寧武關(guan)是三(san)(san)關(guan)鎮守總兵駐所(suo)所(suo)在(zai)地(di)。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始建(jian)于(yu)明(ming)景泰(tai)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1450年(nian)(nian)),在(zai)明(ming)成(cheng)化(hua)、正(zheng)德、隆(long)慶(qing)年(nian)(nian)間,均有(you)(you)修繕。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雄踞于(yu)恒山余(yu)脈的(de)華蓋(gai)山之(zhi)上,臨(lin)恢(hui)河,俯瞰東(dong)(dong)、西、南(nan)(nan)三(san)(san)面,周(zhou)長(chang)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,開東(dong)(dong)、西、南(nan)(nan)三(san)(san)門(men)。成(cheng)化(hua)二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1466年(nian)(nian))增修之(zhi)后,關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)圍約2公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,基(ji)寬15米(mi)(mi),頂寬7.5米(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)(gao)約10米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)、西、南(nan)(nan)三(san)(san)面開門(men)。成(cheng)化(hua)十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1479年(nian)(nian)),由巡撫魏紳主持,拓廣關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),周(zhou)長(chang)3500多(duo)米(mi)(mi),加辟北(bei)(bei)門(men),建(jian)飛樓(lou)(lou)于(yu)其上,起(qi)名(ming)為鎮朔(shuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)較狹(xia),東(dong)(dong)西為長(chang),關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長(chang)七里,呈(cheng)長(chang)方形,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)(gao)大(da)堅固,四周(zhou)炮臺、敵樓(lou)(lou)星羅棋布(bu)。到弘治十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1498年(nian)(nian)),關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)又被擴展為周(zhou)圍約3.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)增高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)1.5米(mi)(mi),并加開了(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)門(men),不過這時的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)仍為黃(huang)土夯筑,磚城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)是萬(wan)歷(li)三(san)(san)十四年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1606年(nian)(nian))包砌的(de)。萬(wan)歷(li)年(nian)(nian)間,在(zai)全部用青(qing)磚包砌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)同時,還(huan)(huan)修建(jian)了(le)(le)東(dong)(dong)西2座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)華蓋(gai)山頂修筑了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)巍峨聳峙的(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩(dun)(dun),墩(dun)(dun)上筑有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)三(san)(san)層(ceng)重(zhong)樓(lou)(lou),名(ming)為華蓋(gai)樓(lou)(lou)。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不僅與內長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連,而(er)且(qie)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)還(huan)(huan)修筑了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)條長(chang)達二十公(gong)(gong)(gong)里的(de)邊墻(qiang)(qiang)。寧武據(ju)鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)山之(zhi)北(bei)(bei),傳說(shuo)由鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)所(suo)變,故有(you)(you)“鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”之(zhi)稱(cheng),遇(yu)敵侵犯(fan)可神奇地(di)飛走。但見(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池猶(you)如(ru)鳳(feng)(feng)身,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)華蓋(gai)山護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩(dun)(dun)酷似鳳(feng)(feng)首,東(dong)(dong)西延伸的(de)兩(liang)堡儼然鳳(feng)(feng)翅,南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)迎薰樓(lou)(lou),正(zheng)如(ru)高(gao)(gao)翹的(de)鳳(feng)(feng)尾。雄居城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)鼓樓(lou)(lou),堪(kan)稱(cheng)鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)的(de)心臟,使人(ren)產生(sheng)美妙的(de)聯想。萬(wan)歷(li)末年(nian)(nian),增高(gao)(gao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),加以磚包,關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)更為堅固雄壯。
當時為了(le)抵御蒙(meng)古的進攻,在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方不斷設險(xian)置關(guan)(guan)(guan)、修筑防(fang)線(xian),形成了(le)外邊與內(nei)(nei)(nei)邊。而內(nei)(nei)(nei)邊者(zhe),就是指西(xi)(xi)起(qi)山西(xi)(xi)偏關(guan)(guan)(guan)縣,經神池、寧武(wu)、代縣、朔縣、河(he)北(bei)蔚縣等地,抵河(he)北(bei)延慶縣的內(nei)(nei)(nei)線(xian)長城,蜿蜒1000多公里。在(zai)(zai)這條防(fang)線(xian)上(shang),創關(guan)(guan)(guan)設堡,駐守軍隊。在(zai)(zai)河(he)北(bei)境內(nei)(nei)(nei)者(zhe),沿線(xian)設紫荊、倒馬、居庸三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan),稱為內(nei)(nei)(nei)三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan)。在(zai)(zai)山西(xi)(xi)境內(nei)(nei)(nei),設偏頭(tou)、寧武(wu)、雁門三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan),稱為外三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan)。外三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)中,偏頭(tou)為極邊,雁門為沖要(yao),而寧武(wu)介二關(guan)(guan)(guan)之(zhi)中,控扼內(nei)(nei)(nei)邊之(zhi)首,形勢尤為重要(yao)。故《邊防(fang)考》上(shang)說:“以(yi)重兵(bing)駐此,東可(ke)以(yi)衛雁門,西(xi)(xi)可(ke)以(yi)援(yuan)偏關(guan)(guan)(guan),北(bei)可(ke)以(yi)應(ying)云朔,蓋地利得勢。”
寧武(wu)關(guan)(guan)是(shi)三關(guan)(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)歷代戰爭(zheng)最為頻(pin)繁的關(guan)(guan)口。當時(shi)(shi)(shi)北方游(you)牧民(min)族(zu)南(nan)下,必經(jing)三關(guan)(guan)。偏(pian)關(guan)(guan)由于有(you)黃河(he)作為天險(xian),只有(you)冬季(ji)匈(xiong)(xiong)奴的騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)才(cai)可(ke)以踏冰而過(guo),而雁(yan)門以山(shan)為天險(xian),騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)難(nan)以突(tu)破。寧武(wu)關(guan)(guan)所靠(kao)的恢河(he)是(shi)季(ji)節性河(he)流,在恢河(he)斷流的季(ji)節,匈(xiong)(xiong)奴騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)就沿河(he)谷(gu)揮師南(nan)進,直抵(di)關(guan)(guan)下,當時(shi)(shi)(shi)恢河(he)河(he)谷(gu)可(ke)容“十騎(qi)(qi)并進”,所以大(da)(da)多數時(shi)(shi)(shi)候,寧武(wu)關(guan)(guan)成(cheng)為游(you)牧民(min)族(zu)和農耕民(min)族(zu)交戰的主要戰場(chang)。歷史上因鮮卑、突(tu)厥、契丹、蒙古等游(you)牧民(min)族(zu)南(nan)下掠(lve)擄,經(jing)常選擇寧武(wu)關(guan)(guan)為突(tu)破口,所以在很多歷史時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,這(zhe)里的戰爭(zheng)幾乎連年不斷。在寧武(wu)關(guan)(guan)千百年來的戰爭(zheng)紀錄中(zhong)(zhong),最后(hou)一場(chang)大(da)(da)仗發生在明(ming)末(mo)崇(chong)禎年間(jian)。
當北同蒲鐵路線(xian)上北上的(de)列(lie)車像一條(tiao)巨(ju)龍一樣(yang),由煤鄉軒崗西(xi)北的(de)崇山(shan)峻嶺中穿越(yue)而過之(zhi)(zhi)后,眼前,一座現代化的(de)小城便出現在鐵路線(xian)西(xi)的(de)河(he)谷(gu)(gu)中,這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)古代的(de)晉北重鎮——寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)關的(de)所在地。寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)關故址(zhi)就是(shi)(shi)今山(shan)西(xi)省寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)縣城,當呂梁山(shan)脈北支(zhi)蘆芽山(shan)和云中山(shan)交會的(de)谷(gu)(gu)口(kou)。谷(gu)(gu)口(kou)寬廣,敞向北面的(de)朔縣盆(pen)地。三面環山(shan),北倚內長城,深居于四(si)面屏蔽的(de)腹地,形勢(shi)穩固,易守難攻。這(zhe)里處于大同、朔縣聯(lian)合盆(pen)地的(de)南(nan)緣,地形高亢(kang)。山(shan)西(xi)省內兩(liang)條(tiao)大河(he)桑干(gan)河(he)和汾河(he)即源于此,分流(liu)南(nan)北。東西(xi)兩(liang)面又有(you)滹沱河(he)、黃河(he)的(de)支(zhi)流(liu)由此流(liu)出。因(yin)此,這(zhe)里雖是(shi)(shi)山(shan)區,卻具(ju)路通(tong)四(si)方之(zhi)(zhi)利,交通(tong)方便。由此北上可到大同,南(nan)下可達太(tai)原。
寧武關(guan)(guan),在(zai)今(jin)寧武縣城區。始建(jian)于明代中期(qi),為萬里長城上的重要關(guan)(guan)隘,地(di)(di)勢險要,因(yin)其地(di)(di)處“三關(guan)(guan)”中路,素有“北(bei)屏(ping)大同,南(nan)扼(e)太(tai)原,西(xi)應偏關(guan)(guan),東援(yuan)雁門”的戰略作用。
明代(dai)在中(zhong)國(guo)歷史上是(shi)一個(ge)很難用一句話概(gai)括(kuo)的(de)朝(chao)代(dai)。從(cong)推翻元(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)開(kai)(kai)始,明朝(chao)就不(bu)斷與北(bei)方(fang)少數民族征(zheng)戰(zhan)。先是(shi)蒙古,最后(hou)(hou)亡于(yu)清(qing)。朱(zhu)元(yuan)(yuan)璋(zhang)建(jian)國(guo)之初,深(shen)知國(guo)力衰弱,而又沒(mei)能將“大元(yuan)(yuan)”殘余勢力掃清(qing)。于(yu)是(shi)派遣(qian)朱(zhu)棣駐北(bei),從(cong)戰(zhan)略(lve)上來說就是(shi)遏(e)制(zhi)蒙古入侵(qin)。而燕(yan)王征(zheng)南之后(hou)(hou),可(ke)能源于(yu)奪了侄子(zi)帝位而愧(kui)對(dui)祖先,于(yu)是(shi)遷都(dou)北(bei)京。然而這個(ge)遷都(dou)的(de)舉動,卻將大明王朝(chao)的(de)中(zhong)心近距離地展現在蒙古面前(qian)。于(yu)是(shi)朱(zhu)棣在永樂(le)十年以后(hou)(hou)開(kai)(kai)始北(bei)征(zheng)。五(wu)次(ci)北(bei)征(zheng)之后(hou)(hou),除前(qian)兩次(ci)有所斬獲外,其余多為勞民傷財,使得(de)剛剛恢(hui)復的(de)經濟(ji)又背上了沉重的(de)包袱,為后(hou)(hou)世子(zi)孫(sun)留(liu)下了長(chang)久不(bu)息的(de)戰(zhan)爭隱患。
明(ming)(ming)憲宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱見深(shen)是(shi)朱棣(di)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)明(ming)(ming)代(dai)不(bu)(bu)多(duo)幾個(ge)有(you)些作(zuo)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)皇帝之(zhi)(zhi)一。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)朝代(dai)建立(li)寧武(wu)(wu)(wu)關其實是(shi)有(you)特(te)殊含義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。明(ming)(ming)憲宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)父(fu)親就是(shi)創造被(bei)生擒“奇跡”的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)莽皇帝明(ming)(ming)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)時(shi),當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蒙(meng)古在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)漠北(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勢(shi)力已(yi)經(jing)一分為(wei)二,瓦(wa)剌(la)與韃靼,瓦(wa)剌(la)強大了起(qi)來(lai),并不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)騷擾(rao)明(ming)(ming)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)邊。太(tai)監王振鼓(gu)動英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)對瓦(wa)剌(la)御駕(jia)親征,但是(shi)準(zhun)備不(bu)(bu)足(zu),糧餉接濟不(bu)(bu)足(zu),前線屢(lv)屢(lv)失(shi)敗。形勢(shi)不(bu)(bu)好,英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)撤軍,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)懷(huai)來(lai)城外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)木堡被(bei)包圍。全軍覆沒,英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)被(bei)俘。為(wei)了避免被(bei)瓦(wa)剌(la)威脅(xie),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大臣(chen)于(yu)謙的(de)(de)(de)(de)倡(chang)議下立(li)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)弟弟朱祁鈺為(wei)帝,年號景泰。隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)朱見深(shen)太(tai)子位置被(bei)廢。“奪門之(zhi)(zhi)變”后(hou)(hou),他的(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)子之(zhi)(zhi)位也失(shi)而復(fu)得。然而這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)歷,使(shi)他精神壓力非常大,朱見深(shen)繼位的(de)(de)(de)(de)第二年改年號為(wei)“成化(hua)”,而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)成化(hua)三年就建立(li)寧武(wu)(wu)(wu)關,希望明(ming)(ming)王朝不(bu)(bu)要重(zhong)蹈覆轍,防患(huan)于(yu)未然。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),寧武(wu)(wu)(wu)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)防御功能被(bei)發揮(hui)到淋漓盡(jin)致,有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)擋住(zhu)了蒙(meng)古的(de)(de)(de)(de)入侵(qin)。
明正(zheng)德八(ba)年(nian)(1513)蒙古騎兵(bing)從(cong)大同南下,進攻寧(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan),企(qi)圖由此進入(ru)晉(jin)中。守關(guan)(guan)(guan)官兵(bing)奮起抵抗,打敗(bai)蒙古兵(bing),保(bao)(bao)衛了晉(jin)中的(de)(de)安全。寧(ning)武關(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)創(chuang)設、加(jia)固以及沿關(guan)(guan)(guan)防戍的(de)(de)修筑(zhu),將偏(pian)頭、雁門、寧(ning)武三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan)連為一線,有效(xiao)地加(jia)強(qiang)了明朝北部邊防,在相當(dang)時期內,保(bao)(bao)障了三(san)晉(jin)人民的(de)(de)安全。
當時(shi)關防的(de)設置,不僅有警邊御(yu)敵的(de)意圖,同時(shi)也(ye)有防止和鎮壓國內反(fan)抗(kang)的(de)意圖。由于前幾任皇帝(di)(di)的(de)橫征暴斂(lian),以及(ji)對于蒙(meng)古(gu)的(de)多次用(yong)兵,到了(le)崇禎(zhen)皇帝(di)(di)期間,國庫(ku)空虛。而(er)此(ci)時(shi)蒙(meng)古(gu)勢力(li)逐漸弱小,滿洲勢力(li)大(da)增(zeng)。為取得戰爭(zheng)勝利,崇禎(zhen)皇帝(di)(di)加征兵餉。朝廷征一分(fen),官員征十分(fen)。在(zai)朝野腐敗的(de)情況(kuang)下,激起了(le)民變(bian),李自(zi)(zi)(zi)成從陜北(bei)起義。在(zai)對大(da)明(ming)朝的(de)戰爭(zheng)中,寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)一戰非常慘(can)烈。寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)破則北(bei)京危險。因此(ci)在(zai)此(ci)戰上,雙方(fang)(fang)都拼盡全力(li)。明(ming)末這里(li)曾發生過(guo)一場(chang)極其(qi)重(zhong)要的(de)大(da)戰。但攻(gong)關的(de)卻不是(shi)(shi)來自(zi)(zi)(zi)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)的(de)入侵,而(er)是(shi)(shi)來自(zi)(zi)(zi)后(hou)方(fang)(fang)的(de)攻(gong)擊。
當(dang)明(ming)(ming)末農(nong)民(min)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風暴席卷陜、晉(jin)大(da)地時(shi),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)又(you)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)抵御李(li)(li)自成(cheng)(cheng)農(nong)民(min)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)北(bei)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堡壘。公元1644年(nian)初,李(li)(li)自成(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)西安(an)稱(cheng)王后(hou)(hou)(hou),隨(sui)即率(lv)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)北(bei)渡(du)黃河,取(qu)道山西進行北(bei)伐(fa)。起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)一路(lu)勢(shi)如破竹,很快便(bian)攻占了(le)(le)(le)太(tai)原(yuan)。當(dang)向北(bei)攻克雁(yan)門關(guan)(guan)準(zhun)備攻擊(ji)(ji)大(da)同(tong)時(shi),發現明(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)聚集(ji)了(le)(le)(le)大(da)批軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊,有側擊(ji)(ji)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企圖。當(dang)時(shi)李(li)(li)自成(cheng)(cheng)由于曾經在(zai)(zai)羅城(cheng)吃過周遇(yu)吉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敗(bai)仗,認(ren)為(wei)他(ta)是一塊硬骨頭,是有些害怕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)(yi)準(zhun)備放(fang)棄攻打寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan),繞城(cheng)而走,直(zhi)取(qu)大(da)同(tong),盡快攻擊(ji)(ji)北(bei)京(jing)皇城(cheng),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)(hou)再攻擊(ji)(ji)無援(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武。后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai)在(zai)(zai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勸說(shuo)(shuo)下,以(yi)(yi)及寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)在(zai)(zai)三(san)關(guan)(guan)中相互策應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要位置,李(li)(li)自又(you)返(fan)身南下,奮(fen)戰(zhan)(zhan)七(qi)晝夜(ye)以(yi)(yi)慘重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)價擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)鎮守雁(yan)門關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)關(guan)(guan)總兵周遇(yu)吉,為(wei)奪取(qu)北(bei)京(jing)掃清了(le)(le)(le)障(zhang)礙。如今在(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武恢河東岸,仍有周遇(yu)吉之墓,為(wei)磚石(shi)所筑。這(zhe)一戰(zhan)(zhan)整整打了(le)(le)(le)七(qi)個晝夜(ye),起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)經血戰(zhan)(zhan)最(zui)終破城(cheng)全殲了(le)(le)(le)守關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),但打的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卻十分艱苦(ku)。這(zhe)一戰(zhan)(zhan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)充分見(jian)證(zheng)了(le)(le)(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)險(xian)要和堅(jian)固(gu)。也(ye)(ye)(ye)正(zheng)是因為(wei)這(zhe)一戰(zhan)(zhan),堅(jian)定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)崇禎誓不(bu)南遷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決心。他(ta)認(ren)為(wei)憑借層層險(xian)關(guan)(guan)足可(ke)阻擋起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攻勢(shi),可(ke)從(cong)容等待各路(lu)勤王之師的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)到(dao)來(lai)。但他(ta)怎么也(ye)(ye)(ye)想(xiang)不(bu)到(dao),自寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武大(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)之后(hou)(hou)(hou),大(da)同(tong)、宣(xuan)化(hua)、居庸關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)處守軍(jun)(jun)(jun),以(yi)(yi)及調去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)援(yuan)(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),竟(jing)然(ran)全部不(bu)戰(zhan)(zhan)而降。層層險(xian)關(guan)(guan)要塞(sai)全成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)擺設,致使(shi)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)一路(lu)長驅(qu)直(zhi)入(ru),迅速(su)包(bao)圍(wei)了(le)(le)(le)北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)那(nei)場勢(shi)如破竹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民(min)起(qi)義(yi)(yi)中,農(nong)民(min)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武竟(jing)然(ran)苦(ku)戰(zhan)(zhan)七(qi)晝夜(ye),付出了(le)(le)(le)慘重(zhong)(zhong)代(dai)價,以(yi)(yi)至于到(dao)處開(kai)倉放(fang)糧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)李(li)(li)自成(cheng)(cheng)一怒之下火燒寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan),說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堅(jian)固(gu)與險(xian)要,如此(ci)慘烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭也(ye)(ye)(ye)說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)在(zai)(zai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事地理位置上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要作用,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)因此(ci)聞(wen)名天下。寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)武關(guan)(guan)見(jian)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)王朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰敗(bai),其實某(mou)種程(cheng)度上不(bu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming):真(zhen)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)口不(bu)在(zai)(zai)外形,而更在(zai)(zai)人心。
在(zai)(zai)現代戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)中,寧(ning)(ning)武也(ye)是戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)要地(di)(di)。抗(kang)日戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)時期,寧(ning)(ning)武為晉(jin)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)抗(kang)日根(gen)據地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)分。1938年,日偽軍一萬余人(ren)分四(si)路(lu)圍攻晉(jin)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)根(gen)據地(di)(di),并占領(ling)了寧(ning)(ning)武等(deng)七(qi)縣城(cheng)。八路(lu)軍120師采取(qu)集中兵力(li)(li)各個擊(ji)破的(de)(de)(de)策略(lve),首(shou)先擊(ji)敗其它各地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)敵人(ren),然后以(yi)(yi)主力(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)武外(wai)圍活動,切斷敵軍歸路(lu),并以(yi)(yi)一部(bu)分緊(jin)逼寧(ning)(ning)武城(cheng)。這(zhe)時寧(ning)(ning)武之敵便在(zai)(zai)從陽(yang)方口南(nan)下敵人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)應下,棄城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)竄,120師予(yu)以(yi)(yi)沉重打擊(ji),終于收復了寧(ning)(ning)武城(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)1940年的(de)(de)(de)百(bai)團大戰(zhan)(zhan)中,八路(lu)軍120師曾以(yi)(yi)截斷同(tong)蒲路(lu)北(bei)(bei)段(duan)交通(tong)為目的(de)(de)(de),以(yi)(yi)主力(li)(li)破擊(ji)寧(ning)(ning)武——軒崗段(duan),在(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)武、忻州展開(kai)破擊(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan),有力(li)(li)地(di)(di)打擊(ji)了日本侵略(lve)軍。現今山西(xi)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)交通(tong)大動脈同(tong)蒲鐵路(lu)從寧(ning)(ning)武關穿過,又有公路(lu)通(tong)向四(si)方。這(zhe)里(li)仍(reng)為晉(jin)北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)交通(tong)要地(di)(di)。
清(qing)朝建(jian)立以后,因為(wei)(wei)與蒙(meng)古的和睦關(guan)系(xi),寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)的要沖、防(fang)御作用基本(ben)喪失,成了(le)祥(xiang)和的聚居之地,遂(sui)將關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)改為(wei)(wei)府(fu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。其防(fang)御設施(shi)和內長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也逐漸廢棄,成為(wei)(wei)了(le)還(huan)尚可辨認的遺跡(ji)。現存(cun)(cun)關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)舊址范(fan)圍(wei)分(fen)西關(guan)和東關(guan)兩(liang)部分(fen),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)依山(shan)(shan)勢而建(jian),十分(fen)壯觀。據(ju)史書記載,明弘(hong)治十一(yi)(yi)年(1498)擴城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)七(qi)里。萬歷(li)三十四年(1606)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)砌磚,周(zhou)長3567米。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中鼓(gu)樓(lou)為(wei)(wei)寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)代表性建(jian)筑(zhu)。周(zhou)圍(wei)烽火臺峙立,氣勢雄偉(wei)。寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)于(yu)呂梁山(shan)(shan)脈北部支脈的山(shan)(shan)口,周(zhou)長3.5公里余,襟山(shan)(shan)帶(dai)水,地形險(xian)要,今已(yi)傾圮,兩(liang)側山(shan)(shan)上(shang)的內長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺跡(ji)尚存(cun)(cun)。今除存(cun)(cun)極少的零星夯土殘墻(qiang)外(wai),基本(ben)上(shang)全已(yi)被拆毀,只剩下位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中心的一(yi)(yi)座鼓(gu)樓(lou)在春風里笑傲紅(hong)塵,留下滄(cang)桑歷(li)史的裊裊余音,至今尚保存(cun)(cun)良好。
寧(ning)武(wu)關鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou),位于今寧(ning)武(wu)縣(xian)城(cheng)人民大街,平面布局基本呈正(zheng)方形,此樓(lou)(lou)下座(zuo)為(wei)磚砌券拱(gong)十字穿(chuan)心洞,樓(lou)(lou)為(wei)三(san)層(ceng)三(san)檐木結構(gou)歇山頂式建(jian)筑(zhu),通高30余米(mi),氣勢宏偉,為(wei)省重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)內的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)陳列中,有(you)寧(ning)武(wu)縣(xian)古寺出土,當年(nian)修筑(zhu)長(chang)城(cheng)時用(yong)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)大水缸(gang)和戍(shu)守長(chang)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)將士們使用(yong)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)各種兵器。
陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)是明長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)山西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)關(guan)隘。位(wei)于山西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)省寧(ning)武縣北(bei)約(yue)13公(gong)里.陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)鎮(zhen)重要口(kou)(kou)(kou)舊(jiu)為九牛口(kou)(kou)(kou)。長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)恢河地段(duan),原(yuan)建有(you)(you)九孔石橋一座,與兩側長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銜接,每(mei)個橋孔內又有(you)(you)一鐵(tie)牛鎮(zhen)守。后鐵(tie)牛被水沖(chong)走,橋亦坍塌,更今名。陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)堡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),東靠長(chang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)山,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)傍(bang)恢河,為明嘉(jia)靖十(shi)八年(nian)(1539)巡撫陳講所筑,萬歷四(si)年(nian)(1576)增修。堡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周1公(gong)里左(zuo)右(you)。有(you)(you)“山西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮(zhen)中路(lu)第一沖(chong)口(kou)(kou)(kou)”之稱。顧祖禹在《讀史方(fang)(fang)(fang)輿(yu)紀要》中論述陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)堡戰略地位(wei)時(shi)說:“大(da)同有(you)(you)事(shi),以(yi)重兵駐此,東可(ke)以(yi)衛雁(yan)門,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)可(ke)以(yi)援(yuan)偏關(guan),北(bei)可(ke)以(yi)應(ying)云朔,蓋(gai)地利得(de)也。’現陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)亦為晉西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)、大(da)同、大(da)原(yuan)的(de)交(jiao)通樞紐。北(bei)有(you)(you)同蒲、寧(ning)苛(ke)兩條(tiao)鐵(tie)路(lu),還有(you)(you)忻州(zhou)至(zhi)(zhi)保德,崞陽(yang)(yang)(yang)至(zhi)(zhi)偏關(guan),水泉、陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)至(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)魯等三條(tiao)公(gong)路(lu)干線(xian)通過(guo)。陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)今已殘毀,尚存(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)磚(zhuan)券拱門,用橫木支撐著,供行(xing)人來往。陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)存(cun)夯土殘墻和土筑墩臺。陽(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)東長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尚存(cun)部分磚(zhuan)砌墻體,井(jing)有(you)(you)三座磚(zhuan)砌空心敵樓(lou)保存(cun)較好。
古長城:在樓(lou)子山(shan)(shan)上有古長城遺跡,明正德(de)中,兵備(bei)張鳳(feng)羾立石山(shan)(shan)下(xia),曰“紫塞長城”,或疑為六國趙時所筑(zhu)之舊。
古(gu)襄陽城:《太(tai)原(yuan)志(zhi)》云(yun):“在(zai)(zai)靜樂縣北九十里,古(gu)寧(ning)化軍南。”遺(yi)址微在(zai)(zai)。
林(lin)溪鎮(zhen)城:在林(lin)溪山(shan)下,世傳隋煬帝(di)避(bi)暑處,金天會間,即其地(di)改為圣(sheng)壽寺。
隋汾陽宮:在縣西南六十里(li),即林溪(xi)鎮城處。
古樓(lou)煩關:在寧化南,靜樂(le)界。
天(tian)池故城、元池故城:并李克用(yong)表置者(zhe)。
汾陽故(gu)縣(xian)、六度故(gu)縣(xian):上并唐筑。
用武(wu)池(chi):高齊(qi)于此(ci)大蒐,因(yin)名。《崞縣志》稱(cheng):在寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)。《魏志》云:疑即(ji)天池(chi)是。
天池監牧(mu)(mu)、元池監牧(mu)(mu)、樓煩監牧(mu)(mu):并唐時置,使牧(mu)(mu)馬處。自(zi)樓煩關以下,今皆無跡(ji)。
橐(tuo)蓮(lian)臺(tai):在縣東北二(er)十(shi)五里。《二(er)鎮三關志(zhi)》云:“今陽方(fang)口河西高山(shan)(shan)謂之‘橐(tuo)蓮(lian)臺(tai)’,世傳宋王侁(shen)望(wang)楊業兵(bing)處(chu)。”《朔州志(zhi)》亦載(zai)之,唯《崞(guo)縣志(zhi)》但(dan)記臺(tai)名,不言(yan)王侁(shen)事。考元魏滅赫連(lian)氏,遷其子孫散(san)處(chu)雁門、代(dai),北依山(shan)(shan)谷以居,故其地有赫連(lian)臺(tai),所云橐(tuo)蓮(lian)或(huo)是赫連(lian)之訛。
宋摩崖(ya)(ya)題名:在樓(lou)子(zi)山崖(ya)(ya),題云(yun):元佑缺(que)年秋七(qi)月己卯,文思(si)(si)。副使(shi)知寧化軍事太原(yuan)王(wang)(wang)余、應定山與前(qian)朝奉(feng)郎通判軍事汝南趙審道同(tong)游樓(lou)子(zi)山,飲于漏崖(ya)(ya)之(zhi)足(zu),以(yi)觀汾水之(zhi)源(yuan)。酒酣(han),公為安(an)懿王(wang)(wang)泠(ling)瓏(long)之(zhi)琹,以(yi)撫秋思(si)(si)之(zhi)美,既闕(que),而(er)奏雪中松(song)之(zhi)曲。是行也,部吏劉喜、王(wang)(wang)錫(xi)、魏廓(kuo)、陸思(si)(si)誠、鞏裕、李昌言、秋球、榆次(ci)尉石伯倫預焉,洛陽鞏裕書(shu)。右依《魏志》書(shu)之(zhi)“為安(an)懿王(wang)(wang)泠(ling)”,五(wu)字(zi)疑筆跡稍泐(le),文有訛隱,若“王(wang)(wang)”當(dang)為“玉”,“泠(ling)”當(dang)為“玲”,余三字(zi)則未詳也。
寧武府屬
在(zai)郡城中(zhong)少東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)七(qi)百戶街(jie),負(fu)山臨逵,地(di)勢高(gao)爽(shuang)。雍正四年(1726年),知(zhi)府(fu)郎瀚建(jian),即故寧(ning)武道署之舊(jiu),改創為(wei)(wei)(wei)之府(fu)。經歷謝(xie)廷恕董其(qi)事,署成(cheng)規局(ju),宏整門(men)(men)(men)屏,東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)(xi)兩坊(fang)翼之,坊(fang)門(men)(men)(men)高(gao)廣(guang),太守車騎所出入(ru)(ru)也;循(xun)坊(fang)列柵(zha),以(yi)禁行(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),柵(zha)周方寬闊,中(zhong)容吏(li)士數百人。大(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)三楹(ying),正南(nan)(nan)面(mian)啟,入(ru)(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)儀門(men)(men)(men),自儀門(men)(men)(men)入(ru)(ru),為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)堂(tang)(tang),堂(tang)(tang)前有(you)抱廈堂(tang)(tang),左(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兵餉(xiang)庫,右(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)庫軍房(fang)(fang);堂(tang)(tang)下東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)吏(li)舍各(ge)六,東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)官廳(ting)在(zai)焉,西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)則隸(li)卒夜值者(zhe)(zhe)居(ju)之。儀門(men)(men)(men)外,東(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)神祠,西(xi)(xi)庫神廟。由大(da)(da)堂(tang)(tang)而(er)(er)后(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)宅門(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)外,左(zuo)(zuo)、右(you)班房(fang)(fang)各(ge)一(yi);門(men)(men)(men)內,左(zuo)(zuo)、右(you)各(ge)有(you)房(fang)(fang)三間(jian),皆北(bei)(bei)(bei)向。其(qi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)二堂(tang)(tang),堂(tang)(tang)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)(xi)屋(wu)各(ge)三間(jian),堂(tang)(tang)下門(men)(men)(men)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)(xi)啟;自東(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)入(ru)(ru)為(wei)(wei)(wei)書(shu)室五(wu)間(jian),皆南(nan)(nan)向,后(hou)(hou)有(you)屋(wu)三間(jian),北(bei)(bei)(bei)與書(shu)室對門(men)(men)(men);由西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)入(ru)(ru),書(shu)室二間(jian)、客(ke)廳(ting)三間(jian),客(ke)廳(ting)南(nan)(nan)對者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“琴鶴軒”,亦為(wei)(wei)(wei)射廳(ting),凡三間(jian);射廳(ting)之西(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)馬廄(jiu),有(you)井(jing)以(yi)飲馬,有(you)祠屋(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)間(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)四而(er)(er)庳(bi),以(yi)祀馬祖(zu)。自二堂(tang)(tang)后(hou)(hou)入(ru)(ru)門(men)(men)(men),為(wei)(wei)(wei)知(zhi)府(fu)內宅,住房(fang)(fang)三間(jian),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)洞(dong)房(fang)(fang)各(ge)二,廂(xiang)房(fang)(fang)各(ge)三,門(men)(men)(men)外東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)偏房(fang)(fang)各(ge)一(yi),又東(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)廚,最后(hou)(hou)房(fang)(fang)五(wu)間(jian),因(yin)山為(wei)(wei)(wei)趾,勢獨高(gao),見郭外諸峰;房(fang)(fang)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)屋(wu)各(ge)三間(jian),又夾(jia)道中(zhong)屋(wu)二間(jian),東(dong)(dong)如(ru)之。
清代寧武府(fu)疆域:在山(shan)西(xi)布政司西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)三(san)百(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。東(dong)西(xi)廣三(san)百(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十五里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)袤二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)八(ba)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朔(shuo)平(ping)府(fu)朔(shuo)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)十七(qi)里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),又東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大同府(fu)應州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),山(shan)陰縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)八(ba)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)原府(fu)岢嵐州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十五里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),又西(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)德州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)代州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)崞縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)七(qi)里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水泉(quan)營邊(bian)墻界(jie)(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)七(qi)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);西(xi)南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忻州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)靜樂縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朔(shuo)平(ping)府(fu)平(ping)魯縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)營堡邊(bian)二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朔(shuo)平(ping)府(fu)治三(san)百(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大同府(fu)治三(san)百(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)德州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)河(he)曲縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)八(ba)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)老(lao)牛灣(wan)蒙古界(jie)(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)五十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。自府(fu)治由(you)山(shan)西(xi)大同府(fu)經直隸宣化(hua)府(fu),入(ru)居庸關至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)京師一(yi)(yi)千四(si)(si)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li);由(you)代州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),入(ru)紫荊關至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)京師九百(bai)(bai)十里(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。
乾隆年間(jian)寧武(wu)府屬四縣人口:
寧武府屬四縣,乾隆十(shi)年(nian)分至十(shi)四年(nian),審(shen)定戶(hu)口共:土著民二(er)(er)萬二(er)(er)千五百七(qi)十(shi)戶(hu),男女共十(shi)二(er)(er)萬六(liu)千四百十(shi)六(liu)口;大口六(liu)萬五千六(liu)百三十(shi)九,小口六(liu)萬七(qi)百七(qi)十(shi)七(qi)。
縣倚郭
筑于(yu)成化(hua)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1466年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),初為(wei)(wei)關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),巡撫都御史李侃請即古寧化(hua)軍(jun)口置(zhi)關(guan)(guan),設都指揮領軍(jun)守備(bei)(bei)。乃以(yi)是(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)丁亥(1467年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三(san)(san)(san)月始事(shi),明(ming)’年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1467年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))四(si)(si)月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)訖,以(yi)總兵鎮(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi),遂為(wei)(wei)鎮(zhen)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)踞華(hua)蓋山(shan),因(yin)其(qi)高而(er)(er)俯其(qi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、西(xi)三(san)(san)(san)面(mian),周四(si)(si)里許(xu),基五(wu)丈(zhang),面(mian)廣半之(zhi)(zhi),高三(san)(san)(san)丈(zhang)有(you)奇,門(men)(men)其(qi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)三(san)(san)(san)面(mian)而(er)(er)閉其(qi)北(bei)(bei)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)曰(yue)“仁勝”,西(xi)門(men)(men)曰(yue)“人和”,南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)曰(yue)“迎熏(xun)”,上建重樓(lou)。(宏(hong))治(zhi)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1498年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),巡撫魏(wei)紳拓廣之(zhi)(zhi),周七里一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)二(er)(er)十(shi)步,增埤五(wu)尺,加(jia)開北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men),亦(yi)建飛樓(lou)于(yu)上,名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)“鎮(zhen)朔”。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)狹于(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei),長(chang)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi),其(qi)形科橢,望之(zhi)(zhi)若敷巾幅然(ran),然(ran)皆(jie)土筑。萬(wan)(歷(li))元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1573年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),巡撫趙(zhao)某(mou)議包以(yi)石,益(yi)加(jia)增高,連(lian)女(nv)墻四(si)(si)丈(zhang)二(er)(er)尺,然(ran)未果。行至三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1606年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),寧武道(dao)郭光復始甃(zhou)(zhou)以(yi)磚(zhuan),又(you)筑東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),皆(jie)磚(zhuan)甃(zhou)(zhou),共長(chang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)千七十(shi)余丈(zhang),高三(san)(san)(san)丈(zhang)五(wu)尺。西(xi)關(guan)(guan)門(men)(men)曰(yue)“永寧”,其(qi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)出者(zhe)曰(yue)“阜財”;東(dong)(dong)(dong)關(guan)(guan)門(men)(men)曰(yue)“久安”,其(qi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)出者(zhe)曰(yue)“解(jie)慍”,下(xia)有(you)塹。先是(shi)萬(wan)(歷(li))二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1574年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),寧武守備(bei)(bei)某(mou)筑護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)山(shan)上,方(fang)二(er)(er)十(shi)八丈(zhang),高二(er)(er)丈(zhang)為(wei)(wei)基,基上為(wei)(wei)臺,臺上為(wei)(wei)樓(lou)三(san)(san)(san)重,樓(lou)外(wai)列堞二(er)(er)十(shi)四(si)(si),登之(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)眺百(bai)里;臺下(xia)周以(yi)磚(zhuan)墻,直一(yi)(yi)(yi)丈(zhang),環廣四(si)(si)十(shi)丈(zhang),墻上列垛(duo)四(si)(si)十(shi),屹然(ran)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)表里,巡撫魏(wei)允貞所使也,今樓(lou)垛(duo)以(yi)廢(fei)。國(guo)朝(chao)置(zhi)府城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),因(yin)其(qi)舊寧武營在焉(yan)。乾隆六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1741年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),東(dong)(dong)(dong)關(guan)(guan)門(men)(men)樓(lou)圮,知府魏(wei)元樞重葺(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)顏,曰(yue)“望華(hua)”,并修南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、北(bei)(bei)二(er)(er)角樓(lou)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)接鳳(feng)凰山(shan),寧武人又(you)呼為(wei)(wei)“鳳(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。
社稷壇(tan):在南(nan)關河外,雍正三(san)年(1725年)建。壇(tan)廣二丈五尺(chi),高二尺(chi)一(yi)寸,陛,東、南(nan)、西各(ge)三(san)級,無封(feng)樹。
風(feng)云雷(lei)雨山(shan)川壇:在北關(guan)山(shan)坳,雍正三年建(jian)。壇基(ji)、高、廣與(yu)社稷(ji)壇同,無(wu)封樹(shu)。
先農(nong)壇:在郡(jun)東(dong)(dong)門(men)外(wai),教(jiao)場東(dong)(dong)北。雍正五(wu)年(1727年),署寧武(wu)令、太原府西糧同知董泗儒奉文建。壇制與山川、社稷(ji)同。大殿五(wu)間(jian),門(men)樓一座,左右角門(men)二,農(nong)器庫(ku)二間(jian),官廳二間(jian),壇旁地四畝九(jiu)分以(yi)為田(tian),季(ji)春亥(hai)日(ri),郡(jun)、縣官九(jiu),推行事如制。
八蠟(la)廟(miao):在(zai)府東關(guan)外。
厲壇:在郡西關。
城(cheng)隍廟:在府治西北,華蓋山之陽。
寧武府學
在(zai)(zai)府(fu)治西北城之(zhi)陽(yang),繚以周(zhou)垣,外(wai)為(wei)大門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)樹以屏壁,夾以兩坊(fang)。自大門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)入(ru),為(wei)泮池,池上有橋(qiao),橋(qiao)南(nan)為(wei)欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),凡(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)。入(ru)欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)戟門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),入(ru)自戟門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)大成殿,殿五楹(ying),左(zuo)右為(wei)東(dong)(dong)西兩廡(wu),廡(wu)各(ge)五楹(ying);其戟門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)傍東(dong)(dong)西角門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)各(ge)一(yi)間(jian)(jian)。名宦(huan)祠在(zai)(zai)戟門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)左(zuo),鄉賢祠在(zai)(zai)戟門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)右,各(ge)凡(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying)。齋(zhai)宿房(fang)在(zai)(zai)欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內左(zuo),省牲所在(zai)(zai)欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內右,各(ge)凡(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying)。明倫堂(tang)在(zai)(zai)大成殿后,堂(tang)左(zuo)右齋(zhai)房(fang)各(ge)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian);崇圣祠三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying),在(zai)(zai)明倫堂(tang)東(dong)(dong);其在(zai)(zai)崇圣祠南(nan),欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)東(dong)(dong)者,為(wei)魁(kui)星(xing)樓(lou)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)建于雍正(zheng)五年(nian)(1757年(nian))三(san)(san)(san)月,唯(wei)尊(zun)經(jing)堂(tang)未及構云(yun)。寧(ning)武(wu)府(fu)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)(xue)教授一(yi)人(ren),訓導一(yi)人(ren),署(shu)在(zai)(zai)文(wen)廟西偏。講堂(tang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),東(dong)(dong)西門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)斗、班房(fang)各(ge)一(yi)間(jian)(jian)。教授宅(zhai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)一(yi)座,住房(fang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian),東(dong)(dong)西配(pei)房(fang)各(ge)一(yi)間(jian)(jian)。訓導宅(zhai)如之(zhi),其外(wai)為(wei)大門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。學(xue)(xue)(xue)中所貯(zhu)書(shu)(shu)(shu):《十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)經(jing)注(zhu)疏》一(yi)部,通(tong)一(yi)百二(er)(er)十(shi)本,為(wei)函十(shi)二(er)(er);《二(er)(er)十(shi)一(yi)史(shi)》一(yi)部,通(tong)五百本,為(wei)函五十(shi);《明史(shi)》一(yi)部,通(tong)百十(shi)二(er)(er)本,為(wei)函十(shi)二(er)(er)。先是經(jing)史(shi)皆買(mai)于布政(zheng)司,而(er)使郡(jun)縣學(xue)(xue)(xue)領焉。獨寧(ning)武(wu)府(fu)學(xue)(xue)(xue),以無(wu)尊(zun)經(jing)閣(ge),與(yu)禮部例不相比,且不得領。時永平魏侯元樞知(zhi)郡(jun)事,乃(nai)與(yu)寧(ning)武(wu)令(ling)施作楫、神池令(ling)李識(shi)蒙、五寨令(ling)劉(liu)耀(yao)珪,共捐俸銀(yin)輸(shu)官以當書(shu)(shu)(shu)值(zhi),遂得領歸。郡(jun)學(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)舊所有:《周(zhou)易折(zhe)中》、《書(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《詩》、《春秋三(san)(san)(san)經(jing)傳》;說若《朱子全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《康(kang)熙(xi)字典》、《康(kang)濟錄》、《急(ji)公自愛書(shu)(shu)(shu)》、《四書(shu)(shu)(shu)講義》、《學(xue)(xue)(xue)政(zheng)全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》等,凡(fan)(fan)十(shi)部,使學(xue)(xue)(xue)廣文(wen)掌藏之(zhi)。
寧化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)(cheng):宋(song)嘉祐六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1061年(nian)(nian)(nian)),以河西西夏人往來(lai)隘口(kou),乃立寧化(hua)(hua)軍,因(yin)隋汾陽宮城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)舊址,廓而(er)筑之(zhi),金、元(yuan)因(yin)之(zhi)。明洪武二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1369年(nian)(nian)(nian))設寧化(hua)(hua)巡(xun)檢司,山(shan)西都(dou)(dou)指(zhi)揮使(shi)常守(shou)道帥官軍來(lai)屯,將舊城(cheng)(cheng)六里二(er)百(bai)七(qi)十(shi)步、南邊(bian)關廂裁去,于城(cheng)(cheng)東山(shan)坡(po)上,隨地(di)形勢筑城(cheng)(cheng)二(er)里一(yi)百(bai)九十(shi)七(qi)步,未完調去。五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1372年(nian)(nian)(nian)),延安侯(hou)唐宗(zong)勝、千戶(hu)唐成繼成其功,城(cheng)(cheng)高三丈一(yi)尺(chi),壕深一(yi)丈,城(cheng)(cheng)樓六座(zuo)。十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1378年(nian)(nian)(nian)),改(gai)巡(xun)檢為寧化(hua)(hua)守(shou)御千戶(hu)所,隸山(shan)西都(dou)(dou)司。嘉靖中(zhong),改(gai)隸寧武。至萬(歷)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1586年(nian)(nian)(nian)),甃土城(cheng)(cheng)以磚,當改(gai)寧化(hua)(hua)所,時設掌印千戶(hu)、巡(xun)捕(bu)、城(cheng)(cheng)操(cao)吏目各一(yi)。中(zhong)有(you)靜樂倉,今仍(reng)為寧化(hua)(hua)巡(xun)檢司。
本(ben)路參將設于嘉(jia)靖二(er)(er)十(shi)七(qi)年(nian),駐扎利民(min),所轄寧(ning)武、盤道梁(liang)、神池、利民(min)、八(ba)(ba)角(jiao)、寧(ning)化、長林、陽方八(ba)(ba)城堡(bao),凡屬守(shou)備五(wu),防守(shou)二(er)(er),千(qian)(qian)戶所者(zhe)三,分(fen)管內邊東(dong)起廣武界神樹(shu)梁(liang),西(xi)盡(jin)老(lao)營(ying)界地椒峁,沿長二(er)(er)百九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)里零四十(shi)丈,邊墩(dun)一百二(er)(er)十(shi)四座(zuo),火(huo)路墩(dun)一百二(er)(er)十(shi)一座(zuo)。邊之(zhi)內外(wai)續設小(xiao)蓮花、夾柳樹(shu)、燕(yan)兒水、雕窩梁(liang)、玄岡口(kou)、朔寧(ning)、狗兒澗、圪(土老(lao))罐、石(shi)湖嶺、西(xi)溝(gou)口(kou)、得勝、勒馬溝(gou)、蔣家峪、乾(qian)柴溝(gou)、野(ye)豬溝(gou)一十(shi)五(wu)堡(bao)以為(wei)犄角(jiao)。兵(bing)馬除軍(jun)(jun)門標下兩掖營(ying)散兵(bing)及(ji)標正(zheng)二(er)(er)營(ying)外(wai),闔路見(jian)在(zai)官軍(jun)(jun)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)千(qian)(qian)八(ba)(ba)百八(ba)(ba)十(shi)七(qi)員名,馬騾三千(qian)(qian)七(qi)百七(qi)十(shi)匹頭,內援兵(bing)官軍(jun)(jun)二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)六百四十(shi)五(wu)員名,馬騾二(er)(er)千(qian)(qian)三百九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)匹頭。本(ben)路東(dong)西(xi)援雁、平(ping)、偏老(lao),北控三云,南藩全晉,蓋山西(xi)鎮之(zhi)要害也。嘉(jia)隆間頻遭虜患,故于沖(chong)緊各處續添前項(xiang)小(xiao)堡(bao),分(fen)兵(bing)據(ju)守(shou)以扼虜沖(chong)。款(kuan)后烽(feng)火(huo)不警,干戈載戢,軍(jun)(jun)民(min)幸帖(tie)枕席(xi)之(zhi)安。顧款(kuan)久則弛,兵(bing)驕則玩(wan),乘此(ci)閃暇之(zhi)時,正(zheng)當圖綢繆之(zhi)計(ji),一切詰兵(bing)儲(chu)餉(xiang),未可以款(kuan)事而遽(ju)忽之(zhi)也。
寧文堡
本(ben)城(cheng)(cheng)舊筑(zhu)(zhu)小土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)于(yu)今城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)西,是(shi)為寧(ning)文(wen)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)。景泰元年(nian)筑(zhu)(zhu)寧(ning)武土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)城(cheng)(cheng),成化(hua)間(jian)展修之(zhi),隆慶四年(nian)始(shi)議磚石包(bao)砌焉,周七里(li)(li)零二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)步(bu),高(gao)連女墻四丈(zhang)(zhang)二(er)(er)尺(chi)(chi)。萬歷二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)添筑(zhu)(zhu)西關(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)一(yi)座(zuo),周四百(bai)(bai)六(liu)丈(zhang)(zhang)三(san)尺(chi)(chi),二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)又建東(dong)關(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)一(yi)座(zuo),周五百(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)六(liu)丈(zhang)(zhang)九尺(chi)(chi),俱高(gao)三(san)丈(zhang)(zhang)五尺(chi)(chi)。初(chu)設(she)(she)守(shou)備(bei)一(yi)員,弘治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)添設(she)(she)守(shou)御(yu)千(qian)戶所(suo),嘉靖二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)移(yi)偏頭關(guan),副(fu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)改為總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)鎮守(shou)于(yu)此(ci),添正兵(bing),坐營標(biao)兵(bing),守(shou)備(bei)各(ge)(ge)一(yi)員,三(san)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)設(she)(she)寧(ning)武兵(bing)備(bei)道及管(guan)糧(liang)通(tong)判,建學立倉,規制大(da)備(bei),屹然稱雄鎮矣。見在(zai)(zai)(zai)官軍標(biao),正營六(liu)千(qian)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)四員名(ming),馬(ma)騾(luo)五千(qian)九百(bai)(bai)三(san)十(shi)(shi)三(san)匹頭,守(shou)備(bei)所(suo)領并寧(ning)武所(suo)二(er)(er)千(qian)二(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)五十(shi)(shi)六(liu)員名(ming),馬(ma)騾(luo)三(san)百(bai)(bai)五十(shi)(shi)匹頭。分管(guan)內(nei)邊(bian)沿長四十(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)零四十(shi)(shi)五丈(zhang)(zhang),邊(bian)墩五十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)座(zuo),火路墩二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)五座(zuo),與(yu)所(suo)轄朔寧(ning),陽方(fang)(fang),狗兒(er)三(san)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)防(fang)守(shou)把總(zong)(zong)(zong)畫地(di)守(shou)之(zhi)。內(nei)陽方(fang)(fang)并西溝口(kou),苦參窊等處(chu)皆(jie)虜(lu)馬(ma)經涉之(zhi)處(chu),嘉靖十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)大(da)舉二(er)(er)次,皆(jie)由此(ci)入搶至忻州(zhou),崞縣(xian),地(di)方(fang)(fang)大(da)遭荼毒。故設(she)(she)總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)據險(xian)扼吭,統重(zhong)兵(bing)以彈壓之(zhi)。無事則居中調度,有(you)虎豹在(zai)(zai)(zai)山之(zhi)勢,遇(yu)警則隨在(zai)(zai)(zai)策應,無豺狼(lang)嗥(hao)野之(zhi)虞。三(san)關(guan)保(bao)障胥有(you)賴焉,非止寧(ning)武一(yi)隅已也。惟是(shi)地(di)當(dang)孤懸,兵(bing)鮮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)著,總(zong)(zong)(zong)兵(bing)所(suo)統標(biao)、正各(ge)(ge)兵(bing)雖多驍健,然半系四方(fang)(fang)烏合之(zhi)眾(zhong),驕悍素(su)號難制,駕馭(yu)頗費調停。惟在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)將平日(ri)威愛并濟(ji),鼓舞有(you)方(fang)(fang),使烏合之(zhi)人心樂為我用,臨(lin)時調發應敵,以之(zhi)克捷不難矣。至一(yi)切兵(bing)食之(zhi)計,鎮道同心,謀必萬全云。
陽方堡
本堡(bao)于(yu)嘉靖于(yu)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)土筑,萬(wan)歷(li)四年(nian)磚(zhuan)包,周二(er)(er)里零(ling)八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)步,高(gao)三(san)(san)丈五(wu)尺.設防守一員(yuan)分領守備(bei)營(ying)及改撥見在旗軍三(san)(san)百四十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)名,管邊一十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)里零(ling)一百五(wu)十(shi)(shi)步,邊墩三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)座(zuo),內西水口,苦參窊二(er)(er)處極沖,通大(da)(da)虜.本堡(bao)雖離虜巢稍遠,實為三(san)(san)關屏翰,寧(ning)武要沖.議者謂(wei)虜犯大(da)(da)同,大(da)(da)將當提兵移駐(zhu)于(yu)此,一以(yi)擁護雁門而虜不(bu)敢東(dong)視,一以(yi)策應偏,利(li)而虜不(bu)敢西下,朔,云且(qie)藉以(yi)聲援而虜不(bu)敢外(wai)住(zhu)蹂躪矣.蓋門戶鞏固,則堂奧自安,此最得肯綮云.
寧化城
本(ben)城洪武(wu)十(shi)二(er)年土筑(zhu),萬歷十(shi)年磚包,周三里零(ling)二(er)百一十(shi)二(er)步,高三丈三尺.設守御千戶(hu)所,掌印巡(xun)捕,城操各一員(yuan),所領見在(zai)官(guan)軍七百四十(shi)員(yuan)名,火(huo)路墩九座.本(ben)城地近腹(fu)里,雖非沖劇,然支鍋石,小(xiao)嶺兒虜騎(qi)可通,亦屬要(yao)害,嘉靖間曾兩經(jing)入犯,地方頗遭花毒.必(bi)須防守嚴密,庶可保障無(wu)恐,甚(shen)勿以近腹(fu)而少忽之.
盤道梁堡
本(ben)堡新舊(jiu)磚(zhuan)城(cheng)二(er)座(zuo),一(yi)(yi)(yi)土(tu)建于嘉靖(jing)三十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian),萬(wan)歷十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)磚(zhuan)包(bao),今(jin)在(zai)邊外,二(er)十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)因地勢低洼,改移新城(cheng)于邊內,周一(yi)(yi)(yi)里(li)零(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百四步,高(gao)三丈五尺(chi).初設防(fang)守(shou)(shou),繼改操守(shou)(shou),二(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)始(shi)設守(shou)(shou)備,先屬雁(yan)平,后(hou)改寧武,所(suo)(suo)領(ling)見在(zai)官軍七百三員名(ming),馬騾(luo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百四十(shi)(shi)匹頭.分管內邊沿長四十(shi)(shi)八里(li)零(ling)四十(shi)(shi)丈,內磚(zhuan)石(shi)包(bao)砌三十(shi)(shi)五里(li),靠山(shan)鏟削一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)三里(li)零(ling)四十(shi)(shi)丈,邊墩(dun)二(er)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)座(zuo),火路墩(dun)二(er)十(shi)(shi)四座(zuo),與所(suo)(suo)轄小(xiao)蓮花(hua),惡化柳樹,燕兒(er)水(shui)(shui),雕(diao)窩梁(liang),玄(xuan)岡口(kou)五堡防(fang)守(shou)(shou)畫地守(shou)(shou)之(zhi).本(ben)堡坐落山(shan)巔,汲水(shui)(shui)外溝,土(tu)脈砂松,墻(qiang)垣易(yi)圯(yi).且邊長兵(bing)寡(gua),分布為難,極沖凡一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)二(er)處(chu),嘉靖(jing)間大虜兩次內犯(fan)忻州等處(chu),俱由此出(chu)入.內火燒梁(liang)駱駝梁(liang),金家嘴舊(jiu)有邊壕(hao),今(jin)宜挑浚(jun),雕(diao)窩梁(liang)山(shan)徑可通虜馬,今(jin)宜阻塞.其燕兒(er)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)臥羊坡(po)尤(you)虜屯牧(mu)之(zhi)處(chu),相連漫坡(po),易(yi)于馳(chi)突.若修(xiu)墻(qiang)臺,浚(jun)壕(hao)塹(qian)以(yi)遏其入,庶(shu)可免侵軼之(zhi)患,此在(zai)守(shou)(shou)土(tu)者所(suo)(suo)當加之(zhi)意耳.
山(shan)西瀕(bin)塞要害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)三(san):雁門(men)、偏(pian)頭(tou)及新置(zhi)寧武(wu)是(shi)也。寧武(wu),舊名(ming)“橐(tuo)蓮(lian)臺”《地(di)(di)志》謂(wei):“即(ji)古(gu)寧武(wu)軍(jun)口”。今因以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)關(guan),與雁門(men)、偏(pian)頭(tou)東西相(xiang)顧,聯絡數百里(li),狀若(ruo)鼎峙。北控云中,南障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)太(tai)原,旁(pang)(pang)援朔、應、忻、崞、岢(ke)嵐、靜樂諸(zhu)州縣(xian)。雖山(shan)勢磅礴綿亙(gen)而(er)原隰平衍,有(you)道(dao)可通,非若(ruo)彼(bi)二關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)峻險(xian)回阻也。往歲,北□輒徑此入我(wo)境內,當(dang)事(shi)(shi)武(wu)臣常(chang)請(qing)設堡,屯卒(zu)(zu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)謹防御(yu),未果(guo)行。近,朝廷慮山(shan)西邊事(shi)(shi)頗殷(yin),命太(tai)監鄭(zheng)同、僉都(dou)(dou)御(yu)史李侃、署(shu)都(dou)(dou)督(du)(du)僉事(shi)(shi)王(wang)信,鎮(zhen)撫(fu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)(di),兼督(du)(du)諸(zhu)關(guan)戎務(wu)。三(san)公(gong)既(ji)至,一(yi)心協慮,加意(yi)綏輯,兵民(min)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)和。既(ji)而(er)躬歷(li)邊陲(chui),厘剔廢(fei)馳,至今置(zhi)關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,周(zhou)覽形勝(sheng)。僉曰:“此誠缺障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)也,及今弗圖保,無(wu)囊時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)乎(hu)?”遂議建(jian)城(cheng)為(wei)關(guan),選將提師(shi)與偏(pian)頭(tou)、雁門(men)等(deng)。又(you)虞(yu)工役浩繁,不(bu)免勞民(min),并疏(shu)區畫方略(lve)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聞,制曰:“可”。乃(nai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)成化丁(ding)亥(1467年)三(san)月始事(shi)(shi),伐(fa)石于(yu)(yu)(yu)山(shan),采木(mu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)林,陶甓作冶,而(er)工徒則取兵民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)當(dang)調(diao)戍者(zhe)。明‘年告(gao)成,周(zhou)圍四里(li)許(xu),基五丈而(er)廣半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),高三(san)丈有(you)奇,環為(wei)聛聣,而(er)門(men)其(qi)(qi)(qi)東、西、南三(san)面,前翼甕城(cheng),城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內建(jian)守帥廳,事(shi)(shi)藩杲行署(shu),走傳有(you)驛,糧儲(chu)有(you)倉(cang),積芻有(you)場,棲(qi)卒(zu)(zu)有(you)廬(lu),戰守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)畢(bi)備。歲調(diao)卒(zu)(zu)為(wei)二番,兵丁(ding)總四千人(ren),騎千有(you)奇,各以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)指揮以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下分隸(li)部伍,而(er)請(qing)專敕都(dou)(dou)指揮使(shi)同知(zhi)田春領其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi)。三(san)公(gong)往來(lai)蒞(li)督(du)(du),役方就(jiu)緒,鄭(zheng)公(gong)被召還京師(shi),王(wang)公(gong)移鎮(zhen)于(yu)(yu)(yu)代,而(er)終董(dong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)成者(zhe),惟李公(gong)。三(san)關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)既(ji)設等(deng),則侯望益時(shi),巡徼(jiao)益密,保障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)益固(gu)。不(bu)惟將卒(zu)(zu)得據以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)制敵,而(er)旁(pang)(pang)州比縣(xian),昔嘗(chang)被患(huan)者(zhe)亦恃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)恐矣。李公(gong)俾綬書其(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)告(gao)來(lai)者(zhe)。竊惟大易于(yu)(yu)(yu)萃,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)戒不(bu)虞(yu),而(er)重門(men)擊拆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制,有(you)取于(yu)(yu)(yu)豫。蓋居安(an)慮危,思(si)患(huan)豫防,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)銷(xiao)萌御(yu)暴計者(zhe)。雖在中區甸服而(er)城(cheng)墉關(guan)隘(ai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)除修(xiu),猶不(bu)容以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)少緩(huan),矧荒裔要害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)乎(hu)?茍徒恤一(yi)時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞而(er)不(bu)圖,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起廢(fei)補罅固(gu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)無(wu)窮,則雖良平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智(zhi),賁(bi)育之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇(yong),曷(he)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)勝(sheng)將來(lai)不(bu)測之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變哉?是(shi)役也,勞一(yi)時(shi)而(er)利久遠,所謂(wei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)佚道(dao)使(shi)民(min)者(zhe)也。凡有(you)事(shi)(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)斯者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)(qi)尚求置(zhi)關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)善體之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哉!
《寧武關(guan)》,傳(chuan)統(tong)戲曲曲目(mu),事見《鐵冠圖》傳(chuan)奇(qi)。
《寧武關》,京劇又名《別母亂(luan)箭(jian)》、《一門(men)忠烈(lie)》,該(gai)(gai)劇早年(nian)曾為余叔巖、言菊朋的(de)代表(biao)劇目,因(yin)世人對該(gai)(gai)劇主(zhu)題及人物褒貶各異,故(gu)不常演以至今已失傳。
故事大意:明(ming)末,李(li)自成率部攻打寧(ning)武關(guan),守(shou)將周遇(yu)吉(ji)固(gu)守(shou),終難抵擋(dang)。周遇(yu)吉(ji)突圍探母(mu),欲(yu)保護老母(mu)及妻兒等逃離,周母(mu)誓與(yu)城池共(gong)存(cun),令其再戰。李(li)自成兵逼城關(guan),周母(mu)令媳、孫自殺,然后放火自焚。周遇(yu)吉(ji)力抗義(yi)軍,被亂箭射傷,后自刎(wen)身亡(wang)。
此(ci)劇(ju)為京劇(ju)、昆曲文武老生傳(chuan)統戲(xi)之一,全劇(ju)通唱曲牌(pai),亦(yi)文亦(yi)武,在別母、中(zhong)箭、殉城等場次中(zhong),有繁難的(de)身(shen)段(duan)表演及曲牌(pai)演唱。川(chuan)劇(ju)、湘劇(ju)、桂劇(ju)、秦腔(qiang)、同州梆子(zi)、河北梆子(zi)均有此(ci)劇(ju)目,徽劇(ju)名《別母亂箭》。