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墓地概況

大河口西周墓(mu)地位于(yu)山(shan)西省臨汾市(shi)翼城縣，占地面(mian)積約4萬余(yu)平方米，有墓(mu)葬千余(yu)座(zuo)(zuo)。從2009年開始，考(kao)古工(gong)作者對墓(mu)地進行(xing)的(de)(de)大面(mian)積發(fa)(fa)掘已揭露面(mian)積15000余(yu)平方米，發(fa)(fa)現墓(mu)葬615座(zuo)(zuo)、車(che)馬坑22座(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)葬內不僅(jin)首次發(fa)(fa)現了(le)漆木(mu)俑、原始瓷器(qi)等國(guo)寶，而(er)且首次發(fa)(fa)現西周時期三足銅盂、三足鼎式簋(gui)等珍稀(xi)青(qing)銅器(qi)，個別墓(mu)葬甚至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現有金器(qi)，三千年前的(de)(de)這些寶器(qi)為研究古代(dai)封國(guo)的(de)(de)歷(li)史提(ti)供了(le)重要史料。2011年4月(yue)25日(ri)，山(shan)西翼城縣“大河口西周墓(mu)地”入圍2010年中國(guo)十(shi)大考(kao)古新發(fa)(fa)現。

地理位置

大河口西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)墓(mu)地(di)(di)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)翼城縣(xian)城以東(dong)(dong)約6公里(li)處(chu)，處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)一片(pian)兩河交(jiao)匯形成(cheng)的(de)三角洲高地(di)(di)上(shang)。墓(mu)地(di)(di)四周(zhou)(zhou)除(chu)了(le)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)與西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)側(ce)臺(tai)地(di)(di)相接外，皆為(wei)溝(gou)壑地(di)(di)貌，澮(kuai)河干流(liu)(liu)(liu)和支流(liu)(liu)(liu)分別縈繞(rao)墓(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)兩側(ce)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過，地(di)(di)勢為(wei)北(bei)高南(nan)低的(de)向(xiang)陽緩坡。其(qi)北(bei)部(bu)為(wei)太(tai)岳山(shan)余脈和尚公德山(shan)（又名二峰山(shan)），東(dong)(dong)南(nan)為(wei)太(tai)行山(shan)余脈翔山(shan)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)為(wei)凸(tu)起的(de)丘陵山(shan)地(di)(di)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)為(wei)沖積(ji)平(ping)原。在(zai)墓(mu)地(di)(di)的(de)周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)發現了(le)幾處(chu)不同時(shi)期(qi)的(de)遺(yi)址(zhi)，其(qi)中新(xin)石器時(shi)代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)方(fang)的(de)澮(kuai)河東(dong)(dong)岸(an)臺(tai)地(di)(di)上(shang)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)遺(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)約0.5公里(li)處(chu)，東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)和漢代(dai)遺(yi)址(zhi)分布于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)地(di)(di)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、東(dong)(dong)側(ce)和西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)方(fang)臺(tai)地(di)(di)上(shang)，墓(mu)地(di)(di)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)也(ye)包含有(you)數十座(zuo)東(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)窖穴遺(yi)存。

發掘歷史

2007年5月(yue)大河口西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地被(bei)盜發(fa)(fa)現(xian)，山西(xi)省考古研究所報請國家文物(wu)局批準，于2007年9月(yue)至(zhi)2008年5月(yue)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)考古勘探和試掘(jue)(jue)，共試掘(jue)(jue)了(le)6座(zuo)(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)；2008年9月(yue)至(zhi)12月(yue)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)全面(mian)普探，通過勘探發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)了(le)解(jie)到(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地分(fen)布(bu)面(mian)積約4萬(wan)余平方米，埋藏西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang) 1000余座(zuo)(zuo)。2009年5月(yue)開始(shi)進(jin)行(xing)大規模搶救(jiu)性發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)。已揭露(lu)面(mian)積15000余平方米，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)615座(zuo)(zuo)，車馬(ma)坑22座(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)內出土的青銅器(qi)(qi)種類有(you)食器(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)、工(gong)具、車馬(ma)器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)等；陶器(qi)(qi)組合主要有(you)：鬲，鬲罐，罐，鬲盆罐等。玉、石、骨、蚌(bang)器(qi)(qi)、貝(bei)和串(chuan)飾較多(duo)，部(bu)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)或漆(qi)器(qi)(qi)，個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)甚至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)金器(qi)(qi)。到(dao)2011年4月(yue)末，大河口西(xi)周墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)作進(jin)入(ru)尾聲，僅(jin)剩下數十座(zuo)(zuo)小型(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)尚未發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)、保護(hu)。

為了(le)(le)保證遺址(zhi)科(ke)學(xue)順(shun)利地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，工作人員進行了(le)(le)全面(mian)部署(shu)。以勘探(tan)(tan)(tan)結果為依據，選擇重點區域，確定(ding)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)積(ji)，設立坐標基點，統一(yi)分區布方(fang)(fang)(fang)，首先(xian)進行抽樣式(shi)小探(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，再(zai)進行大(da)(da)面(mian)積(ji)探(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)揭露(lu)(lu)，按(an)層(ceng)位發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)所有(you)探(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)上文(wen)化層(ceng)，暴(bao)露(lu)(lu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)口(kou)，拍攝探(tan)(tan)(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)全景照(zhao)后，打掉(diao)隔(ge)梁，然后將每座(zuo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)下(xia)挖30厘(li)米，對墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)進行統一(yi)測量繪(hui)圖、航拍、編號，再(zai)按(an)計劃有(you)步驟(zou)地發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)單個墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)填土采取半剖面(mian)或多(duo)剖面(mian)結合的(de)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法，按(an)照(zhao)逆埋葬(zang)(zang)順(shun)序逐層(ceng)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)，并(bing)(bing)及(ji)時做好記錄資料、取樣和現(xian)場文(wen)物保護工作，加強多(duo)學(xue)科(ke)合作。此次(ci)大(da)(da)規(gui)模發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)并(bing)(bing)搶救(jiu)了(le)(le)一(yi)大(da)(da)批珍貴(gui)的(de)文(wen)物，考古(gu)工作取得(de)了(le)(le)階(jie)段性的(de)重要成(cheng)果。

2017年(nian)(nian)6月7日，山西(xi)省考古(gu)研究所獲悉，經過考古(gu)工作者3年(nian)(nian)再發(fa)掘，翼(yi)城大河口西(xi)周“霸(ba)國”墓地已全部發(fa)掘完(wan)成。10年(nian)(nian)間，共發(fa)掘墓葬2200余(yu)座，出土器物2.5萬余(yu)件組(zu)。

墓地形制

墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)形(xing)制均(jun)為(wei)長方形(xing)土(tu)壙(kuang)豎(shu)穴(xue)，多口小底大(da)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)俗絕大(da)多數為(wei)東(dong)西向墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，以(yi)頭(tou)向西為(wei)主(zhu)，少(shao)(shao)量頭(tou)向東(dong)，南北向墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)僅10余座(zuo)(zuo)。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)間很少(shao)(shao)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)打破現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，大(da)中型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在發(fa)(fa)掘區(qu)域內散布，分(fen)(fen)(fen)布沒有(you)(you)(you)明顯規律，區(qu)域內墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)聚群特征明顯。車(che)馬坑(keng)均(jun)位于大(da)中型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)的東(dong)側，除1座(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)南北向外，余均(jun)為(wei)東(dong)西向。部分(fen)(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)腳窩和(he)(he)生土(tu)二(er)層臺，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)(you)(you)壁龕，葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)具為(wei)一棺(guan)(guan)、一棺(guan)(guan)一槨(guo)或二(er)棺(guan)(guan)一槨(guo)，槨(guo)蓋板(ban)(ban)一般(ban)為(wei)橫鋪，棺(guan)(guan)蓋板(ban)(ban)、底板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)槨(guo)底板(ban)(ban)一般(ban)為(wei)豎(shu)鋪（個(ge)(ge)別(bie)例外），四(si)壁立板(ban)(ban)間多為(wei)榫卯結構(gou)。墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)多為(wei)仰身(shen)直肢(zhi)，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)為(wei)屈肢(zhi)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)俯(fu)身(shen)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式。發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)腰坑(keng)和(he)(he)腰坑(keng)殉狗的墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)較多，未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)殉人。僅2008年發(fa)(fa)掘的M1發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)四(si)個(ge)(ge)斜(xie)洞，其余墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)均(jun)未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)此類設施。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物多放置在墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)頭(tou)前，其余置于棺(guan)(guan)槨(guo)間、二(er)層臺上、棺(guan)(guan)內或蓋板(ban)(ban)上，大(da)中型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)主(zhu)，小型(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)以(yi)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)主(zhu)。青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類豐富，食器(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)、水器(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車(che)馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)都有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)；陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)組合主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)鬲(li)(li)、鬲(li)(li)罐(guan)、罐(guan)、鬲(li)(li)盆罐(guan)等(deng)等(deng)；玉、石、骨、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝和(he)(he)串(chuan)飾較多；部分(fen)(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)或漆器(qi)(qi)(qi)；個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)(you)金器(qi)(qi)(qi)；少(shao)(shao)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)未(wei)(wei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物。

M1為(wei)東西方(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，土坑(keng)豎穴(xue)，口小底(di)大，墓口長(chang)4.25米(mi)(mi)、寬3.22米(mi)(mi)、墓底(di)長(chang)4.6米(mi)(mi)、寬3.78米(mi)(mi)、自深9.75米(mi)(mi)，在(zai)(zai)墓口平(ping)面(mian)四角(jiao)外發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)4個(ge)通向(xiang)(xiang)墓壁(bi)的斜洞，這是繼絳縣橫水墓地之后(hou)又一(yi)(yi)次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)類似的斜洞設施。墓主(zhu)頭向(xiang)(xiang)西，仰身(shen)直下肢，一(yi)(yi)棺一(yi)(yi)槨(guo)(guo)，槨(guo)(guo)底(di)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)腰坑(keng)。在(zai)(zai)墓室二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)(tai)之上四壁(bi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)11個(ge)壁(bi)龕(kan)，壁(bi)龕(kan)內(nei)(nei)放(fang)置(zhi)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，已發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)俎、罍、豆(dou)、壺(hu)、杯(bei)（雙(shuang)耳(er)杯(bei)、單耳(er)杯(bei)、角(jiao)狀杯(bei)）、犧尊(zun)、坐屏等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)墓葬內(nei)(nei)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)如(ru)此(ci)多的壁(bi)龕(kan)、并且在(zai)(zai)壁(bi)龕(kan)內(nei)(nei)放(fang)置(zhi)大量器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)的現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，為(wei)西周墓考古中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)首見。在(zai)(zai)東部二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)(tai)上發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)俑，雙(shuang)足(zu)(zu)(zu)站立(li)于漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)龜上，雙(shuang)手(shou)作(zuo)持物(wu)狀，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)俑前(qian)面(mian)及側面(mian)放(fang)置(zhi)有(you)(you)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地區西周墓葬內(nei)(nei)也(ye)是首見。在(zai)(zai)其(qi)他幾面(mian)二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)(tai)上還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)帶木(mu)(mu)柄(bing)銅(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)盾牌等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)墓室內(nei)(nei)棺槨(guo)(guo)之間或棺蓋(gai)(gai)上發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了大量的青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)物(wu)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)數量最(zui)多，包括(kuo)禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)禮(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗(yan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉(he)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚(gu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶8 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、單耳(er)罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)鐘和(he)鐃(nao)3組8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的木(mu)(mu)盾牌青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)飾(shi)昜、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈(ge)、戟、矛、鉞等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)30余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)都(dou)具有(you)(you)非常高的價值，很多兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)遺(yi)存有(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)柄(bing)，銅(tong)(tong)工具有(you)(you)斧、鑿(zao)、鏟等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。銅(tong)(tong)車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)掛韁(jiang)鉤、鑾鈴、車轄、當盧等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)尊(zun)4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)瓿1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲(li)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆(dou)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、筒形(xing)(xing)尊(zun)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵(jue)杯(bei)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺(hu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)(zu)(zu)盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，此(ci)外還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)大量的玉(yu)石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、龜甲(jia)、鹿角(jiao)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。24件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四足(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)角(jiao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)四足(zu)(zu)(zu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)角(jiao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鼎(ding)(ding)，腹足(zu)(zu)(zu)帶扉棱圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鼎(ding)(ding)內(nei)(nei)壁(bi)銘(ming)“伯作(zuo)寶尊(zun)彝”，無扉棱柱足(zu)(zu)(zu)圓(yuan)鼎(ding)(ding)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，扁足(zu)(zu)(zu)鼎(ding)(ding)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。銅(tong)(tong)簋(gui)9件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)座(zuo)簋(gui) 2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，高圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，豎條紋(wen)簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，喇(la)叭形(xing)(xing)圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，內(nei)(nei)底(di)鑄銘(ming)文(wen)“□父戊”，鼎(ding)(ding)式簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)(gai)、器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)底(di)有(you)(you)銘(ming)文(wen)“芮公(gong)舍霸馬兩(liang)(liang)(liang)玉(yu)金用鑄簋(gui)”，乳釘紋(wen)簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)(zu)三足(zu)(zu)(zu)簋(gui)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓋(gai)(gai)底(di)對銘(ming)“霸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)旅彝”，4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)卣形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)略(lve)同(tong)(tong)，從大到小排列，前(qian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，后(hou)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)大的一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卣蓋(gai)(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)“燕(yan)侯旨作(zuo)姑妹寶尊(zun)彝”，卣內(nei)(nei)置(zhi)酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)套7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銅(tong)(tong)爵(jue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銘(ming)“旨作(zuo)父辛爵(jue)”。銅(tong)(tong)觶6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓋(gai)(gai)內(nei)(nei)銘(ming)“析父丁”。從隨葬兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)判斷墓主(zhu)為(wei)男性。

M2為(wei)一座(zuo)三鼎墓，土壙豎(shu)穴，東西向，墓主(zhu)頭(tou)向西，墓口長3.51米(mi)、寬2.49米(mi)、墓底長4.2米(mi)、寬3.47米(mi)、自深8.2米(mi)，兩棺一槨，墓主(zhu)為(wei)女性，仰身直肢。隨(sui)葬銅器有鼎3件(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、鐘1件(jian)(jian)(jian)等(deng)，陶器有鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、罐1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、三足(zu)甕1件(jian)(jian)(jian)、未(wei)燒結碎陶器7件(jian)(jian)(jian)，玉石串飾(shi)7 件(jian)(jian)(jian)、項(xiang)飾(shi)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、玉玦(jue)8件(jian)(jian)(jian)、握(wo)玉2件(jian)(jian)(jian)、柄形飾(shi)2組。另(ling)外(wai)還發現蚌(bang)器和貝等(deng)。在M2銅甗內壁發現有鑄銘“唯正月初吉霸（□）伯作寶甗其永用”。

M1017墓口長5米(mi)、寬3.4米(mi)、自深10米(mi)，口小(xiao)底大，墓主(zhu)頭向西，有腰坑。墓室內(nei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)大量青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、玉石器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、蚌器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、貝等，數十件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)置于墓主(zhu)頭前棺(guan)槨之間，其余青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)于棺(guan)槨之間或棺(guan)蓋上(shang)(shang)。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種類(lei)有食(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、酒(jiu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、水(shui)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、工具(ju)、車馬器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)食(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中鼎簋數量較多(duo)，計有方鼎5 件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、圓鼎8件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、簋6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盨(xu)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盆1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、豆4件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觚3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、爵7件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、觶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、尊(zun)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、卣(you)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、罍1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斝1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、斗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、壺1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盂(yu)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盤 1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、盉1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、甬鐘3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)戈、矛、鏃多(duo)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，工具(ju)有鑿、刀等，金柄(bing)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，錫器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，二層臺上(shang)(shang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)陶鬲1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)盂(yu)、簋、豆等器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)銘文，其中銅(tong)(tong)豆蓋內(nei)銘“霸伯作大寶尊(zun)彝其孫(sun)孫(sun)子子萬年永用”。此(ci)墓已(yi)整體搬遷至室內(nei)進行發(fa)(fa)掘。

M2002墓口長2.75米、寬1.68米、墓底(di)長3.83米、寬2.83米、自深9.91米，口小(xiao)底(di)大，墓主頭(tou)向西，腰坑內殉狗(gou)1只，一棺(guan)一槨，墓主仰身直(zhi)肢，為(wei)男(nan)性。隨葬(zang)銅(tong)鼎(ding)3件、簋3件、鬲2件、甗(yan)1件、盤1件、鳥尊形盉(he)1件，及大量的青銅(tong)兵器、車馬器和(he)工具等，還發現(xian)陶鬲1件及鉛、玉、石、骨、蚌(bang)、貝等器物。其中(zhong)出土的瓦棱(leng)紋扁腹圈足雙耳銅(tong)簋的蓋、內底(di)鑄有銘(ming)文(wen)4行近30字(zi)，鳥尊形盉(he)蓋內鑄銘(ming)文(wen)8行約50字(zi)。

M1034墓口長(chang)3米、寬1.61米、墓底(di)長(chang)3.15米、寬1.86米、自深(shen)4.43米，口小底(di)大，墓主(zhu)頭向西，腰坑內殉狗1只，一(yi)棺一(yi)槨，墓主(zhu)仰(yang)身直肢，雙手置(zhi)于髖骨位置(zhi)，為男性(xing)。隨葬銅(tong)(tong)鼎3件、銅(tong)(tong)簋2件，及(ji)大量的(de)青銅(tong)(tong)兵器(qi)、車馬器(qi)、漆器(qi)、蚌器(qi)和貝等。

出土文物

“霸”國出現填補空白

在(zai)試(shi)掘階段(duan)，考古(gu)隊(dui)就發現(xian)這是一個諸侯國君級(ji)別的墓——墓葬二層臺四(si)壁(bi)有11個壁(bi)龕(kan)，壁(bi)龕(kan)內放置漆木器、原始瓷器、陶器等物(wu)。

從出(chu)土的(de)青銅器上面的(de)銘文(wen)確(que)證，大河口(kou)墓(mu)地墓(mu)主的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)族名為(wei)(wei) “霸(ba)(ba)”，“霸(ba)(ba)伯”是這里的(de)最高權力擁有者。“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)商、周文(wen)化(hua)因素都比(bi)較明顯，并具有自身(shen)獨特的(de)文(wen)化(hua)風格。其人(ren)(ren)群(qun)應為(wei)(wei)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)一(yi)支，是被中原商周文(wen)化(hua)同化(hua)的(de)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)群(qun)。相繼(ji)的(de)考古發現，“霸(ba)(ba)”國(guo)(guo)(guo)和周王室以及晉國(guo)(guo)(guo)、倗國(guo)(guo)(guo)、燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)關系(xi)密切。

“霸”國(guo)與晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)相(xiang)鄰。從墓(mu)(mu)地(di)規(gui)模及隨葬品推測(ce)，“霸”國(guo)應比晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)低一個檔次，屬(shu)于(yu)小國(guo)。在君主(zhu)稱謂方(fang)面(mian)，晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)的(de)(de)君主(zhu)被(bei)封(feng)為(wei)晉(jin)(jin)侯，而(er)“霸”國(guo)的(de)(de)君主(zhu)則被(bei)稱為(wei)霸伯(bo)。此外，兩國(guo)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬規(gui)模也相(xiang)距甚遠，晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)曲村墓(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬多(duo)達20000多(duo)座，而(er)“霸”國(guo)大河(he)口墓(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬僅有1500座左右，從這里也可(ke)反(fan)映出兩國(guo)國(guo)都人口規(gui)模的(de)(de)差(cha)距。

中(zhong)國社會科(ke)學(xue)院(yuan)考(kao)古所(suo)(suo)所(suo)(suo)長(chang)王(wang)巍認為(wei)，大河口西周墓地的發現揭示了不見于歷(li)(li)史(shi)文獻記載的西周“霸”國的歷(li)(li)史(shi)及(ji)文化(hua)，并為(wei)研(yan)究西周時期(qi)的分封制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、器用制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)和族(zu)群融合等問題提供(gong)了寶(bao)貴的實物(wu)資料，填補了中(zhong)國對(dui)西周時期(qi)考(kao)古研(yan)究的一項空白。

稀有(you)漆木(mu)俑保留完好

墓(mu)葬二(er)層(ceng)臺(tai)四壁有11個(ge)壁龕，一座墓(mu)葬內(nei)發現如此多的壁龕在西周考古上(shang)還是第一次，墓(mu)內(nei)隨葬漆木俑可能是目前中原地區出土最早的實物資料。

考古隊在發掘(jue)墓葬(zang)的(de)填土(tu)工作中，在東(dong)邊二層臺上意外發掘(jue)出了重要(yao)寶物：兩(liang)個一(yi)米多(duo)高(gao)(gao)的(de)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)雙足站立于漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)龜上，雙手作持物狀，兩(liang)俑(yong)前面(mian)及側面(mian)放置(zhi)漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)器，這在中原地(di)區西周(zhou)墓葬(zang)內也(ye)是首見。考古學(xue)家介紹，漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)器在兩(liang)種環境下(xia)易于保(bao)存(cun)：一(yi)是十分濕潤的(de)環境，二是十分干(gan)燥的(de)環境。在黃土(tu)高(gao)(gao)原忽(hu)干(gan)忽(hu)濕的(de)環境里，兩(liang)個漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)俑(yong)經數千年還能較為完(wan)好地(di)保(bao)留(liu)下(xia)來，彌足珍貴。

山西省考古(gu)所副所長謝堯(yao)亭介紹，中華文(wen)化的一個顯著特征是禮(li)制。古(gu)人(ren)朝會、狩獵、宴享、訓練軍隊等活動(dong)都(dou)強調‘秩序(xu)’。故而推測這兩個漆木俑與禮(li)制和宗教有關系。

考古專家歷經兩年，清理出大量的(de)漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)器(qi)遺存，包括漆(qi)(qi)木(mu)俑、俎、罍、豆(dou)、壺、犧尊、坐屏、杯、案、盾牌、方彝(yi)等種類。

鳥盉

大河口西周墓葬還發掘出一個青銅鳥形器物，經鑒定是鳥(niao)盉（hé）。這件(jian)器(qi)(qi)物被視為大(da)河口(kou)西周墓葬銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)瑰寶，它為中國青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)發展史提供(gong)了(le)一件(jian)新的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)形。

在(zai)此件鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物出土之前，發(fa)現(xian)的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊大(da)多屬于酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，簡單地說，就是一種(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)的(de)盛酒器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，用來在(zai)各類祭祀活動中盛裝不(bu)同的(de)酒。距此二三十公里的(de)北趙晉侯墓地就發(fa)現(xian)了鳥(niao)(niao)尊，被收藏(zang)在(zai)山西省博(bo)物院，是其“鎮院之寶”。此次(ci)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)青銅鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物與北趙晉侯墓地發(fa)現(xian)的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)尊有(you)所(suo)不(bu)同，腹(fu)部沒(mei)有(you)管狀流。專(zhuan)家(jia)認(ren)為(wei)，大(da)河口這件鳥(niao)(niao)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物不(bu)是尊，而是盉。

謝堯亭介(jie)紹，商(shang)周時(shi)期，盉多是(shi)一種注(zhu)水的水器。按照商(shang)周貴族(zu)禮儀，在(zai)祭祀、宴飲、典禮過程中，參與者要洗(xi)手盥洗(xi)。

侍者(zhe)用盉(he)將水倒出。在既往的考古(gu)發(fa)現和傳(chuan)世器物(wu)中都未曾見過像大河口墓(mu)葬中這樣(yang)的鳥形盉(he)。

鳥(niao)(niao)形盉(he)的出(chu)現也意外糾正了一(yi)個錯誤：山西(xi)省(sheng)博(bo)物院收(shou)藏(zang)的鳥(niao)(niao)尊在發掘時尾巴已斷，上海博(bo)物院將尾巴修復為朝(chao)里卷。此次發現的鳥(niao)(niao)形盉(he)十分完整，它清晰地顯示，鳥(niao)(niao)的尾巴是朝(chao)外卷的。

墓地價值

大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)這(zhe)一(yi)考古(gu)項目受到業內專家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度肯定。來自中(zhong)國(guo)社會(hui)科學院考古(gu)所(suo)所(suo)長王巍就在(zai)會(hui)上(shang)(shang)表示，該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)周(zhou)封(feng)國(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)考古(gu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要收獲。青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)銘文(wen)顯(xian)示，“霸”是(shi)這(zhe)處墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)族(zu)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，“霸伯”是(shi)其最高權力擁有(you)者，“霸”器(qi)(qi)(qi)曾(ceng)見于(yu)以往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)著錄(lu)，在(zai)《殷周(zhou)金(jin)文(wen)集成》中(zhong)著錄(lu)有(you)“霸姞作(zuo)寶尊(zun)(zun)彝”鼎簋，曲村墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)M6197也曾(ceng)出土過(guo)一(yi)件“霸伯作(zuo)寶尊(zun)(zun)彝”銅簋。雖然“霸”是(shi)國(guo)名(ming)(ming)(ming)，但不見于(yu)傳(chuan)世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻記載，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積和墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬埋藏數量(liang)顯(xian)示，當時大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)人(ren)群(qun)規(gui)模不大(da)(da)，推測其所(suo)居(ju)城邑(yi)和所(suo)轄(xia)區域(yu)也不會(hui)很大(da)(da)。可(ke)是(shi)銘文(wen)上(shang)(shang)又顯(xian)示它(ta)與晉、燕等(deng)國(guo)和周(zhou)王朝(chao)都有(you)往來關系，從埋葬習俗看，大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭向(xiang)、腰坑(keng)、殉狗、斜(xie)洞(dong)、使用日名(ming)(ming)(ming)等(deng)習俗與絳縣橫(heng)水墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)相似；車馬(ma)坑(keng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局、無(wu)俯(fu)身葬、無(wu)殉人(ren)等(deng)現象(xiang)又與天馬(ma)—曲村墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)有(you)共同(tong)之處；陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)組合和青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)風格又具有(you)周(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征，商、周(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)因(yin)素都比較明顯(xian)，自身文(wen)化(hua)(hua)特色(se)獨具。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬時代橫(heng)貫西(xi)周(zhou)，晚期進入春秋初年，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人(ren)群(qun)應為狄人(ren)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支，是(shi)被中(zhong)原(yuan)商周(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)同(tong)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狄人(ren)人(ren)群(qun)，文(wen)化(hua)(hua)面(mian)貌顯(xian)示其人(ren)群(qun)相對單(dan)純。大(da)(da)河(he)(he)口(kou)西(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現為研究西(xi)周(zhou)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分封(feng)制(zhi)度、器(qi)(qi)(qi)用制(zhi)度和族(zu)群(qun)融(rong)合等(deng)歷史和考古(gu)問題等(deng)具有(you)重要意(yi)義。

中新(xin)網太原6月9日電(dian)(胡健)記者9日傍晚(wan)從山(shan)西省考(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究所獲(huo)悉，山(shan)西翼城縣大(da)河口西周墓地(di)成功(gong)入(ru)選2010年度(du)中國十(shi)大(da)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)新(xin)發現。

山(shan)西翼城縣(xian)大河口西周墓地(di)是(shi)新發現的(de)一處西周封(feng)國墓地(di)，發現的(de)眾多青(qing)銅器銘文中(zhong)的(de)“霸伯”是(shi)這里的(de)最高權(quan)力擁有者。

“霸(ba)”是其國名，“霸(ba)”國未見(jian)于傳世的文(wen)獻記載(zai)，山西(xi)(xi)省考古(gu)研究所副(fu)所長謝堯亭在報告(gao)中指出。銘文(wen)資料(liao)顯示，“霸(ba)”與晉、北燕(yan)、芮(rui)等國曾(ceng)有往來。在大河口墓地(di)，商、周文(wen)化(hua)因素都(dou)比較明顯，自身特色也很(hen)鮮明，墓葬時代橫貫西(xi)(xi)周，晚期已進(jin)入(ru)春秋初年。大河口墓地(di)的發現為研究西(xi)(xi)周分(fen)封制度和西(xi)(xi)周史提(ti)供了重(zhong)要(yao)資料(liao)，對探討(tao)諸侯制度具有重(zhong)要(yao)意義。

2007年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)，大(da)河口墓地因被盜被發現，同年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至次年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)進行(xing)了(le)考(kao)古勘探和試掘，2008年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue)至12月(yue)(yue)進行(xing)了(le)全(quan)面(mian)普探，2009年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)至2011年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)進行(xing)了(le)大(da)規模(mo)搶(qiang)救性(xing)發掘。

大河(he)口墓(mu)地位(wei)于山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省南(nan)部(bu)(bu)翼城(cheng)縣城(cheng)以東約(yue)6公里處(chu)(chu)，墓(mu)地四(si)周(zhou)除(chu)了西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)與西(xi)(xi)側臺地相接(jie)外皆為溝壑，澮(kuai)(kuai)河(he)干流(liu)(liu)和支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)分別縈繞其(qi)西(xi)(xi)、南(nan)兩側流(liu)(liu)過，地勢為北(bei)高(gao)南(nan)低的(de)(de)(de)向陽緩坡地，北(bei)方為太岳(yue)山(shan)(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈二峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)，東、南(nan)方為太行山(shan)(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈翔山(shan)(shan)(shan)，西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)為凸起的(de)(de)(de)丘陵山(shan)(shan)(shan)地，西(xi)(xi)南(nan)為澮(kuai)(kuai)河(he)沖(chong)積谷地。在墓(mu)地周(zhou)圍發現了幾處(chu)(chu)不同時期的(de)(de)(de)遺址(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)中西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)遺址(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于墓(mu)地西(xi)(xi)南(nan)約(yue)0.5公里處(chu)(chu)。墓(mu)地分布(bu)面積約(yue)4萬余(yu)平方米，埋藏西(xi)(xi)周(zhou)墓(mu)葬約(yue)1500余(yu)座(zuo)。

此次“2010年度全國(guo)十大(da)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)新發現”由國(guo)家(jia)文(wen)物局主辦，自2010年11月底啟(qi)動，從2010年1月1日(ri)～12月31日(ri)期(qi)間在中(zhong)國(guo)境內進行發掘的合法考(kao)古(gu)(gu)項目(mu)中(zhong)遴選出56個候(hou)選項目(mu)進入初評。初評由國(guo)家(jia)文(wen)物局考(kao)古(gu)(gu)專家(jia)組成員、中(zhong)國(guo)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)學會常(chang)務理事和理事、中(zhong)國(guo)65 家(jia)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發掘資質(zhi)單位(wei)共同參與投票(piao)，最終，有25個項目(mu)入圍(wei)。

此次2010年度中(zhong)國十大(da)考古新(xin)(xin)發現的(de)具體名單為：河(he)南(nan)新(xin)(xin)鄭望京樓夏(xia)商時期(qi)城址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、山東(dong)濟南(nan)大(da)辛莊(zhuang)商代遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、山西(xi)翼城縣大(da)河(he)口西(xi)周墓(mu)地(di)、江蘇蘇州市木(mu)瀆古城遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、陜西(xi)西(xi)安鳳棲原西(xi)漢(han)家族墓(mu)地(di)、新(xin)(xin)疆鄯善吐峪(yu)溝石(shi)窟群和(he)佛寺遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、陜西(xi)藍田北(bei)宋呂(lv)氏家族墓(mu)園(yuan)、湖南(nan)永順老司城遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、江蘇南(nan)京大(da)報(bao)恩寺遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、廣(guang)東(dong)汕頭“南(nan)澳1號”明代沉船遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。