芒果视频下载

北京鴨是世界(jie)著名的(de)優(you)良肉用鴨標準品種。具有(you)生長(chang)發育快、育肥性能(neng)好的(de)特(te)點，是聞名中(zhong)外“北京烤鴨”的(de)制作原料。原產(chan)于北京西郊玉泉山(shan)一帶，現已(yi)遍布世界(jie)各地，在國際(ji)養鴨業中(zhong)占有(you)重要地位。

國(guo)內北京鴨肉用性能尚低于國(guo)外(wai)先進水平(ping)，其中早期生(sheng)產速度差距(ju)較大，其他如成活(huo)率(lv)、孵化率(lv)及胸肉率(lv)等均有差距(ju)。

品種特征

鳥綱(gang)雁形目鴨科動物。由綠頭鴨馴化而(er)來，是家鴨的優良品(pin)種之(zhi)一(yi)。

北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)原產(chan)于(yu)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)玉泉山一帶，因此而(er)得名。它(ta)的(de)(de)馴養歷史(shi)至(zhi)少有200～300年(nian)(nian)。羽毛純白色，嘴(zui)、腿和蹼呈橘紅(hong)色，頭(tou)和喙較短，頸長(chang)，體質(zhi)健壯，生(sheng)長(chang)快，剛出生(sheng)時(shi)體重約56克。60天就可(ke)達2～2.5千克。雄鴨(ya)(ya)可(ke)長(chang)到3～4千克。雌鴨(ya)(ya)成(cheng)熟早(zao)，一般長(chang)到6～7個(ge)月就開始產(chan)卵。年(nian)(nian)產(chan)卵70～120枚。北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)肉(rou)肥味美，馳(chi)名中外的(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)(ya)，就是用北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)烤(kao)制而(er)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)已(yi)傳(chuan)入外國，世界各(ge)國都有分布。

北京鴨(ya)體型碩大(da)豐滿，挺拔美(mei)觀。頭較大(da)。喙(hui)中等(deng)大(da)小(xiao)。眼大(da)而明(ming)亮(liang)。頸粗、中等(deng)長。體軀長方，前(qian)部昂起，與地面約是30°角，背寬平，胸部豐滿，胸骨(gu)長而直．兩翅較小(xiao)而緊附于(yu)體軀。尾短(duan)(duan)而上翹，公(gong)鴨(ya)有4根卷起的性(xing)羽。產蛋母鴨(ya)因(yin)輸卵管發(fa)達(da)而腹部豐滿，顯(xian)得后軀大(da)于(yu)前(qian)軀，腿短(duan)(duan)粗，蹼寬厚(hou)。全身(shen)羽毛豐滿，羽色(se)(se)(se)純白并帶(dai)有奶(nai)油光(guang)澤(ze)；喙(hui)、脛、蹼橙黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)或橘紅色(se)(se)(se)；虹彩(cai)藍灰色(se)(se)(se)。初(chu)生雛鴨(ya)絨羽金黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)，稱為“鴨(ya)黃(huang)”，隨口齡增加顏色(se)(se)(se)逐漸變(bian)淺，至金周齡前(qian)后變(bian)成白色(se)(se)(se)；至60日齡羽毛長齊，喙(hui) 、進發(fa)、蹼橘紅色(se)(se)(se)。

生產性能

產肉性能

一般鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群雛(chu)(chu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)初生重為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 58～62g，3周齡為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 600～700g，7周齡為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 1750～2000g，9周齡為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2500～2750g， 150日齡為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 2750～3000g。長期(qi)以(yi)來，北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)主要用于(yu)生產(chan)填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，生產(chan)程序分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幼雛(chu)(chu)、中(zhong)雛(chu)(chu)和(he)(he)填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，幼雛(chu)(chu)和(he)(he)中(zhong)雛(chu)(chu)亦稱“鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)坯子(zi)”階(jie)段，用7周左(zuo)右時間，以(yi)后再填(tian)(tian)(tian) 10～15d，使填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達(da)到 2.75kg左(zuo)右的出售標準。屠宰(zai)(zai)率：北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)因兩(liang)種肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)生產(chan)方式而屠體(ti)品質有所不同(tong)，其中(zhong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的屠體(ti)脂(zhi)肪率較高，瘦(shou)肉率低(di)于(yu)未經(jing)填(tian)(tian)(tian)詞的肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)屠體(ti)。填(tian)(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的半(ban)凈(jing)(jing)膛(tang)(tang)屠宰(zai)(zai)率，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)80.6,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)81.0%；全凈(jing)(jing)膛(tang)(tang)屠宰(zai)(zai)率，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)73.8%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)74.1%。胸肌(ji)和(he)(he)腿(tui)肌(ji)占凈(jing)(jing)膛(tang)(tang)的比例分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)6.5%和(he)(he)11.6%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)7.8%和(he)(he)10.7%，胸、腿(tui)肌(ji)合計，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18.5%。來自選育群自由(you)采食飼養的肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，半(ban)凈(jing)(jing)膛(tang)(tang)屠宰(zai)(zai)率，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)83.6%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)82.2%；全凈(jing)(jing)膛(tang)(tang)屠宰(zai)(zai)率，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)77.9%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)76.5%，胸肌(ji)率，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.9%；腿(tui)肌(ji)率，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%，胸、腿(tui)合計，公(gong)(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)21.6%，母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)22.8%。

肥肝性能

北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)有較好的(de)(de)肥(fei)肝(gan)(gan)性(xing)能(neng)，是國(guo)外生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)肥(fei)肝(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)主要鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)種，用(yong)(yong)80～90日(ri)齡北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)或北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)與瘤(liu)頭鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)雜交的(de)(de)雜種鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)，填飼 2～3周，每只(zhi)可產(chan)肥(fei)肝(gan)(gan) 300～400 g，而且填肥(fei)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)增重快，可達到(dao)肝(gan)(gan)、肉雙收的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。我國(guo)從1980年(nian)(nian)開始用(yong)(yong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)試填肥(fei)胖，1980年(nian)(nian)上(shang)海市青浦縣(xian)徐涇(jing)肥(fei)肝(gan)(gan)場用(yong)(yong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)肥(fei)肝(gan)(gan)10余。3、產(chan)蛋性(xing)能(neng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)不僅具(ju)有優(you)良肉用(yong)(yong)性(xing)能(neng)，而且具(ju)有很高的(de)(de)產(chan)蛋性(xing)能(neng)。60年(nian)(nian)代以前，曾直認為北(bei)(bei)(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)蛋量(liang)為 180個，蛋重為90g以上(shang)。

養(yang)殖(zhi)場人(ren)工(gong)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換羽(yu)是我國北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的傳統種(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)理技術。種(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)在第(di)(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期(qi)末，即產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)9～10個(ge)(ge)月(yue)以后(hou)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)率。種(zhong)蛋(dan)質量和(he)受精率均開(kai)始下降。此(ci)時，通過短(duan)期(qi)限制(zhi)(zhi)飼喂、飲水和(he)照(zhao)明(ming)等措施，迫使(shi)母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)停(ting)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)換羽(yu)，并于40～50d內恢(hui)復產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)，利(li)用第(di)(di)二個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期(qi)。經過人(ren)工(gong)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換羽(yu)的鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)群復產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)整(zheng)齊一(yi)致，保持較(jiao)高的產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)率、種(zhong)蛋(dan)受精率和(he)孵化率。一(yi)般(ban)第(di)(di)二個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期(qi)多為(wei)6個(ge)(ge)月(yue)左右。在兩個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期(qi)內，每只母鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)可產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)280～290個(ge)(ge)。60年(nian)(nian)代以來，國外肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)亦開(kai)始采用人(ren)工(gong)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換羽(yu)，而我國的北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)場中(zhong)有許多卻改為(wei)僅利(li)用種(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的頭一(yi)個(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)年(nian)(nian)，80年(nian)(nian)代初，有些鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)場又(you)開(kai)始采用人(ren)工(gong)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)換羽(yu)。

蛋的品質

據1983年(nian)中國農(nong)業(ye)科學院(yuan)畜牧研究所測定(ding)，72周齡種鴨蛋351個，平均蛋重為(wei) 103 g，蛋殼厚為(wei) 0.358 mm，蛋殼強度為(wei) 4.9 kg/cm2，蛋形指數為(wei) 1.41，哈氏(shi)單位(wei)。為(wei)73.1。

繁殖性能

性成(cheng)熟期為(wei)(wei)150～180日(ri)(ri)齡。公(gong)母(mu)配種(zhong)比例多為(wei)(wei)1：5。種(zhong)蛋受(shou)精率(lv)為(wei)(wei)90%以(yi)(yi)上。受(shou)精蛋孵化率(lv)為(wei)(wei)80 %左右。成(cheng)活率(lv)：1～28日(ri)(ri)齡雛鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)成(cheng)活率(lv)為(wei)(wei)95%以(yi)(yi)上。一般生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)場(chang)每(mei)只(zhi)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)可年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)（繁(fan)殖）80只(zhi)左右肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)或填鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)。育種(zhong)場(chang)的每(mei)只(zhi)母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)年(nian)產(chan)肉鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)100只(zhi)以(yi)(yi)上。

生活習性

北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)性情(qing)溫(wen)馴，膽(dan)小怕驚，非常合(he)(he)群(qun)。北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)作為(wei)水(shui)禽，種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)交配(pei)一般(ban)選擇早(zao)晨或傍晚在廣闊的(de)水(shui)面進行。但在人工旱養條(tiao)件下種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也(ye)能交配(pei)，正常情(qing)況下，成(cheng)年種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)產(chan)蛋主要集中在午夜以(yi)后(hou)到黎(li)明(ming)以(yi)前(qian)這段(duan)時間，此時夜深人靜，沒有任(ren)何(he)吵擾(rao)，最適合(he)(he)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)類繁殖后(hou)代(dai)的(de)特殊要求，北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)一般(ban)不(bu)在白天產(chan)蛋。

相關資料

京(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)”莫(mo)屬。“北京(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)”專選用以(yi)獨(du)特(te)的人工“填鴨(ya)(ya)”法養出的肥美北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)作為原料，由明(ming)、清朝至今，已有幾(ji)百年歷史(shi)。國(guo)家環保總局公布(bu)的一項資(zi)料，卻揭露了(le)一個(ge)驚人的事(shi)實(shi)：由于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)本(ben)土物(wu)種遺傳資(zi)料的流失(shi)，真(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)的“北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)”已幾(ji)乎絕跡，而以(yi)中(zhong)國(guo)“北京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)”配(pei)種繁(fan)育出來(lai)的英國(guo)“櫻(ying)桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya)，取而代(dai)之成為“北京(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)”的真(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)原料。

英“混血”鴨(ya)取代北(bei)京鴨(ya)

國(guo)家環保總局日前(qian)公布一份資(zi)料指出，中(zhong)國(guo)本(ben)土物種遺傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)源流失(shi)狀況堪憂，由于(yu)本(ben)地物種資(zi)料保護(hu)意識落后(hou)，中(zhong)國(guo)正成為發達(da)國(guo)家攫取遺傳(chuan)(chuan)資(zi)源的(de)新目(mu)標。中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)野生大(da)豆、奇(qi)異果甚至家禽都被發達(da)國(guo)家拿走，“混血”改良(liang)后(hou)再重新用來搶占中(zhong)國(guo)市(shi)場。

專家薛達元教授表示，中國(guo)(guo)本土物種流失(shi)最突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)例子是“北(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”，該品(pin)種在英國(guo)(guo)被雜交后繁(fan)育(yu)出(chu)來(lai)新良種“櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷(gu)”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)，后來(lai)，英國(guo)(guo)繁(fan)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷(gu)”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)又重新被引種到中國(guo)(guo)，占領(ling)中國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)市場。現在，在中國(guo)(guo)真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)“北(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”幾乎絕跡，而重新由英國(guo)(guo)引進的(de)(de)(de)(de)“櫻(ying)桃(tao)谷(gu)”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)，成為北(bei)京烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料。

北京鴨引入美國惹轟動

北京鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遺(yi)傳(chuan)資源最早從(cong)中國流(liu)傳(chuan)至外國是在清朝(chao)，美(mei)國人詹姆斯·帕(pa)爾(er)默于1873年(nian)從(cong)天津(jin)將(jiang)(jiang)北京鴨(ya)(ya)運(yun)至美(mei)國，從(cong)此北京鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)遺(yi)傳(chuan)資料流(liu)出(chu)國外。同(tong)年(nian)，英國人克爾(er)又將(jiang)(jiang)北京鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蛋引(yin)入英國，1875年(nian)，英國人將(jiang)(jiang)填肥的(de)北京鴨(ya)(ya)海運(yun)至美(mei)國，立刻(ke)引(yin)起美(mei)國市(shi)場的(de)轟動。當時有文(wen)章寫道：（北京鴨(ya)(ya)）樣品既出(chu)，社會(hui)耳目為之(zhi)一新，紳士名(ming)媛，交與不置。購者驟多，供給缺乏。一時價格騰貴，每卵一枚，當金(jin)元一元之(zhi)價，美(mei)國社會(hui)，遂有鴨(ya)(ya)即金(jin)磚之(zhi)榮(rong)稱(cheng)。

英(ying)國(guo)的(de)櫻桃(tao)谷(gu)鴨(ya)，美(mei)國(guo)長島鴨(ya)等都是在北京鴨(ya)的(de)基(ji)礎上選(xuan)育而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。現(xian)在英(ying)國(guo)的(de)櫻桃(tao)谷(gu)鴨(ya)，已經取代北京鴨(ya)，成(cheng)(cheng)為“北京烤鴨(ya)”的(de)主(zhu)要原料。中國(guo)輸出北京鴨(ya)的(de)物(wu)種時，沒(mei)有獲利(li)，現(xian)在引進英(ying)國(guo)的(de)櫻桃(tao)谷(gu)鴨(ya)種，反(fan)而(er)還必須用(yong)外匯(hui)購買，造成(cheng)(cheng)巨大的(de)經濟損失。