齊莊(zhuang)公五(wu)十六(liu)年(約前723年),管(guan)(guan)仲出(chu)生,管(guan)(guan)仲的(de)(de)祖先是(shi)周穆王的(de)(de)后代,與周王室同宗。父(fu)親管(guan)(guan)莊(zhuang)是(shi)齊國(guo)的(de)(de)大夫,后來家道中衰,導致管(guan)(guan)仲生活很貧困。為了(le)謀生,聯合(he)好友(you)鮑叔牙合(he)伙做生意失敗。管(guan)(guan)仲做過(guo)當(dang)時認為是(shi)微賤的(de)(de)商人(ren)。游歷許多地方(fang),接觸各式各樣(yang)的(de)(de)人(ren),見(jian)過(guo)許多世(shi)面,從而積累了(le)豐富的(de)(de)社會經驗。當(dang)兵的(de)(de)時候(hou),臨陣(zhen)脫逃。幾次想當(dang)官(guan),但都沒有(you)成(cheng)功。
齊僖公(gong)(gong)三(san)十三(san)年(前698年),齊僖公(gong)(gong)駕崩,留(liu)下三(san)個兒(er)子(zi),太(tai)子(zi)諸(zhu)兒(er)、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)小白(bai)。齊僖公(gong)(gong)死后,太(tai)子(zi)諸(zhu)兒(er)即位,是為齊襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)。當(dang)時(shi),管(guan)仲(zhong)和(he)(he)鮑叔牙分別輔佐公(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)小白(bai)。不久,齊襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)與其妹(mei)魯桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)的(de)夫(fu)人文(wen)姜秘謀私通,醉殺了魯桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)。對此,管(guan)仲(zhong)預感(gan)到齊國將會發生大亂。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾的(de)母親是魯君的(de)女兒(er),因(yin)此管(guan)仲(zhong)和(he)(he)召(zhao)忽就保護(hu)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾逃到魯國去躲避(bi)。
齊(qi)(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年(前686年),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)內亂,兩個逃亡在外(wai)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),一(yi)見時機成熟,都(dou)想急忙設法回國(guo),以(yi)便奪取國(guo)君(jun)的寶座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)知道齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)無君(jun)后,萬分焦急,立即派兵護送公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾回國(guo),后來(lai)發(fa)現公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已經先(xian)(xian)出(chu)發(fa)回國(guo)。管仲(zhong)于是決定自請先(xian)(xian)行(xing),親率(lv)30乘(cheng)兵車到莒國(guo)通往齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)的路上(shang)去截擊(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)。人(ren)(ren)馬(ma)(ma)過即墨30余里(li),正遇(yu)見公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)的大隊車馬(ma)(ma)。管仲(zhong)等(deng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)車馬(ma)(ma)走近,就操起箭(jian)來(lai)對(dui)準射(she)去,一(yi)箭(jian)射(she)中(zhong),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)應聲倒(dao)下(xia)。管仲(zhong)見公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已射(she)死(si),就率(lv)領人(ren)(ren)馬(ma)(ma)回去。其實(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)沒有死(si),管仲(zhong)一(yi)箭(jian)射(she)中(zhong)他(ta)的銅(tong)制(zhi)衣(yi)帶勾上(shang),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)急中(zhong)生智咬破舌尖(jian)裝死(si)倒(dao)下(xia)。經此一(yi)驚,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)與鮑叔牙更(geng)加(jia)警惕,飛速(su)向齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)挺(ting)進。當他(ta)們來(lai)到臨淄時,由鮑叔牙先(xian)(xian)進城(cheng)里(li)勸(quan)說(shuo),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)正卿(qing)高氏(shi)和國(guo)氏(shi)都(dou)同意護立公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)為國(guo)君(jun),于是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)就進城(cheng),順(shun)利地登(deng)上(shang)君(jun)位(wei),這(zhe)就是歷(li)史上(shang)有名的齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。
齊(qi)桓年(nian)(前685年(nian)),齊(qi)桓公即位后(hou),急需(xu)找到有才干的人來輔佐,因此就準備(bei)請鮑(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙出來任齊(qi)相。但鮑(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙稱(cheng)自己才能不如管仲,若(ruo)要(yao)使齊(qi)國稱(cheng)霸,必要(yao)用管仲為相。
管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)一伙認為(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白已死,再沒(mei)有人與他(ta)爭奪君位(wei),也就(jiu)不急于趕路。六天后(hou)才到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)。一到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo),沒(mei)想到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)已有國(guo)(guo)君,新(xin)(xin)君正是公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白。魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)得(de)知齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)已有新(xin)(xin)君后(hou)氣急敗壞,當即派兵(bing)進(jin)攻齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo),企圖武裝(zhuang)干(gan)(gan)涉來奪取(qu)君位(wei)。雙方在乾時(shi)會戰(zhan),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建議當趁小(xiao)白人心未定(ding)速攻,但(dan)魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)卻說(shuo):“如(ru)果(guo)一切如(ru)你(ni)所(suo)料,小(xiao)白早就(jiu)被射死了(le)。”不聽(ting)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)話,結果(guo)遭遇(yu)伏擊,魯(lu)軍大(da)(da)敗,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)和(he)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)敗歸(gui)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍乘勝(sheng)追擊,進(jin)入魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)境內。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)絕后(hou)患,遣書給魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong),叫魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)殺(sha)(sha)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu),交(jiao)出(chu)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)召忽。否則齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍將全面進(jin)攻魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)得(de)知后(hou)與大(da)(da)夫施(shi)(shi)伯(bo)商量,施(shi)(shi)伯(bo)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)要管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不是為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)報(bao)仇雪恨,而是為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)任(ren)用(yong)他(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)政。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)才干(gan)(gan)世(shi)間少(shao)有,他(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)政的(de)國(guo)(guo)家必然會富強稱霸(ba)。假如(ru)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)任(ren)用(yong),將為(wei)(wei)(wei)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)的(de)大(da)(da)患。因此施(shi)(shi)伯(bo)主張(zhang)(zhang)殺(sha)(sha)死管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),將尸首還(huan)給齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)。但(dan)鮑叔(shu)牙用(yong)計稱齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)恨管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)入骨,一定(ding)要生殺(sha)(sha)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。且(qie)魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)新(xin)(xin)敗,聞齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)兵(bing)壓境,早嚇(xia)得(de)心顫膽(dan)寒,沒(mei)有聽(ting)施(shi)(shi)伯(bo)的(de)主張(zhang)(zhang)。在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)壓力下(xia),殺(sha)(sha)死公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu),并將管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)召忽擒住,準備將二人送還(huan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)發落,以期退兵(bing)。
管仲清楚這是鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)的(de)計謀(mou),于是讓押運工人快馬加鞭趕去齊(qi)國(guo),最后平安到了(le)齊(qi)國(guo),經(jing)鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)的(de)建議,齊(qi)桓公同(tong)意選(xuan)擇(ze)吉(ji)祥日子,以非常隆重的(de)禮節,親自去迎接(jie)(jie)管仲,以此來(lai)表(biao)示對管仲的(de)重視(shi)和信任(ren)。同(tong)時也讓天(tian)下人都(dou)知道齊(qi)桓公的(de)賢達大度。齊(qi)桓公迎接(jie)(jie)管仲后,一(yi)連聊了(le)三天(tian)三夜,句句投機,齋戒三日,拜(bai)了(le)管仲為(wei)(wei)相,并稱管仲為(wei)(wei)“仲父”。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二年(nian)(前684年(nian)),桓(huan)公(gong)又對管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo):“我想(xiang)加(jia)強軍(jun)(jun)備(bei)。”管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)又說(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)行。”桓(huan)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)聽,果然修治軍(jun)(jun)備(bei)。一(yi)次(ci),宋(song)夫人惹怒(nu)了齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong),桓(huan)公(gong)怒(nu)對管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo):“我想(xiang)伐(fa)宋(song)。”管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)說(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)可以,我認為內政不(bu)(bu)修,對外用(yong)兵不(bu)(bu)會成功(gong)。”桓(huan)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)聽,果然起兵伐(fa)宋(song)。各諸侯興(xing)兵救宋(song),把(ba)齊(qi)軍(jun)(jun)打得(de)大敗。
齊(qi)桓公三(san)年(前(qian)683年),管仲建(jian)議出兵(bing)問罪(zui)不(bu)遵禮法(fa)的譚國(guo)。譚國(guo)本來(lai)很小,力(li)量十分微弱(ruo),結果很快就被齊(qi)國(guo)消滅(mie)。齊(qi)國(guo)沒費力(li)氣消滅(mie)了譚國(guo),擴大了國(guo)土。
齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)五(wu)年(前681年),在(zai)(zai)管(guan)仲的建議(yi)下,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)宋(song)、陳、蔡、鄭等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的北杏(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)聊城(cheng)東(dong))會盟(meng)(meng)(meng),商討(tao)安定宋(song)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)計。遂(sui)(sui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)肥城(cheng)南)也(ye)被(bei)邀請,但沒有(you)參加。管(guan)仲為了(le)(le)提高(gao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的威望,就(jiu)出(chu)兵把遂(sui)(sui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅(mie)。魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本來比(bi)較強大,但因接連被(bei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打敗,又(you)看到諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都服(fu)從(cong)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),不服(fu)從(cong)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的遂(sui)(sui)、譚(tan)兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)被(bei)消滅(mie),所以也(ye)屈服(fu)了(le)(le)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。不久(jiu),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和好,在(zai)(zai)柯(今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)東(dong)阿(a)西南)會盟(meng)(meng)(meng)。就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)這次會盟(meng)(meng)(meng)中,發生了(le)(le)著名的曹沫劫盟(meng)(meng)(meng)事件。曹沫迫(po)使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歸還(huan)之(zhi)前魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所有(you)失地,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)事后(hou)想(xiang)反悔,但是管(guan)仲用(yong)大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不該失信讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)歸還(huan)了(le)(le)失地。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)六年(前(qian)680年),魯(lu)、宋(song)、陳、蔡、衛都先后(hou)屈服齊(qi)國(guo),譚、遂兩國(guo)早(zao)已消滅,只有(you)鄭國(guo)還(huan)在內亂(luan)。管(guan)仲因此(ci)建(jian)議(yi)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)出(chu)面(mian)調解鄭國(guo)內亂(luan),以此(ci)來提高齊(qi)國(guo)的地位,加(jia)速實(shi)現做霸主的目的。鄭國(guo)自厲(li)公(gong)(gong)回國(guo)殺了(le)(le)子(zi)儀(yi),又(you)殺了(le)(le)恩人傅瑕,逼死大夫原繁,登位稱君后(hou),為(wei)鞏固(gu)君位,就要聯合齊(qi)國(guo)。管(guan)仲抓住這一時機(ji),建(jian)議(yi)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)聯合宋(song)、衛、鄭三國(guo),又(you)邀請周王室(shi)參加(jia),于鄄(今山東鄄城)會盟(meng)。
齊桓公七年(nian)(前679年(nian)),管仲(zhong)又讓齊桓公以(yi)自己名(ming)義召集宋、陳(chen)、衛、鄭(zheng)又在鄄會盟。
齊桓公二十四(si)年(nian)(前662年(nian)),山戎攻(gong)打燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)向齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)求救(jiu)(jiu),齊桓公認(ren)為南(nan)面楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)禍害更大,不愿出兵。但管仲(zhong)認(ren)為,當時為患一方(fang)的(de),南(nan)有(you)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo),北(bei)有(you)山戎,西有(you)狄,都是(shi)中原諸國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)禍患。國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)要想征伐楚國(guo)(guo)(guo),必(bi)須先進(jin)攻(gong)山戎,北(bei)方(fang)安定,才能專心(xin)去(qu)征伐南(nan)方(fang)。如(ru)今燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)被犯,又求救(jiu)(jiu)于我國(guo)(guo)(guo),舉兵率先伐夷,必(bi)能得(de)到各國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)擁戴。齊桓公深以為然,遂舉兵救(jiu)(jiu)燕(yan)(yan)。管仲(zhong)隨軍討伐山戎救(jiu)(jiu)援燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),一直(zhi)打到孤竹才回師。
齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十六年(前(qian)660年),當(dang)(dang)時西北方的狄(di)人(ren)也起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)進攻(gong)中原,先攻(gong)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(今(jin)河(he)北邢臺)。作為霸主的齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong),當(dang)(dang)然(ran)不能置之不理(li)。管仲也很關心這(zhe)個問(wen)題,他向齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“戎(rong)狄(di)性情十分殘暴,貪得(de)無厭(yan)。諸夏各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)是(shi)親戚,彼此關心,一國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有難,大家都(dou)應相助,不能袖手不理(li)。滿足(zu)現(xian)狀的安樂是(shi)很危(wei)險的,出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢才是(shi)上策。”齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)很欣賞管仲的想(xiang)法,就(jiu)派(pai)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)很快得(de)救(jiu)。不久狄(di)人(ren)又(you)(you)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)被殺,衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)滅(mie)亡(wang)。狄(di)人(ren)又(you)(you)追趕衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)到(dao)黃河(he)沿岸。 宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)出衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)七(qi)百(bai)三十人(ren)。加上共、滕兩邑(yi)的居民一共五千人(ren)。就(jiu)在曹邑(yi)(今(jin)河(he)南滑縣)立衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)戴(dai)公(gong)(gong)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君。剛剛恢復(fu)的衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),處境(jing)十分困難。齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)、管仲派(pai)了(le)公(gong)(gong)子無虧帶著五百(bai)乘車馬和三千名(ming)甲士來(lai)(lai)武裝衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),戎(rong)守曹邑(yi)。又(you)(you)給衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君帶來(lai)(lai)乘馬祭服,還(huan)給衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君夫(fu)人(ren)帶來(lai)(lai)乘車和錦(jin)帛(bo)。此外還(huan)有牛羊(yang)豬狗雞等三百(bai)余只。又(you)(you)幫助修建宮(gong)殿。 邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)還(huan)未恢復(fu),狄(di)人(ren)又(you)(you)來(lai)(lai)第二(er)次洗(xi)劫。
齊桓公(gong)二十七(qi)年(nian)(前659年(nian)),狄人攻邢(xing),形勢十分嚴重(zhong)。齊桓公(gong)和管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)立即聯合宋、曹(cao)救邢(xing)。當齊、宋、曹(cao)軍(jun)隊(dui)到(dao)達(da)時,邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)百姓如見親人,紛紛投奔,狄人被(bei)打(da)退。邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)又被(bei)狄人洗劫一空。于是齊桓公(gong)和管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)同宋、曹(cao)兩國(guo)(guo),幫助邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)把都(dou)城遷到(dao)夷(yi)儀(今聊城西南),這里靠近齊國(guo)(guo),較(jiao)為安(an)全(quan)。使破亂(luan)的邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)得到(dao)安(an)定。 邢(xing)、衛兩國(guo)(guo)都(dou)遭狄人洗劫,在(zai)齊桓公(gong)、管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的主持下,得以(yi)復國(guo)(guo)。當時人們都(dou)贊賞地說:邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)人遷進新都(dou)城,好像回到(dao)了老家;恢復后的衛國(guo)(guo),人們心情高興,也忘記了亡國(guo)(guo)的悲痛。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(前657年(nian)),楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)又出兵鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)與管(guan)仲約諸侯共同救鄭抗楚(chu)。由于(yu)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)不斷(duan)攻(gong)鄭,齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)和管(guan)仲約魯、宋、陳(chen)、衛、鄭、許(xu)、曹等八國(guo)(guo)(guo)組成聯(lian)軍南下,首先一(yi)舉消(xiao)滅蔡(cai)國(guo)(guo)(guo),直指楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)大軍壓境的形(xing)勢下,派使(shi)臣屈完(wan)出來談(tan)判。
屈完見到(dao)(dao)齊桓公就問:“你們(men)住(zhu)在北海(hai),我(wo)們(men)住(zhu)在南(nan)海(hai),相(xiang)(xiang)隔千里,任何事情(qing)都(dou)不相(xiang)(xiang)干(gan)涉(she)。這次你們(men)到(dao)(dao)我(wo)們(men)這里來,不知(zhi)是(shi)為了什么?”
管仲在齊桓公(gong)身(shen)旁,聽(ting)了之后就替齊桓公(gong)答道:“從前召(zhao)康公(gong)奉了周(zhou)王(wang)的(de)(de)命(ming)令,曾(ceng)對(dui)我們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)祖(zu)先太公(gong)說過(guo),五等侯九級伯,如不(bu)守法你(ni)們(men)(men)(men)都可(ke)以(yi)去征討。東到(dao)(dao)海,西到(dao)(dao)河,南到(dao)(dao)穆陵,北到(dao)(dao)無隸,都在你(ni)們(men)(men)(men)征討范(fan)圍內。你(ni)們(men)(men)(men)不(bu)向周(zhou)王(wang)進貢用于祭祀的(de)(de)濾酒的(de)(de)包茅,公(gong)然(ran)違反(fan)王(wang)禮。還(huan)有昭王(wang)南征,至今未回,這(zhe)事(shi)也(ye)不(bu)是與(yu)你(ni)們(men)(men)(men)無關。我們(men)(men)(men)興師來(lai)到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)里,正是為了問罪你(ni)們(men)(men)(men)。”
屈完回答說:“多年沒有進貢包茅,確實是我們的(de)過(guo)錯(cuo)。至于昭王南征未(wei)回是發(fa)生在漢(han)(han)水(shui),你們只好去漢(han)(han)水(shui)邊打聽好了(le)。”
齊桓(huan)公(gong)見楚使屈(qu)完的態度不(bu)軟不(bu)硬,就命令大軍(jun)在陘(今河南(nan)郾城南(nan))駐(zhu)扎下來。南(nan)北兩軍(jun)相峙,從春季到夏季,已經半(ban)年。楚國又派屈(qu)完和齊桓(huan)公(gong)、管(guan)仲(zhong)談判(pan)。齊桓(huan)公(gong)、管(guan)仲(zhong)早就無意打仗,只是想通過這次軍(jun)事行動來顯示(shi)霸主的威風,嚇唬楚國罷(ba)了。所(suo)以他們很快就同意與屈(qu)完談判(pan),并達成協議,將軍(jun)隊撤(che)到召陵(ling)(今河南(nan)偃(yan)縣)。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)為了(le)炫(xuan)耀兵力,就請屈(qu)完來到軍(jun)中與他同車觀看(kan)軍(jun)隊。齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)指著軍(jun)隊對屈(qu)完說:“指揮(hui)這樣的軍(jun)隊去(qu)打仗,什(shen)么樣的敵人能抵抗得了(le)?指揮(hui)這樣的軍(jun)隊去(qu)夾攻城(cheng)(cheng)寨,有什(shen)么樣的城(cheng)(cheng)寨攻克不(bu)下呢?”
屈完很沉(chen)靜地回答;“國(guo)君,你若(ruo)用德義來安撫(fu)天下諸侯,誰敢不服(fu)從(cong)呢?如(ru)果只憑(ping)武(wu)力(li),那么(me)我們楚國(guo)可以把方(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)山(shan)當城(cheng)(cheng),把漢水當池,城(cheng)(cheng)這(zhe)么(me)高,池這(zhe)么(me)深,你的兵再多,恐怕也無濟于事。”回答得委婉有力(li)。
為形勢所迫,齊(qi)桓公(gong)同意與楚國(guo)結盟。這樣南北軍事(shi)對峙就體面(mian)的結束了。
齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)三十五年(前651年),周惠(hui)王(wang)去世。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)會同(tong)各諸(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)擁(yong)立太子(zi)鄭為天子(zi),這就(jiu)是周襄(xiang)王(wang)。周襄(xiang)王(wang)即位后,命宰孔賜(si)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)文武胙、彤弓矢、大路(lu),以(yi)表(biao)彰其(qi)功。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)召集各路(lu)諸(zhu)侯(hou)大會于(yu)葵(kui)丘(今河南蘭考、民(min)權縣境),舉行受賜(si)典禮。受賜(si)典禮上(shang),宰孔請周襄(xiang)王(wang)之(zhi)命,因(yin)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)年老(lao)德(de)高,不必下(xia)拜(bai)受賜(si)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)想聽從王(wang)命,管仲從旁(pang)進言道:“周王(wang)雖然謙讓(rang),臣(chen)子(zi)卻不可不敬。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)于(yu)是答(da)道:“天威不違(wei)顏咫尺,小白敢貪王(wang)命,而廢臣(chen)職嗎?”說罷,只見(jian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)疾(ji)走下(xia)階,再拜(bai)稽首,然后登堂受胙。眾諸(zhu)侯(hou)見(jian)此(ci),皆嘆服齊(qi)(qi)(qi)君之(zhi)有(you)(you)禮。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)又重(zhong)申(shen)盟好,訂立了新盟。這就(jiu)是歷史上(shang)有(you)(you)名的“葵(kui)丘之(zhi)盟”。
齊桓公(gong)三十九年(前647年),周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)的弟(di)弟(di)叔帶勾結戎人進攻京(jing)城,王(wang)(wang)室內亂,十分(fen)危機。齊桓公(gong)派管(guan)仲(zhong)幫助襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)平息內亂。管(guan)仲(zhong)完(wan)成得(de)很好(hao),獲得(de)周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)贊(zan)賞(shang)。周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)為了表示尊(zun)重霸主的臣下(xia),準備(bei)用上(shang)卿禮儀設宴(yan)為管(guan)仲(zhong)慶(qing)功,但管(guan)仲(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)接受(shou)。最后他接受(shou)了下(xia)卿禮儀的待(dai)遇。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)四(si)十一年(nian)(前645年(nian)),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)臨死前齊(qi)桓公(gong)問誰可以替代相(xiang)位(wei),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)推薦了公(gong)孫隰朋,并要求齊(qi)桓公(gong)遠離開方(fang)、豎刁、易牙三人,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)死后,繼任的公(gong)孫隰朋、鮑叔(shu)牙兩位(wei)相(xiang)國繼續沿用(yong)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)所留(liu)下的政治制度。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的后代被(bei)任命為大夫(fu),世(shi)世(shi)代代享受福(fu)蔭。
《管子》一書(shu)(shu)原(yuan)為(wei)86篇(pian)(pian),至(zhi)唐又亡佚10篇(pian)(pian),今本存76篇(pian)(pian),托(tuo)名(ming)(ming)春秋管仲(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)。其(qi)實(shi)《管子》同(tong)先秦(qin)許(xu)多典(dian)籍(ji)(ji)一樣,既非一人之著(zhu),亦非一時之書(shu)(shu)。是一部稷(ji)下黃老道(dao)家(jia)(jia)(jia)學派(pai)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)集(ji)匯編。西漢(han)國家(jia)(jia)(jia)藏書(shu)(shu)目(mu)錄《漢(han)書(shu)(shu)·藝文(wen)(wen)志(zhi)》,在“道(dao)家(jia)(jia)(jia)”類中(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)錄有管仲(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)著(zhu)《管子》85篇(pian)(pian),班固注曰:“名(ming)(ming)夷吾,相齊桓公(gong),九合諸(zhu)侯,不以(yi)兵車也。有《列(lie)傳》。”今存76篇(pian)(pian),內(nei)容(rong)極豐,包含道(dao)、儒(ru)、名(ming)(ming)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)、兵、陰陽等(deng)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)思(si)(si)想(xiang)以(yi)及天文(wen)(wen)、輿地、經濟(ji)(ji)和農(nong)業(ye)(ye)等(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)知識,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)《輕重》等(deng)篇(pian)(pian),是古代典(dian)籍(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)不多見的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)(ji)文(wen)(wen)作,對生產(chan)、分配、交易、消(xiao)費(fei)、財政、貨(huo)幣等(deng)均有論述,是研究我國先秦(qin)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)和經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)珍貴資(zi)料。管仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)傳記,載於《史記·管晏(yan)列(lie)傳》。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)黃老道(dao)家(jia)(jia)(jia)著(zhu)作最多,其(qi)次法(fa)(fa)(fa)家(jia)(jia)(jia)著(zhu)作16篇(pian)(pian),其(qi)余各家(jia)(jia)(jia)雜之,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)家(jia)(jia)(jia)思(si)(si)想(xiang)是道(dao)家(jia)(jia)(jia)影(ying)響下的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)家(jia)(jia)(jia)思(si)(si)維。
行政改革
管(guan)仲整頓(dun)行(xing)(xing)政管(guan)理系(xi)統,“叁(san)其國(guo)而(er)伍其鄙(bi)”。所謂“叁(san)其國(guo)”,就是將(jiang)國(guo)劃分(fen)(fen)為21鄉,士居(ju)15鄉,工居(ju)3鄉,商居(ju)3鄉,分(fen)(fen)設3官(guan)管(guan)理。所謂“伍其鄙(bi)”,就是將(jiang)鄙(bi)野(國(guo)都之(zhi)外的(de)(de)廣大(da)地區)分(fen)(fen)為5屬,設立(li)5大(da)夫、5正(zheng)官(guan)分(fen)(fen)管(guan)。屬下有縣、鄉、卒、邑4級(ji),分(fen)(fen)別設立(li)縣帥、鄉帥、卒帥、司官(guan)管(guan)理。整頓(dun)行(xing)(xing)政系(xi)統的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是“定民之(zhi)居(ju)”,使(shi)士、農(nong)、工、商各就其業,從而(er)使(shi)部落的(de)(de)殘余影(ying)響(xiang)被徹底革除,行(xing)(xing)政區域的(de)(de)組(zu)織結(jie)構更(geng)加(jia)精細化,并(bing)且有效地維護了(le)社(she)會穩定。
用人人事
他(ta)提出的(de)(de)用人原(yuan)則是(shi):“德義未明于(yu)(yu)(yu)朝者(zhe)(zhe),則不可加于(yu)(yu)(yu)尊位(wei);功力未見于(yu)(yu)(yu)國者(zhe)(zhe),則不可授以重祿;臨事不信于(yu)(yu)(yu)民者(zhe)(zhe),則不可使任大官。”用今天的(de)(de)話說就是(shi)在任命一切官員時(shi),都必須(xu)根據其實際的(de)(de)政績(ji),特別是(shi)要有取信于(yu)(yu)(yu)民的(de)(de)真實政績(ji),而(er)不是(shi)虛(xu)假(jia)的(de)(de)、表面的(de)(de)政績(ji)。此外(wai),他(ta)還(huan)總結出一套(tao)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)各級官員實行獎懲的(de)(de)具體辦法。
國中“慈孝(xiao)”、“聰慧”、“拳勇”出眾者(zhe),由鄉長推薦試(shi)用,稱職(zhi)的委任(ren)為吏,任(ren)用稱職(zhi)的又(you)可以晉升,直至升為上(shang)卿(qing)助理(li)。選賢任(ren)能(neng),在(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上(shang)突破了世(shi)卿(qing)世(shi)祿(lu)制,擴大了人才來源(yuan),這(zhe)一(yi)制度(du)成為日(ri)后科舉制度(du)的雛形。
政治主張
管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)注(zhu)重經(jing)濟(ji)和農業(ye),反對空談(tan)主(zhu)(zhu)義,開創職業(ye)技能(neng)教育。主(zhu)(zhu)張改(gai)(gai)革(ge)以(yi)富國(guo)強兵,他說(shuo):“國(guo)多財(cai)則遠者來(lai),地辟舉(ju)則民留(liu)處,倉廩實而知禮節,衣食足而知榮辱”,唯物(wu)論中“物(wu)質決定意識(shi)”的(de)觀(guan)念和《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)》的(de)思想頗為接近。齊桓公(gong)尊(zun)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為“仲(zhong)(zhong)父(fu)”,授權讓他主(zhu)(zhu)持一系列(lie)政治和經(jing)濟(ji)改(gai)(gai)革(ge):在全國(guo)劃分政區,組織軍事編(bian)制,設官(guan)吏管(guan)(guan)理(li);建立選拔(ba)人(ren)才制度(du),士經(jing)三審選,可為“上卿之(zhi)贊”(助理(li));按土(tu)地分等征稅,禁止(zhi)貴族掠(lve)奪私產;發展鹽(yan)鐵(tie)業(ye),鑄造貨幣(bi),調劑(ji)物(wu)價。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)實質,改(gai)(gai)革(ge)土(tu)地和人(ren)口制度(du)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)成效(xiao)顯(xian)著,齊國(guo)由此國(guo)力大振。對外(wai),管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)最早提出“華夷(yi)之(zhi)辨”與“尊(zun)王(wang)攘夷(yi)”的(de)民族主(zhu)(zhu)義思想。聯(lian)合(he)(he)北(bei)方鄰國(guo),抵抗山戎(rong)族南侵。這(zhe)一外(wai)交戰略(lve)也獲(huo)得成功。后來(lai)孔子(zi)(zi)感(gan)嘆說(shuo):“管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)相桓公(gong),霸諸侯,一匡(kuang)天下,民到于今受(shou)其賜。微管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),吾(wu)其被發左衽(ren)矣。豈若匹夫(fu)匹婦之(zhi)為諒也,自經(jing)于溝瀆(du),而莫之(zhi)知也?”又(you)說(shuo):“桓公(gong)九合(he)(he)諸侯,不以(yi)兵車,管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)力也。如其仁(ren),如其仁(ren)。”
管仲的外交主(zhu)張,打出“尊王攘夷”的旗幟,以諸侯長的身份,挾天子(zi)以伐不敬。
為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成為(wei)諸侯之長,管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲在(zai)外交(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)協(xie)助齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)許多努力。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)663年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),山(shan)戎攻(gong)打(da)燕(yan)國(guo),燕(yan)向齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求(qiu)救,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)救燕(yan)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)661年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),山(shan)戎攻(gong)打(da)刑(xing)國(guo),管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲提出“戎狄(di)豺狼,不可厭也;諸夏親昵,不可棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)再次發兵攻(gong)打(da)山(shan)戎以(yi)(yi)救邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)。打(da)退了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)毀(hui)邢(xing)(xing)都(dou)(dou)城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)兵,并(bing)在(zai)夷儀為(wei)邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)建(jian)立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)新(xin)都(dou)(dou)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),狄(di)人大(da)舉(ju)攻(gong)衛(wei),衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺(sha)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)率諸侯國(guo)替(ti)衛(wei)國(guo)在(zai)楚(chu)丘另建(jian)新(xin)都(dou)(dou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(前(qian)656年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質問(wen)楚(chu)國(guo)為(wei)何(he)不按時向周(zhou)天子(zi)進貢祭祀(si)所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)茅(mao)草而(er)導致(zhi)祭祀(si)大(da)典(dian)無(wu)法(fa)及時進行,使得(de)楚(chu)國(guo)承(cheng)認自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤。前(qian)655年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),周(zhou)惠王(wang)(wang)有另立太(tai)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意向。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲獻(xian)計(ji)讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui)集諸侯國(guo)君于首止(zhi)(zhi),與周(zhou)天子(zi)盟(meng),以(yi)(yi)確(que)定太(tai)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正統地(di)位。前(qian)654年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因鄭文公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)首止(zhi)(zhi)逃會(hui)(hui),率聯軍(jun)討伐(fa)鄭國(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率多國(guo)國(guo)君與周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)派來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)夫會(hui)(hui)盟(meng),并(bing)確(que)立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)周(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)位。前(qian)651年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召(zhao)集魯、宋、曹等國(guo)國(guo)君及周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)宰(zai)孔會(hui)(hui)于葵丘。周(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰(zai)代表周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)正式封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)諸侯長。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)霸主身份(fen)主持(chi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)葵丘之盟(meng)。此后遇到侵犯周(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)(dou)會(hui)(hui)過問(wen)和(he)制(zhi)止(zhi)(zhi),此次盟(meng)會(hui)(hui)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)確(que)立了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸主地(di)位。管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外交(jiao)(jiao)戰(zhan)略獲得(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)很(hen)大(da)成功,使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸業更加合法(fa)合理,同時也保(bao)護了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)中原經濟和(he)文化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。為(wei)華夏文明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)續做出了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)巨(ju)大(da)貢獻(xian)。
其原則(ze)是(shi)“作內政而寄軍令”,其措(cuo)施是(shi)“參其國而伍(wu)其鄙(bi)”,其內容為(wei)(wei):將全國分為(wei)(wei)二(er)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang),工商(shang)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)六(liu),士鄉(xiang)(xiang)十(shi)五(wu)。工商(shang)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)不從(cong)事作戰,實際從(cong)事作戰的是(shi)士鄉(xiang)(xiang)十(shi)五(wu)。五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帥,有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)人。由齊君率(lv)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)軍,兩個上卿各(ge)率(lv)五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)左(zuo)右軍,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)三軍,就(jiu)是(shi)“參其國”。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)有十(shi)連,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)連有四(si)里,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)里有十(shi)軌(gui),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui)有五(wu)家(jia),五(wu)家(jia)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)軌(gui),這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)“伍(wu)其鄙(bi)”。軌(gui)中(zhong)的五(wu)家(jia),因世代相居處在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起,因為(wei)(wei)利(li)害禍福相同(tong),所以,“守則(ze)同(tong)固,戰則(ze)同(tong)強”。
這是一種社(she)會與軍事相(xiang)結合的(de)戰(zhan)斗體(ti)制,亦為后來大規模(mo)的(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)作了(le)準(zhun)備。
孔子(zi):“微管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),吾(wu)其被發左衽矣。”(《論語·憲(xian)問篇》)意思(si)是:管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)輔助齊桓公(gong)做諸侯霸主,尊王攘夷,一匡天下。要是沒有管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),我(wo)們都會披散頭(tou)發,左開衣襟(jin),成(cheng)為野蠻人了。又說:“桓公(gong)九合諸侯,不(bu)以兵(bing)車,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)之力也,如(ru)其仁(ren),如(ru)其仁(ren)!”
《淮南(nan)子·泰族訓》:“文王舉太(tai)公(gong)(gong)望、召公(gong)(gong)奭而王,桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)任管仲、隰朋(peng)而霸,此(ci)舉賢以(yi)立功也,夫差用太(tai)宰嚭而滅,秦任李斯、趙高而亡,此(ci)舉所與同。故觀其(qi)所舉,而治亂可見也;察其(qi)黨(dang)與,而賢不肖可論也。”
司(si)馬遷:①”管(guan)仲,世所謂(wei)賢臣,然孔子(zi)小(xiao)之。豈(qi)以(yi)為周道衰微,恒(heng)公(gong)既賢,而不勉之至(zhi)王,乃稱(cheng)霸哉?語(yu)曰:將(jiang)順其(qi)美,匡救(jiu)其(qi)惡,故上下(xia)能(neng)相親也。豈(qi)管(guan)仲之謂(wei)乎?“②“晏子(zi)儉(jian)矣,夷吾則奢(she);齊桓以(yi)霸,景公(gong)以(yi)治。”
蜀(shu)漢名(ming)相諸葛亮(liang)經常把自己(ji)比作(zuo)管仲(zhong),樂毅。歷史上管仲(zhong)相齊,使(shi)齊國成為春(chun)秋五霸之首(shou);諸葛亮(liang)相蜀(shu),使(shi)劉(liu)備與曹操,孫權三分天(tian)下。二人皆嘔心瀝血,鞠躬盡瘁,而且居功至偉。
房玄齡:“至若夷(yi)吾體仁,能(neng)相小(xiao)國,孔明踐義,善翊(yi)新邦,撫事(shi)論情,抑斯之類也。”
李靖:“若樂毅,管仲,諸(zhu)葛亮,戰必勝,守必固,此非查天時地利,安能邇(er)忽(hu)?”
劉(liu)勰:“古(gu)之(zhi)將相,疵咎(jiu)實多。至如管仲孝竊,吳起(qi)之(zhi)貪淫,陳平之(zhi)污(wu)點,絳(jiang)灌之(zhi)讒(chan)嫉(ji),沿茲以下,不可勝數。孔光(guang)負(fu)衡據鼎(ding),而(er)(er)仄媚董賢(xian),況班馬之(zhi)賤職,潘岳之(zhi)下位哉?王戎開(kai)國(guo)上秩,而(er)(er)鬻(yu)官囂俗(su);況馬杜之(zhi)磬懸,丁(ding)路之(zhi)貧薄哉?然(ran)子(zi)夏無虧于(yu)名儒,浚沖不塵乎(hu)竹(zhu)林者,名崇而(er)(er)譏(ji)減(jian)也。若夫屈賈之(zhi)忠貞,鄒枚(mei)之(zhi)機覺(jue),黃(huang)香(xiang)之(zhi)淳孝,徐(xu)干之(zhi)沉默,豈曰文士(shi),必其玷歟(yu)?”
司馬貞(zhen):“夷吾成霸(ba),平仲稱(cheng)賢。粟乃實廩,豆不掩肩。轉禍為(wei)福,危言獲(huo)全。孔(kong)賴左衽,史忻執鞭。成禮(li)而去,人望存焉(yan)。”