高的防腐(fu)(fu)木(mu)涼亭--侗族(zu)鼓(gu)樓(lou),鼓(gu)樓(lou)是侗鄉具有地(di)域特點的建筑物,流行于貴州、湖(hu)南、廣(guang)西地(di)區。鼓(gu)樓(lou)以防腐(fu)(fu)木(mu)木(mu)鑿榫銜接,頂梁柱撥地(di)凌空(kong),排(pai)枋縱橫(heng)交錯,上(shang)下吻合(he),采用杠桿原(yuan)理,層層支撐而上(shang)。
鼓樓通(tong)體全(quan)是防腐木(mu)木(mu)質結構,不用一釘一卯,由于結構嚴(yan)密堅固(gu),可(ke)達數百年不腐不斜。在古代侗族鼓樓還有作為開會場所、外敵入侵鳴鼓警(jing)示等作用。
鼓樓以杉木鑿榫銜接,頂梁(liang)柱撥地凌空,排(pai)枋縱橫交錯,上下吻合,采用(yong)杠桿原理,層(ceng)層(ceng)支(zhi)撐而(er)上。
鼓樓通體全(quan)是(shi)本質結(jie)構(gou),不用一釘一鉚,由于結(jie)構(gou)嚴密堅固,可達數(shu)百年不朽不斜。這充分(fen)表現了侗族人(ren)民中能工巧匠建筑技藝的高超。
建造鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)主(zhu)要大梁柱、照面(mian)坊,是(shi)經過族中(zhong)長輩年高(gao)具有威望(wang)的(de)老(lao)人(ren)選定,木(mu)材優良(liang)、粗大,高(gao)度均勻,樹齡古(gu)老(lao),方可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)建造用(yong)(yong)(yong)材。未(wei)優先標記(ji)(ji),其他用(yong)(yong)(yong)材不(bu)得取用(yong)(yong)(yong)。可(ke)(ke)見打(da)上(shang)標記(ji)(ji)的(de)杉木(mu),自然是(shi)“杉海”之王了。據傳(chuan)說;鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)一詞含(han)義(yi),應該是(shi)侗寨(zhai)(zhai)古(gu)時放(fang)(fang)鼓(gu)(gu)之樓(lou)(lou)。因此(ci),有鼓(gu)(gu)則(ze)有樓(lou)(lou),有樓(lou)(lou)則(ze)置鼓(gu)(gu),后來人(ren)民(min)習慣,俗(su)稱鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)。鼓(gu)(gu)以樺(hua)樹作(zuo)(zuo)身,名為(wei)“樺(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)”,安放(fang)(fang)于鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)高(gao)層(ceng)。在侗族歷史(shi)上(shang),凡有重大事宜(yi)商議,起(qi)款定約,抵(di)御(yu)外(wai)來官兵騷擾(rao),均擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)以號(hao)召群眾。由寨(zhai)(zhai)中(zhong)“頭人(ren)”登樓(lou)(lou)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu),咚咚鼓(gu)(gu)聲響(xiang)徹(che)村寨(zhai)(zhai)山谷,就能(neng)(neng)迅速把人(ren)集中(zhong)起(qi)來。無事是(shi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)隨(sui)便登樓(lou)(lou)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)。
鼓(gu)樓下端呈方形,四(si)周(zhou)置有長凳(deng),中間有一大火塘(tang);樓門前為(wei)全寨(zhai)逢(feng)年(nian)過節的娛樂場(chang)地。每(mei)當夏日炎(yan)炎(yan),男女老少至此乘涼,寒冬臘(la)月來這(zhe)里圍(wei)火,唱(chang)歌彈琵琶、講故事(shi)。侗寨(zhai)有坐鼓(gu)樓的習俗(su)。特別是春節期間,村村寨(zhai)寨(zhai)聚集(ji)鼓(gu)樓廣場(chang),吹蘆笙,“哆耶”對歌作樂。或以侗族民間傳統故事(shi)為(wei)題(ti)材,自編自扮侗戲,登臺演唱(chang)。
據清(qing)(qing)代(dai)雍(yong)正(zheng)年間(jian)有(you)(you)資料記載(zai):侗(dong)人(ren)“以(yi)巨木埋地作樓(lou)(lou)高(gao)數丈,歌者(zhe)夜則緣(yuan)宿其上……”。侗(dong)族(zu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)建(jian)筑是侗(dong)族(zu)特有(you)(you)的(de)民族(zu)文(wen)化(hua)象(xiang)征和(he)標志(zhi)。哪(na)里有(you)(you)侗(dong)族(zu),哪(na)里就有(you)(you)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou),只有(you)(you)侗(dong)寨才有(you)(you)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou),有(you)(you)了(le)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)才算侗(dong)寨。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)是侗(dong)族(zu)人(ren)民娛(yu)樂、儀事(shi)的(de)公共場所,為侗(dong)族(zu)多元(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)之載(zai)體。侗(dong)族(zu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)一般始建(jian)于明末清(qing)(qing)初,清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)中(zhong)(zhong)葉尤為盛行(xing)。建(jian)造(zao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)主要大柱、枋梁需經過(guo)族(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)德高(gao)望(wang)重(zhong)的(de)老人(ren)選定,方可作為鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)建(jian)造(zao)用材。樓(lou)(lou)中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)層(ceng)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心位置一樺樹牛皮大鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),凡(fan)有(you)(you)重(zhong)大事(shi)宜(yi)商議,起款定約,則擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)以(yi)號(hao)召群眾。
鼓(gu)樓建(jian)(jian)筑系木質(zhi)的(de)(de)四柱(zhu)貫(guan)頂,多柱(zhu)支(zhi)(zhi)架八角(jiao)密檐(yan)塔式結構(gou)。“神奇的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑師”憑一根丈桿,一支(zhi)(zhi)筆,錯綜復雜的(de)(de)金瓜梁方、斗拱支(zhi)(zhi)柱(zhu),以杉木開糟穿榫和接而成,不(bu)(bu)用一釘一鉚(liu),銜(xian)接不(bu)(bu)隙,絲毫不(bu)(bu)差,牢固嚴謹,經風霜,歷雨露,百年(nian)不(bu)(bu)倒(dao)。更為罕(han)見者是神奇的(de)(de)獨柱(zhu)鼓(gu)樓。為了裝(zhuang)飾、防腐,在(zai)鼓(gu)樓的(de)(de)外額上抹粉描繪或(huo)白灰(hui)泥(ni)塑(su)龍鳳(feng)鳥獸,古(gu)今人物,以及侗族生(sheng)活風情的(de)(de)油飾圖(tu)案。琳瑯滿目,栩栩如生(sheng)。形式生(sheng)動活潑,內容(rong)豐富多彩。
鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)侗(dong)(dong)寨老年(nian)(nian)人(ren)教歌(ge)(ge)(ge)、青年(nian)(nian)人(ren)唱(chang)(chang)歌(ge)(ge)(ge),幼(you)年(nian)(nian)人(ren)學歌(ge)(ge)(ge),民間老藝人(ren)傳歌(ge)(ge)(ge)編侗(dong)(dong)戲(xi)的(de)(de)集中場所。侗(dong)(dong)鄉被稱為(wei)“歌(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)海(hai)洋”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名副其實的(de)(de)。侗(dong)(dong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)大(da)(da)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)不(bu)僅曲調優美動聽(ting),而(er)且在(zai)(zai)曲式(shi)上(shang)緊密(mi)完(wan)整(zheng)。演唱(chang)(chang)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)活潑(po)多(duo)(duo)樣,特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)合唱(chang)(chang)中自由(you)(you)和(he)諧地出(chu)現多(duo)(duo)音部,在(zai)(zai)我國各民族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)民歌(ge)(ge)(ge)中是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)罕見的(de)(de)。侗(dong)(dong)戲(xi)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)基礎上(shang)發(fa)展起來的(de)(de),為(wei)廣大(da)(da)侗(dong)(dong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)民所喜聞樂見。從(cong)外觀上(shang)來看,侗(dong)(dong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種極富有視覺效果的(de)(de)建筑。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座建好的(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou),樓(lou)(lou)頂(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)連串葫蘆形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)頂(ding)尖,直刺蒼(cang)穹,猶如(ru)塔尖一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣。中部是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)疊(die)樓(lou)(lou),形(xing)(xing)如(ru)寶塔的(de)(de)樓(lou)(lou)身。樓(lou)(lou)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般為(wei)六(liu)角(jiao)、八角(jiao)、四(si)角(jiao),六(liu)角(jiao)的(de)(de)俗稱“六(liu)面倒水”,每一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)分水的(de)(de)突出(chu)部分都有翹(qiao)角(jiao),它的(de)(de)重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)疊(die)疊(die),從(cong)上(shang)而(er)下,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)比一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)大(da)(da)。鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)底部,多(duo)(duo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正方形(xing)(xing),四(si)周有寬大(da)(da)結實的(de)(de)長凳(deng),供人(ren)歇坐。中間是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)或方或圓的(de)(de)大(da)(da)火塘。從(cong)基本的(de)(de)輪廓和(he)整(zheng)體的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)上(shang)來說,鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態的(de)(de)顯著的(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),大(da)(da)體上(shang)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)脫離(li)杉樹原型的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)揉(rou)合漢族(zu)(zu)(zu)密(mi)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)多(duo)(duo)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)佛塔的(de)(de)造(zao)型,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)下大(da)(da)上(shang)小的(de)(de)樓(lou)(lou)塔形(xing)(xing)。鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)形(xing)(xing)態的(de)(de)第二個(ge)特征是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)它的(de)(de)高密(mi)度重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)疊(die)加(jia)的(de)(de)樓(lou)(lou)體塔身。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)侗(dong)(dong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)同漢族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)樓(lou)(lou)塔明顯不(bu)同的(de)(de)地方。鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)形(xing)(xing)態的(de)(de)第三個(ge)特征是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)侗(dong)(dong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)在(zai)(zai)重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)數(shu)上(shang)皆為(wei)單(dan)數(shu)。最(zui)少的(de)(de)有1層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),最(zui)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)達(da)21層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)于侗(dong)(dong)族(zu)(zu)(zu)把(ba)奇數(shu)視之為(wei)吉祥(xiang)之數(shu)。
座座鼓(gu)樓高聳于侗(dong)寨(zhai)之中(zhong),巍然挺立,氣概雄(xiong)偉。飛閣垂檐(yan)層層而上(shang)(shang)呈寶塔(ta)形。瓦檐(yan)上(shang)(shang)彩(cai)繪或(huo)雕塑著(zhu)山水、花卉、龍鳳、飛鳥和古裝(zhuang)人物(wu),云騰霧(wu)繞,五彩(cai)繽紛。從江縣高增侗(dong)寨(zhai)鼓(gu)樓高達二十(shi)余米,十(shi)三層次;黎(li)平紀堂侗(dong)寨(zhai)一寨(zhai)就有三個(ge)鼓(gu)樓,侗(dong)寨(zhai)風(feng)光可(ke)說十(shi)足了。
追溯鼓樓的起源(yuan),也(ye)許(xu)要追究越僚(liao)人(ren)的“巢(chao)居(ju)(ju)”了。關于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)南方(fang)古(gu)代民(min)族的巢(chao)居(ju)(ju),古(gu)文獻中(zhong)(zhong)亦多有(you)記載。張華的《博物志》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)“南越巢(chao)居(ju)(ju)”。《魏書》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)僚(liao)人(ren)“依樹積木,以居(ju)(ju)其上(shang)(shang),名(ming)曰(yue)‘干欄’”。不(bu)過,巢(chao)居(ju)(ju)只是還未完全開(kai)化(hua)的民(min)族簡陋(lou)的住屋而已,但(dan)從起源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)看,所有(you)干欄式木構建筑都同巢(chao)居(ju)(ju)有(you)淵(yuan)源(yuan)關系,鼓樓當然(ran)也(ye)不(bu)例外(wai)。
鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)始建于何時?由于侗族(zu)無文字(zi)記載,無從考究。不(bu)過,侗鄉世(shi)代(dai)相傳:從有(you)(you)侗族(zu)村寨(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)的時候起,就有(you)(you)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)了(le)。據清(qing)代(dai)雍正年間(jian)有(you)(you)關(guan)資料記載:侗人“以巨木(mu)埋地作樓(lou)(lou)高數丈,歌者夜(ye)則緣(yuan)宿其(qi)上……”。可見明末清(qing)初開(kai)始見于史冊了(le),距今約三(san)個多世(shi)紀。侗族(zu)人民自(zi)古(gu)以來(lai)就有(you)(you)集中居住的特點,較大的侗寨(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)上千戶(hu)人家(jia),小者三(san)、五十戶(hu)。侗寨(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)一般(ban)是按族(zu)姓(xing)(xing)建造,每個族(zu)姓(xing)(xing)一座(zuo)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)。如果侗寨(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)族(zu)姓(xing)(xing)多,往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)一寨(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)之(zhi)中同(tong)時有(you)(you)幾個鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)并立,上述紀堂侗寨(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)的三(san)座(zuo)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)即其(qi)一例,這在侗鄉是常見的了(le)。