發展歷史
武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湖(hu)又(you)名北湖(hu)、黃漢(han)(han)湖(hu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)長江(jiang)(jiang)北岸,跨湖(hu)北省武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)漢(han)(han)市的黃陂區武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湖(hu)街道,歷史上(shang)的武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湖(hu),煙波(bo)浩渺,南(nan)通長江(jiang)(jiang),北連灄水(shui),是演練水(shui)軍(jun)的理想(xiang)之所。早在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2000年前,武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湖(hu)便以(yi)“武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”出(chu)名。據《廣輿(yu)》記載:東漢(han)(han)江(jiang)(jiang)夏太守黃祖常(chang)率領水(shui)軍(jun)到湖(hu)中操練,并將(jiang)其坐騎拴在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)附(fu)近的辛(xin)店馬(ma)場廟,而被湖(hu)水(shui)浸濕(shi)的鎧甲(jia)(jia),則(ze)晾曬在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)湖(hu)心島的山坡上(shang)。后來晾甲(jia)(jia)的小(xiao)山坡名為晾甲(jia)(jia)山,黃漢(han)(han)湖(hu)則(ze)更名為武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湖(hu)。因這里是水(shui)陸通達(da)長江(jiang)(jiang)的五通口岸,軍(jun)事(shi)要沖,土(tu)地(di)又(you)肥美,歷來成為兵家(jia)必爭(zheng)之地(di)。東漢(han)(han)末年,名將(jiang)黃祖在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此湖(hu)練武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、練兵,命名武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)湖(hu)。此后,三(san)國名將(jiang)文聘、孫權、孫壹,東晉朱(zhu)伺,南(nan)朝梁武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)帝,宋朝管如德,元朝伯顏,元末天完政權倪文俊、明(ming)朝開國將(jiang)領、濟陽(yang)郡公(gong)丁普郎(lang)、民國胡龍驤等人都曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此湖(hu)畔練武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。
武湖規模
河(he)流(liu)堰塞湖。水位21.00m,長8.8km,最大寬(kuan)5.3km,平(ping)均寬(kuan)2.4km;歷史最大面積237.0平(ping)方(fang)公里(li),50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)初為121.2平(ping)方(fang)公里(li),60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)期減為55.2平(ping)方(fang)公里(li),經多次圍(wei)墾后(hou)現有面積21.2平(ping)方(fang)公里(li);最大水深4.2m,平(ping)均水深2.6m,蓄(xu)水量0.55億立方(fang)米。
湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)北省武(wu)漢(han)市黃陂(po)區(qu)武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),因“武(wu)”得名(ming),因“文(wen)”添彩(cai),因“綠”增輝。黃陂(po)南(nan)部(bu)武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)生態(tai)(tai)農業(ye)園區(qu)涉及我區(qu)近100平方公里。武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)農耕年華生態(tai)(tai)農業(ye)園,經過幾年建設,已經形成了全(quan)國知名(ming)、全(quan)省樣板的種(zhong)類結(jie)合科技農業(ye)示范園區(qu)。湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)占地(di)面積現已突破5萬畝。以武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、后湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、木蘭(lan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、梅竹松湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等為(wei)依托,發展以觀光漁業(ye)、觀光水禽為(wei)主(zhu)要特色(se)的水上生態(tai)(tai)觀光農業(ye)。
武湖水鄉
武湖水鄉(xiang)位于武湖街中部(bu),緊(jin)鄰泵站河(he),在漢施公路(lu)以(yi)北、三里(li)橋(qiao)街道以(yi)南,,項目計劃集并張(zhang)灣(wan)、王新泗、周(zhou)灣(wan)、蔡家咀(ju)、扇子(zi)湖等(deng)5個自然灣(wan),面積1927畝。該項目依(yi)托水資源營造(zao)(zao)花(hua)田(tian)濕地、夢幻水鄉(xiang)特(te)色,注(zhu)入農墾文化,打(da)造(zao)(zao)以(yi)觀光旅(lv)游(you)、農業體驗、養生度假和商(shang)務(wu)休閑為主(zhu)導(dao)的主(zhu)題旅(lv)游(you)服務(wu)體系。
“武湖煙漲”為黃陂(po)十景(jing)之一,傳說昔日武湖以奇特的(de)自然景(jing)觀著(zhu)稱。每逢清晨,水(shui)氣升(sheng)騰,濃(nong)霧繚繞(rao),形成“水(shui)漲船頭曉霧橫(heng),拍波(bo)(bo)鴻鶩(mu)弄春晴”的(de)壯麗景(jing)觀。迨至(zhi)夕照銜山,又是“最(zui)愛(ai)晚霞剛幾點,晴光萬里霎時橫(heng)”之滿湖煙罩殘(can)霞的(de)景(jing)色。唐(tang)朝崔顥詠(yong)黃鶴樓詩中(zhong)“煙波(bo)(bo)江上”之煙波(bo)(bo)即是描(miao)寫此景(jing)。規(gui)劃在張灣(wan)村內建設煙波(bo)(bo)花園,利用(yong)科技(ji)手(shou)段再現煙波(bo)(bo)之景(jing)。
武湖(hu)自然保護(hu)區(qu)屬于(yu)亞熱帶濕潤季(ji)風(feng)(feng)氣候區(qu),冬(dong)冷(leng)夏(xia)熱,四季(ji)分(fen)明,光(guang)照充足,氣候溫濕,雨量充沛(pei),無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)長。區(qu)內(nei)年(nian)平均氣溫16.7度(du),年(nian)平均降雨量1240毫(hao)米,是湖(hu)北省多雨區(qu)之一(yi),年(nian)平均降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)日數(shu)138.2天(tian),暴雨日數(shu)為6.5天(tian),無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)267天(tian)。夏(xia)秋季(ji)為豐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)(qi),汛期(qi)(qi)來水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量多達2.3億(yi)立方米,冬(dong)春季(ji)為枯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)(qi),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)2米,形成灘(tan)涂、沼澤,與(yu)人(ren)工濕地相連的(de)生態(tai)系統,為濕地水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)禽提供(gong)優(you)良(liang)的(de)避風(feng)(feng)場所(suo),使這里成為鳥類的(de)天(tian)堂。
武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)人為活動少,無污(wu)染,水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)優良。根據1999年國(guo)家對地(di)表水(shui)環境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)量檢(jian)測標準,檢(jian)測武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)無論是PH值、硫酸(suan)鹽(yan)、硝(xiao)酸(suan)鹽(yan)、亞硝(xiao)酸(suan)鹽(yan)、氧(yang)化物、溶解性鐵、溶解氧(yang),還是化學(xue)需氧(yang)量和生化需氧(yang)量都達到了(le)國(guo)家地(di)表水(shui)二級以上水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)標準。水(shui)環境(jing)的物理(li)和化學(xue)性質(zhi)(zhi)真(zhen)實地(di)反(fan)映了(le)武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)具有水(shui)草(cao)茂盛,湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)清澈,人為活動干擾極小的特(te)點(dian),是一個(ge)結(jie)構合理(li)、功能(neng)齊全的優良淡水(shui)湖(hu)(hu)泊生態系統。保護區(qu)(qu)及周邊生態環境(jing)保持著自然或半自然狀態,為水(shui)生動植物提供了(le)極佳的棲(qi)育場所。
生物資源
武湖(hu)(hu)濕地自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)豐富,武湖(hu)(hu)地區(qu)共有(you)兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),維(wei)管束(shu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)476種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國家二級重點保護(hu)的(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)粗梗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蕨種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)規模極(ji)(ji)大,豐富的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)資源及(ji)得(de)天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)濕地生(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)具有(you)極(ji)(ji)高的(de)(de)保護(hu)價值(zhi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)產類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei):計有(you)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)90種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中鯉(li)科49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚(yu)(yu)(yu)產以“武湖(hu)(hu)銀(yin)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)”久享盛譽,是省內重要漁業(ye)基地之一(yi)。武湖(hu)(hu)不(bu)僅是長(chang)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系重要的(de)(de)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)天(tian)堂,也(ye)是特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)故(gu)鄉(xiang)。分布有(you)短頜鱭、長(chang)江(jiang)銀(yin)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、河北圓口(kou)鲴、擬(ni)尖頭鲌、團(tuan)頭魴、武昌副(fu)沙(sha)鰍(qiu)、紫薄鰍(qiu)、似刺鳊鮈(ju)、亮銀(yin)鮈(ju)、光(guang)唇蛇(she)鮈(ju)、細體擬(ni)鲿、黑尾魚(yu)(yu)(yu)央等長(chang)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系特(te)有(you)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),還有(you)日本(ben)鰻鱺、鳤(guan)、鳡等珍貴洄游魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。這(zhe)里(li)植(zhi)被類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)多,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源豐富。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)被生(sheng)態(tai)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)屬挺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、浮葉型(xing)(xing)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、漂浮型(xing)(xing)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),群(qun)落種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)9個,群(qun)落中主要優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為菰、苦草(cao)、黑藻、菱、聚草(cao)和馬來眼(yan)子菜(cai)。真(zhen)正是“湖(hu)(hu)汊交錯魚(yu)(yu)(yu)遨游,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)清草(cao)美鳥(niao)翔集”,“彩霞與白(bai)鷺齊飛(fei),碧水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)共藍天(tian)一(yi)色”。透過濕地這(zhe)一(yi)幅幅人(ren)與自(zi)然(ran)(ran)和睦(mu)相(xiang)處的(de)(de)畫面。
水生植物
水生植(zhi)物(wu)60年(nian)代前有80多種(zhong),至80年(nian)代降至51種(zhong),常(chang)見種(zhong)有金魚藻(zao)、菱、芡、菰、馬來眼子(zi)菜、苦草、黑藻(zao)等,平均生物(wu)量3 800g/平方(fang)米,生物(wu)現存量62 900~73 983t
浮游植物
見有(you)浮游藻類27科(ke)42屬(shu),其中硅藻門9科(ke)13屬(shu),綠藻門7科(ke)11屬(shu),藍藻門4科(ke)7屬(shu),其余各(ge)門藻類7科(ke)8屬(shu),年均數量89.3×104ind./L,生(sheng)物量0.38mg/L
浮游動物
浮(fu)游(you)動物32屬,年均數(shu)量(liang)709ind./L,生物量(liang)1.7mg/L
底棲生物
底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)24種,其(qi)中軟(ruan)體動(dong)(dong)物(wu)17種,節肢動(dong)(dong)物(wu)5種,環節動(dong)(dong)物(wu)2種,平均數量250.5ind./平方米(mi),生物(wu)量71.9g/平方米(mi)
生態環境
湖區(qu)屬北亞熱帶季風(feng)氣候,年(nian)均(jun)氣溫(wen)16.3℃,1月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)3.2℃,極(ji)(ji)端最低(di)氣溫(wen)-12.9℃,7月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)28.6℃,極(ji)(ji)端最高氣溫(wen)39.6℃。多年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)無霜期258d,降水(shui)量(liang)1 171mm,蒸發量(liang)1 586mm。年(nian)均(jun)風(feng)速(su)2.0~3.0m/s。湖水(shui)依賴北岸(an)10余(yu)條區(qu)間溪流和湖面(mian)降水(shui)補給,集水(shui)面(mian)積562.0平(ping)方公里(li),補給系數(shu)26.5。出流經雙河口于陽(yang)邏(luo)附近(jin)排入長(chang)江。年(nian)均(jun)水(shui)溫(wen)18.7℃,1月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)水(shui)溫(wen)4℃左右(you),7月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)水(shui)溫(wen)32℃。湖水(shui)黃(huang)綠色,透明度(du)1.5m,pH值(zhi)8.1,總硬度(du)10.7德國度(du),礦化度(du)169.5 mg/L。陰離(li)子以(yi)HCO3-為主(zhu),含(han)量(liang)103.7mg/L;陽(yang)離(li)子以(yi)Ca2+居首(shou)位(wei),含(han)量(liang)22.9mg/L,屬重碳酸鹽類鈣組Ⅰ型(xing)水(shui)。DO8.1mg/L,COD5.33mg/L,NO3--N0.08mg/L,SiO21.02 mg/L,TN1.08mg/L,TP0.11mg/L。