發展歷史
武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)又(you)名(ming)北(bei)(bei)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、黃漢(han)(han)(han)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。在(zai)長江北(bei)(bei)岸,跨湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)省武(wu)漢(han)(han)(han)市的(de)(de)(de)黃陂區(qu)武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)街道,歷史(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),煙波浩渺(miao),南(nan)通(tong)長江,北(bei)(bei)連灄水(shui),是演練水(shui)軍的(de)(de)(de)理想之所(suo)。早在(zai)2000年前,武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)便以“武(wu)”出名(ming)。據《廣輿》記載:東漢(han)(han)(han)江夏太守黃祖(zu)常率領(ling)水(shui)軍到湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)中操練,并將其坐騎拴在(zai)附近的(de)(de)(de)辛店馬(ma)場廟,而被湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)水(shui)浸濕的(de)(de)(de)鎧甲,則(ze)晾(liang)曬在(zai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)心島(dao)的(de)(de)(de)山坡上(shang)。后來晾(liang)甲的(de)(de)(de)小山坡名(ming)為晾(liang)甲山,黃漢(han)(han)(han)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)則(ze)更名(ming)為武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。因這(zhe)里(li)是水(shui)陸(lu)通(tong)達(da)長江的(de)(de)(de)五通(tong)口岸,軍事(shi)要沖,土地(di)又(you)肥美,歷來成為兵(bing)家必爭(zheng)之地(di)。東漢(han)(han)(han)末年,名(ming)將黃祖(zu)在(zai)此(ci)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)練武(wu)、練兵(bing),命名(ming)武(wu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。此(ci)后,三國名(ming)將文聘、孫權、孫壹,東晉朱伺,南(nan)朝(chao)梁武(wu)帝(di),宋(song)朝(chao)管(guan)如德,元朝(chao)伯(bo)顏,元末天完(wan)政(zheng)權倪文俊、明朝(chao)開國將領(ling)、濟陽郡公丁普郎、民(min)國胡(hu)龍(long)驤等人都曾(ceng)在(zai)此(ci)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)畔練武(wu)。
武湖規模
河(he)流堰塞(sai)湖。水(shui)(shui)位(wei)21.00m,長8.8km,最(zui)大(da)寬5.3km,平均(jun)寬2.4km;歷史(shi)最(zui)大(da)面(mian)(mian)積237.0平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),50年(nian)代(dai)初為(wei)121.2平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),60年(nian)代(dai)后(hou)期減(jian)為(wei)55.2平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),經多次圍(wei)墾后(hou)現(xian)有面(mian)(mian)積21.2平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)(li);最(zui)大(da)水(shui)(shui)深4.2m,平均(jun)水(shui)(shui)深2.6m,蓄水(shui)(shui)量0.55億立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。
湖(hu)(hu)北省(sheng)武(wu)(wu)漢市(shi)黃(huang)陂區(qu)武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)(hu),因(yin)“武(wu)(wu)”得名,因(yin)“文”添彩,因(yin)“綠(lv)”增輝。黃(huang)陂南部武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)(hu)生態(tai)農業(ye)園(yuan)區(qu)涉及我區(qu)近(jin)100平方公里。武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)(hu)農耕年華生態(tai)農業(ye)園(yuan),經過(guo)幾(ji)年建設,已經形成了全(quan)國知名、全(quan)省(sheng)樣(yang)板的(de)種類(lei)結合(he)科技農業(ye)示范園(yuan)區(qu)。湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)占地面積(ji)現(xian)已突破5萬畝。以武(wu)(wu)湖(hu)(hu)、后湖(hu)(hu)、木(mu)蘭湖(hu)(hu)、梅竹松(song)湖(hu)(hu)等為(wei)(wei)依托,發展(zhan)以觀(guan)光漁業(ye)、觀(guan)光水禽為(wei)(wei)主要(yao)特色的(de)水上生態(tai)觀(guan)光農業(ye)。
武湖水鄉
武湖(hu)水(shui)鄉位(wei)于(yu)武湖(hu)街中部,緊鄰泵站河,在漢施公路以(yi)北、三里橋街道以(yi)南,,項目(mu)計(ji)劃集并張灣、王新(xin)泗、周灣、蔡家(jia)咀、扇子(zi)湖(hu)等5個自然灣,面(mian)積1927畝(mu)。該項目(mu)依托(tuo)水(shui)資源營造花田(tian)濕地(di)、夢幻水(shui)鄉特色,注入農墾文化,打(da)造以(yi)觀光(guang)旅(lv)游(you)、農業體驗、養生度假和商務休(xiu)閑為主導的(de)主題(ti)旅(lv)游(you)服務體系。
“武湖煙漲”為黃陂十景之(zhi)一,傳說昔(xi)日武湖以奇特的(de)自然(ran)景觀著稱。每(mei)逢清晨,水氣升騰(teng),濃霧繚繞,形成“水漲船頭曉霧橫,拍波鴻鶩弄春(chun)晴(qing)”的(de)壯麗(li)景觀。迨至夕照銜(xian)山,又是(shi)“最(zui)愛晚(wan)霞剛幾點,晴(qing)光萬里霎時橫”之(zhi)滿湖煙罩殘霞的(de)景色。唐(tang)朝崔顥詠黃鶴樓詩中“煙波江上”之(zhi)煙波即是(shi)描寫(xie)此景。規劃在(zai)張灣村(cun)內建設煙波花園,利(li)用科技手段再現煙波之(zhi)景。
武湖(hu)自(zi)然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)屬于(yu)亞熱帶濕潤季風氣候區(qu)(qu)(qu),冬冷夏熱,四季分明,光照充足(zu),氣候溫濕,雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)充沛(pei),無(wu)(wu)霜期(qi)(qi)長。區(qu)(qu)(qu)內年平均氣溫16.7度,年平均降雨(yu)量(liang)(liang)1240毫米,是湖(hu)北省多雨(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)之一,年平均降水日數138.2天,暴雨(yu)日數為(wei)6.5天,無(wu)(wu)霜期(qi)(qi)267天。夏秋季為(wei)豐水期(qi)(qi),汛期(qi)(qi)來水量(liang)(liang)多達2.3億立方米,冬春季為(wei)枯(ku)水期(qi)(qi),水深2米,形成灘涂、沼澤,與人(ren)工濕地相連(lian)的生態系統,為(wei)濕地水禽提供優良的避風場所,使這里成為(wei)鳥類(lei)的天堂。
武(wu)湖地(di)區人為(wei)活(huo)動少,無(wu)污染,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)優良(liang)。根據(ju)1999年國家(jia)對地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境質(zhi)(zhi)量檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)標準(zhun),檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)武(wu)湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)論是PH值、硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽、硝酸(suan)(suan)鹽、亞硝酸(suan)(suan)鹽、氧(yang)化物(wu)、溶(rong)解性鐵(tie)、溶(rong)解氧(yang),還是化學需(xu)氧(yang)量和生(sheng)化需(xu)氧(yang)量都達(da)到了國家(jia)地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)二(er)級以上水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)標準(zhun)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境的(de)物(wu)理和化學性質(zhi)(zhi)真實地(di)反映了武(wu)湖具有水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)草茂(mao)盛,湖水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)清(qing)澈,人為(wei)活(huo)動干擾極小的(de)特點,是一個結構合(he)理、功能(neng)齊全的(de)優良(liang)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)湖泊生(sheng)態(tai)系統。保護區及周邊(bian)生(sheng)態(tai)環境保持著自然(ran)或半自然(ran)狀(zhuang)態(tai),為(wei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)動植物(wu)提供了極佳的(de)棲育場所。
生物資源
武(wu)湖(hu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)自然(ran)保護(hu)區野生(sheng)動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)豐富,武(wu)湖(hu)地(di)(di)區共有兩棲類(lei)動物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)動物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong),哺乳類(lei)動物(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong),鳥(niao)類(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong),維(wei)管束植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)476種(zhong)(zhong)。國家二級重點(dian)保護(hu)的(de)(de)野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)粗梗水蕨種(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)規模極(ji)大,豐富的(de)(de)自然(ran)資(zi)源(yuan)及(ji)得天(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)生(sheng)態系統具有極(ji)高(gao)的(de)(de)保護(hu)價值(zhi)。水產(chan)類(lei):計有魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)90種(zhong)(zhong),其中鯉(li)科49種(zhong)(zhong),魚(yu)(yu)(yu)產(chan)以“武(wu)湖(hu)銀(yin)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)”久享盛(sheng)譽,是(shi)省內(nei)重要漁業基(ji)地(di)(di)之一(yi)。武(wu)湖(hu)不僅是(shi)長(chang)江水系重要的(de)(de)鳥(niao)類(lei)天(tian)堂,也(ye)是(shi)特(te)有的(de)(de)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)故鄉。分布有短頜鱭、長(chang)江銀(yin)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、河北圓口(kou)鲴、擬尖(jian)頭鲌、團頭魴、武(wu)昌副沙鰍(qiu)(qiu)、紫薄鰍(qiu)(qiu)、似刺鳊鮈、亮(liang)銀(yin)鮈、光唇蛇(she)鮈、細體擬鲿、黑尾魚(yu)(yu)(yu)央(yang)等長(chang)江水系特(te)有魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei),還有日本鰻鱺、鳤、鳡等珍貴(gui)洄游(you)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)。這里(li)植(zhi)被類(lei)型多,水生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富。水生(sheng)植(zhi)被生(sheng)態類(lei)型屬(shu)挺水植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有22種(zhong)(zhong)、沉水15種(zhong)(zhong)、浮葉型7種(zhong)(zhong)、漂浮型6種(zhong)(zhong),群(qun)落種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有9個(ge),群(qun)落中主(zhu)要優勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)為菰(gu)、苦草(cao)、黑藻、菱、聚(ju)草(cao)和(he)馬來眼子菜。真(zhen)正是(shi)“湖(hu)汊交錯魚(yu)(yu)(yu)遨游(you),水清草(cao)美鳥(niao)翔集”,“彩霞與(yu)(yu)白(bai)鷺齊飛,碧(bi)水共藍天(tian)一(yi)色”。透過濕(shi)地(di)(di)這一(yi)幅(fu)幅(fu)人與(yu)(yu)自然(ran)和(he)睦相處的(de)(de)畫面。
水生植物
水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)60年(nian)代(dai)前有(you)80多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),至80年(nian)代(dai)降(jiang)至51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),常見(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)金魚(yu)藻、菱、芡(qian)、菰、馬來眼子菜、苦(ku)草、黑藻等,平(ping)均生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)量(liang)3 800g/平(ping)方米(mi),生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)現存量(liang)62 900~73 983t
浮游植物
見有(you)浮游藻類(lei)27科(ke)42屬,其(qi)中(zhong)硅藻門9科(ke)13屬,綠藻門7科(ke)11屬,藍藻門4科(ke)7屬,其(qi)余各門藻類(lei)7科(ke)8屬,年均(jun)數量(liang)89.3×104ind./L,生物量(liang)0.38mg/L
浮游動物
浮游動物32屬(shu),年(nian)均數量(liang)709ind./L,生物量(liang)1.7mg/L
底棲生物
底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong),其中軟體動(dong)(dong)物(wu)17種(zhong)(zhong),節(jie)肢動(dong)(dong)物(wu)5種(zhong)(zhong),環節(jie)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong),平均(jun)數(shu)量250.5ind./平方米,生物(wu)量71.9g/平方米
生態環境
湖(hu)區屬北亞熱(re)帶季風氣候,年(nian)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)16.3℃,1月平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)3.2℃,極端最低氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-12.9℃,7月平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)28.6℃,極端最高氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)39.6℃。多年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均無霜期(qi)258d,降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)1 171mm,蒸發量(liang)(liang)(liang)1 586mm。年(nian)均風速2.0~3.0m/s。湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)依賴北岸10余條區間溪(xi)流和(he)湖(hu)面(mian)降水(shui)(shui)補給,集水(shui)(shui)面(mian)積562.0平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里,補給系數26.5。出流經(jing)雙河口于陽邏(luo)附近(jin)排(pai)入長(chang)江。年(nian)均水(shui)(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)18.7℃,1月平(ping)(ping)(ping)均水(shui)(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)4℃左(zuo)右,7月平(ping)(ping)(ping)均水(shui)(shui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)32℃。湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)黃綠色(se),透(tou)明度(du)1.5m,pH值8.1,總硬(ying)度(du)10.7德國度(du),礦化度(du)169.5 mg/L。陰離(li)子以HCO3-為主,含量(liang)(liang)(liang)103.7mg/L;陽離(li)子以Ca2+居首位,含量(liang)(liang)(liang)22.9mg/L,屬重(zhong)碳酸鹽類鈣組Ⅰ型水(shui)(shui)。DO8.1mg/L,COD5.33mg/L,NO3--N0.08mg/L,SiO21.02 mg/L,TN1.08mg/L,TP0.11mg/L。