣東(dong)汕頭“南(nan)澳(ao)1號”明代沉(chen)船遺(yi)(yi)址。