古人認為,明(ming)(ming)(ming)堂可(ke)上通天(tian)象,下統萬物,天(tian)子在(zai)(zai)此既可(ke)聽察天(tian)下,又(you)可(ke)宣明(ming)(ming)(ming)政教,是體(ti)現天(tian)人合為一體(ti)的神圣之地(di)。古代帝王(wang)凡祭祀(si)、朝(chao)會(hui)、慶賞、選(xuan)士等大禮典(dian)均在(zai)(zai)此舉(ju)行(xing)。1995年發現明(ming)(ming)(ming)堂遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)部分發掘延續至(zhi)次年,其具(ju)體(ti)位置在(zai)(zai)今(jin)大同(tong)市區(qu)(qu)東(dong)南向陽東(dong)街一帶,東(dong)起大同(tong)一中(原(yuan)云中大學(xue)--大同(tong)職業技術(shu)學(xue)院(yuan))西(xi)(xi)(xi)南角,西(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)柳(liu)(liu)航里(li)小區(qu)(qu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)沿(yan),南迄(qi)城區(qu)(qu)四十五校西(xi)(xi)(xi)墻外(wai),北至(zhi)柳(liu)(liu)航里(li)原(yuan)大同(tong)職業技術(shu)學(xue)院(yuan)3號家屬樓西(xi)(xi)(xi)的小區(qu)(qu)停(ting)車場。已(yi)探明(ming)(ming)(ming)這(zhe)處圓形(xing)(xing)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)直徑(jing)為289至(zhi)294米(mi),占地(di)面積達百(bai)畝。遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中央(yang)是一方形(xing)(xing)夯土臺(tai)基,邊長(chang)約(yue)43米(mi),是主(zhu)體(ti)建筑(zhu)“明(ming)(ming)(ming)堂”所在(zai)(zai)地(di)。遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)總(zong)平(ping)面呈圓形(xing)(xing),在(zai)(zai)圜形(xing)(xing)水溝的內側,設東(dong)、南、西(xi)(xi)(xi)、北四門(men),南門(men)與西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)的遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)規模(mo)宏大。依照(zhao)相關資(zi)料推算(suan),建筑(zhu)規模(mo)相當于現存(cun)北京天(tian)壇的3倍。可(ke)惜(xi)受到當時(shi)社(she)會(hui)條件局限,地(di)處鬧(nao)市無法進(jin)行(xing)下一步(bu)詳細考古。
北(bei)(bei)魏王(wang)朝(chao)是鮮卑族建(jian)(jian)立的(de)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)政(zheng)權,也(ye)是南北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)期北(bei)(bei)朝(chao)頭一(yi)(yi)(yi)個王(wang)朝(chao)。北(bei)(bei)魏平(ping)城明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)據《魏書·高祖紀(ji)》記載:太和(he)(he)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(486)秋(qiu)七月(yue)(yue)“詔起明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)、辟雍(yong)。”而(er)真正開始修建(jian)(jian)是在(zai)太和(he)(he)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(491)夏(xia)四(si)月(yue)(yue),并(bing)且在(zai)修筑明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)的(de)同時(shi)還修筑了(le)(le)太廟,《魏書·高祖紀(ji)》記載:“經(jing)始明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),改(gai)(gai)營太廟。”工程進度特(te)別快(kuai),僅(jin)僅(jin)用了(le)(le)半年(nian)(nian)的(de)時(shi)間,明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)和(he)(he)太廟就修筑完成(cheng)了(le)(le)。此時(shi)文明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)太后剛(gang)剛(gang)故(gu)去,而(er)由太后與皇帝(di)共同主持(chi)的(de)班祿制(zhi)(zhi)、均田制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)三長制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革已(yi)經(jing)完成(cheng)且收到(dao)實效(xiao),國(guo)家進入了(le)(le)鼎盛(sheng)期。這樣(yang)的(de)政(zheng)治、經(jing)濟條件成(cheng)就了(le)(le)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)便也(ye)成(cheng)了(le)(le)國(guo)力的(de)炫(xuan)耀和(he)(he)時(shi)代的(de)標志。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)點可(ke)以(yi)從平(ping)城明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)本身得到(dao)驗證。《魏書·高祖紀(ji)》記載:太和(he)(he)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(491)冬(dong)十(shi)月(yue)(yue)“明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)、太廟成(cheng)。”這不(bu)僅(jin)是中國(guo)歷史上獨一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座由少數民族政(zheng)權建(jian)(jian)造的(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),而(er)且該(gai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)內部(bu)增設(she)了(le)(le)渾象,頂(ding)部(bu)修建(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)靈臺,集天(tian)(tian)文觀察、演示和(he)(he)月(yue)(yue)令于(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體,兼有了(le)(le)天(tian)(tian)文臺的(de)作用。《水經(jing)注·漯水》記載:平(ping)城“明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)上圓下(xia)方(fang),四(si)周十(shi)二堂(tang)(tang)(tang)九室,而(er)不(bu)為(wei)重(zhong)隅也(ye)。室外柱(zhu)內,綺(qi)井之下(xia),施機輪,飾縹碧,仰象天(tian)(tian)狀(zhuang),畫北(bei)(bei)道(dao)之宿焉,蓋(gai)天(tian)(tian)也(ye)。每月(yue)(yue)隨(sui)斗所建(jian)(jian)之辰,轉應天(tian)(tian)道(dao),此之異古也(ye)。加靈臺于(yu)其上,下(xia)則引(yin)水為(wei)辟雍(yong)。水側結石為(wei)塘,事準古制(zhi)(zhi),是太和(he)(he)中之所經(jing)建(jian)(jian)也(ye)。”
北(bei)魏(wei)平(ping)城(cheng)明(ming)堂(tang)是(shi)(shi)由(you)李(li)(li)沖來(lai)設計(ji)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de),據(ju)《魏(wei)書·李(li)(li)沖傳》記載:“沖機敏有巧(qiao)思。北(bei)京明(ming)堂(tang)、圓(yuan)丘、太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao),及洛都初基(ji)(ji),安處(chu)郊(jiao)兆(zhao),新起堂(tang)寢,皆(jie)資于沖。”這(zhe)里的(de)(de)“北(bei)京”就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)指的(de)(de)平(ping)城(cheng),是(shi)(shi)遷(qian)都洛陽(yang)后對平(ping)城(cheng)的(de)(de)稱(cheng)呼。李(li)(li)沖不僅設計(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)了明(ming)堂(tang),還有古代祭天的(de)(de)圓(yuan)形高(gao)壇圓(yuan)丘和供(gong)奉皇帝(di)(di)先祖的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao),包括后來(lai)北(bei)魏(wei)遷(qian)都洛陽(yang)劃定基(ji)(ji)址、設置郊(jiao)廟(miao)(miao)之地(di)、新修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)宮殿都全(quan)靠李(li)(li)沖。值(zhi)得一提的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),雖然(ran)現在對明(ming)堂(tang)的(de)(de)具體(ti)設計(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)沒有查到更多資料(liao),但(dan)就(jiu)當時(shi)在修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)時(shi),因北(bei)魏(wei)孝文帝(di)(di)大力(li)推(tui)行漢化政策(ce),時(shi)命蔣少游赴(fu)洛陽(yang)測量了魏(wei)晉(jin)故(gu)廟(miao)(miao)基(ji)(ji)址,然(ran)后依據(ju)其(qi)樣式建(jian)(jian)(jian)造。至(zhi)此,北(bei)魏(wei)重新修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)脫去(qu)了鮮(xian)卑(bei)舊俗,成為一座符合漢族傳統帝(di)(di)王體(ti)制的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。由(you)此可以推(tui)想到,當時(shi)明(ming)堂(tang)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)造也應是(shi)(shi)參照了漢族傳統帝(di)(di)王建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑而修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)。
主要遺(yi)址是中心及(ji)東南西(xi)北共5個建(jian)筑遺(yi)址的(de)夯(hang)土臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基,以(yi)及(ji)外(wai)(wai)環于周邊四(si)(si)個臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基的(de)一(yi)條圜(yuan)形(xing)(xing)河(he)道(dao)。中心臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基長寬各42~43米,應為(wei)筑明堂(tang)(tang)太(tai)室(shi)即太(tai)廟,可(ke)惜它正好被壓在柳(liu)航里(li)小(xiao)區(qu)一(yi)座(zuo)樓(lou)下。四(si)(si)方的(de)夯(hang)土臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基應為(wei)明堂(tang)(tang)東南西(xi)北四(si)(si)門或四(si)(si)處堂(tang)(tang)室(shi)(更(geng)可(ke)能(neng)是被稱為(wei)四(si)(si)門之(zhi)學的(de)太(tai)學)。根據(ju)已發掘(jue)的(de)西(xi)、南兩(liang)個夯(hang)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)及(ji)建(jian)筑遺(yi)存,四(si)(si)方臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基皆(jie)向外(wai)(wai)呈凸字形(xing)(xing),面闊29米,進(jin)深16~17米。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)外(wai)(wai)的(de)圜(yuan)形(xing)(xing)河(he)便是辟雍(yong)了,以(yi)其(qi)形(xing)(xing)同玉璧名之(zhi)。辟雍(yong)河(he)寬17~22米,整齊的(de)砂石(shi)砌(qi)成(cheng)堤岸(an),并以(yi)河(he)泥防(fang)滲。河(he)以(yi)碎石(shi)鋪底,頗(po)為(wei)考(kao)究。
據清道光(guang)《大(da)同(tong)縣志》載,此處(chu)原名八圪(ge)瘩(da)(上世紀(ji)三(san)四十年(nian)代日(ri)軍占領期間修飛機(ji)場才將8個圪(ge)瘩(da)連同(tong)中(zhong)心臺基上唐代因址(zhi)而建(jian)的魏(wei)孝文帝廟殘址(zhi)夷(yi)為平地)。想來(lai)當初這里(li)是(shi)有(you)8個夯土(tu)(tu)臺基的,每(mei)個夯土(tu)(tu)臺都是(shi)一處(chu)大(da)的建(jian)筑(zhu),不僅有(you)明堂、太廟、太學、靈臺及(ji)四門,可(ke)能(neng)還(huan)包括(kuo)南面(mian)(mian)專作祭(ji)天(tian)的圜丘。這一組王(wang)朝建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun),再加上東(dong)面(mian)(mian)皇(huang)帝勸耕的藉田、藥圃,北面(mian)(mian)高聳入云的永(yong)寧寺(si)七級浮圖以及(ji)皇(huang)舅寺(si)和佛塔,京邑(yi)帝里(li),令人神往。從(cong)發掘中(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)的大(da)量精美石料、表面(mian)(mian)磨光(guang)的大(da)瓦以及(ji)直徑18厘(li)米的獸面(mian)(mian)瓦當,也可(ke)窺見(jian)一斑。
北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)平城(cheng)(cheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)是(shi)(shi)少數(shu)(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權和(he)民(min)族(zu)(zu)融(rong)(rong)合的(de)(de)產(chan)物。隨著封建(jian)(jian)化的(de)(de)推進,鮮(xian)卑(bei)拓跋氏與(yu)其(qi)代北(bei)(bei)各部族(zu)(zu)、融(rong)(rong)入(ru)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權的(de)(de)中原(yuan)士族(zu)(zu)和(he)周邊新加盟(meng)的(de)(de)少數(shu)(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)交(jiao)融(rong)(rong)愈(yu)益深廣。太(tai)(tai)和(he)十(shi)年(nian)(nian),魏(wei)孝文(wen)帝(di)(di)拓跋宏(hong)在(zai)(zai)平城(cheng)(cheng)“始(shi)服袞冕,朝饗萬國”,并以(yi)“法服御輦祀(si)于(yu)(yu)西郊”。大臣們也“始(shi)制五等公服”。這個大的(de)(de)歷史(shi)背景,標志著鮮(xian)卑(bei)少數(shu)(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權的(de)(de)成熟,也就(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)下(xia)詔營(ying)建(jian)(jian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)。平城(cheng)(cheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)獨一(yi)(yi)(yi)由少數(shu)(shu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),也是(shi)(shi)迄今為(wei)止除(chu)長安、洛陽(yang)而(er)外發現的(de)(de)又一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)。這座(zuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的(de)(de)時間、地點都(dou)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),它本身(shen)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)中世(shi)紀(ji)中華民(min)族(zu)(zu)夷夏交(jiao)融(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)產(chan)物。長安和(he)洛陽(yang)的(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)、太(tai)(tai)學、靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)分置,而(er)平城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)卻是(shi)(shi)合三(san)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)。辟雍環(huan)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),考古實(shi)(shi)物已(yi)經證明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)太(tai)(tai)學和(he)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)處,而(er)作為(wei)宣揚教化的(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)代表“三(san)老五更”高處明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)則史(shi)有明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)載(zai)。靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)就(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)圓下(xia)方的(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)上(shang)(shang),而(er)且(qie)其(qi)“室(shi)外柱(zhu)內(nei)”的(de)(de)“綺井之下(xia)”彩繪北(bei)(bei)半(ban)天的(de)(de)星(xing)空,并且(qie)置有機輪,天象(xiang)逐月而(er)變。太(tai)(tai)和(he)十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)正(zheng)(zheng)月孝文(wen)帝(di)(di)先是(shi)(shi)登靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)觀云物接著又降居青陽(yang)左個布政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。不(bu)僅明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)、太(tai)(tai)學、靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)三(san)而(er)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi),明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)太(tai)(tai)室(shi)也兼有太(tai)(tai)廟功能。太(tai)(tai)和(he)十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(492年(nian)(nian))正(zheng)(zheng)月依據“嚴父配天”的(de)(de)常禮“宗(zong)(zong)祀(si)顯祖獻文(wen)皇帝(di)(di)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),以(yi)配上(shang)(shang)帝(di)(di)”,同年(nian)(nian)九月又“大序(xu)昭穆于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),祀(si)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)太(tai)(tai)皇太(tai)(tai)后于(yu)(yu)玄室(shi)”。在(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)序(xu)祖宗(zong)(zong)昭穆,實(shi)(shi)際上(shang)(shang)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)把七廟之享遷入(ru)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)便成了太(tai)(tai)廟。這不(bu)僅合了蔡邕《明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)月令》關于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)、清(qing)廟、太(tai)(tai)廟、太(tai)(tai)室(shi)、太(tai)(tai)學、辟雍,“異名同事,其(qi)實(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)也”的(de)(de)說(shuo)法,把聽政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)布政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、施(shi)行(xing)教化、祭天祀(si)祖、觀云物,察符瑞集于(yu)(yu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)身(shen),也體現著北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權崇(chong)簡、尚實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)民(min)族(zu)(zu)品格。
1995年5月(yue)北魏平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)明(ming)堂(tang)遺(yi)址在位于大同城(cheng)(cheng)南近郊被發現,它成為《水(shui)經(jing)注》所記諸多平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)筑中先被發現的。經(jing)過1995年、1996年、2015年三次科(ke)學發掘,基本(ben)探明(ming)了(le)北魏平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)明(ming)堂(tang)的遺(yi)址布(bu)局、覆蓋范圍(wei),與《水(shui)經(jing)注·漯水(shui)》記載(zai)一致。
2008年,本著既充分挖(wa)掘(jue)城(cheng)市(shi)歷史文(wen)(wen)化內涵(han)、體(ti)現城(cheng)市(shi)文(wen)(wen)脈延續性,又滿足(zu)現代文(wen)(wen)化生活需要(yao)、體(ti)現景觀設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)思路,明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)遺(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園(yuan)修復被列入歷史文(wen)(wen)化名城(cheng)復興工(gong)程(cheng)。2010年5月明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)公(gong)園(yuan)在向陽街(jie)原址(zhi)開工(gong)建(jian)設(she),設(she)計參(can)考歷史文(wen)(wen)獻及(ji)研究成果,結合考古發(fa)掘(jue)、云岡雕(diao)刻等(deng)實物及(ji)圖像材料(liao),經專家(jia)多方(fang)論證完善,力(li)求接(jie)近北魏明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)形(xing)制和建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)布局原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)貌,歷經6年建(jian)設(she)完工(gong)。工(gong)程(cheng)為(wei)展(zhan)覽建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),包(bao)括明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)主體(ti)、四門、圍墻(qiang)等(deng),計劃投資3500萬元,總建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)6702.88平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),其(qi)中明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)為(wei)4628.88平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),四門建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)為(wei)2074平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),每個(ge)門占地(di)近300平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)層(ceng)數為(wei)地(di)下(xia)一層(ceng),地(di)上二至三(san)層(ceng)。較大檐口高(gao)度20.32米(mi)(mi)。還(huan)有(you)一個(ge)暗層(ceng),窗(chuang)戶樣(yang)式(shi)為(wei)古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)直欞窗(chuang),采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是波羅(luo)格木料(liao),與明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)尖頂構成了一幅別有(you)韻致的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖畫。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)度為(wei)27米(mi)(mi),上圓下(xia)方(fang),穹宇重檐,覆蓋琉(liu)璃瓦(wa),殿基周圍有(you)石質護欄。上圓下(xia)方(fang)效法(fa)著天圓地(di)方(fang)。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)外(wai)面環(huan)繞著環(huan)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水池,是為(wei)辟雍。環(huan)水為(wei)雍(意(yi)為(wei)圓滿無缺),圓形(xing)像辟(辟即(ji)璧,皇帝專用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉制禮器),象征王道教(jiao)化圓滿不絕。在環(huan)繞水道的(de)(de)(de)(de)四面之上設(she)四門,均為(wei)二層(ceng)閣樓(lou)式(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。