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簡要介紹

新安櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)，又名珠(zhu)(zhu)桃(tao)(tao)、含(han)桃(tao)(tao)，具(ju)有(you)(you)早熟、高產、優質(zhi)、色艷(yan)等特點。它先(xian)百果而熟，立(li)夏前(qian)后即可成(cheng)熟上(shang)(shang)市(shi)；產量(liang)高，樹齡(ling)長(chang)(chang)，成(cheng)樹每(mei)株產400公斤(jin)以上(shang)(shang)；果味酸甜可口，既能生食(shi)，又可釀造，營養豐富(fu)，且(qie)有(you)(you)調中、益脾等醫(yi)療(liao)保健功能；果形珠(zhu)(zhu)圓紅艷(yan)，有(you)(you)“如(ru)珠(zhu)(zhu)未穿孔，似火不(bu)燒人”的(de)美譽。洛陽(yang)(yang)盆(pen)地四(si)周，溝壑縱橫，清溪環繞，向陽(yang)(yang)背風(feng)處(chu)最宜櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)生長(chang)(chang)。洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)產量(liang)豐富(fu)，味道極佳。古(gu)人曾(ceng)贊曰：“雨飛新綠嫩，風(feng)動野(ye)花香，赤玉妝盈村，紅珠(zhu)(zhu)摘滿筐(kuang)”。每(mei)年公歷四(si)月(yue)份(fen)，是(shi)洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的(de)上(shang)(shang)市(shi)季節。

特色

唐太宗《賦得櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)》詩云："華林(lin)滿芳景，洛陽(yang)(yang)遍陽(yang)(yang)春。朱顏(yan)含(han)遠日(ri)，翠色影長津。喬柯囀(zhuan)嬌(jiao)鳥(niao)，低枝(zhi)映美人(ren)。昔作園中(zhong)實，今為席上珍。"洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)，個大(da)(da)肉(rou)肥、色紅(hong)潤、味甘(gan)美。洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)，歷(li)(li)史(shi)悠久，歷(li)(li)代人(ren)民都很(hen)重(zhong)視(shi)栽培。秦漢以來，又被移植在御道旁、皇宮內、花(hua)園中(zhong)。北邙櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)，是(shi)洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)盛產(chan)之地。每當開(kai)花(hua)季節，又形成洛陽(yang)(yang)一大(da)(da)景觀。

史料記載

古代不少人(ren)寫(xie)下了(le)歌(ge)頌(song)洛(luo)陽(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)名篇佳句。唐太宗《賦得櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)》詩(shi)云："畢林滿(man)芳(fang)景，洛(luo)陽(yang)遍(bian)陽(yang)春。朱顏含遠目(mu)，翠色影長津。喬柯囀(zhuan)嬌身，低枝映美人(ren)。昔作(zuo)園中(zhong)實，今為席上珍(zhen)。"清代洛(luo)陽(yang)知(zhi)縣龔松林一(yi)次來到(dao)了(le)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)溝(gou)(gou)，感興而作(zuo)《訪櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)溝(gou)(gou)》一(yi)詩(shi)："為訪櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)溝(gou)(gou)，登臨(lin)向北邙。雨(yu)飛新綠嫩，風(feng)動(dong)野花香(xiang)。赤玉妝盈村，紅(hong)珠(zhu)摘滿(man)筐。衷腸原(yuan)自熱(re)，那用大宮漿！"寫(xie)出(chu)了(le)迷人(ren)的(de)景色。人(ren)們(men)常(chang)說：小曲(qu)好(hao)唱口戲開，櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)好(hao)吃樹難栽(zai)(zai)。要栽(zai)(zai)好(hao)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)樹，除(chu)了(le)栽(zai)(zai)培技術外，還要選好(hao)地方。櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)樹生長的(de)環(huan)境(jing)(jing)要在(zai)向陽(yang)背風(feng)、溝(gou)(gou)壑縱橫的(de)地方，櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)溝(gou)(gou)這種環(huan)境(jing)(jing)正適合了(le)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)生長。

洛陽櫻桃歷史

洛陽盆地四(si)周，溝壑縱橫，清溪曲繞(rao)，向陽背(bei)風(feng)處(chu)最宜櫻(ying)桃(tao)生長，故歷代人民多有(you)栽植。自秦(qin)漢(han)以來，櫻(ying)桃(tao)又被移植到皇宮御園里和(he)達官雅士的(de)(de)花(hua)園之中，使得櫻(ying)桃(tao)栽植較(jiao)為廣(guang)泛。但象櫻(ying)桃(tao)溝村這樣廣(guang)泛集中種植櫻(ying)桃(tao)的(de)(de)，鳳(feng)毛麟角。

洛陽櫻桃(tao)(tao)，個大肉厚，味純甘(gan)美，并有(you)調中益脾、去寒止(zhi)泄的(de)藥物(wu)作用(yong)，素有(you)佳名(ming)。西(xi)周時代，國(guo)都在長安，皇(huang)帝(di)春薦(jian)寢廟(miao)采用(yong)華山(shan)腳下上蘭出產的(de)櫻桃(tao)(tao)。平王東遷洛陽后(hou)(hou)，派臣仆(pu)們四(si)出尋工，最后(hou)(hou)選定邙山(shan)深處櫻桃(tao)(tao)溝所產的(de)櫻桃(tao)(tao)為祭祀珍(zhen)品。

據清《洛陽(yang)縣志》載(zai)：“櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃溝，一(yi)在(zai)縣東(dong)北五里(li)瀍水東(dong)，名(ming)小(xiao)溝；一(yi)在(zai)縣西北三十(shi)里(li)，名(ming)大溝。……大溝尤佳，延(yan)十(shi)余里(li)。”櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃溝的櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)桃不(bu)僅品種多，據周師厚《洛陽(yang)花木記(ji)》載(zai)：有紫櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、臘櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、滑臺(tai)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、朱皮櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、旱櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、吳(wu)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、甜果子、急溜子、千葉(xie)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)等11種，而且紅(hong)亮耐看，特別惹人(ren)喜愛。

春天一(yi)到，櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃溝里溝溝岔岔，開滿(man)一(yi)簇簇潔白的櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)花，迎(ying)風(feng)搖曳，鮮(xian)艷嬌麗，馥郁的芳香撲(pu)面而來。幾天工(gong)夫(fu)，萬(wan)樹(shu)銀花突然(ran)變(bian)成了(le)滿(man)溝金果，紅艷艷，亮晶(jing)晶(jing)，似(si)珍珠，像(xiang)瑪瑙(nao)，令游人(ren)(ren)心醉(zui)。看一(yi)眼便(bian)讓人(ren)(ren)滿(man)口生津。因而被(bei)(bei)賦予“如珠未穿孔，似(si)火不燒人(ren)(ren)”的美(mei)譽。所以，“瀍壑朱櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)”被(bei)(bei)列為洛(luo)陽八小(xiao)景之一(yi)。

洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)歷(li)史悠久(jiu)，如一枚深藏于貝(bei)殼里(li)的珍(zhen)珠，經(jing)歷(li)著(zhu)朝代的盛(sheng)衰(shuai)。洛陽(yang)(yang)作為九朝古都(dou)，自古以(yi)來海(hai)納(na)自然人文美景。歷(li)代文人墨客都(dou)寫下(xia)(xia)了許(xu)多詠(yong)贊櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的詩(shi)篇。唐太宗李世(shi)民不僅愛吃櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)，而且寫下(xia)(xia)一首《賦得櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)》的詩(shi)：

“華林滿芳景，洛(luo)陽(yang)遍陽(yang)春。朱(zhu)顏含(han)遠日，翠色影長津(jin)。喬柯囀嬌鳥，低枝映(ying)美人。昔作園中實，今為(wei)席上珍。”

久居(ju)洛(luo)陽(yang)的白(bai)居(ju)易(yi)、梅堯臣都有(you)(you)歌頌洛(luo)陽(yang)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的名篇佳句(ju)。清高宗乾(qian)隆七年，洛(luo)陽(yang)知(zhi)縣龔松(song)林，一(yi)(yi)次在櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)成熟(shu)季節興(xing)致勃勃地游覽了櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)，情(qing)不(bu)自禁地即興(xing)寫下一(yi)(yi)首《游櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)詩》，詩中(zhong)有(you)(you)：“為訪(fang)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)，登臨向(xiang)北邙。雨飛新綠嫩，風動野花香。赤玉妝盈村，紅珠摘滿(man)筐。”的句(ju)子，描繪了櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)迷人的景色(se)。

清(qing)高宗乾隆七年，洛(luo)陽(yang)知縣龔松林在櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)成熟季節游覽了櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)，喜不自禁地作詩《游櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)》，描寫贊美了那里的(de)迷(mi)人景色："雨飛新綠嫩，風動野花香。赤(chi)玉(yu)妝盈(ying)村，紅(hong)珠摘(zhai)滿筐。"

現在(zai)(zai)人們(men)賞櫻桃，多在(zai)(zai)陰歷四月初(chu)，到“櫻桃溝(gou)”即(ji)洛陽郊區紅(hong)山鄉王坑村(cun)和新安縣五頭鎮獨(du)樹村(cun)、大凹村(cun)一帶。

洛陽櫻桃功效

櫻桃全身皆可(ke)人藥，鮮(xian)果具(ju)有發汗、益氣、祛(qu)風、透(tou)疹的功效(xiao)，適用于貧血(xue)(xue)、四肢麻(ma)木和風濕(shi)性(xing)腰(yao)腿病(bing)的食療(liao)。櫻桃的葉(xie)、枝、根有溫胃、止血(xue)(xue)、解(jie)毒之功。古書記載和民間流傳均有許多用櫻桃治療(liao)疾病(bing)的驗(yan)方。

特定生產方式

3.1 產(chan)(chan)地(di)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇與(yu)特(te)殊(shu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容規定(ding)(ding)： 3.1.1 氣(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian) ①溫度(du)(du)(du)(du)：新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃適宜(yi)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫10℃～12℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區，萌(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du)(du)是10℃，開(kai)(kai)花期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)15℃，果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)20℃。休眠期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)需(xu)冷量（7℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)）為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)800～1500小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 ②水(shui)(shui)分(fen)：新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃適宜(yi)于(yu)年(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量600～800mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。 ③土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)：新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃適宜(yi)于(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質疏松(song)、透氣(qi)(qi)良(liang)(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)、保(bao)水(shui)(shui)力(li)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)礫質土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)上(shang)栽(zai)(zai)培。適宜(yi)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)微(wei)(wei)酸性的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)，PH值為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6.0～7.5，含鹽量不高(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)0.1%。 ④光照(zhao)：新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喜光樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)，全年(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2600小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)。 3.1.2 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)環(huan)境條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian) 新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃對土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)、氣(qi)(qi)候要(yao)求比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)嚴格，既(ji)怕(pa)旱(han)又怕(pa)澇(lao)，因此(ci)要(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)沃，透氣(qi)(qi)性較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性或(huo)(huo)偏酸性沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)輕黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)塊建園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)勢高(gao)(gao)(gao)，雨季(ji)(ji)不易積水(shui)(shui)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區有(you)(you)灌(guan)(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)源，干旱(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)澆水(shui)(shui)。最好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇背(bei)風向陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)半坡，不能選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇山(shan)溝(gou)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)壩頭(tou)地(di)，雖然壩頭(tou)地(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)早春(chun)容易遭到(dao)霜凍(dong)。 3.2 品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇與(yu)特(te)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)求： 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)豐產(chan)(chan)、優質、高(gao)(gao)(gao)效、抗逆(ni)性強的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)1.3m以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)，嫁(jia)接部位以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)5cm處直徑(jing)達到(dao)1㎝，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)側(ce)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)飽滿(man)，無損(sun)傷(shang)。側(ce)根3～5條(tiao)(tiao)，須(xu)根較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多。嫁(jia)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)砧木(mu)(mu)要(yao)與(yu)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)親(qin)合(he)(he)(he)(he)力(li)強，不帶(dai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒或(huo)(huo)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)，根系(xi)(xi)發達，抗逆(ni)性強，如(ru)大(da)(da)青葉(xie)(xie)、考脫（Colt）、吉塞拉(la)(Gisela)等(deng)。 主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)授(shou)(shou)(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)要(yao)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)搭配，保(bao)證授(shou)(shou)(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)與(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)授(shou)(shou)(shou)粉親(qin)和(he)(he)(he)力(li)強，花期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相遇。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)應(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)兩個以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)(shou)(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)，授(shou)(shou)(shou)粉樹(shu)(shu)(shu)比例20%～30%。 3.3 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。包括農(nong)(nong)業(ye)投入(ru)品(pin)(pin)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊(shu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)規定(ding)(ding)。 3.4 建園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 3.4.1 整地(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei) 栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)平(ping)(ping)整土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)，山(shan)丘地(di)外高(gao)(gao)(gao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)低，坡地(di)和(he)(he)(he)寬幅(fu)梯(ti)田地(di)起壟栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。全面(mian)(mian)深翻(fan)或(huo)(huo)按行(xing)(xing)(xing)距挖(wa)(wa)寬1m、深0.8m的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溝(gou)，或(huo)(huo)長(chang)、寬、深各0.8m 的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。將溝(gou)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)與(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料拌勻后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)回(hui)填溝(gou)（穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)）內(nei)(nei)(nei)，并(bing)(bing)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)沉實(shi)(shi)(shi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)備栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)3000㎏左右(you)。 3.4.2 適時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春(chun)季(ji)(ji)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)子萌(meng)動(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 3.4.3 栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du) 根據立地(di)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力(li)、苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)類型、品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)特(te)性等(deng)確定(ding)(ding)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)喬化(hua)(hua)砧木(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)株行(xing)(xing)(xing)距為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4～3m×5～4m，每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)33～56株；采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)矮化(hua)(hua)砧木(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)株行(xing)(xing)(xing)距為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3～2×4m，每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)56～84株。 3.4.4 栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa) 栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，把(ba)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內(nei)(nei)(nei)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)根系(xi)(xi)自(zi)然舒展，填土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，要(yao)將苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)略微(wei)(wei)上(shang)提(ti)使(shi)(shi)(shi)根伸(shen)直并(bing)(bing)與(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)密(mi)(mi)接，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)踏實(shi)(shi)(shi)。栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深度(du)(du)(du)(du)與(yu)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)圃中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原來生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)深度(du)(du)(du)(du)相同或(huo)(huo)略深。最后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)將余土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填平(ping)(ping)，澆水(shui)(shui)封穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，并(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)干周圍培成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)30cm左右(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆。栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)15天(tian)(tian)(tian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)如(ru)天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)干旱(han)要(yao)澆一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)。 3.5 果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li) 3.5.1 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)改(gai)良(liang)(liang)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)覆(fu)蓋(gai) 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)瘠薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)深翻(fan)擴穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)活(huo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層達到(dao)60cm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)；沙(sha)地(di)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)抽沙(sha)換土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)或(huo)(huo)客(ke)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)客(ke)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)參沙(sha)等(deng)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，改(gai)良(liang)(liang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)清(qing)(qing)耕(geng)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)季(ji)(ji)節(jie)降雨或(huo)(huo)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)松(song)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，保(bao)持土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)疏松(song)無雜草，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)深度(du)(du)(du)(du)5～10cm。實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)覆(fu)蓋(gai)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春(chun)夏季(ji)(ji)節(jie)每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)覆(fu)蓋(gai)作(zuo)物(wu)秸稈(gan)或(huo)(huo)雜草1000～1500kg，覆(fu)蓋(gai)厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)10～15cm，上(shang)面(mian)(mian)適量壓(ya)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，連覆(fu)2～3年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)深翻(fan)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。 3.5.2 水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li) 要(yao)澆好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)花前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)、硬核(he)水(shui)(shui)、采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)水(shui)(shui)。當(dang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)干旱(han)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)含水(shui)(shui)量降到(dao)田間(jian)(jian)最大(da)(da)持水(shui)(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，要(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)方(fang)式(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)畦灌(guan)(guan)、穴(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)灌(guan)(guan)、溝(gou)灌(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，有(you)(you)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)滴(di)灌(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)微(wei)(wei)噴(pen)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雨季(ji)(ji)，要(yao)挖(wa)(wa)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)排水(shui)(shui)溝(gou)，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)排出園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)積水(shui)(shui)。 施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)足基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)磷鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。 ①基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：秋季(ji)(ji)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)（9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)到(dao)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)份）施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，混加(jia)少量氮(dan)素化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量按1kg鮮果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2～3kg優質農(nong)(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)計(ji)算，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)盛(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2000～3000kg優質腐熟(shu)農(nong)(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)撒施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部位在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠投影(ying)范圍內(nei)(nei)(nei)。 ②追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)三(san)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)；第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)膨(peng)大(da)(da)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)磷鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，氮(dan)磷鉀(jia)混合(he)(he)(he)(he)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；第三(san)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特(te)點(dian)確定(ding)(ding)，結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)每(mei)(mei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)100kg大(da)(da)櫻(ying)桃需(xu)追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)純氮(dan)1kg、五氧化(hua)(hua)二(er)磷0.5kg、氧化(hua)(hua)鉀(jia)1kg。方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠下(xia)(xia)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)，溝(gou)深15～20cm，追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)。 3.6 花果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li) 花期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)工授(shou)(shou)(shou)粉提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)坐果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率，推廣花期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)放蜂輔(fu)助授(shou)(shou)(shou)粉，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)開(kai)(kai)花初期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)釋放壁蜂100頭(tou)左右(you)。盛(sheng)(sheng)花期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)疏去弱(ruo)質花、畸形(xing)(xing)花，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)(li)(li)落(luo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)結束后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，疏去小(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)(he)畸形(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)適當(dang)摘除(chu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)遮光葉(xie)(xie)片，促(cu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)全面(mian)(mian)均勻著色，還(huan)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠下(xia)(xia)鋪反(fan)光膜(mo)。 3.7 整形(xing)(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)剪 根據栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、干性強弱(ruo)和(he)(he)(he)根系(xi)(xi)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)4～3m×4.5～4m、干性弱(ruo)、根系(xi)(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)淺的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)可采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)然形(xing)(xing)。密(mi)(mi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3～2m×3.5～3m、干性強、根系(xi)(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)改(gai)良(liang)(liang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干形(xing)(xing)。做好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)夏、冬兩季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪。 夏季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)4～8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)抹芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、刻(ke)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、拉(la)枝、摘心、扭梢、剪梢等(deng)技術，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)調(diao)控樹(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)長(chang)勢，改(gai)善光照(zhao)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，促(cu)進(jin)(jin)花芽(ya)(ya)(ya)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。 冬季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，根據樹(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)發育狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)疏枝、緩放、短(duan)截、回(hui)縮(suo)等(deng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。剪口(kou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)愈傷(shang)防(fang)(fang)腐膜(mo)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封閉，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)傷(shang)口(kou)愈合(he)(he)(he)(he)組織(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。冬季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)注意(yi)剪除(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枝，清(qing)(qing)除(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)僵(jiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 3.8 病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)： 3.8.1 防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)原則(ze) 按照(zhao)“預防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)方(fang)針，堅持“農(nong)(nong)業(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)，物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，化(hua)(hua)學防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔(fu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)無害(hai)(hai)化(hua)(hua)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)原則(ze)。 3.8.2 農(nong)(nong)業(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi) 合(he)(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)輪作(zuo)、加(jia)強肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，調(diao)整果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)營(ying)養狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang)，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)能力(li)，抑制(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。 3.8.3 物(wu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi) 根據害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學特(te)性，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)人(ren)工撲殺、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干纏草把(ba)和(he)(he)(he)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)燈誘殺等(deng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。 3.8.4 化(hua)(hua)學防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi) 根據各時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)類、程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)等(deng)，科學合(he)(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)強病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預測預報的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上(shang)，做到(dao)有(you)(you)針對性的(de)(de)(de)(de)適時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)，未達到(dao)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)指標或(huo)(huo)益(yi)、害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)比合(he)(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)不用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)。允許使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，每(mei)(mei)種(zhong)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)最多使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。最后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)距采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)隔應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)20天(tian)(tian)(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)。限制(zhi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，每(mei)(mei)種(zhong)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)最多使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。 ①休眠期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初至2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun))：結合(he)(he)(he)(he)冬季(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪涂刷30～50石硫合(he)(he)(he)(he)劑(ji)(ji)，萌(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)15～20天(tian)(tian)(tian)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)30%機油(you)石硫微(wei)(wei)乳劑(ji)(ji)800倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)加(jia)10%蚜虱凈(jing)可濕(shi)性粉劑(ji)(ji)3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)清(qing)(qing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)越冬蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)穿(chuan)孔病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)葉(xie)(xie)部病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)。 ②萌(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)至3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初)：全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)遍30～50石硫合(he)(he)(he)(he)劑(ji)(ji)，防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)越冬蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)穿(chuan)孔病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)葉(xie)(xie)部病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)。 ③開(kai)(kai)花期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)(xun)至4月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun))：花后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)10%高(gao)(gao)(gao)效氯(lv)氰(qing)菊(ju)酯(zhi)1500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)。 ④花芽(ya)(ya)(ya)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)梢旺長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)至8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)(xun))：雨后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)遍10%多菌(jun)靈800～1000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)，或(huo)(huo)75%百(bai)菌(jun)清(qing)(qing)500～600倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)穿(chuan)孔病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)；用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)10%溴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)腈懸浮劑(ji)(ji)1500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)或(huo)(huo)阿維(wei)菌(jun)素3000～4000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)，防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)螨類、黃刺蛾等(deng)害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。 ⑤新(xin)(xin)梢緩慢生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)(xun)至9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)末)：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菊(ju)酯(zhi)類農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)青葉(xie)(xie)蟬(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)波(bo)爾多液(ye)(ye)、代森錳(meng)鋅、農(nong)(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鏈(lian)霉素等(deng)葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)噴(pen)霧(wu)(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)葉(xie)(xie)片。 3.9 產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)獲及(ji)(ji)處理(li)(li)(li)(li) 3.9.1 采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi) 根據果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途和(he)(he)(he)市場需(xu)求綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)確定(ding)(ding)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。就地(di)銷售(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)充(chong)分(fen)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)；長(chang)途運輸或(huo)(huo)貯藏保(bao)鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)八、九分(fen)熟(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)不一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)，應(ying)(ying)分(fen)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)。 3.9.2 采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)方(fang)法(fa)(fa) 采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)工采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)晴天(tian)(tian)(tian)傍晚(wan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘下(xia)(xia)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)，存放于(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)干凈(jing)陰涼(liang)處，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剔(ti)除(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、僵(jiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、爛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，要(yao)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)級。 3.10 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記(ji)錄要(yao)求 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)整個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，設專人(ren)做好(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)記(ji)錄：生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)地(di)點(dian)、農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)名稱(cheng)(cheng)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)耕(geng)作(zuo)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)（藥(yao)）名稱(cheng)(cheng)、方(fang)式(shi)、時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量，產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)收(shou)(shou)(shou)獲、倉儲(chu)、銷售(shou)等(deng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)日期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、方(fang)式(shi)、數量等(deng)。