北京(jing)鴨(ya)是世(shi)界著名的優良肉(rou)用鴨(ya)標準品(pin)種。具有生長發(fa)育(yu)(yu)快、育(yu)(yu)肥性(xing)能好的特點,是聞名中外“北京(jing)烤(kao)鴨(ya)”的制作原料。原產于北京(jing)西郊(jiao)玉(yu)泉山一帶,現(xian)已遍布世(shi)界各地(di),在國際養(yang)鴨(ya)業(ye)中占有重(zhong)要地(di)位。
國(guo)內北京鴨肉用性能尚低(di)于國(guo)外先進水平,其中早期生產速度差距(ju)較大,其他如成活率(lv)、孵化率(lv)及(ji)胸肉率(lv)等均有差距(ju)。
品種特征
鳥綱(gang)雁形(xing)目鴨(ya)(ya)科(ke)動物。由綠頭鴨(ya)(ya)馴化而(er)來,是家鴨(ya)(ya)的優良品種之一(yi)。
北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)原(yuan)產(chan)于(yu)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)玉泉(quan)山一帶(dai),因此而得(de)名。它的馴(xun)養歷史(shi)至少有200~300年。羽毛純(chun)白色,嘴、腿(tui)和蹼(pu)呈(cheng)橘紅色,頭和喙較短,頸長,體(ti)質健壯,生(sheng)(sheng)長快,剛出生(sheng)(sheng)時體(ti)重約56克(ke)。60天就可(ke)(ke)達2~2.5千克(ke)。雄(xiong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)可(ke)(ke)長到3~4千克(ke)。雌鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)成熟(shu)早,一般長到6~7個月就開始產(chan)卵(luan)。年產(chan)卵(luan)70~120枚。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)肉(rou)肥(fei)味美,馳(chi)名中外的北(bei)(bei)京(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya),就是(shi)用北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)烤制而成的。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)已傳入外國(guo),世界(jie)各國(guo)都有分布。
北(bei)京鴨(ya)體(ti)型(xing)碩大(da)(da)(da)豐(feng)滿(man)(man),挺(ting)拔美觀。頭較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)。喙(hui)中等(deng)大(da)(da)(da)小。眼大(da)(da)(da)而(er)明亮。頸粗(cu)、中等(deng)長(chang)。體(ti)軀(qu)(qu)長(chang)方,前部(bu)昂起,與地(di)面(mian)約是30°角,背(bei)寬(kuan)平,胸(xiong)部(bu)豐(feng)滿(man)(man),胸(xiong)骨長(chang)而(er)直.兩翅(chi)較(jiao)小而(er)緊(jin)附于(yu)體(ti)軀(qu)(qu)。尾短而(er)上翹,公鴨(ya)有4根卷起的性羽(yu)。產蛋母(mu)鴨(ya)因輸(shu)卵管發(fa)達(da)而(er)腹部(bu)豐(feng)滿(man)(man),顯(xian)得后軀(qu)(qu)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)前軀(qu)(qu),腿短粗(cu),蹼(pu)寬(kuan)厚。全身(shen)羽(yu)毛豐(feng)滿(man)(man),羽(yu)色(se)純白并帶(dai)有奶(nai)油光澤(ze);喙(hui)、脛(jing)、蹼(pu)橙黃(huang)色(se)或橘紅(hong)色(se);虹彩藍灰色(se)。初生雛鴨(ya)絨(rong)羽(yu)金(jin)黃(huang)色(se),稱為“鴨(ya)黃(huang)”,隨(sui)口齡增加顏色(se)逐(zhu)漸變淺,至(zhi)金(jin)周齡前后變成白色(se);至(zhi)60日齡羽(yu)毛長(chang)齊(qi),喙(hui) 、進發(fa)、蹼(pu)橘紅(hong)色(se)。
生產性能
產肉性能
一般鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)群雛鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)初生重(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 58~62g,3周齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 600~700g,7周齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 1750~2000g,9周齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2500~2750g, 150日齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 2750~3000g。長期(qi)以來,北(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于生產填(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),生產程序(xu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幼(you)雛、中(zhong)(zhong)雛和填(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),幼(you)雛和中(zhong)(zhong)雛亦稱“鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)坯(pi)子”階段,用(yong)(yong)7周左右時(shi)間,以后再填(tian)(tian) 10~15d,使填(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)達到(dao) 2.75kg左右的(de)出售標準(zhun)。屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv)(lv):北(bei)京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)因(yin)兩種肉(rou)(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)生產方式而(er)屠(tu)體品質有所不同,其中(zhong)(zhong)填(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)屠(tu)體脂肪(fang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)較高,瘦肉(rou)(rou)率(lv)(lv)(lv)低于未經填(tian)(tian)詞的(de)肉(rou)(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)屠(tu)體。填(tian)(tian)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)半凈膛(tang)屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)80.6,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)81.0%;全(quan)凈膛(tang)屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)73.8%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)74.1%。胸肌(ji)(ji)和腿(tui)肌(ji)(ji)占(zhan)凈膛(tang)的(de)比例分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)6.5%和11.6%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)7.8%和10.7%,胸、腿(tui)肌(ji)(ji)合(he)計(ji),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)18.5%。來自(zi)選育群自(zi)由采食(shi)飼養的(de)肉(rou)(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),半凈膛(tang)屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)83.6%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)82.2%;全(quan)凈膛(tang)屠(tu)宰(zai)率(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)77.9%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)76.5%,胸肌(ji)(ji)率(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.9%;腿(tui)肌(ji)(ji)率(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.3%,胸、腿(tui)合(he)計(ji),公(gong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)21.6%,母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)22.8%。
肥肝性能
北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)有(you)較好的(de)肥(fei)肝(gan)性能,是國外生產(chan)肥(fei)肝(gan)的(de)主(zhu)要鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)種,用(yong)80~90日齡北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)或(huo)北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)與瘤(liu)頭(tou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)雜交的(de)雜種鴨(ya)(ya)(ya),填(tian)飼 2~3周,每(mei)只可產(chan)肥(fei)肝(gan) 300~400 g,而且填(tian)肥(fei)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)增重快,可達到肝(gan)、肉(rou)雙收(shou)的(de)目的(de)。我國從1980年開始用(yong)北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)試填(tian)肥(fei)胖,1980年上(shang)海市青浦縣徐涇(jing)肥(fei)肝(gan)場(chang)用(yong)北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)生產(chan)肥(fei)肝(gan)10余。3、產(chan)蛋性能北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)不僅具(ju)(ju)有(you)優良肉(rou)用(yong)性能,而且具(ju)(ju)有(you)很高的(de)產(chan)蛋性能。60年代以前,曾(ceng)直認為(wei)北(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)年產(chan)蛋量為(wei) 180個,蛋重為(wei)90g以上(shang)。
養殖場人(ren)工強(qiang)(qiang)制換(huan)羽(yu)是我(wo)國北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)傳統種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)理技術。種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)在第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)末,即產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)9~10個(ge)(ge)(ge)月(yue)以(yi)(yi)后,產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)率。種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)質量和(he)(he)(he)受(shou)精率均(jun)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)下降。此時(shi),通過短期(qi)限制飼(si)喂、飲(yin)水和(he)(he)(he)照明等措施,迫使母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)停產(chan)(chan)換(huan)羽(yu),并(bing)于40~50d內(nei)恢復產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan),利(li)用(yong)第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)。經過人(ren)工強(qiang)(qiang)制換(huan)羽(yu)的(de)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)群復產(chan)(chan)整齊(qi)一(yi)致(zhi),保持較高的(de)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)率、種(zhong)(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)受(shou)精率和(he)(he)(he)孵化率。一(yi)般第(di)二個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)多為6個(ge)(ge)(ge)月(yue)左右。在兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)內(nei),每只母(mu)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)可產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)280~290個(ge)(ge)(ge)。60年(nian)代以(yi)(yi)來,國外(wai)肉(rou)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)生產(chan)(chan)中亦開(kai)始(shi)(shi)采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)工強(qiang)(qiang)制換(huan)羽(yu),而我(wo)國的(de)北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)場中有許多卻改為僅利(li)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)頭一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)產(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)年(nian),80年(nian)代初(chu),有些鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)場又開(kai)始(shi)(shi)采(cai)用(yong)人(ren)工強(qiang)(qiang)制換(huan)羽(yu)。
蛋的品質
據1983年(nian)中(zhong)國農業科(ke)學院畜牧研(yan)究所測(ce)定,72周齡種(zhong)鴨蛋351個,平均蛋重為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 103 g,蛋殼厚為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 0.358 mm,蛋殼強(qiang)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 4.9 kg/cm2,蛋形指數為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) 1.41,哈氏單位。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)73.1。
繁殖性能
性成(cheng)熟期為(wei)150~180日(ri)齡。公(gong)母配種比例多(duo)為(wei)1:5。種蛋受精率(lv)為(wei)90%以上(shang)。受精蛋孵化率(lv)為(wei)80 %左(zuo)右。成(cheng)活(huo)率(lv):1~28日(ri)齡雛鴨(ya)成(cheng)活(huo)率(lv)為(wei)95%以上(shang)。一般(ban)生產(chan)場每(mei)只母鴨(ya)可年(nian)生產(chan)(繁殖(zhi))80只左(zuo)右肉(rou)鴨(ya)或填(tian)鴨(ya)。育(yu)種場的每(mei)只母鴨(ya)年(nian)產(chan)肉(rou)鴨(ya)100只以上(shang)。
生活習性
北(bei)京鴨(ya)性情溫馴,膽小怕驚,非(fei)常合群。北(bei)京鴨(ya)作(zuo)為水禽,種(zhong)鴨(ya)交配一般選擇早晨或(huo)傍晚在(zai)廣闊的(de)水面進行。但在(zai)人(ren)工旱養條(tiao)件下種(zhong)鴨(ya)也能(neng)交配,正常情況(kuang)下,成年(nian)種(zhong)鴨(ya)產蛋主要集中(zhong)在(zai)午(wu)夜以(yi)后到黎明以(yi)前這段時間,此時夜深(shen)人(ren)靜(jing),沒有任(ren)何吵擾,最適合鴨(ya)類(lei)繁殖后代的(de)特殊要求,北(bei)京鴨(ya)一般不在(zai)白天產蛋。
相關資料
京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”莫屬(shu)。“北京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”專選用以獨特的(de)人工“填鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”法養出(chu)的(de)肥(fei)美北京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)作為原料(liao),由(you)明、清(qing)朝至今,已有幾百年歷史。國(guo)(guo)家環保總局公布的(de)一項資料(liao),卻揭露(lu)了一個驚人的(de)事實:由(you)于中國(guo)(guo)本土物種遺傳資料(liao)的(de)流失,真正的(de)“北京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”已幾乎絕跡,而以中國(guo)(guo)“北京(jing)(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”配種繁育(yu)出(chu)來的(de)英國(guo)(guo)“櫻桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya)(ya),取而代之成(cheng)為“北京(jing)(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)”的(de)真正原料(liao)。
英“混血”鴨取代北京鴨
國(guo)(guo)家(jia)環保總局日前公布一份資(zi)料(liao)指出,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)本(ben)土物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)遺傳(chuan)資(zi)源流失狀況堪憂,由(you)于(yu)本(ben)地物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)資(zi)料(liao)保護意識落后,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)正成為發達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)攫取(qu)遺傳(chuan)資(zi)源的(de)(de)新目標(biao)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)野生大豆、奇異果(guo)甚至家(jia)禽都被發達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)拿走,“混血”改良后再重(zhong)新用來搶占中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)市場。
專家(jia)薛達元教(jiao)授表示,中國(guo)(guo)本土物種(zhong)流失(shi)最突出的(de)例(li)子是(shi)“北京鴨(ya)(ya)”,該(gai)品種(zhong)在(zai)(zai)英(ying)國(guo)(guo)被雜交后繁(fan)育(yu)出來(lai)新良種(zhong)“櫻桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya),后來(lai),英(ying)國(guo)(guo)繁(fan)育(yu)的(de)“櫻桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya)又重新被引(yin)種(zhong)到中國(guo)(guo),占領中國(guo)(guo)的(de)市(shi)場。現(xian)在(zai)(zai),在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)(guo)真正的(de)“北京鴨(ya)(ya)”幾乎絕跡,而重新由英(ying)國(guo)(guo)引(yin)進的(de)“櫻桃谷”鴨(ya)(ya),成為北京烤鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)主要原料。
北京鴨引入美國惹轟動
北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的物(wu)種遺傳(chuan)資源最早(zao)從中國(guo)(guo)流(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)至(zhi)外國(guo)(guo)是(shi)在清朝(chao),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)人詹姆斯(si)·帕(pa)爾(er)默于(yu)1873年(nian)從天津將北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)運至(zhi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo),從此北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的物(wu)種遺傳(chuan)資料流(liu)(liu)出國(guo)(guo)外。同年(nian),英國(guo)(guo)人克爾(er)又將北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)的種蛋引(yin)入英國(guo)(guo),1875年(nian),英國(guo)(guo)人將填肥的北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)海運至(zhi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo),立刻(ke)引(yin)起美(mei)國(guo)(guo)市場的轟動。當(dang)時(shi)有文章寫道(dao):(北京鴨(ya)(ya)(ya))樣品既出,社會耳目為之(zhi)一(yi)新,紳士名媛(yuan),交與不置。購者驟多,供(gong)給缺乏。一(yi)時(shi)價(jia)格騰貴,每卵一(yi)枚,當(dang)金(jin)元一(yi)元之(zhi)價(jia),美(mei)國(guo)(guo)社會,遂有鴨(ya)(ya)(ya)即金(jin)磚之(zhi)榮稱。
英(ying)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)櫻桃(tao)谷(gu)鴨(ya)(ya),美國(guo)長島鴨(ya)(ya)等都是在(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上選育而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。現在(zai)英(ying)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)櫻桃(tao)谷(gu)鴨(ya)(ya),已經(jing)(jing)取代北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya),成為(wei)“北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)烤鴨(ya)(ya)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料。中(zhong)國(guo)輸出北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)鴨(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物種時(shi),沒有獲利(li),現在(zai)引進英(ying)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)櫻桃(tao)谷(gu)鴨(ya)(ya)種,反而還(huan)必(bi)須用外匯購買,造成巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟損失。