寧(ning)波草(cao)席(xi)(xi)是浙江(jiang)省寧(ning)波市的(de)傳統手工(gong)藝(yi)品。采用(yong)燈心草(cao)、蒲草(cao)、馬蘭(lan)草(cao)等編織而成(cheng)的(de),在草(cao)席(xi)(xi)家族中,最負盛名(ming)的(de)要數浙江(jiang)寧(ning)波的(de)“寧(ning)席(xi)(xi)”。草(cao)席(xi)(xi)又(you)可分為普通草(cao)席(xi)(xi)、蒲草(cao)席(xi)(xi)、咸草(cao)席(xi)(xi)、馬蘭(lan)草(cao)席(xi)(xi)。
寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)(bo)草(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),亦稱寧(ning)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),古(gu)稱明(ming)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),俗稱滑子,浙(zhe)江著名(ming)傳統特產。草(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)是寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)(bo)鄞縣(已更(geng)(geng)名(ming)為鄞州區)的(de)重要特產。并以(yi)黃(huang)古(gu)林(lin)一帶草(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)歷史悠(you)久,質量特優。由于黃(huang)古(gu)林(lin)一帶氣候(hou)土壤適宜,所(suo)產席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)草(cao)(cao)色(se)澤青白(bai)(bai)而(er)帶綠,粗細均勻而(er)挺直(zhi),草(cao)(cao)壁薄而(er)堅(jian)韌(ren),草(cao)(cao)芯豐滿而(er)有彈性,拉力強而(er)不(bu)(bu)易斷,加(jia)上編織(zhi)技術(shu)悠(you)久而(er)精(jing)湛,故織(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)草(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),質地(di)精(jing)良,挺括硬實,柔軟光(guang)滑,收藏簡便。不(bu)(bu)用(yong)時(shi)卷席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)成(cheng)筒,不(bu)(bu)占(zhan)地(di)位(wei);使(shi)用(yong)時(shi),一經(jing)溫(wen)水拭抹(mo),不(bu)(bu)但更(geng)(geng)加(jia)光(guang)滑,且能透出一股沁(qin)人的(de)幽香(xiang)。草(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)一般(ban)是由白(bai)(bai)麻或(huo)綠麻為筋編織(zhi)而(er)成(cheng),而(er)以(yi)白(bai)(bai)麻筋草(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)為佳。寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)(bo)草(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)在國內(nei)外享有盛(sheng)譽(yu),年總產量數百萬(wan)條,除暢銷全(quan)國各(ge)地(di)外,還(huan)銷往日本、東(dong)南(nan)亞(ya)及(ji)香(xiang)港等國家和地(di)區。
寧波草席傳統的生(sheng)產方(fang)式是,采用木質立(li)式機編織,靠手工(gong)操作。新中(zhong)國建立(li)后,進入80年代(dai)中(zhong)后期開始(shi)使(shi)用電動鐵機,提高了工(gong)效。
黃(huang)古林一帶所產(chan)草(cao)席歷史悠久,據(ju)《四明郡(jun)志》載(zai),早在唐代(dai),寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)草(cao)席已遠銷(xiao)各(ge)(ge)地(di)。距(ju)今已有1000多年歷史。寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)作(zuo)為全國三(san)大對外(wai)貿易(yi)口岸,宋元明各(ge)(ge)個朝(chao)代(dai),寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)草(cao)席都已作(zuo)為特產(chan)銷(xiao)往(wang)海外(wai)。到(dao)了清代(dai),寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)草(cao)席生產(chan)達(da)到(dao)鼎盛時期,除內銷(xiao)外(wai),還遠銷(xiao)東南(nan)亞各(ge)(ge)國和歐洲、非(fei)洲等一些國家,成(cheng)為重要出口產(chan)品。1954年,周恩來總理(li)參加(jia)日內瓦會議時,還特地(di)帶了四十條寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)草(cao)席饋贈國際(ji)友人,備(bei)受歡迎。
寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)質(zhi)量(liang)好,品(pin)種齊,工藝考究而(er)著(zhu)稱于世。歷(li)史上(shang)(shang)(shang)寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)還為抗擊(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)入侵作出(chu)過(guo)重要貢獻。這個故事(shi)發生在(zai)南宋(song)時(shi)(shi)期。據《佛祖(zu)統記》、《寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)府志》記載(zai),自從康王趙構(gou)建(jian)立南宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)廷以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou),由于偏安臨安,根基薄弱(ruo),難以(yi)(yi)(yi)抵(di)御強大(da)(da)的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。便(bian)于建(jian)炎(yan)三(san)年(公元1129年)放棄臨安,跨駐(zhu)明州(zhou)(zhou)。因明州(zhou)(zhou)背(bei)負大(da)(da)海,便(bian)準備燎撞,一(yi)旦(dan)受到金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻擊(ji),以(yi)(yi)(yi)便(bian)揚(yang)(yang)帆出(chu)海。建(jian)炎(yan)四年正月,金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)更大(da)(da)規(gui)模南犯。大(da)(da)隊金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)渡錢(qian)塘,破紹興,占余姚,直逼明州(zhou)(zhou)。趙構(gou)聞報,大(da)(da)驚(jing)失(shi)色,隨(sui)即帶(dai)領后(hou)妃、待從,登上(shang)(shang)(shang)艨艟(chong),直駛定海。當時(shi)(shi),留守(shou)明州(zhou)(zhou)一(yi)帶(dai)的(de)御營前營統制張(zhang)(zhang)俊,與副統制劉洪道(dao)守(shou)于城樓(lou),遣兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)掩擊(ji),殺(sha)(sha)傷(shang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)無數,首(shou)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)大(da)(da)捷(jie)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)只得屯守(shou)余姚,請(qing)求(qiu)大(da)(da)元帥(shuai)兀術(shu)增援(yuan)。兀術(shu)聞報大(da)(da)怒(nu),便(bian)帶(dai)領大(da)(da)隊兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)將再犯明州(zhou)(zhou)。張(zhang)(zhang)俊見(jian)兀術(shu)來(lai)勢(shi)兇猛(meng),準備于鄞(yin)縣西鄉(xiang)高(gao)橋一(yi)帶(dai)迎戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。他騎馬(ma)實地勘察這一(yi)帶(dai)地形,騎著(zhu)、騎著(zhu),突然戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)馬(ma)四蹄(ti)打滑(hua),竟至四腳朝(chao)(chao)天,把(ba)張(zhang)(zhang)俊掀(xian)翻(fan)在(zai)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)地里,弄(nong)得渾身(shen)泥漿。張(zhang)(zhang)俊爬起身(shen)來(lai)一(yi)看,只見(jian)地上(shang)(shang)(shang)晾著(zhu)幾領草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),馬(ma)蹄(ti)被草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)打滑(hua),頓時(shi)(shi)計上(shang)(shang)(shang)心(xin)來(lai)。他管不了擦洗泥漿,立即召集當地百姓(xing),曉以(yi)(yi)(yi)抗擊(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之大(da)(da)義,動員百姓(xing)把(ba)家里草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)悉數鋪到過(guo)往大(da)(da)道(dao)。眾百姓(xing)一(yi)聽,都愿意(yi)為保衛鄉(xiang)土,奮勇參戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),紛(fen)紛(fen)把(ba)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鋪于沿途路(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。次日,宋(song)軍以(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)隊埋伏于高(gao)橋下(xia),而(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)小隊在(zai)前路(lu)迎戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不幾個回合,宋(song)軍便(bian)循著(zhu)河邊長有青草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)小路(lu)撤退,金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兀術(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為可欺,揮(hui)動大(da)(da)隊人馬(ma)追殺(sha)(sha)過(guo)來(lai)。不料戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)馬(ma)一(yi)踏(ta)上(shang)(shang)(shang)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi),便(bian)馬(ma)蹄(ti)打滑(hua),人仰馬(ma)翻(fan)。在(zai)后(hou)面的(de)騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)不知前邊情況,揚(yang)(yang)鞭催馬(ma)而(er)來(lai)。也被滑(hua)倒在(zai)地,自相殘踏(ta)。此(ci)時(shi)(shi),埋伏在(zai)橋下(xia)、田塍(cheng)里的(de)宋(song)軍和義兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)見(jian)狀,一(yi)齊殺(sha)(sha)出(chu),殺(sha)(sha)得金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)血流(liu)成(cheng)河,殺(sha)(sha)得金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兀術(shu)魂飛魄散,趕緊敗(bai)退。正如清代著(zhu)名(ming)學者(zhe)萬斯同在(zai)《鄮(mao)西竹枝(zhi)詞(ci)》中寫道(dao):“高(gao)宗航海駐(zhu)鄞(yin)邦,曾(ceng)把(ba)高(gao)橋作戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)場,卻恨元戎輕縱敵,復教兀術(shu)渡錢(qian)塘。”古(gu)時(shi)(shi)候,人們叫金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)為“韃子(zi)”,自從草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)滑(hua)倒金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),打了勝(sheng)仗以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou),寧(ning)波(bo)(bo)人就叫席(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)子(zi)為“滑(hua)子(zi)”了。