芒果视频下载

北(bei)(bei)京鴨是世界著名(ming)的(de)(de)優良肉用鴨標準品種。具有生長發育快、育肥性能(neng)好的(de)(de)特點，是聞名(ming)中外“北(bei)(bei)京烤鴨”的(de)(de)制作原料。原產(chan)于北(bei)(bei)京西郊玉(yu)泉山一帶，現已(yi)遍(bian)布世界各(ge)地(di)，在國際養鴨業中占有重要地(di)位。

國內北京鴨肉用性(xing)能尚低于國外(wai)先進(jin)水平，其(qi)中(zhong)早期生產速度差距較大，其(qi)他如成活率、孵化率及(ji)胸肉率等均(jun)有差距。

品種特征

鳥(niao)綱(gang)雁(yan)形目(mu)鴨(ya)科動物。由綠頭(tou)鴨(ya)馴(xun)化而來(lai)，是(shi)家鴨(ya)的優(you)良品種之(zhi)一。

北京鴨原(yuan)產(chan)于(yu)北京玉泉山一帶，因此(ci)而(er)得名。它的馴養歷史至(zhi)少有200～300年。羽(yu)毛純白色(se)，嘴、腿(tui)和蹼呈橘(ju)紅(hong)色(se)，頭和喙較短，頸長(chang)，體(ti)質(zhi)健壯，生長(chang)快(kuai)，剛(gang)出生時(shi)體(ti)重約56克。60天就(jiu)可達2～2.5千克。雄(xiong)鴨可長(chang)到3～4千克。雌鴨成(cheng)(cheng)熟早，一般長(chang)到6～7個月(yue)就(jiu)開始產(chan)卵。年產(chan)卵70～120枚。北京鴨肉肥味美，馳名中(zhong)外的北京烤(kao)鴨，就(jiu)是用北京鴨烤(kao)制而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的。北京鴨已傳入外國(guo)，世界各國(guo)都有分布。

北京(jing)鴨(ya)體(ti)型(xing)碩大(da)(da)豐滿(man)，挺拔美(mei)觀。頭較(jiao)大(da)(da)。喙(hui)中等大(da)(da)小。眼大(da)(da)而(er)明亮。頸粗(cu)、中等長。體(ti)軀(qu)長方，前(qian)部昂起(qi)，與地面約是(shi)30°角，背寬(kuan)(kuan)平(ping)，胸部豐滿(man)，胸骨長而(er)直．兩(liang)翅較(jiao)小而(er)緊附(fu)于體(ti)軀(qu)。尾短而(er)上翹，公鴨(ya)有(you)4根(gen)卷起(qi)的(de)性(xing)羽。產蛋母鴨(ya)因輸卵管發達而(er)腹部豐滿(man)，顯(xian)得后(hou)軀(qu)大(da)(da)于前(qian)軀(qu)，腿短粗(cu)，蹼(pu)(pu)寬(kuan)(kuan)厚。全身(shen)羽毛豐滿(man)，羽色純(chun)白并帶有(you)奶油(you)光(guang)澤；喙(hui)、脛、蹼(pu)(pu)橙黃色或橘紅色；虹彩藍灰色。初生雛鴨(ya)絨羽金黃色，稱為“鴨(ya)黃”，隨口齡(ling)(ling)增(zeng)加顏色逐漸變淺，至金周齡(ling)(ling)前(qian)后(hou)變成白色；至60日齡(ling)(ling)羽毛長齊，喙(hui) 、進發、蹼(pu)(pu)橘紅色。

生產性能

產肉性能

一般鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群(qun)雛(chu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)初生(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 58～62g，3周(zhou)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 600～700g，7周(zhou)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 1750～2000g，9周(zhou)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2500～2750g， 150日(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 2750～3000g。長期以來(lai)，北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)主要用(yong)于生(sheng)(sheng)產填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，生(sheng)(sheng)產程序(xu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幼雛(chu)、中(zhong)雛(chu)和(he)填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，幼雛(chu)和(he)中(zhong)雛(chu)亦稱“鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)坯子”階段，用(yong)7周(zhou)左右時間，以后(hou)再填(tian)(tian)(tian) 10～15d，使填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到(dao) 2.75kg左右的(de)(de)出售標準(zhun)。屠宰率(lv)(lv)：北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)因兩種肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)產方式而(er)屠體品質有所不同，其中(zhong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)屠體脂肪(fang)率(lv)(lv)較高(gao)，瘦肉(rou)率(lv)(lv)低于未經填(tian)(tian)(tian)詞的(de)(de)肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)屠體。填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)半凈膛(tang)屠宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)80.6,母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)81.0%；全(quan)(quan)凈膛(tang)屠宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)73.8%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)74.1%。胸(xiong)肌(ji)(ji)和(he)腿肌(ji)(ji)占凈膛(tang)的(de)(de)比(bi)例分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)6.5%和(he)11.6%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)7.8%和(he)10.7%，胸(xiong)、腿肌(ji)(ji)合(he)計，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18.5%。來(lai)自選育群(qun)自由采(cai)食飼養(yang)的(de)(de)肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，半凈膛(tang)屠宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)83.6%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)82.2%；全(quan)(quan)凈膛(tang)屠宰率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)77.9%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)76.5%，胸(xiong)肌(ji)(ji)率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.9%；腿肌(ji)(ji)率(lv)(lv)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%，胸(xiong)、腿合(he)計，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)21.6%，母(mu)(mu)(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)22.8%。

肥肝性能

北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)有(you)較好的(de)(de)肥(fei)肝(gan)性(xing)能，是國外生產肥(fei)肝(gan)的(de)(de)主要鴨(ya)(ya)種，用80～90日(ri)齡北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)或北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)與瘤頭鴨(ya)(ya)雜交的(de)(de)雜種鴨(ya)(ya)，填飼 2～3周，每只可(ke)產肥(fei)肝(gan) 300～400 g，而(er)且(qie)填肥(fei)鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)增重快，可(ke)達到肝(gan)、肉雙收的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。我國從1980年(nian)開始用北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)試填肥(fei)胖，1980年(nian)上海(hai)市青浦縣徐涇(jing)肥(fei)肝(gan)場用北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)生產肥(fei)肝(gan)10余。3、產蛋性(xing)能北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)不(bu)僅具(ju)有(you)優良肉用性(xing)能，而(er)且(qie)具(ju)有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)產蛋性(xing)能。60年(nian)代以前(qian)，曾直認(ren)為(wei)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)年(nian)產蛋量為(wei) 180個，蛋重為(wei)90g以上。

養殖場人工強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)是我國北京(jing)(jing)鴨生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的傳統種鴨管(guan)理(li)技(ji)術。種鴨在(zai)第一(yi)個產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)末，即(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)9～10個月(yue)以(yi)后，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)。種蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)質(zhi)量和(he)受(shou)精(jing)率(lv)(lv)均(jun)開(kai)始(shi)下(xia)降。此時(shi)，通過(guo)短期(qi)限制(zhi)(zhi)飼喂、飲水和(he)照(zhao)明(ming)等措施，迫使母鴨停(ting)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)換(huan)羽(yu)，并于40～50d內(nei)恢復產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)，利用第二個產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)。經(jing)過(guo)人工強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)的鴨群復產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)整齊一(yi)致，保持較高的產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)率(lv)(lv)、種蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)受(shou)精(jing)率(lv)(lv)和(he)孵化率(lv)(lv)。一(yi)般第二個產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)多為6個月(yue)左右。在(zai)兩個產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)內(nei)，每只(zhi)母鴨可產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)280～290個。60年(nian)代以(yi)來，國外肉鴨生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)中亦開(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用人工強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)，而(er)我國的北京(jing)(jing)鴨場中有許多卻改為僅利用種鴨的頭一(yi)個產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)年(nian)，80年(nian)代初，有些鴨場又開(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用人工強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)羽(yu)。

蛋的品質

據(ju)1983年(nian)中國農(nong)業科(ke)學院畜牧研究所測(ce)定，72周(zhou)齡種鴨蛋(dan)(dan)351個(ge)，平均蛋(dan)(dan)重為(wei) 103 g，蛋(dan)(dan)殼厚為(wei) 0.358 mm，蛋(dan)(dan)殼強度為(wei) 4.9 kg/cm2，蛋(dan)(dan)形指數(shu)為(wei) 1.41，哈氏單位。為(wei)73.1。

繁殖性能

性(xing)成(cheng)熟期(qi)為(wei)150～180日齡(ling)。公母(mu)配(pei)種(zhong)比(bi)例多為(wei)1：5。種(zhong)蛋(dan)受(shou)精(jing)率為(wei)90%以(yi)上。受(shou)精(jing)蛋(dan)孵化率為(wei)80 %左右。成(cheng)活率：1～28日齡(ling)雛鴨(ya)(ya)成(cheng)活率為(wei)95%以(yi)上。一(yi)般(ban)生產(chan)(chan)場(chang)每只(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)可(ke)年生產(chan)(chan)（繁殖）80只(zhi)(zhi)左右肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)或填鴨(ya)(ya)。育種(zhong)場(chang)的每只(zhi)(zhi)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)年產(chan)(chan)肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)100只(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)上。

生活習性

北京(jing)鴨(ya)性情溫馴，膽小怕驚，非常合群。北京(jing)鴨(ya)作為水禽，種鴨(ya)交配一般選擇(ze)早晨(chen)或傍晚在(zai)廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)水面進行(xing)。但在(zai)人工旱(han)養(yang)條件下種鴨(ya)也能交配，正常情況下，成年種鴨(ya)產蛋主要(yao)集中在(zai)午夜(ye)以(yi)后(hou)到(dao)黎(li)明以(yi)前這段時(shi)間，此時(shi)夜(ye)深人靜，沒(mei)有任何(he)吵擾，最(zui)適(shi)合鴨(ya)類繁殖(zhi)后(hou)代的(de)(de)特殊要(yao)求，北京(jing)鴨(ya)一般不在(zai)白(bai)天產蛋。

相關資料

京烤(kao)鴨”莫屬。“北(bei)(bei)京烤(kao)鴨”專選用以(yi)獨特的(de)(de)人工(gong)“填鴨”法養出的(de)(de)肥(fei)美北(bei)(bei)京鴨作為(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)，由明(ming)、清(qing)朝至今，已有幾(ji)百(bai)年歷(li)史。國家環保總局公布的(de)(de)一項資料(liao)，卻揭(jie)露了一個驚人的(de)(de)事實(shi)：由于中(zhong)國本土物(wu)種(zhong)遺傳資料(liao)的(de)(de)流失，真正(zheng)的(de)(de)“北(bei)(bei)京鴨”已幾(ji)乎絕跡，而以(yi)中(zhong)國“北(bei)(bei)京鴨”配種(zhong)繁育(yu)出來的(de)(de)英國“櫻(ying)桃谷”鴨，取而代之(zhi)成為(wei)“北(bei)(bei)京烤(kao)鴨”的(de)(de)真正(zheng)原(yuan)料(liao)。

英“混血”鴨(ya)取代北(bei)京鴨(ya)

國(guo)家環保(bao)總局日前公(gong)布一份(fen)資料指出，中(zhong)國(guo)本(ben)土(tu)物種遺傳資源流失狀況堪憂，由于本(ben)地物種資料保(bao)護(hu)意識落后(hou)，中(zhong)國(guo)正成為發達國(guo)家攫(jue)取遺傳資源的新(xin)(xin)目標(biao)。中(zhong)國(guo)的野生大豆、奇(qi)異果(guo)甚至(zhi)家禽都被發達國(guo)家拿走，“混血”改(gai)良(liang)后(hou)再(zai)重新(xin)(xin)用來(lai)搶占中(zhong)國(guo)市場。

專家薛達元教授表(biao)示，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)本(ben)土物種流失最突(tu)出的例子是“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨”，該品種在英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)被雜交(jiao)后繁育(yu)出來(lai)新(xin)良種“櫻(ying)桃谷”鴨，后來(lai)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)繁育(yu)的“櫻(ying)桃谷”鴨又重新(xin)被引種到(dao)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，占(zhan)領(ling)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的市場(chang)。現在，在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)真正的“北(bei)京(jing)(jing)鴨”幾乎絕跡，而重新(xin)由英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)引進的“櫻(ying)桃谷”鴨，成為北(bei)京(jing)(jing)烤鴨的主要原料。

北(bei)京鴨引入(ru)美(mei)國惹轟(hong)動

北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的物種遺(yi)傳資源最早(zao)從中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)流傳至外國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是在(zai)清朝，美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)詹姆斯·帕爾默于1873年(nian)(nian)從天津將北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)運至美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，從此北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的物種遺(yi)傳資料流出國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外。同年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)克(ke)爾又將北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的種蛋引(yin)入英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，1875年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)將填肥(fei)的北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)海運至美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，立刻引(yin)起美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)市場的轟動(dong)。當時有文章寫(xie)道：（北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)）樣(yang)品既出，社會(hui)耳目為(wei)之一新，紳(shen)士名媛，交與不置。購者驟多，供給缺(que)乏。一時價格騰(teng)貴，每卵一枚，當金元(yuan)一元(yuan)之價，美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)社會(hui)，遂有鴨(ya)(ya)即金磚之榮(rong)稱(cheng)。

英國(guo)的(de)櫻桃谷鴨(ya)(ya)，美國(guo)長島(dao)鴨(ya)(ya)等都是在(zai)(zai)北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)基礎上選育而成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。現(xian)在(zai)(zai)英國(guo)的(de)櫻桃谷鴨(ya)(ya)，已(yi)經(jing)取代(dai)北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“北京(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)”的(de)主要原料。中國(guo)輸出北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)物種(zhong)時，沒有獲利，現(xian)在(zai)(zai)引進(jin)英國(guo)的(de)櫻桃谷鴨(ya)(ya)種(zhong)，反而還必須(xu)用外匯購買，造成(cheng)(cheng)巨大的(de)經(jing)濟損失。