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基本介紹

長城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)一(yi)墩(dun)，又稱討(tao)賴河墩(dun)，是嘉峪關西長城(cheng)(cheng)最南端的一(yi)座墩(dun)臺，也是明(ming)代萬里(li)(li)長城(cheng)(cheng)最西端的一(yi)座墩(dun)臺。長城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)一(yi)墩(dun)于明(ming)嘉靖十八年（公元(yuan)1539）年由肅州(zhou)兵備道李涵監筑，北距(ju)關城(cheng)(cheng)7.5公里(li)(li)，墩(dun)臺矗立于討(tao)賴河邊近(jin)56米高(gao)的懸崖之上(shang)。

景點景觀

麓(lu)，因(yin)山(shan)而名。明洪(hong)武五年（1372）修筑(zhu)萬里長城時置。當時明征虜大將(jiang)軍(jun)馮(feng)勝看中嘉峪(yu)山(shan)西(xi)北(bei)麓(lu)的險要(yao)地勢，選為河(he)西(xi)第一(yi)隘口，開始筑(zhu)城設(she)關，以后經歷一(yi)百多年時間擴建，才形成一(yi)個比較完整的防御體系(xi)。明弘(hong)治(zhi)年間，為防吐魯番東侵，曾進行(xing)重修。這關雄(xiong)偉壯觀，號稱(cheng)“天下第一(yi)雄(xiong)關”。

萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)沿線(xian)(xian)分布著(zhu)許多關(guan)(guan)(guan)隘，其中(zhong)(zhong)規模較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)有(you)兩座(zuo)：一(yi)座(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)東端的(de)山(shan)海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)，另(ling)一(yi)座(zuo)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)西端的(de)嘉(jia)峪關(guan)(guan)(guan)，而后者經前者猶(you)有(you)過之，所以嘉(jia)峪關(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)的(de)較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)(da)關(guan)(guan)(guan)隘，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國規模大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)隘。但嘉(jia)峪關(guan)(guan)(guan)初建時(shi)不過是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)座(zuo)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)高的(de)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，占地2500平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。而現(xian)存的(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總面積(ji)33.500余(yu)平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)，比原(yuan)來的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)數倍。它由外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)合而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長733米(mi)(mi)(mi)，就(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長640米(mi)(mi)(mi)，面積(ji)為(wei)原(yuan)先的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)。內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西寬東窄，略呈(cheng)梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高9米(mi)(mi)(mi)，東西開“光化門(men)”和“柔(rou)遠門(men)”兩門(men)。門(men)外(wai)各筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓對稱(cheng)，三(san)層三(san)檐(yan)五間式(shi)(shi)，周(zhou)圍(wei)有(you)廊，單(dan)檐(yan)歇山(shan)頂(ding)，高17米(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四隅有(you)角樓、南、北墻中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)有(you)敵(di)樓，一(yi)層三(san)間式(shi)(shi)帶(dai)前廊。兩門(men)內(nei)(nei)北側(ce)有(you)馬道達城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頂(ding)。關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)官(guan)井，舊有(you)亭，今已(yi)廢。西門(men)外(wai)套筑(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)道凸形(xing)(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻，構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個羅(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)比內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高2.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)門(men)額刻“嘉(jia)峪關(guan)(guan)(guan)”三(san)個大(da)(da)(da)(da)字。門(men)頂(ding)原(yuan)有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓，與東西二樓形(xing)(xing)(xing)制相同(tong)，三(san)樓東西成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)線(xian)(xian)。1924年(nian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓被毀。西面羅(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚砌，東、南、北有(you)土筑(zhu)(zhu)圍(wei)墻，連(lian)接長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，迭門(men)重城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)并守(shou)之勢。東甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)有(you)文昌(chang)閣(ge)、關(guan)(guan)(guan)帝廟、戲樓，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)靠北有(you)游(you)擊(ji)衙門(men)府(fu)一(yi)座(zuo)，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)清代(dai)建筑(zhu)(zhu)。新中(zhong)(zhong)國成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立后，關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾多次維修加固，至今保存完好。

地理環境

長(chang)城第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)墩嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)位于甘(gan)肅(su)省河西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)走廊的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)端，東經98°17′、北緯39°47′，甘(gan)肅(su)嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)市向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)處(chu)，是明(ming)長(chang)城西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)端的(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)重關(guan)(guan)(guan)，也是古代“絲綢之路”的(de)(de)(de)交通要沖。嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)市區西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)6公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)處(chu)，位于嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)最(zui)狹窄的(de)(de)(de)山谷中部,地(di)(di)勢最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)山上，城關(guan)(guan)(guan)兩翼的(de)(de)(de)城墻(qiang)橫穿沙漠戈(ge)壁，向(xiang)北8公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)連黑山懸壁長(chang)城，向(xiang)南(nan)7公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)，是明(ming)代萬(wan)里(li)長(chang)城西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)端主宰，自古為河西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)隘(ai)口(kou)。嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)關(guan)(guan)(guan)城，位于嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)最(zui)狹窄的(de)(de)(de)山谷中部，地(di)(di)勢最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)山上，城關(guan)(guan)(guan)兩翼的(de)(de)(de)城墻(qiang)橫穿沙漠戈(ge)壁。嘉(jia)(jia)峪(yu)(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)以地(di)(di)勢險要，巍(wei)峨(e)壯觀著稱于世。與萬(wan)里(li)之外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)下第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)關(guan)(guan)(guan)”——山海關(guan)(guan)(guan)遙相呼應，聞名天(tian)下。

歷史沿革

明代(dai)，嘉峪關(guan)管轄著(zhu)“腹(fu)里、沿邊、境外墩(dun)(dun)(dun)臺(tai)三十九座”。關(guan)內墩(dun)(dun)(dun)臺(tai)林(lin)立(li)，縱橫交織，相互了望，互通情(qing)報。長城第一墩(dun)(dun)(dun)，是關(guan)南(nan)(nan)主(zhu)要的一座墩(dun)(dun)(dun)臺(tai)，擔(dan)負著(zhu)傳(chuan)遞關(guan)南(nan)(nan)及祁連(lian)山諸(zhu)口軍事信(xin)息的任務。設有塢(wu)、驛馬、驛駝、食宿、積(ji)薪等物，配(pei)備有一定數量(liang)的守兵。

長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)(di)一(yi)墩(dun)(dun)景區(qu)(qu)自然景致壯觀，東臨(lin)酒(jiu)泉，西(xi)連荒漠，北(bei)依(yi)嘉(jia)峪，南(nan)望祁連，討賴(lai)河水滔滔東去。極目南(nan)眺，山(shan)峰終年(nian)潔白，襯映著(zhu)藍色天(tian)(tian)空，更覺清新如(ru)畫。正所謂“余收遠岫和(he)云濕，風度疏林帶舞飄(piao)”。景區(qu)(qu)面積約3.22平方(fang)(fang)公里(li)。景區(qu)(qu)包括長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)(di)一(yi)墩(dun)(dun)、綜(zong)合服(fu)務(wu)區(qu)(qu)、討賴(lai)河滑索、討賴(lai)客棧、天(tian)(tian)險(xian)吊橋(qiao)、“醉臥沙場(chang)”雕塑群(qun)、“中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)龍(long)林”等內(nei)容(rong)。長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)(di)一(yi)墩(dun)(dun)于(yu)明(ming)嘉(jia)靖十八年(nian)（公元1539）年(nian)由(you)肅州(zhou)兵(bing)備道李涵監筑，北(bei)距關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)7.5公里(li)，墩(dun)(dun)臺(tai)矗(chu)立于(yu)討賴(lai)河邊近56米(mi)高的(de)懸崖之(zhi)上。對于(yu)它(ta)的(de)雄(xiong)險(xian)，著(zhu)名(ming)長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)專家羅哲文先生(sheng)曾經有過生(sheng)動的(de)吟詠：“嘉(jia)峪關(guan)(guan)，雄(xiong)險(xian)畫皆難，墩(dun)(dun)堡(bao)遙(yao)遙(yao)相互望，長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)道道連關(guan)(guan)山(shan)，猿臂(bei)也難攀”。在一(yi)萬(wan)多華(hua)(hua)里(li)的(de)明(ming)代長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)線上，墩(dun)(dun)臺(tai)無數，密如(ru)繁星，而嘉(jia)峪關(guan)(guan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)(di)一(yi)墩(dun)(dun)與河北(bei)山(shan)海(hai)關(guan)(guan)渤海(hai)之(zhi)濱的(de)“老龍(long)頭”遙(yao)相呼應，共同構筑起中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)“龍(long)”的(de)首尾，成就(jiu)了中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)民族(zu)“龍(long)”的(de)美名(ming)。如(ru)果說長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)民族(zu)的(de)豐碑，那么長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)(di)一(yi)墩(dun)(dun)就(jiu)是(shi)這座豐碑崛起的(de)地方(fang)(fang)。現在，這座墩(dun)(dun)臺(tai)殘高約10米(mi)，其底(di)(di)部(bu)呈不(bu)規(gui)則正方(fang)(fang)形(xing)，底(di)(di)寬(kuan)14米(mi)，內(nei)部(bu)仍(reng)呈正方(fang)(fang)形(xing)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)寬(kuan)均(jun)為6米(mi)。用黃土夯筑而成，夯土層厚(hou)10～20厘米(mi)。“長(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)第(di)(di)一(yi)墩(dun)(dun)”碑文由(you)已故的(de)西(xi)路軍(jun)將領魏傳統(tong)題寫，字(zi)跡飄(piao)逸灑脫，清秀雋永。

依(yi)托(tuo)長城(cheng)第(di)一墩開發建(jian)設的(de)旅游景(jing)區(qu)，自然景(jing)致壯觀，東邊是(shi)(shi)(shi)群樓林立(li)的(de)嘉峪關市區(qu)，西(xi)邊是(shi)(shi)(shi)浩瀚無際的(de)大漠戈壁(bi)，北(bei)邊與雄偉(wei)壯觀的(de)嘉峪關相連(lian)，南面為(wei)(wei)連(lian)綿起伏(fu)的(de)祁(qi)連(lian)雪山，腳下是(shi)(shi)(shi)發源于祁(qi)連(lian)山的(de)討(tao)賴河。長城(cheng)第(di)一墩旅游景(jing)區(qu)，以長城(cheng)文(wen)化(hua)和絲綢(chou)之(zhi)路文(wen)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)內涵，以戈壁(bi)風(feng)光和西(xi)北(bei)民俗風(feng)情為(wei)(wei)基礎，是(shi)(shi)(shi)一處(chu)觀光、探險、休閑、娛樂、懷古游歷(li)和拍攝(she)影視場(chang)景(jing)的(de)好地方(fang)。