簡要介紹
新(xin)安櫻(ying)桃,又(you)名(ming)珠(zhu)桃、含(han)桃,具(ju)有早熟(shu)、高(gao)產、優質、色艷等特(te)點(dian)。它先百果而(er)熟(shu),立夏前后即可成(cheng)熟(shu)上市;產量高(gao),樹(shu)齡長,成(cheng)樹(shu)每(mei)株產400公斤以上;果味酸甜可口,既能生(sheng)食,又(you)可釀(niang)造,營養豐富,且有調中、益脾等醫療保健功能;果形珠(zhu)圓(yuan)紅(hong)艷,有“如珠(zhu)未穿孔,似火不(bu)燒人(ren)”的美譽。洛陽(yang)(yang)盆地四周,溝壑縱橫,清溪環繞,向陽(yang)(yang)背風處最宜櫻(ying)桃生(sheng)長。洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)桃產量豐富,味道極佳(jia)。古人(ren)曾贊曰:“雨飛新(xin)綠(lv)嫩(nen),風動野(ye)花香,赤玉妝盈(ying)村,紅(hong)珠(zhu)摘滿筐”。每(mei)年公歷四月份,是洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)桃的上市季節(jie)。
特色
唐太宗《賦得櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)》詩(shi)云:"華林滿芳景(jing),洛(luo)陽(yang)遍陽(yang)春。朱顏含(han)遠日,翠色(se)影長津。喬(qiao)柯囀嬌(jiao)鳥,低枝映美人。昔作園(yuan)中(zhong)實(shi),今(jin)為席上珍(zhen)。"洛(luo)陽(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao),個大肉(rou)肥、色(se)紅潤、味甘美。洛(luo)陽(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao),歷史悠久,歷代人民(min)都很(hen)重視栽培。秦漢以來,又被移植(zhi)在御(yu)道旁、皇宮內、花園(yuan)中(zhong)。北邙(mang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝,是洛(luo)陽(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)盛產之地(di)。每當開花季節,又形成洛(luo)陽(yang)一大景(jing)觀。
史料記載
古代不少人寫下了歌頌洛(luo)陽(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)名(ming)篇佳句。唐(tang)太(tai)宗《賦得櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)》詩(shi)云:"畢林滿芳(fang)景,洛(luo)陽(yang)遍(bian)陽(yang)春。朱(zhu)顏含遠目,翠色影(ying)長(chang)津。喬柯囀(zhuan)嬌(jiao)身,低(di)枝映(ying)美人。昔作(zuo)園中(zhong)實(shi),今為(wei)席(xi)上珍。"清代洛(luo)陽(yang)知縣龔(gong)松林一次(ci)來到了櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝,感興而作(zuo)《訪(fang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝》一詩(shi):"為(wei)訪(fang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝,登臨向北邙。雨(yu)飛新綠(lv)嫩,風(feng)動野花香。赤(chi)玉妝(zhuang)盈村,紅珠摘滿筐。衷腸原自熱(re),那用大宮漿(jiang)!"寫出(chu)了迷人的(de)(de)景色。人們常說:小曲(qu)好(hao)唱口戲(xi)開,櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)好(hao)吃樹難(nan)栽。要栽好(hao)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)樹,除了栽培技術外(wai),還(huan)要選好(hao)地方。櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)樹生長(chang)的(de)(de)環境(jing)(jing)要在向陽(yang)背(bei)風(feng)、溝壑(he)縱橫的(de)(de)地方,櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝這種環境(jing)(jing)正適(shi)合了櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)生長(chang)。
洛陽櫻桃歷史
洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)盆(pen)地(di)四(si)周,溝壑(he)縱橫,清溪(xi)曲(qu)繞,向陽(yang)(yang)背風處最宜櫻桃生長,故歷代人民多有(you)栽植。自秦漢(han)以來,櫻桃又被移植到(dao)皇宮御園里和達(da)官雅士的花園之中,使(shi)得櫻桃栽植較(jiao)為廣(guang)泛(fan)。但象櫻桃溝村這樣廣(guang)泛(fan)集中種植櫻桃的,鳳毛麟角。
洛(luo)陽(yang)櫻桃,個大肉(rou)厚,味純甘美,并有調中益脾、去寒止泄的(de)(de)藥物作(zuo)用(yong),素有佳名。西周時代,國都在長安,皇帝春薦寢廟(miao)采用(yong)華山(shan)腳下上蘭(lan)出產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)櫻桃。平王東遷洛(luo)陽(yang)后,派臣仆們四出尋工(gong),最(zui)后選定邙山(shan)深處櫻桃溝所產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)櫻桃為祭祀珍品。
據清《洛(luo)陽縣(xian)志》載:“櫻(ying)(ying)桃溝(gou),一(yi)在(zai)(zai)縣(xian)東北五里瀍水東,名小(xiao)溝(gou);一(yi)在(zai)(zai)縣(xian)西(xi)北三(san)十(shi)里,名大溝(gou)。……大溝(gou)尤佳,延十(shi)余(yu)里。”櫻(ying)(ying)桃溝(gou)的櫻(ying)(ying)桃不僅品種(zhong)多,據周(zhou)師(shi)厚《洛(luo)陽花木記》載:有紫(zi)櫻(ying)(ying)、臘櫻(ying)(ying)、滑臺(tai)櫻(ying)(ying)、朱(zhu)皮櫻(ying)(ying)、旱櫻(ying)(ying)、吳櫻(ying)(ying)、甜果子(zi)、急溜子(zi)、千葉櫻(ying)(ying)等11種(zhong),而且紅亮(liang)耐(nai)看,特(te)別惹人喜愛。
春天(tian)一到(dao),櫻(ying)桃溝(gou)里(li)溝(gou)溝(gou)岔岔,開滿(man)(man)一簇簇潔白的(de)櫻(ying)花(hua),迎風搖(yao)曳(ye),鮮艷嬌(jiao)麗,馥(fu)郁(yu)的(de)芳香撲面而(er)來。幾天(tian)工夫,萬樹(shu)銀花(hua)突然變(bian)成了滿(man)(man)溝(gou)金果,紅(hong)艷艷,亮(liang)晶晶,似珍珠,像瑪瑙,令游(you)人(ren)心醉。看一眼便讓(rang)人(ren)滿(man)(man)口生津。因(yin)而(er)被(bei)賦(fu)予“如珠未穿孔,似火不燒人(ren)”的(de)美譽。所以,“瀍壑朱櫻(ying)”被(bei)列為(wei)洛陽(yang)八(ba)小景之(zhi)一。
洛陽(yang)櫻桃(tao)(tao)歷(li)史悠(you)久,如一枚深藏于貝殼(ke)里的(de)(de)珍珠,經歷(li)著(zhu)朝代(dai)的(de)(de)盛衰。洛陽(yang)作為(wei)九朝古都,自(zi)古以來海(hai)納自(zi)然人文美景。歷(li)代(dai)文人墨客都寫下了許多詠贊櫻桃(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)詩(shi)篇。唐太(tai)宗李世民不僅(jin)愛吃(chi)櫻桃(tao)(tao),而(er)且寫下一首《賦得櫻桃(tao)(tao)》的(de)(de)詩(shi):
“華林滿芳(fang)景,洛陽(yang)遍陽(yang)春。朱顏(yan)含遠日,翠色影長津。喬(qiao)柯囀嬌鳥,低枝(zhi)映美人。昔作園中實,今為席上(shang)珍。”
久居洛(luo)陽的(de)白居易、梅堯臣都(dou)有歌頌(song)洛(luo)陽櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)名篇佳句。清高宗(zong)乾(qian)隆七年,洛(luo)陽知縣龔松(song)林,一次在(zai)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)成熟季節(jie)興(xing)致(zhi)勃(bo)勃(bo)地游(you)覽了櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝,情(qing)不自禁地即(ji)興(xing)寫下一首《游(you)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝詩》,詩中有:“為訪櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝,登臨向北邙。雨飛新綠嫩,風動野花香。赤玉(yu)妝(zhuang)盈村,紅珠摘滿筐。”的(de)句子,描繪了櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)(tao)溝迷人的(de)景色。
清高宗乾隆七年,洛陽知縣龔松(song)林在櫻桃(tao)成(cheng)熟季節游覽了(le)櫻桃(tao)溝,喜不自禁地作詩《游櫻桃(tao)溝》,描(miao)寫贊美了(le)那里的迷(mi)人景色:"雨飛新綠嫩,風動野花香。赤玉妝盈(ying)村,紅珠摘滿筐(kuang)。"
現(xian)在人們(men)賞櫻(ying)桃,多在陰歷四月初(chu),到(dao)“櫻(ying)桃溝(gou)”即洛(luo)陽郊(jiao)區紅山鄉王坑村和(he)新安縣五(wu)頭鎮(zhen)獨樹村、大凹(ao)村一帶(dai)。
洛陽櫻桃功效
櫻桃(tao)(tao)全身皆(jie)可人(ren)藥,鮮果具有發汗、益氣、祛風、透(tou)疹(zhen)的功效,適用于貧血、四肢(zhi)麻木和風濕性(xing)腰(yao)腿(tui)病的食(shi)療(liao)。櫻桃(tao)(tao)的葉、枝、根有溫胃(wei)、止血、解毒之(zhi)功。古書記載和民間流傳均有許多用櫻桃(tao)(tao)治療(liao)疾病的驗方。
特定生產方式
3.1 產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)與(yu)特殊內(nei)容(rong)(rong)規(gui)定(ding): 3.1.1 氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)條(tiao)件(jian) ①溫度(du)(du)(du):新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫10℃~12℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du)是10℃,開花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)15℃,果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)20℃。休(xiu)眠(mian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)需(xu)冷量(7℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia))為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)800~1500小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 ②水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen):新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)于(yu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量600~800mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。 ③土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang):新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)于(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)松(song)、透氣(qi)良(liang)(liang)好、保(bao)(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)(li)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沙壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)礫質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)培(pei)。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)微酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang),PH值為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6.0~7.5,含鹽量不(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)于(yu)0.1%。 ④光(guang)照:新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喜光(guang)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),全年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)2600小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。 3.1.2 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環境條(tiao)件(jian) 新(xin)(xin)安櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)對(dui)(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)、氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)要求(qiu)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)嚴格(ge),既怕旱又怕澇,因此要選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)沃,透氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)偏酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沙壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)輕黏(nian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)塊建園(yuan)(yuan)。園(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao),雨季(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)易積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。園(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)有(you)(you)灌溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan),干(gan)(gan)旱時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。最好選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)背風向陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)半坡,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)山溝(gou)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壩頭(tou)地(di)(di)(di)(di),雖然(ran)壩頭(tou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)好,但在(zai)(zai)(zai)早(zao)春(chun)容(rong)(rong)易遭到(dao)霜(shuang)凍。 3.2 品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)與(yu)特定(ding)要求(qiu): 選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)豐產(chan)(chan)、優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)效、抗逆(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)1.3m以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),嫁接部(bu)位(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)5cm處直(zhi)徑達(da)(da)到(dao)1㎝,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)側芽(ya)(ya)(ya)飽滿,無(wu)損(sun)傷(shang)。側根(gen)3~5條(tiao),須根(gen)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)。嫁接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)要與(yu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)親(qin)合(he)(he)(he)力(li)(li)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)帶病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),根(gen)系(xi)發達(da)(da),抗逆(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),如大(da)(da)青葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)、考脫(Colt)、吉(ji)塞拉(Gisela)等(deng)(deng)。 主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要好搭配,保(bao)(bao)證授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)親(qin)和(he)(he)(he)力(li)(li)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相遇。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)應(ying)有(you)(you)兩個以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)樹(shu)(shu)比(bi)例20%~30%。 3.3 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。包括農(nong)(nong)(nong)業投(tou)入品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)規(gui)定(ding)。 3.4 建園(yuan)(yuan)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 3.4.1 整地(di)(di)(di)(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei) 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)平整土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di),山丘地(di)(di)(di)(di)外高(gao)(gao)(gao)內(nei)低,坡地(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)寬幅梯田(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)起壟(long)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。全面(mian)深(shen)翻或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)按行(xing)距(ju)(ju)挖寬1m、深(shen)0.8m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溝(gou),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)、寬、深(shen)各(ge)0.8m 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue)。將溝(gou)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)與(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料拌勻(yun)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)回(hui)填(tian)溝(gou)(穴(xue)(xue))內(nei),并灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沉實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)備(bei)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量一(yi)(yi)般(ban)每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)3000㎏左右(you)。 3.4.2 適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)子萌(meng)(meng)動時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 3.4.3 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du) 根(gen)據(ju)立(li)地(di)(di)(di)(di)條(tiao)件(jian)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)力(li)(li)、苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)類(lei)型(xing)、品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)確(que)定(ding)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia),采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)喬(qiao)化砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)株(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4~3m×5~4m,每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)33~56株(zhu);采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)矮化砧(zhen)木(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)株(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3~2×4m,每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)56~84株(zhu)。 3.4.4 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa) 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),把苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)(xue)內(nei),使(shi)(shi)根(gen)系(xi)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)舒展,填(tian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),要將苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)略微上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提使(shi)(shi)根(gen)伸直(zhi)并與(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)密(mi)(mi)接,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)踏實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)圃中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原來生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)相同或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)略深(shen)。最后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)將余(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填(tian)平,澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)封穴(xue)(xue),并在(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)干(gan)(gan)周圍(wei)培(pei)成(cheng)30cm左右(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)15天(tian)內(nei)如天(tian)氣(qi)干(gan)(gan)旱要澆(jiao)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.5 果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) 3.5.1 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)改良(liang)(liang)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai) 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)瘠薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan),采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)深(shen)翻擴穴(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),使(shi)(shi)活土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層達(da)(da)到(dao)60cm以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);沙地(di)(di)(di)(di)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)抽沙換土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)客土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),黏(nian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)客土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)參沙等(deng)(deng)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),改良(liang)(liang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)清(qing)耕制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節降(jiang)雨或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕松(song)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),保(bao)(bao)持土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)疏(shu)松(song)無(wu)雜(za)草,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)5~10cm。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan),在(zai)(zai)(zai)春(chun)夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)作物秸(jie)稈(gan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)雜(za)草1000~1500kg,覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)厚度(du)(du)(du)10~15cm,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量壓(ya)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),連覆(fu)(fu)2~3年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)深(shen)翻一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)。 3.5.2 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) 要澆(jiao)好花(hua)前(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、硬核水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、采(cai)(cai)(cai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)采(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。當天(tian)氣(qi)干(gan)(gan)旱、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量降(jiang)到(dao)田(tian)間最大(da)(da)持水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),要及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)式以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)畦灌、穴(xue)(xue)灌、溝(gou)灌為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),有(you)(you)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)滴灌或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)微噴(pen)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)雨季(ji)(ji)(ji),要挖好排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou),及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)排(pai)出園(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)足基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)磷(lin)(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。 ①基(ji)(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(9月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)到(dao)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)份)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),混加少量氮素(su)化肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量按1kg鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2~3kg優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)計算,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)盛(sheng)果(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2000~3000kg優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腐(fu)熟(shu)(shu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)家(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)撒施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)部(bu)位(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)(guan)投(tou)影(ying)范圍(wei)內(nei)。 ②追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)三次(ci)(ci),第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu);第(di)二次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)膨大(da)(da)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)磷(lin)(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),氮磷(lin)(lin)鉀(jia)混合(he)(he)(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);第(di)三次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特點確(que)定(ding),結(jie)果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)每(mei)(mei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)100kg大(da)(da)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)需(xu)追(zhui)(zhui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)純氮1kg、五氧化二磷(lin)(lin)0.5kg、氧化鉀(jia)1kg。方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)(guan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)開溝(gou),溝(gou)深(shen)15~20cm,追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.6 花(hua)果(guo)(guo)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li) 花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進行(xing)人(ren)工授(shou)粉(fen)(fen)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)坐果(guo)(guo)率(lv),推廣花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)放(fang)蜂輔助授(shou)粉(fen)(fen),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)開花(hua)初(chu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),每(mei)(mei)畝(mu)(mu)果(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)釋放(fang)壁蜂100頭(tou)左右(you)。盛(sheng)花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)疏(shu)去(qu)(qu)弱質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)、畸形(xing)花(hua),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)落果(guo)(guo)結(jie)束(shu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),疏(shu)去(qu)(qu)小果(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)(he)畸形(xing)果(guo)(guo)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當摘(zhai)除果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮光(guang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)片,促使(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全面(mian)均勻(yun)著色,還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)(guan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)鋪反光(guang)膜。 3.7 整形(xing)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian) 根(gen)據(ju)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)、干(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)弱和(he)(he)(he)根(gen)系(xi)狀況(kuang)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)4~3m×4.5~4m、干(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)弱、根(gen)系(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)淺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)形(xing)。密(mi)(mi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3~2m×3.5~3m、干(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、根(gen)系(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)改良(liang)(liang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)(gan)形(xing)。做好夏(xia)(xia)、冬(dong)兩季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)。 夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)4~8月(yue)(yue)(yue)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間,應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)抹芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、刻芽(ya)(ya)(ya)、拉枝、摘(zhai)心、扭(niu)梢、剪(jian)(jian)梢等(deng)(deng)技術,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要調控樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)勢(shi),改善光(guang)照條(tiao)件(jian),促進花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)形(xing)成(cheng)。 冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)進行(xing),根(gen)據(ju)樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)發育(yu)狀況(kuang),采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)疏(shu)枝、緩(huan)放(fang)、短截、回(hui)縮等(deng)(deng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。剪(jian)(jian)口用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)愈(yu)傷(shang)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)腐(fu)膜及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封閉,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)傷(shang)口愈(yu)合(he)(he)(he)組織生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)注意(yi)剪(jian)(jian)除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)枝,清(qing)除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僵果(guo)(guo)。 3.8 病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi): 3.8.1 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)原則(ze)(ze) 按照“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),綜合(he)(he)(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)方(fang)針,堅持“農(nong)(nong)(nong)業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),物理(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),化學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)害(hai)(hai)(hai)化防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)原則(ze)(ze)。 3.8.2 農(nong)(nong)(nong)業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi) 合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)輪作、加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),調整果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)營養狀況(kuang),提高(gao)(gao)(gao)樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)抗病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能力(li)(li),抑(yi)制病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。 3.8.3 物理(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi) 根(gen)據(ju)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學(xue)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),采(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)人(ren)工撲殺、樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)纏草把和(he)(he)(he)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)燈誘殺等(deng)(deng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。 3.8.4 化學(xue)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi) 根(gen)據(ju)各(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)、程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng),科學(xue)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)進行(xing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)加強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預測(ce)預報的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),做到(dao)有(you)(you)針對(dui)(dui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao),未達(da)(da)到(dao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)標或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)益、害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)比(bi)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)。允許使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),每(mei)(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最多(duo)(duo)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)二次(ci)(ci)。最后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)距(ju)(ju)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間隔應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)20天(tian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。限制使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao),每(mei)(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最多(duo)(duo)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)。 ①休(xiu)眠(mian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(1月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)至(zhi)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)):結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)涂(tu)刷(shua)30~50石硫合(he)(he)(he)劑,萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)(qian)15~20天(tian),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)30%機(ji)(ji)油(you)石硫微乳劑800倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)加10%蚜虱凈可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)粉(fen)(fen)劑3000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)霧(wu)清(qing)園(yuan)(yuan),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)越冬(dong)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)穿孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)部(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ②萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(2月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)):全園(yuan)(yuan)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)遍(bian)30~50石硫合(he)(he)(he)劑,防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)越冬(dong)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)穿孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)部(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ③開花(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(3月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)旬(xun)至(zhi)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)):花(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)10%高(gao)(gao)(gao)效氯氰(qing)菊酯1500倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)霧(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ④花(hua)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)形(xing)成(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)梢旺長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)旬(xun)):雨后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)遍(bian)10%多(duo)(duo)菌靈800~1000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye),或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)75%百菌清(qing)500~600倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)穿孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing);用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)10%溴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腈懸浮劑1500倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)阿維菌素(su)3000~4000倍(bei)(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)霧(wu),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)螨類(lei)、黃(huang)刺蛾等(deng)(deng)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。 ⑤新(xin)(xin)梢緩(huan)慢生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(8月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)(xia)旬(xun)至(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)末):用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)菊酯類(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)噴(pen)霧(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)青葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)蟬成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)波爾多(duo)(duo)液(ye)、代(dai)森錳鋅、農(nong)(nong)(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鏈霉素(su)等(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)噴(pen)霧(wu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)片。 3.9 產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)收(shou)(shou)獲及(ji)(ji)(ji)處理(li)(li) 3.9.1 采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi) 根(gen)據(ju)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)度(du)(du)(du)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途和(he)(he)(he)市場需(xu)求(qiu)綜合(he)(he)(he)確(que)定(ding)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。就地(di)(di)(di)(di)銷售的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)充分(fen)(fen)成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou);長(chang)(chang)途運輸或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)貯藏保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)八、九分(fen)(fen)熟(shu)(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)。成(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),應(ying)分(fen)(fen)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)。 3.9.2 采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)方(fang)法(fa)(fa) 采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)工采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)晴(qing)天(tian)傍(bang)晚采(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好。采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),存放(fang)于(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)干(gan)(gan)凈陰(yin)涼處,及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剔除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)果(guo)(guo)、僵果(guo)(guo)、爛果(guo)(guo),要進行(xing)分(fen)(fen)級(ji)。 3.10 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記錄要求(qiu) 在(zai)(zai)(zai)整個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),設專人(ren)做好以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)記錄:生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)點、農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)耕作,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(藥(yao))名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)、方(fang)式、時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量,產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)收(shou)(shou)獲、倉儲(chu)、銷售等(deng)(deng)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、方(fang)式、數(shu)量等(deng)(deng)。