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九天(tian)玄(xuan)女(nv)的(de)原始形象是玄(xuan)鳥(niao)，傳說(shuo)她是古代王朝商(shang)(shang)(shang)朝的(de)始祖。《詩經·商(shang)(shang)(shang)頌·玄(xuan)鳥(niao)》說(shuo)：“天(tian)命玄(xuan)鳥(niao)，降而生商(shang)(shang)(shang)”這是殷商(shang)(shang)(shang)后代祭(ji)祀祖先的(de)詩歌。意思是說(shuo)天(tian)帝命令玄(xuan)鳥(niao)生下(xia)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)始祖契。玄(xuan)鳥(niao)就是商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)始祖。目前(qian)所知最早(zao)述(shu)及(ji)玄(xuan)女(nv)的(de)文獻漢代緯(wei)書(shu)《龍魚河圖》載：

黃帝(di)攝政時，有蚩(chi)尤兄弟八十一人，并獸(shou)身人語，銅(tong)頭鐵額，食砂石子(zi)，造立(li)兵(bing)仗刀戟大弩(nu)，威振(zhen)天(tian)下，誅殺無道，不仁慈。萬(wan)民欲令(ling)黃帝(di)行(xing)天(tian)子(zi)事，黃帝(di)仁義，不能禁(jin)止蚩(chi)尤，遂不敵(di)。黃帝(di)仰天(tian)而(er)嘆(tan)。天(tian)遣玄女下授黃帝(di)兵(bing)信神(shen)符，制伏蚩(chi)尤。

此處玄女乃(nai)上天之神，雖未(wei)具(ju)體說明是(shi)否(fou)人(ren)(ren)形，但(dan)從整(zheng)段文字看，若(ruo)非人(ren)(ren)形，當(dang)有(you)特別說明，如對蚩(chi)尤兄弟之“獸身人(ren)(ren)語”，便專(zhuan)門予以(yi)描(miao)述。由此可(ke)知(zhi)，玄女應為“人(ren)(ren)首(shou)人(ren)(ren)形”之神，與玄鳥之“鳥形”無任何關系。

“九(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)玄女(nv)”應為“九(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)壬女(nv)”，該系傳抄筆誤，又(you)因(yin)“壬”，天(tian)干第九(jiu)(jiu)位(wei)，玄色，故名九(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)壬（玄）女(nv)。壬女(nv)，即(ji)炎(yan)(yan)帝生(sheng)母，任(ren)(ren)姒（名女(nv)登(deng)），任(ren)(ren)氏(shi)之(zhi)女(nv)。炎(yan)(yan)帝因(yin)任(ren)(ren)女(nv)所生(sheng)，故姓(xing)“姜”。姜姓(xing)本意為任(ren)(ren)女(nv)所生(sheng)之(zhi)意。所以，九(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)玄女(nv)就是九(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)壬女(nv)。炎(yan)(yan)帝之(zhi)母任(ren)(ren)姒，感神龍首(shou)而生(sheng)炎(yan)(yan)帝，有蟜(jiao)氏(shi)之(zhi)女(nv)，任(ren)(ren)姓(xing)。

上古時(shi)期的(de)母(mu)(mu)系社會只(zhi)知其(qi)母(mu)(mu)，不知其(qi)父，乃從(cong)女(nv)姓。炎(yan)帝(di)(di)之(zhi)母(mu)(mu)，乃是任姒，名女(nv)登(deng)，任氏之(zhi)女(nv)（有蟜氏、摯任氏）。炎(yan)帝(di)(di)因相貌不美，其(qi)父少典(dian)不悅，將炎(yan)帝(di)(di)放于東方之(zhi)地。是炎(yan)帝(di)(di)母(mu)(mu)親任姒親手養育炎(yan)帝(di)(di)成人(ren)。因為他母(mu)(mu)親姓任，故(gu)首先她生出的(de)兒子(zi)，從(cong)母(mu)(mu)姓任，炎(yan)帝(di)(di)在姜(jiang)(jiang)水成就，故(gu)自姓姜(jiang)(jiang)（任女(nv)所(suo)生之(zhi)意）。自伊(yi)（任）徙(xi)耆（姜(jiang)(jiang)）合稱任姜(jiang)(jiang)氏，堯(yao)之(zhi)母(mu)(mu)也是任女(nv)。

據甲骨文字義，姜(jiang)是壬女（妊）所(suo)生之意，一舉破解了“姜(jiang)”字本意，而(er)任姓初文正(zheng)是壬（妊），故(gu)炎帝姜(jiang)姓必為(wei)任姒(si)所(suo)生。“姜(jiang)”字的本意就(jiu)是“任（玄）女所(suo)生”的合文。故(gu)九(jiu)(jiu)天玄女，實乃九(jiu)(jiu)天壬女。

文獻記載

《古(gu)文龍(long)虎經注疏·卷(juan)上》：玄女演其(qi)序章注：玄女乃(nai)天(tian)地之精(jing)神(shen)，陰(yin)陽之靈氣。神(shen)無(wu)所(suo)不通(tong)，形無(wu)所(suo)不類。知萬物之情，曉眾變之狀(zhuang)。為道敖之主也(ye)。玄女亦上古(gu)神(shen)仙，為眾真(zhen)之長。

《紫(zi)府(fu)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)祖(zu)法(fa)懺》：全稱“太上(shang)(shang)無(wu)(wu)(wu)極(ji)九天(tian)紫(zi)府(fu)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)祖(zu)至尊法(fa)懺”經文中，對(dui)于(yu)九天(tian)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)女(nv)的贊(zan)頌辭非常殊圣。摘錄部份如(ru)下：上(shang)(shang)極(ji)無(wu)(wu)(wu)上(shang)(shang)，乃(nai)為(wei)最上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尊，玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)，斯號開玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祖(zu)，自昔(xi)乾坤未辟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)，猶是(shi)混t沌元苞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)致(zhi)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氣無(wu)(wu)(wu)象，無(wu)(wu)(wu)色(se)無(wu)(wu)(wu)名，當是(shi)時也，蓋有(you)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)祖(zu)....玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)祖(zu)至尊，結梵氣于(yu)太初之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年，舒至精(jing)于(yu)太始之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分，無(wu)(wu)(wu)而有(you)，有(you)而無(wu)(wu)(wu)，釋宗無(wu)(wu)(wu)以名空，實而虛(xu)，虛(xu)而實，儒踐實以成治，是(shi)為(wei)道法(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗。

從以上(shang)經(jing)文(wen)記載(zai)，九(jiu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)玄女實(shi)乃(nai)先天(tian)(tian)(tian)女仙，是至真天(tian)(tian)(tian)仙，乃(nai)大(da)道衍化(hua)，南方離火炁所化(hua)生先天(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)仙。道教最高(gao)尊(zun)神(shen)“三清(qing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)”玉清(qing)、上(shang)清(qing)、太清(qing)，乃(nai)是“大(da)道之祖氣(qi)、元(yuan)始祖氣(qi)、先天(tian)(tian)(tian)元(yuan)始一(yi)氣(qi)”變化(hua)三氣(qi)為(wei)三清(qing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)尊(zun)。

道經《九天生神章經解》所言：“以陽精之(zhi)氣(qi)化生上圣高(gao)真，以沖靜(jing)之(zhi)氣(qi)化生元君(jun)圣母，剛烈(lie)之(zhi)氣(qi)化生天丁力士，馀(yu)氣(qi)化育萬靈 … ” 。

《仙(xian)(xian)術(shu)秘(mi)庫·卷(juan)一》玉樞真人說：天(tian)仙(xian)(xian)者(zhe)：功成(cheng)于三(san)乘之中(zhong)，跡超乎三(san)乘之外，不(bu)(bu)為法拘，不(bu)(bu)為道(dao)泥，于天(tian)地有(you)大(da)功，于今古(gu)有(you)大(da)行， … 而返三(san)清虛無(wu)自然之界。 … 傳道(dao)人間，道(dao)上(shang)有(you)功，人間有(you)行，與造物而同慘(can)，經萬古(gu)而不(bu)(bu)朽， … 乃為仙(xian)(xian)乘中(zhong)之無(wu)上(shang)上(shang)乘。

九天(tian)玄女(nv)(nv)為(wei)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)所信奉，在道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)地(di)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)崇高的(de)，是(shi)(shi)九天(tian)道(dao)(dao)法之祖，是(shi)(shi)符(fu)籙法咒之宗(zong)，成為(wei)名符(fu)其實的(de)符(fu)咒祭壇神，是(shi)(shi)女(nv)(nv)仙(xian)神系(xi)中位(wei)階僅(jin)次于西(xi)王(wang)母的(de)女(nv)(nv)天(tian)仙(xian)，九天(tian)玄女(nv)(nv)是(shi)(shi)一位(wei)深諳道(dao)(dao)法、軍(jun)事的(de)女(nv)(nv)神仙(xian)，但她(ta)的(de)莊嚴妙(miao)相卻像是(shi)(shi)一位(wei)雍(yong)容華貴(gui)的(de)后妃。

按《天壇玉(yu)格》云：行六丁(ding)法合受九天玄(xuan)女箓。

《太(tai)上(shang)正(zheng)一(yi)諸品(pin)籙》曰：《太(tai)上(shang)九天(tian)玄女(nv)斬邪秘箓》一(yi)階。此箓恭(gong)行天(tian)律，部領雷兵。如有(you)下界(jie)精邪，北陰午(wu)酉，出沒巖穴，蟠踞山林，窺闞家(jia)庭，損傷人命，神(shen)威(wei)所到，一(yi)切掃除，福佑生人，肅(su)清(qing)魔魅，至心佩奉(feng)，感應無方。

《墉城(cheng)集(ji)仙錄》記載(zai)：

正統道藏洞神部譜箓類-墉城(cheng)集仙錄-前蜀-杜光庭(ting)撰卷(juan)六

九天(tian)(tian)玄(xuan)(xuan)女者，黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)（黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)曾訪拜七十(shi)(shi)二(er)位師(shi)傅先生學問大(da)(da)道），圣(sheng)母元君(jun)弟子也(ye)(ye)。黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)世為(wei)(wei)(wei)有熊國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)，佐神農為(wei)(wei)(wei)理(li)。神農之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孫榆(yu)岡（榆(yu)罔(wang)）既(ji)衰，諸侯(hou)相伐，干戈(ge)日尋，各據方色，自(zi)稱五行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)號(hao)(hao)。太(tai)嗥(hao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)自(zi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青帝(di)(di)(di)(di)，榆(yu)岡神農之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)自(zi)號(hao)(hao)赤帝(di)(di)(di)(di)，共工之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族自(zi)號(hao)(hao)白帝(di)(di)(di)(di)，葛(ge)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)自(zi)號(hao)(hao)黑帝(di)(di)(di)(di)，帝(di)(di)(di)(di)起有熊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)墟自(zi)號(hao)(hao)黃(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)。乃(nai)恭已下士(shi)側身(shen)修(xiu)德，在位二(er)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年，而蚩(chi)尤(you)肆孽(nie)，弟兄八(ba)十(shi)(shi)一人(ren)，獸身(shen)人(ren)語，銅頭鐵額，瞰砂吞石(shi)，不食五谷。作(zuo)五虎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形以(yi)(yi)害(hai)黎(li)庶，鑄兵(bing)(bing)於(wu)葛(ge)爐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山不察帝(di)(di)(di)(di)命(ming)(ming)。帝(di)(di)(di)(di)欲征之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，博求賢能以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)己(ji)助，得風(feng)后(hou)(hou)於(wu)海隅，得力牧(mu)(mu)於(wu)大(da)(da)澤(ze)，以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)鴻為(wei)(wei)(wei)佐，天(tian)(tian)老為(wei)(wei)(wei)師(shi)，署三(san)公以(yi)(yi)象(xiang)三(san)臺(tai)，風(feng)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)臺(tai)，天(tian)(tian)老為(wei)(wei)(wei)中臺(tai)，五圣(sheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)下臺(tai)。始獲寶(bao)鼎不爨而熟，迎日推莢，以(yi)(yi)封胡為(wei)(wei)(wei)將，以(yi)(yi)夫人(ren)費(fei)修(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子為(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)子，用張若、堤朋、力牧(mu)(mu)、容(rong)光、龍(long)紆、倉(cang)頡、容(rong)成、大(da)(da)撓、屠龍(long)眾臣(chen)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)翼輔，戰(zhan)蚩(chi)尤(you)於(wu)涿鹿(lu)。帝(di)(di)(di)(di)師(shi)不勝，蚩(chi)尤(you)作(zuo)大(da)(da)霧三(san)日內外皆(jie)迷(mi)。風(feng)后(hou)(hou)法(fa)斗機(ji)作(zuo)大(da)(da)車，以(yi)(yi)杓(shao)指南以(yi)(yi)正(zheng)四方，帝(di)(di)(di)(di)用憂憤齋于(yu)(yu)太(tai)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下；王母遣使(shi)披(pi)玄(xuan)(xuan)狐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣以(yi)(yi)符(fu)授(shou)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)，曰：精(jing)(jing)(jing)思告天(tian)(tian)必(bi)有太(tai)上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)。居數(shu)日，大(da)(da)霧冥冥晝晦，玄(xuan)(xuan)女降焉。乘丹(dan)鳳御(yu)景云服(fu)九色彩翠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衣集于(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)前，帝(di)(di)(di)(di)再拜受命(ming)(ming)。玄(xuan)(xuan)女曰：吾以(yi)(yi)太(tai)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教，有疑可問也(ye)(ye)。帝(di)(di)(di)(di)稽首(shou)頓首(shou)曰：蚩(chi)尤(you)暴橫(heng)毒(du)害(hai)需(xu)黎(li)，四海嗷嗷莫(mo)保性(xing)命(ming)(ming)，欲萬戰(zhan)萬勝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)，與人(ren)除害(hai)可乎？玄(xuan)(xuan)女即(ji)授(shou)六(liu)甲(jia)六(liu)壬兵(bing)(bing)信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)符(fu)，靈寶(bao)五帝(di)(di)(di)(di)策(ce)(ce)使(shi)鬼神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)，制(zhi)妖(yao)通靈五明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)印，五陰五陽遁元之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)式，太(tai)一十(shi)(shi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)四神勝負握機(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖，五兵(bing)(bing)河圖策(ce)(ce)精(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訣。復率(lv)諸侯(hou)再戰(zhan)蚩(chi)尤(you)于(yu)(yu)冀州，蚩(chi)尤(you)驅魑魅(mei)雜妖(yao)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)陣，雨師(shi)風(feng)伯(bo)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)衛，應(ying)龍(long)蓄水以(yi)(yi)征於(wu)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)。帝(di)(di)(di)(di)畫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遂滅蚩(chi)尤(you)于(yu)(yu)絕轡(pei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野中冀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄉，分四冢以(yi)(yi)葬(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。由是榆(yu)岡拒命(ming)(ming)，又(you)誅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阪泉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野，北逐塤齋，大(da)(da)定(ding)四方。步(bu)四極凡二(er)萬八(ba)千里，乃(nai)鑄鼎立(li)九州，置五行(xing)(xing)九德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)以(yi)(yi)觀天(tian)(tian)地，祠萬靈垂法(fa)設教，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)采(cai)首(shou)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)銅鑄鼎於(wu)荊(jing)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下，黃(huang)龍(long)來迎乘龍(long)升天(tian)(tian)。