一.產品介紹
汝(ru)陽(yang)杜仲(zhong)是河(he)南省洛(luo)陽(yang)市汝(ru)陽(yang)縣的特產。汝(ru)陽(yang)杜仲(zhong)具(ju)補肝腎、強筋骨、降血壓(ya)、安(an)胎等諸多(duo)功效。2000年汝(ru)陽(yang)縣被中國經濟林(lin)協會命名為“全國杜仲(zhong)之鄉”。
河南(nan)汝(ru)陽地(di)處豫西山區,全縣(xian)總面積199.7萬(wan)(wan)畝,其(qi)中:林業(ye)用地(di)面積111.3萬(wan)(wan)畝,全縣(xian)森林覆蓋率51.5%,汝(ru)陽縣(xian)屬暖溫(wen)帶落葉闊葉林帶,地(di)形復雜(za),氣(qi)候差異(yi)大(da),林業(ye)資(zi)源豐富,植物種類繁多(duo),其(qi)優越的自然條件十分有利于杜仲的生長發育。
新中(zhong)國60年(nian)來,汝(ru)(ru)陽的(de)(de)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)展經(jing)歷了大落大起的(de)(de)變化(hua),1957年(nian)前,汝(ru)(ru)陽合抱粗的(de)(de)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樹(shu)到處洛(luo)陽林(lin)(lin)(lin)源(yuan)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)(fa)有限(xian)公司獲譽眾多(duo)可見,1958年(nian),隨著(zhu)大煉鋼鐵(tie)運(yun)動的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)展,杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)幾(ji)乎被(bei)毀殆(dai)盡(jin)。在20世紀(ji)80年(nian)代,隨著(zhu)改革開(kai)(kai)放的(de)(de)不斷(duan)深入(ru),杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥用及(ji)民(min)用需求日益(yi)增大,汝(ru)(ru)陽及(ji)時提出了大力發(fa)(fa)展杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)可行性(xing)規劃,并于(yu)1985年(nian)元月向河南省林(lin)(lin)(lin)業廳(ting)提交了“建立十萬(wan)畝(mu)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)地”的(de)(de)可行性(xing)報告,1986年(nian)河南省林(lin)(lin)(lin)業廳(ting)批準汝(ru)(ru)陽為(wei)(wei)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)地縣;1987年(nian)又(you)被(bei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業部(bu)批準為(wei)(wei)杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)地縣,1995年(nian)國家計(ji)委和林(lin)(lin)(lin)業部(bu)聯合確(que)定汝(ru)(ru)陽為(wei)(wei)國家以工代賑林(lin)(lin)(lin)業扶貧示范項目(mu),從而使汝(ru)(ru)陽杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)地建設又(you)上了一(yi)個新臺階。目(mu)前,全縣已發(fa)(fa)展杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)21.5萬(wan)畝(mu),占全縣經(jing)濟(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)總面積36.8萬(wan)畝(mu)的(de)(de)58.4%,杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮、葉及(ji)系列產(chan)品年(nian)產(chan)量達1560萬(wan)公斤,年(nian)總產(chan)值1.2億元,2000年(nian)被(bei)中(zhong)國經(jing)濟(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)協(xie)會命名為(wei)(wei)“全國杜(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之鄉”。
龍翁詩杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)健茶功效顯(xian)著(zhu) 杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)展伊始,汝(ru)陽縣委、縣政(zheng)府就明確提出了“規(gui)模發(fa)展、集(ji)約經營、整(zheng)體效益、長久優勢”的(de)發(fa)展思(si)路,堅(jian)持(chi)一(yi)手(shou)抓(zhua)資源(yuan)培育,一(yi)手(shou)抓(zhua)資源(yuan)保(bao)護,造、管并重的(de)方(fang)針。圍繞這一(yi)思(si)路,制(zhi)(zhi)定了杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)地建設發(fa)展總體規(gui)劃,并提交縣人(ren)大審(shen)議通過(guo),使杜(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)地納入法制(zhi)(zhi)化軌(gui)道。
為(wei)(wei)(wei)提高杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)科技(ji)(ji)含量,在(zai)基(ji)地(di)(di)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時,成(cheng)立杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)課題研(yan)究(jiu)小組,對杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)育苗(miao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、剝皮(pi)再生利(li)用、杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種質資源進(jin)行了(le)調查研(yan)究(jiu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),調查了(le)全國11個省(sheng)、市(shi)(shi)、區,收集(ji)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種及變種28個,從(cong)中篩(shai)選出(chu)優(you)良品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種13個杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)粉作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)飼(si)料(liao)添(tian)加(jia)劑喂雞,其中華(hua)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1-5號杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)優(you)良系,已被國家納入“星(xing)火計劃”項目。“杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種質及剝皮(pi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)研(yan)究(jiu)”課題獲河(he)(he)南省(sheng)人(ren)民政府科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步三等獎,河(he)(he)南省(sheng)林(lin)(lin)業(ye)科技(ji)(ji)進(jin)步二等獎。 隨(sui)著杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)大和皮(pi)、葉產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)逐年增(zeng)加(jia),汝陽(yang)縣委、縣政府按照(zhao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化的(de)(de)(de)要求,把廉(lian)價出(chu)售皮(pi)、葉產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)轉向以加(jia)工(gong)(gong)增(zeng)值為(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)上(shang)來,使林(lin)(lin)業(ye)向工(gong)(gong)業(ye)延(yan)伸,工(gong)(gong)業(ye)與林(lin)(lin)業(ye)配(pei)套(tao),走(zou)出(chu)一(yi)條(tiao)“山上(shang)建(jian)基(ji)地(di)(di),山下辦(ban)工(gong)(gong)廠,山外拓(tuo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang),科技(ji)(ji)創高效”的(de)(de)(de)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)化開發路子(zi),自(zi)1990年以來,先(xian)后建(jian)成(cheng)洛(luo)陽(yang)市(shi)(shi)“天(tian)然綠色食品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)有(you)限公司、洛(luo)陽(yang)樹(shu)仁公司、洛(luo)陽(yang)市(shi)(shi)林(lin)(lin)源杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)開發有(you)限公司、北京(jing)山里紅杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)飲品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)有(you)限公司”,研(yan)制開發出(chu)具有(you)穩壓、健體、強身的(de)(de)(de)口服(fu)液系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)和杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保健茶、飲品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin),從(cong)根本上(shang)解決了(le)我縣發展杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)后顧之憂,為(wei)(wei)(wei)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)再上(shang)新(xin)(xin)臺階注入了(le)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)活力。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
2.1土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌情(qing)(qing)況(kuang) 包括(kuo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型(xing)、pH值(zhi)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)肥(fei)力狀況(kuang)和地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌等(deng)典型(xing)特征(zheng)。 汝(ru)陽杜(du)仲主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)南部山(shan)區(qu)(qu),屬(shu)(shu)秦嶺余脈、外方山(shan)區(qu)(qu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型(xing)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是褐土(tu)(tu)(tu),其次是石質土(tu)(tu)(tu)和粗骨(gu)土(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)層厚度多(duo)(duo)數在(zai)(zai)80cm以上。PH值(zhi)7.1~8.1之間,有機質含(han)(han)量(liang)11.1~31.3g/kg,全氮含(han)(han)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)0.54~2.75g/kg,有效磷(lin)含(han)(han)量(liang)12.5~33.4g/kg,速效鉀(jia)含(han)(han)量(liang)71~378mg/kg,富含(han)(han)多(duo)(duo)種微(wei)量(liang)元素,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)相對疏松。森林覆蓋率(lv)88%。環境優良,零工業,無污染。海拔在(zai)(zai)1000~1600m。 2.2水(shui)文情(qing)(qing)況(kuang) 包括(kuo)水(shui)系、水(shui)源(yuan)和水(shui)質情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)及影響因子(zi)。 保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)境內流(liu)域面(mian)積分(fen)屬(shu)(shu)黃、淮兩大流(liu)域,地(di)(di)下水(shui)蘊藏豐富,充(chong)足的(de)水(shui)資源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)汝(ru)陽香(xiang)菇(gu)提供了良好的(de)灌溉(gai)條(tiao)件。 2.3氣(qi)候情(qing)(qing)況(kuang) 包括(kuo)季(ji)風(feng)(feng)、溫(wen)(wen)度、濕度、日照(zhao)和降水(shui)等(deng)特殊氣(qi)候因子(zi)。 汝(ru)陽縣(xian)地(di)(di)處東亞中緯度地(di)(di)帶,屬(shu)(shu)暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)帶半濕潤季(ji)風(feng)(feng)區(qu)(qu)大陸性季(ji)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候 。其特點(dian):光照(zhao)充(chong)足,氣(qi)候溫(wen)(wen)和,四季(ji)分(fen)明。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均≧0℃積溫(wen)(wen)5181℃,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)14.0℃,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均降水(shui)量(liang)673.1mm,無霜期213天(tian)左右;年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均日照(zhao)時(shi)數為(wei)(wei)2164小時(shi)。冬季(ji)寒冷少雨雪,春(chun)季(ji)干旱多(duo)(duo)風(feng)(feng),夏季(ji)炎熱多(duo)(duo)雨,秋季(ji)天(tian)高氣(qi)爽,晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差大。
三.地域范圍
汝(ru)陽杜仲地域保護(hu)范(fan)圍為河南省洛陽市汝(ru)陽縣境內,涉(she)及(ji)城關鎮、上(shang)店(dian)鎮、柏樹鄉(xiang)(xiang)、十八盤(pan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、付店(dian)鎮、靳村鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)屯(tun)鎮、劉店(dian)鎮、王坪鄉(xiang)(xiang)、蔡店(dian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)共10個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮。汝(ru)陽杜仲保護(hu)范(fan)圍地理坐標為東(dong)經112°8′—112 °38′,北(bei)緯33°49′—34°21′之間(jian),生(sheng)產規模1.67萬公(gong)頃,年產量 3萬噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
4.1外在感(gan)(gan)官特(te)征(zheng) 是指通過(guo)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)官(視覺(jue)(jue)、味(wei)覺(jue)(jue)、嗅覺(jue)(jue)、觸(chu)覺(jue)(jue)等(deng))能夠感(gan)(gan)知、感(gan)(gan)受到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊品質(zhi)(zhi)及風味(wei)特(te)征(zheng)。 汝(ru)陽杜仲(zhong)干葉(xie)呈暗(an)綠色(se)或褐色(se),葉(xie)片厚實,斷面(mian)有(you)均勻(yun)橡膠(jiao)絲,銀白色(se),富彈性。杜仲(zhong)皮為扁平的(de)(de)(de)(de)板片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或兩邊稍向內卷的(de)(de)(de)(de)塊片,少數為微曲薄片,厚約2~7mm。杜仲(zhong)外表(biao)面(mian)淺棕色(se)或灰(hui)褐色(se),未(wei)(wei)刮(gua)凈粗皮者(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)見縱(zong)溝或裂紋,具斜方形橫裂皮孔(kong),厚者(zhe)(zhe)具縱(zong)槽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)皮孔(kong),內皮呈暗(an)紫褐色(se),斷面(mian)橡膠(jiao)絲多而密。味(wei)苦,嚼之始(shi)有(you)顆(ke)粒感(gan)(gan),后(hou)有(you)棉花感(gan)(gan)。種子扁平,線(xian)形,長(chang)1.4~1.5㎝,寬3 mm,兩端圓形,堅果位于中央,稍突起。 4.2內在品質(zhi)(zhi)特(te)征(zheng) 是指需要(yao)通過(guo)儀器檢(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)量化的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨(du)特(te)理(li)化指標。 根據農(nong)業部農(nong)產品質(zhi)(zhi)量監督檢(jian)驗測(ce)試中心(鄭(zheng)州)檢(jian)測(ce)結果顯示,汝(ru)陽杜仲(zhong)內在品質(zhi)(zhi)指標:綠原酸8.10~9.90g/kg。 4.3安(an)全(quan)(quan)要(yao)求 明確登(deng)記(ji)產品市場準(zhun)入(ru)(ru)所遵循的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家強制性技術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)名稱(cheng)、具體內容(rong)和相關法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)規(gui)定。嚴格按照《中藥材生(sheng)(sheng)產質(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)規(gui)范(fan)(GAP)》標準(zhun)進行,禁(jin)止使(shi)(shi)用未(wei)(wei)依法(fa)登(deng)記(ji)和國家明令(ling)禁(jin)止使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業投入(ru)(ru)品,推行標準(zhun)化生(sheng)(sheng)產,切實保障杜仲(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)量安(an)全(quan)(quan)。
五.特定生產方式
3.1 產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇(ze) 選(xuan)擇(ze)土(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)厚(hou)(hou)、土(tu)質(zhi)疏松(song)、富含有(you)(you)機質(zhi)、透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)透(tou)(tou)氣良好(hao)、土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)酸性(xing)至微堿(jian)性(xing)、排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)向陽(yang)(yang)緩坡(po)地(di)(di)(di)(di),周邊環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境不得(de)有(you)(you)污染源(yuan)。在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)不準使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工業廢棄物,城市垃圾(ji)和污泥,不得(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)未經發酵腐(fu)(fu)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)畜糞便等有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料,防止(zhi)污染產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境。 3.2 品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze) 汝(ru)(ru)陽(yang)(yang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主栽品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)汝(ru)(ru)陽(yang)(yang)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)馴化(hua)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),主要(yao)(yao)特征是:根(gen)(gen)莖短粗,根(gen)(gen)數條(tiao),長(chang)(chang)圓柱狀(zhuang),略彎曲(qu),長(chang)(chang)約20cm(有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)可達(da)(da)33cm),直(zhi)(zhi)經0.3~1.5cm。新根(gen)(gen)表面(mian)(mian)紅棕色(se),粗糙,具縱(zong)(zong)橫紋。老根(gen)(gen)外皮(pi)(pi)(pi)疏松(song),多顯(xian)紫(zi)棕色(se),斷面(mian)(mian)疏松(song),質(zhi)硬而(er)脆,有(you)(you)裂隙或(huo)(huo)略平(ping)整(zheng)而(er)致(zhi)密,皮(pi)(pi)(pi)部棕紅色(se),氣微,味微苦澀。 3.3 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理 汝(ru)(ru)陽(yang)(yang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包括選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)及處(chu)(chu)理、育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、整(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、移(yi)栽、大(da)(da)(da)田管(guan)理、病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害防治(zhi)、采(cai)收(shou)加工等步驟。 3.3.1 選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)及處(chu)(chu)理 杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞受(shou)多種(zhong)(zhong)因素的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。目前生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)上(shang)多根(gen)(gen)據種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)外觀(guan)特征進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)鑒別。合格種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)翌年(nian)(nian)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發芽(ya)率應(ying)(ying)在(zai)50%以上(shang),如(ru)(ru)采(cai)取低溫或(huo)(huo)密封保(bao)存,優質(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)率可達(da)(da)90%以上(shang)。汝(ru)(ru)陽(yang)(yang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)新鮮(xian),有(you)(you)光澤,棕黃(huang)(huang)至棕褐色(se);種(zhong)(zhong)仁處(chu)(chu)突出明顯(xian),種(zhong)(zhong)仁充實、飽滿(man),剝(bo)(bo)出胚乳(ru)為(wei)米黃(huang)(huang)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)優質(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),放(fang)入(ru)60℃水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)浸泡(pao)(pao),自(zi)然(ran)降溫,保(bao)持20℃,浸泡(pao)(pao)2~3d,當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)膨脹,果皮(pi)(pi)(pi)軟化(hua)后取出,控凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)待播(bo)(bo)。 3.3.2育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao) 3.3.2.1 苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)建立 育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)應(ying)(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)土(tu)質(zhi)疏松(song)、土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)濕潤、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)沃、排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)緩坡(po)地(di)(di)(di)(di),秋季(ji)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻地(di)(di)(di)(di),施(shi)足(zu)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),然(ran)后做(zuo)(zuo)床(chuang)并(bing)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)消毒。山地(di)(di)(di)(di)做(zuo)(zuo)床(chuang)應(ying)(ying)順(shun)山走(zou)勢(shi),床(chuang)面(mian)(mian)寬(kuan)1.2~1.5m,便于(yu)作業,長(chang)(chang)度(du)因地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)而(er)定(ding),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)長(chang)(chang)度(du)在(zai)3~5m。平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)(di)做(zuo)(zuo)床(chuang)應(ying)(ying)挖(wa)深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)25~30cm、寬(kuan)1.0~1.2m、長(chang)(chang)度(du)因地(di)(di)(di)(di)形而(er)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形作為(wei)畦(qi)床(chuang)。 3.3.2.2 播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong) 將處(chu)(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)拌(ban)入(ru)草(cao)(cao)木(mu)灰和干土(tu),山地(di)(di)(di)(di)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(壟式),行(xing)(xing)距20~25cm,株距10cm,深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)2~3cm,覆土(tu)厚(hou)(hou)1~2cm,厚(hou)(hou)薄要(yao)(yao)均勻。每畝用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)4~5kg,播(bo)(bo)后澆(jiao)透(tou)(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。上(shang)面(mian)(mian)覆蓋(gai)雜草(cao)(cao)或(huo)(huo)樹葉,防止(zhi)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分蒸發或(huo)(huo)晚霜為(wei)害,在(zai)不影(ying)響(xiang)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),覆蓋(gai)物可留于(yu)床(chuang)面(mian)(mian)。 3.3.2.3 苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)管(guan)理。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),剔除過密、病(bing)(bing)(bing)害幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),拔除雜草(cao)(cao)。根(gen)(gen)據土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)墑情及時(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.3.3 整(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di) 于(yu)當(dang)年(nian)(nian)春(chun)季(ji)2月(yue)下(xia)旬~3月(yue)上(shang)旬進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。每畝撒施(shi)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)3m3,或(huo)(huo)100 kg三元復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)翻25~30cm。作畦(qi)寬(kuan)1.5~2m,利于(yu)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)。 3.3.4移(yi)栽 汝(ru)(ru)陽(yang)(yang)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)移(yi)栽在(zai)春(chun)天(tian)(tian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),移(yi)栽要(yao)(yao)全面(mian)(mian)翻耕(geng),挖(wa)直(zhi)(zhi)徑約70cm,深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)70cm的(de)(de)(de)坑,坑內施(shi)優質(zhi)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),且與(yu)(yu)土(tu)混合均勻,每畝施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)1000~1500kg,株行(xing)(xing)距1.5m*2m,選(xuan)擇(ze)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)高100cm左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)(de)無病(bing)(bing)(bing)害種(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),邊起(qi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)邊移(yi)栽。 3.3.5 大(da)(da)(da)田管(guan)理 3.3.5.1 中(zhong)耕(geng)除草(cao)(cao) 移(yi)栽當(dang)年(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)中(zhong)耕(geng)3到4次(ci),結合中(zhong)耕(geng)除掉田間(jian)雜草(cao)(cao)。 3.3.5.2 追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei) 每年(nian)(nian)春(chun)季(ji)萌芽(ya)前和秋季(ji)落(luo)葉后各(ge)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,起(qi)到促苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong);第二次(ci)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)以農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)或(huo)(huo)三元復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,作為(wei)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。 3.3.5.3 灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui) 灌(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)次(ci)數應(ying)(ying)根(gen)(gen)據氣候條(tiao)件(jian)而(er)定(ding),降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)大(da)(da)(da)約600毫(hao)升(sheng),正常年(nian)(nian)份可不灌(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)小(xiao)于(yu)600毫(hao)升(sheng),應(ying)(ying)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)3~4次(ci),萌芽(ya)前,新梢生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期,休眠期各(ge)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)前3~5d灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)(gai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)。如(ru)(ru)遇連陰雨天(tian)(tian)氣,土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)出現積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時(shi)(shi),應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)(shi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.3.5.4 病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害防治(zhi) 杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害主要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)猝倒病(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉枯(ku)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、根(gen)(gen)腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing),猝倒病(bing)(bing)(bing)和葉枯(ku)病(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)初期噴(pen)(pen)65%代森鋅可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)500~600倍(bei)液,25d噴(pen)(pen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci),根(gen)(gen)腐(fu)(fu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)70%甲基托布津可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji),挖(wa)寬(kuan)30~45cm,深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)50~70cm環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)溝3~5條(tiao),100~150g/株,施(shi)入(ru)樹冠外圍。 3.3.5.5 采(cai)收(shou)加工 杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)植一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)當(dang)年(nian)(nian)就(jiu)可以采(cai)葉利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),采(cai)葉于(yu)8~10月(yue)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),晴(qing)天(tian)(tian)選(xuan)成熟(shu)綠葉采(cai)收(shou),自(zi)然(ran)曬干即(ji)可。杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)植10~15年(nian)(nian)以上(shang)才(cai)能開始剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi),剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)于(yu)4~6月(yue)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋸子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)齊(qi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)鋸一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)口,深(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)達(da)(da)木(mu)質(zhi)部,向上(shang)80cm處(chu)(chu)再鋸第二道(dao)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)口,在(zai)2個環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang)口中(zhong)間(jian)縱(zong)(zong)割一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切口,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)竹片刀(dao)從縱(zong)(zong)割口輕輕剝(bo)(bo)邊,使(shi)樹皮(pi)(pi)(pi)與(yu)(yu)木(mu)質(zhi)分離。剝(bo)(bo)下(xia)杜(du)(du)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)開水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)燙后,層(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)緊(jin)實重疊平(ping)放(fang)在(zai)麥(mai)草(cao)(cao)墊底的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)(di)上(shang),上(shang)蓋(gai)木(mu)板,加重物壓(ya)實,四周用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)草(cao)(cao)圍緊(jin),使(shi)其(qi)發汗(han),7d左(zuo)右(you),內皮(pi)(pi)(pi)呈(cheng)暗(an)紫(zi)褐色(se),取出曬干,刮去粗皮(pi)(pi)(pi)即(ji)可。 3.3.5.6 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)記(ji)錄 在(zai)整(zheng)個生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),設專人(ren)做(zuo)(zuo)好(hao)以下(xia)記(ji)錄:生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)點(dian)、農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)名(ming)稱(cheng)、土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)耕(geng)作、施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)名(ming)稱(cheng)、方(fang)式、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)、施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)、施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥名(ming)稱(cheng)、防治(zhi)對象(xiang)、方(fang)式、時(shi)(shi)間(jian)、施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥量(liang)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)收(shou)獲、倉儲、銷售等項目名(ming)稱(cheng)、方(fang)式、數量(liang)等。