古(gu)人認為,明(ming)(ming)堂可(ke)(ke)上通天(tian)象,下統萬物,天(tian)子(zi)在(zai)此既可(ke)(ke)聽察(cha)天(tian)下,又可(ke)(ke)宣(xuan)明(ming)(ming)政(zheng)教,是(shi)(shi)體(ti)現(xian)天(tian)人合(he)為一(yi)體(ti)的(de)(de)神圣之(zhi)地(di)(di)。古(gu)代(dai)帝王凡祭祀、朝會、慶賞、選士等大(da)(da)禮(li)典均在(zai)此舉行。1995年發(fa)現(xian)明(ming)(ming)堂遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)部(bu)分發(fa)掘(jue)延(yan)續至(zhi)次年,其具體(ti)位置在(zai)今大(da)(da)同(tong)市區(qu)東(dong)南向(xiang)陽東(dong)街一(yi)帶,東(dong)起大(da)(da)同(tong)一(yi)中(zhong)(原云(yun)中(zhong)大(da)(da)學(xue)--大(da)(da)同(tong)職業技(ji)術(shu)學(xue)院)西(xi)南角,西(xi)至(zhi)柳航里(li)小區(qu)西(xi)沿,南迄城區(qu)四(si)十五校西(xi)墻(qiang)外,北至(zhi)柳航里(li)原大(da)(da)同(tong)職業技(ji)術(shu)學(xue)院3號家屬樓西(xi)的(de)(de)小區(qu)停車場。已探明(ming)(ming)這處(chu)圓形(xing)(xing)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)直徑為289至(zhi)294米(mi),占地(di)(di)面(mian)積達百畝。遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)央是(shi)(shi)一(yi)方形(xing)(xing)夯土臺基,邊長(chang)約43米(mi),是(shi)(shi)主體(ti)建筑“明(ming)(ming)堂”所在(zai)地(di)(di)。遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)總平(ping)面(mian)呈(cheng)圓形(xing)(xing),在(zai)圜形(xing)(xing)水(shui)溝的(de)(de)內側,設東(dong)、南、西(xi)、北四(si)門,南門與西(xi)門的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)規(gui)(gui)模宏大(da)(da)。依照相(xiang)關資料推算,建筑規(gui)(gui)模相(xiang)當(dang)于現(xian)存北京天(tian)壇的(de)(de)3倍(bei)。可(ke)(ke)惜受(shou)到(dao)當(dang)時社(she)會條件局限,地(di)(di)處(chu)鬧市無法進行下一(yi)步詳(xiang)細考古(gu)。
北魏(wei)王朝(chao)(chao)是鮮卑族(zu)建立的北方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan),也(ye)是南北朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)北朝(chao)(chao)頭一個(ge)王朝(chao)(chao)。北魏(wei)平(ping)城明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)據(ju)《魏(wei)書(shu)·高祖(zu)紀(ji)(ji)》記(ji)載:太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(486)秋七月(yue)(yue)“詔起明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)、辟雍(yong)。”而(er)真(zhen)正開(kai)始修(xiu)(xiu)建是在(zai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(491)夏四月(yue)(yue),并且在(zai)修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)的同時(shi)(shi)還(huan)修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)了(le)太(tai)(tai)(tai)廟(miao),《魏(wei)書(shu)·高祖(zu)紀(ji)(ji)》記(ji)載:“經始明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),改營太(tai)(tai)(tai)廟(miao)。”工程進(jin)度特別快,僅僅用了(le)半年(nian)(nian)的時(shi)(shi)間,明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)和(he)太(tai)(tai)(tai)廟(miao)就修(xiu)(xiu)筑(zhu)完成了(le)。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)文明(ming)(ming)太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)剛剛故去,而(er)由(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)與皇帝共同主持的班祿制(zhi)(zhi)、均田(tian)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)三長制(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)已經完成且收到(dao)實效(xiao),國(guo)家(jia)進(jin)入了(le)鼎盛期(qi)。這樣的政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治、經濟條件成就了(le)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)便(bian)也(ye)成了(le)國(guo)力(li)的炫耀(yao)和(he)時(shi)(shi)代的標(biao)志。這一點可以從平(ping)城明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)本身得(de)到(dao)驗(yan)證。《魏(wei)書(shu)·高祖(zu)紀(ji)(ji)》記(ji)載:太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(491)冬十(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)“明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)、太(tai)(tai)(tai)廟(miao)成。”這不(bu)僅是中(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)獨一一座(zuo)由(you)(you)少數(shu)民族(zu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)建造的明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang),而(er)且該明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)內(nei)部(bu)增設了(le)渾象,頂部(bu)修(xiu)(xiu)建了(le)靈(ling)(ling)臺,集天(tian)(tian)文觀(guan)察、演(yan)示和(he)月(yue)(yue)令于一體,兼(jian)有了(le)天(tian)(tian)文臺的作用。《水經注·漯水》記(ji)載:平(ping)城“明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)上(shang)圓下(xia)方(fang),四周十(shi)(shi)二堂(tang)(tang)九(jiu)室,而(er)不(bu)為(wei)(wei)重隅(yu)也(ye)。室外(wai)柱內(nei),綺井之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),施(shi)機輪,飾(shi)縹碧,仰象天(tian)(tian)狀,畫北道之(zhi)(zhi)宿焉,蓋天(tian)(tian)也(ye)。每(mei)月(yue)(yue)隨斗所(suo)建之(zhi)(zhi)辰,轉應天(tian)(tian)道,此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)異古也(ye)。加靈(ling)(ling)臺于其上(shang),下(xia)則(ze)引水為(wei)(wei)辟雍(yong)。水側結石(shi)為(wei)(wei)塘,事(shi)準古制(zhi)(zhi),是太(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)經建也(ye)。”
北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)平(ping)城明(ming)堂(tang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)李沖來(lai)設(she)計建造(zao)(zao)的(de),據《魏(wei)(wei)書·李沖傳(chuan)》記載(zai):“沖機敏有(you)巧思。北(bei)京明(ming)堂(tang)、圓丘、太廟(miao)(miao)(miao),及(ji)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)都初基,安(an)處郊(jiao)兆,新起堂(tang)寢,皆(jie)資于(yu)沖。”這里的(de)“北(bei)京”就是(shi)(shi)(shi)指的(de)平(ping)城,是(shi)(shi)(shi)遷都洛(luo)(luo)(luo)陽后對平(ping)城的(de)稱呼。李沖不僅(jin)設(she)計修建了明(ming)堂(tang),還有(you)古代(dai)祭天的(de)圓形高壇圓丘和供(gong)奉皇帝(di)(di)先祖的(de)太廟(miao)(miao)(miao),包括后來(lai)北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)遷都洛(luo)(luo)(luo)陽劃定(ding)基址(zhi)、設(she)置郊(jiao)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)之地(di)、新修宮殿都全(quan)靠李沖。值得一提的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi),雖然現在對明(ming)堂(tang)的(de)具體設(she)計修建沒有(you)查(cha)到(dao)更多資料,但(dan)就當時(shi)在修建太廟(miao)(miao)(miao)時(shi),因北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)孝(xiao)文(wen)帝(di)(di)大(da)力推(tui)行漢化政策,時(shi)命蔣(jiang)少游赴洛(luo)(luo)(luo)陽測量了魏(wei)(wei)晉故廟(miao)(miao)(miao)基址(zhi),然后依據其樣式建造(zao)(zao)。至(zhi)此,北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)重(zhong)新修建的(de)太廟(miao)(miao)(miao)脫去了鮮卑(bei)舊俗,成為(wei)一座符合漢族傳(chuan)統(tong)帝(di)(di)王體制的(de)建筑。由(you)此可以推(tui)想到(dao),當時(shi)明(ming)堂(tang)的(de)修造(zao)(zao)也應是(shi)(shi)(shi)參照了漢族傳(chuan)統(tong)帝(di)(di)王建筑而修建的(de)。
主要遺址是中(zhong)心(xin)及東南(nan)西北共5個(ge)建筑(zhu)遺址的(de)夯(hang)(hang)(hang)土(tu)臺(tai)(tai)基,以及外(wai)(wai)環于周邊四(si)(si)個(ge)臺(tai)(tai)基的(de)一條圜(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)河道(dao)。中(zhong)心(xin)臺(tai)(tai)基長寬(kuan)各42~43米,應為(wei)筑(zhu)明堂太室即(ji)太廟,可惜它正(zheng)好(hao)被(bei)壓在柳(liu)航里小區一座樓(lou)下。四(si)(si)方(fang)的(de)夯(hang)(hang)(hang)土(tu)臺(tai)(tai)基應為(wei)明堂東南(nan)西北四(si)(si)門(men)或四(si)(si)處堂室(更(geng)可能是被(bei)稱為(wei)四(si)(si)門(men)之學的(de)太學)。根(gen)據已發掘的(de)西、南(nan)兩個(ge)夯(hang)(hang)(hang)臺(tai)(tai)及建筑(zhu)遺存,四(si)(si)方(fang)臺(tai)(tai)基皆向外(wai)(wai)呈凸字(zi)形(xing),面闊29米,進深16~17米。臺(tai)(tai)外(wai)(wai)的(de)圜(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)河便是辟雍(yong)了,以其(qi)形(xing)同玉(yu)璧名(ming)之。辟雍(yong)河寬(kuan)17~22米,整齊的(de)砂石(shi)砌(qi)成(cheng)堤岸(an),并以河泥(ni)防(fang)滲。河以碎(sui)石(shi)鋪(pu)底(di),頗為(wei)考(kao)究。
據清道光(guang)(guang)《大(da)同(tong)縣志》載,此處(chu)原名八圪瘩(da)(上(shang)世紀三四(si)十年代日軍占領(ling)期間修(xiu)飛機場才將(jiang)8個圪瘩(da)連同(tong)中心臺基上(shang)唐代因址(zhi)而建(jian)的(de)魏(wei)孝文帝(di)廟殘址(zhi)夷(yi)為(wei)平地)。想來當初這里是有8個夯土臺基的(de),每(mei)個夯土臺都(dou)是一處(chu)大(da)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu),不僅有明堂、太廟、太學、靈臺及四(si)門,可(ke)能(neng)還包(bao)括南面(mian)(mian)專作祭天(tian)的(de)圜丘。這一組(zu)王朝建(jian)筑(zhu)群,再加(jia)上(shang)東面(mian)(mian)皇帝(di)勸耕的(de)藉田、藥圃,北面(mian)(mian)高聳入云的(de)永寧寺七(qi)級浮圖以及皇舅(jiu)寺和佛塔,京(jing)邑(yi)帝(di)里,令(ling)人神(shen)往(wang)。從發掘中出土的(de)大(da)量精美石料、表面(mian)(mian)磨光(guang)(guang)的(de)大(da)瓦以及直徑18厘米的(de)獸面(mian)(mian)瓦當,也可(ke)窺見一斑。
北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)平城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)是(shi)(shi)少(shao)(shao)(shao)數民族(zu)(zu)(zu)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)民族(zu)(zu)(zu)融(rong)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產物(wu)(wu)(wu)。隨著(zhu)封建(jian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)推進,鮮卑拓跋氏(shi)與其(qi)代北(bei)(bei)各部族(zu)(zu)(zu)、融(rong)入北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)原士族(zu)(zu)(zu)和(he)(he)周邊新加盟的(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)(shao)數民族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交融(rong)愈益深廣。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)十年(nian)(nian)(nian),魏(wei)孝(xiao)(xiao)文(wen)帝拓跋宏在平城(cheng)“始服(fu)袞冕,朝饗萬國”,并以(yi)“法(fa)服(fu)御輦祀(si)于西郊”。大臣們(men)也(ye)(ye)“始制五(wu)等公服(fu)”。這(zhe)個大的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)背景,標志著(zhu)鮮卑少(shao)(shao)(shao)數民族(zu)(zu)(zu)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成熟(shu),也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)在這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)下(xia)(xia)詔營建(jian)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)。平城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)國歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)獨一(yi)(yi)(yi)由少(shao)(shao)(shao)數民族(zu)(zu)(zu)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)迄(qi)今為(wei)止除長(chang)安、洛陽(yang)(yang)而(er)外(wai)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)又(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)。這(zhe)座(zuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間、地點都說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),它(ta)本身就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)世紀中(zhong)(zhong)華民族(zu)(zu)(zu)夷(yi)夏交融(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產物(wu)(wu)(wu)。長(chang)安和(he)(he)洛陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),都是(shi)(shi)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)、太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue)、靈(ling)(ling)(ling)臺(tai)分置,而(er)平城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)卻是(shi)(shi)合(he)三(san)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。辟雍環明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),考(kao)古(gu)實(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)已(yi)經證明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue)和(he)(he)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)建(jian)于一(yi)(yi)(yi)處(chu),而(er)作(zuo)為(wei)宣揚教化的(de)(de)(de)(de)形象代表(biao)“三(san)老五(wu)更(geng)”高處(chu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)則史(shi)有明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)載。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)臺(tai)就(jiu)在上(shang)(shang)圓(yuan)下(xia)(xia)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)上(shang)(shang),而(er)且其(qi)“室(shi)外(wai)柱內”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“綺井之下(xia)(xia)”彩繪北(bei)(bei)半天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)星空,并且置有機輪,天(tian)象逐月而(er)變。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)十六年(nian)(nian)(nian)正月孝(xiao)(xiao)文(wen)帝先是(shi)(shi)登(deng)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)臺(tai)觀云(yun)物(wu)(wu)(wu)接(jie)著(zhu)又(you)降居(ju)青陽(yang)(yang)左個布政(zheng)。不僅(jin)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)、太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue)、靈(ling)(ling)(ling)臺(tai)三(san)而(er)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi),明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)太(tai)(tai)室(shi)也(ye)(ye)兼有太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)功能。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)十六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(492年(nian)(nian)(nian))正月依據“嚴父配天(tian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)常禮“宗(zong)祀(si)顯祖(zu)獻(xian)文(wen)皇(huang)(huang)帝于明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),以(yi)配上(shang)(shang)帝”,同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)九月又(you)“大序昭(zhao)穆于明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),祀(si)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)太(tai)(tai)皇(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)后于玄室(shi)”。在明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)序祖(zu)宗(zong)昭(zhao)穆,實(shi)際上(shang)(shang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)把七廟(miao)(miao)之享遷入明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang),明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)便成了太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)。這(zhe)不僅(jin)合(he)了蔡邕《明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)月令》關于明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)、清廟(miao)(miao)、太(tai)(tai)廟(miao)(miao)、太(tai)(tai)室(shi)、太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue)、辟雍,“異名同(tong)事,其(qi)實(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa),把聽政(zheng)布政(zheng)、施(shi)行教化、祭(ji)天(tian)祀(si)祖(zu)、觀云(yun)物(wu)(wu)(wu),察符瑞集于明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)身,也(ye)(ye)體現著(zhu)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)政(zheng)權(quan)(quan)崇簡、尚實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民族(zu)(zu)(zu)品格。
1995年5月北(bei)魏平(ping)城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)堂遺址在(zai)位于大同(tong)城(cheng)南近郊被發(fa)現,它成(cheng)為(wei)《水經(jing)(jing)注》所記諸多平(ping)城(cheng)建(jian)筑中(zhong)先被發(fa)現的。經(jing)(jing)過1995年、1996年、2015年三(san)次科學(xue)發(fa)掘,基本(ben)探(tan)明(ming)(ming)了北(bei)魏平(ping)城(cheng)明(ming)(ming)堂的遺址布局、覆蓋范圍,與《水經(jing)(jing)注·漯水》記載(zai)一(yi)致(zhi)。
2008年,本著(zhu)(zhu)既充分(fen)挖掘城(cheng)市歷(li)(li)史文化(hua)(hua)內涵、體現(xian)(xian)城(cheng)市文脈(mo)延(yan)續性,又滿(man)足現(xian)(xian)代(dai)文化(hua)(hua)生(sheng)活(huo)需要、體現(xian)(xian)景觀設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)思路,明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)遺址(zhi)公(gong)園修(xiu)復被列入歷(li)(li)史文化(hua)(hua)名城(cheng)復興(xing)工程。2010年5月明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)公(gong)園在向陽街原址(zhi)開工建設(she)(she),設(she)(she)計(ji)參考歷(li)(li)史文獻及(ji)(ji)研(yan)究成果,結合考古(gu)發掘、云(yun)岡雕刻等(deng)(deng)實物(wu)及(ji)(ji)圖(tu)像材料(liao),經專家多方(fang)論證完(wan)善,力求接近北魏明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)形(xing)制和建筑(zhu)布局(ju)原有的(de)(de)風(feng)貌,歷(li)(li)經6年建設(she)(she)完(wan)工。工程為(wei)(wei)展覽建筑(zhu),包括明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)主(zhu)體、四門、圍墻等(deng)(deng),計(ji)劃投資3500萬元,總建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)6702.88平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi),其中(zhong)明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)4628.88平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi),四門建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)2074平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi),每個門占(zhan)地近300平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi),建筑(zhu)層(ceng)(ceng)數為(wei)(wei)地下一層(ceng)(ceng),地上(shang)(shang)二至三層(ceng)(ceng)。較大(da)檐(yan)口(kou)高度(du)20.32米(mi)。還(huan)有一個暗層(ceng)(ceng),窗戶(hu)樣式為(wei)(wei)古(gu)老的(de)(de)直欞窗,采用的(de)(de)是波羅格木(mu)料(liao),與明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)尖頂構成了一幅(fu)別有韻(yun)致的(de)(de)圖(tu)畫。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)建筑(zhu)高度(du)為(wei)(wei)27米(mi),上(shang)(shang)圓下方(fang),穹宇(yu)重檐(yan),覆蓋琉璃瓦,殿基周圍有石(shi)質護(hu)欄。上(shang)(shang)圓下方(fang)效法著(zhu)(zhu)天圓地方(fang)。明(ming)(ming)堂(tang)(tang)外(wai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)環(huan)繞(rao)著(zhu)(zhu)環(huan)形(xing)的(de)(de)水池,是為(wei)(wei)辟雍。環(huan)水為(wei)(wei)雍(意(yi)為(wei)(wei)圓滿(man)無(wu)缺),圓形(xing)像辟(辟即璧(bi),皇帝專用的(de)(de)玉制禮器),象征(zheng)王道教化(hua)(hua)圓滿(man)不絕。在環(huan)繞(rao)水道的(de)(de)四面(mian)(mian)(mian)之上(shang)(shang)設(she)(she)四門,均為(wei)(wei)二層(ceng)(ceng)閣樓式建筑(zhu)。