百梁橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)建于北宋年間,距今(jin)已有925年的(de)歷史(shi),橫跨鄞(yin)江之上(shang),是浙江省僅(jin)有的(de)較長石礅木梁古(gu)廊(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),氣(qi)勢宏偉,結構完整,歷史(shi)悠久,是研究古(gu)代橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁的(de)難得實例。被(bei)稱(cheng)為“浙東第一廊(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”。該橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)全長77.4米,寬6.18米,六墩七孔(kong),橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)建有瓦屋橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)廊(lang)。因(yin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁有124根大(da)杉木架設而成,故曰“百梁橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”。
乍見百梁廊橋,無不為這座保護完好氣勢磅礴的古橋而激動,廊橋似一條(tiao)黑色(se)巨(ju)龍,橫亙在(zai)寬達(da)百米的鄞(yin)江(jiang)中(zhong)游,即鄞(yin)縣洞橋鄉百梁村和(he)蕙江(jiang)村。
鄞(yin)江,古稱小溪江或蘭江,起自(zi)“四(si)明鎖鑰(yao)”的鄞(yin)江鎮(zhen),經過百梁廊橋(qiao)與奉化(hua)江會合后流(liu)向(xiang)三(san)江口。鄞(yin)江鎮(zhen)曾是(shi)古明州?縣(xian)的縣(xian)治,管轄慈溪、鄞(yin)縣(xian)、奉化(hua)、象山、翁山(定海)5縣(xian)。
鄞(yin)江,古稱小溪江或蘭江,起自“四明鎖鑰”的鄞(yin)江鎮,經(jing)過百梁廊橋與奉(feng)化江會合(he)后流向三江口(kou)。從(cong)東晉隆安四年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)400年(nian))至唐長慶元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)821年(nian))在長達421年(nian)的歷史(shi)中(zhong),鄞(yin)江鎮曾是古明州(zhou)縣(xian)的縣(xian)治,管轄慈溪、鄞(yin)縣(xian)、奉(feng)化、象(xiang)山、翁山(定海)5縣(xian)。
唐代(dai)神龍元年(nian)(705年(nian))在小溪江(jiang)畔的(de)蕙(hui)江(jiang)村,建(jian)造了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座用十多只船(chuan)連接在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起的(de)“浮梁(liang)”,這座活動的(de)浮橋成(cheng)(cheng)為古(gu)代(dai)縣與浙南聯結的(de)重(zhong)要通道,船(chuan)橋北堍(tu)的(de)圣(sheng)壽寺則成(cheng)(cheng)為往來行(xing)旅的(de)歇(xie)宿場所(suo),至今圣(sheng)壽寺內的(de)唐代(dai)會昌四年(nian)(公元833年(nian))刻的(de)尊勝陀羅尼(ni)經(jing)幢,還保存在寧波市天一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)閣,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)節經(jing)幢頂部(bu)的(de)石刻佛像保存在村內。
但這座“浮梁(liang)”在250年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)中(zhong)經常(chang)被洪(hong)水沖毀。熙寧中(zhong)期(1063年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前后),朱文偉(wei)(朱家太(tai)(tai)公)獨家出(chu)資動工興建(jian)(jian),但橋(qiao)(qiao)未建(jian)(jian)成,朱家太(tai)(tai)公去世(shi),接著由其子(zi)朱用(yong)(yong)謐歷(li)數年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),于(yu)元豐元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元1078年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)(jian)造了一座長達百(bai)(bai)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)7米(mi)(mi),高達10米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)6墩(dun)7孔木梁(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao),由于(yu)其中(zhong)6個(ge)橋(qiao)(qiao)洞中(zhong)每洞鋪架直徑50厘米(mi)(mi)大木14根為梁(liang),中(zhong)間(jian)橋(qiao)(qiao)洞用(yong)(yong)16根木梁(liang),合成百(bai)(bai)梁(liang),故橋(qiao)(qiao)名(ming)稱(cheng)“百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。橋(qiao)(qiao)面用(yong)(yong)厚栗(li)木板鋪成,橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)建(jian)(jian)瓦頂(ding)廊(lang)(lang)屋27間(jian),廊(lang)(lang)屋之(zhi)頂(ding)用(yong)(yong)132根廊(lang)(lang)柱承托,左右二廂數十(shi)條長凳可供(gong)旅人(ren)(ren)歇息,橋(qiao)(qiao)廊(lang)(lang)中(zhong)間(jian)是行(xing)人(ren)(ren)和人(ren)(ren)力車的(de)(de)通道,在橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)可西眺四明群峰,東望江河阡陌。百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)廊(lang)(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)由于(yu)廓屋保護了木梁(liang),巨大的(de)(de)石(shi)砌橋(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)兩(liang)(liang)頭(tou)制(zhi)成了尖頭(tou)船形,因而有(you)效地抗御了上(shang)百(bai)(bai)次的(de)(de)洪(hong)水江潮(chao)襲擊(ji)。南宋建(jian)(jian)炎初(1127年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),金兵入(ru)侵,橋(qiao)(qiao)北毀于(yu)兵火,時隔(ge)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),宋紹興十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1145年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))仍由朱文偉(wei)之(zhi)孫朱世(shi)則重建(jian)(jian),從此朱氏祖孫三代(dai)建(jian)(jian)橋(qiao)(qiao)和重建(jian)(jian)了兩(liang)(liang)次。后又在元代(dai)至正二十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元1365年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))和明代(dai)成化八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元1472年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))兩(liang)(liang)次重建(jian)(jian)。清代(dai)嘉慶、咸豐和光緒(xu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)多次修護,百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)廊(lang)(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)始終肩負著接送(song)南北往來旅人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)使命。
進入本世紀以后,由于鄞江下游元貞橋架通,百梁廊橋昔年的“鄞奉通途”,顯然失去重要地位,她幾近無人問津,除了橋邊的村民外,幾乎被人們忘卻了。在20世紀八十年(nian)代,這座浙(zhe)東較大(da)的廊橋(qiao)(qiao)被(bei)列(lie)為(wei)文物(wu)保護,成為(wei)研究(jiu)古代橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)科技(ji)和開發旅游的熱點(dian),經過多次修護的百(bai)梁(liang)(liang)廊橋(qiao)(qiao)又重新煥發了新的活力。現長77米,寬8米,橋(qiao)(qiao)下(xia)木梁(liang)(liang)為(wei)124根,但仍名(ming)“百(bai)梁(liang)(liang)”,有(you)人(ren)與市區的七(qi)塔寺編了一副趣聯:“七(qi)塔寺,七(qi)座塔,塔塔朝天天朝塔;百(bai)梁(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao),百(bai)根梁(liang)(liang),梁(liang)(liang)梁(liang)(liang)映水水映梁(liang)(liang)”。
由于鄞江水流湍急(ji),奔騰不(bu)息(xi),這座(zuo)浮橋經(jing)常(chang)被洪水沖毀(hui)。公元1078年,在(zai)當地人(ren)朱文偉(wei)父子的主持下,建(jian)造了(le)一(yi)座(zuo)長(chang)達百(bai)米,明(ming)代詩(shi)人(ren)沈明(ming)臣在(zai)此(ci)寫下了(le)“青天(tian)回首歸(gui)何處(chu),落日千峰(feng)興不(bu)孤”的詩(shi)句。
建造百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)有(you)兩大(da)難(nan)題,一是(shi)跨度大(da),二是(shi)水(shui)流急。百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)下的(de)(de)水(shui),一方來自(zi)(zi)于(yu)海,另(ling)一方來自(zi)(zi)于(yu)湖(hu),兩水(shui)交會,常年(nian)(nian)澎湃激蕩。因此百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)巨大(da)的(de)(de)石砌橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩兩頭都(dou)制成(cheng)了尖頭船形,即為分(fen)水(shui)尖,有(you)效抵御了上百(bai)(bai)次的(de)(de)洪水(shui)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)潮襲擊。70年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)南(nan)宋紹(shao)興十四年(nian)(nian),百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)廊(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)被(bei)金(jin)兵毀壞(huai)。一年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou),村(cun)(cun)民們重建家園,朱(zhu)氏后(hou)(hou)(hou)裔朱(zhu)世彌兄弟(di)和(he)(he)村(cun)(cun)民按原樣重建了百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)廊(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)在(zai)元代(dai)(dai)至正二十四年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元1365年(nian)(nian))和(he)(he)明代(dai)(dai)成(cheng)化八年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元1472年(nian)(nian)),百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)又(you)兩次重建。清(qing)代(dai)(dai)嘉(jia)慶、咸豐和(he)(he)光緒年(nian)(nian)間(jian)再(zai)經(jing)多(duo)次修護,百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)廊(lang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)始終肩負(fu)著接(jie)送南(nan)北往來旅人的(de)(de)使命。這(zhe)座建在(zai)有(you)潮汛(xun)的(de)(de)大(da)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)之上的(de)(de)古橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang),能歷經(jing)千年(nian)(nian)而不毀,同百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)村(cun)(cun)和(he)(he)蕙江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)村(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)民世代(dai)(dai)守(shou)護有(you)很大(da)關系。百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)多(duo)次重修,都(dou)有(you)眾(zhong)多(duo)百(bai)(bai)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)村(cun)(cun)和(he)(he)蕙江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)村(cun)(cun)人踴躍集(ji)資,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)南(nan)立著的(de)(de)石碑忠實記錄了這(zhe)一切。