芒果视频下载

主要經歷

庖廚祖師

易牙何許人也，齊國(guo)彭(peng)城（今(jin)天的江(jiang)蘇徐(xu)州）人。

易(yi)牙是(shi)(shi)第一(yi)個運用(yong)調和之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)操(cao)作烹飪的庖廚，好(hao)調味(wei)，很(hen)善于做菜(cai)。因(yin)為他(ta)是(shi)(shi)廚師(shi)出(chu)身，烹飪技藝很(hen)高(gao)，他(ta)又是(shi)(shi)第一(yi)個開私人飯館(guan)的人，所以他(ta)被(bei)廚師(shi)們稱作祖師(shi)。王充(chong)《論衡(heng)·譴(qian)告(gao)》說：“狄牙之(zhi)(zhi)調味(wei)也，酸(suan)則沃(澆)之(zhi)(zhi)以水，淡則加之(zhi)(zhi)以成，水火相變(bian)易(yi)，故膳(shan)無(wu)咸(xian)淡之(zhi)(zhi)失也。”即(ji)易(yi)牙通過水、咸(xian)(鹽(yan))、火的調和使用(yong)，做出(chu)酸(suan)咸(xian)合宜，美味(wei)適口的飯菜(cai)來(lai)。舊彭城(今(jin)江蘇徐州(zhou))流傳有詩：“雍(yong)巫善味(wei)祖彭鏗(雍(yong)巫：即(ji)易(yi)牙，彭鏗：即(ji)彭祖)，三(san)坊求師(shi)古彭城。九會諸侯(hou)任司(si)庖(九會諸侯(hou)：指齊桓(huan)公“九合諸侯(hou)，一(yi)匡天下。”庖：廚房(fang)，司(si)庖，即(ji)管飲食(shi)的官)，八盤(pan)五簋宴(yan)王公(簋：盛食(shi)物的容(rong)器)。”

易牙(ya)與齊(qi)國彭城(今徐州)的(de)淵源使(shi)他(ta)留名于今日的(de)飲食文化中。齊(qi)國菜(cai)(cai)是(shi)我(wo)國最(zui)早的(de)地(di)方風味菜(cai)(cai)，后來成為中國的(de)四大菜(cai)(cai)系之一(yi)(魯菜(cai)(cai))，以其味鮮咸脆嫩(nen)、風味獨特(te)、制作精(jing)細享譽(yu)海內(nei)外。易牙(ya)對(dui)魯菜(cai)(cai)的(de)形成無疑是(shi)有功的(de)。

后世人撰寫食經之(zhi)類(lei)的作品，托名(ming)易(yi)牙(ya)也是常(chang)見的。例如：明(ming)代(dai)人韓奕，曾經以(yi)造、脯、蔬菜、籠造、爐造、糕餅、齋食、諸湯和諸藥八類(lei)內容編成(cheng)一書，書名(ming)就(jiu)托稱為《易(yi)牙(ya)遺意》。另外，明(ming)代(dai)人周履靖著《續易(yi)牙(ya)遺意》，也是托名(ming)的仿古食經之(zhi)作。

烹子獻糜

一次桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)對易牙(ya)(ya)說：“寡人(ren)嘗(chang)遍(bian)天下美味，唯獨未(wei)食人(ren)肉，倒為(wei)憾事。”桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)此(ci)言本是無心的(de)(de)(de)戲(xi)言，而易牙(ya)(ya)卻把這話牢記在心，一心想著賣弄好(hao)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)本事，好(hao)博得桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)歡心。國君何等尊貴，絕(jue)不能(neng)食用死囚(qiu)、平民之肉。后來(lai)他看見自(zi)(zi)己(ji)4歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子，選了用自(zi)(zi)己(ji)兒(er)子的(de)(de)(de)肉。桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)在一次午膳上，喝到一小金鼎鮮嫩無比，從(cong)未(wei)嘗(chang)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)肉湯，便詢問易牙(ya)(ya)：“此(ci)系何肉？”易牙(ya)(ya)哭著說是自(zi)(zi)己(ji)兒(er)子的(de)(de)(de)肉，為(wei)祈國君身體安泰無虞，殺子以(yi)獻主公(gong)(gong)(gong)。當桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得知這是易牙(ya)(ya)兒(er)子的(de)(de)(de)肉時(shi)，內心很是不舒服，卻被(bei)易牙(ya)(ya)殺子為(wei)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)食的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)所感動，認為(wei)易牙(ya)(ya)愛他勝(sheng)過(guo)親骨肉，從(cong)此(ci)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)寵信易牙(ya)(ya)。

管仲遺訓

易(yi)(yi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)同時(shi)在齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)作事(shi)。周襄王七年(公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)645年)，為(wei)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)創(chuang)立(li)霸(ba)業嘔心瀝血的管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)患了(le)(le)重病，齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)去探(tan)望他，詢問他誰可以(yi)接受相(xiang)位。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)：“國(guo)(guo)君(jun)應(ying)該(gai)是(shi)最了(le)(le)解臣下的。”齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)欲任(ren)鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)誠懇地說(shuo)：“鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)君(jun)子，但他善惡(e)過于分明，見人(ren)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)惡(e)，終身(shen)不忘(wang)，這(zhe)樣是(shi)不可以(yi)為(wei)政(zheng)的。”齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)問：“易(yi)(yi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)怎樣？”管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)：“易(yi)(yi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)了(le)(le)滿足國(guo)(guo)君(jun)的要求不惜烹了(le)(le)自己(ji)的兒子以(yi)討好(hao)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)，沒(mei)(mei)有人(ren)性，不宜為(wei)相(xiang)。請國(guo)(guo)君(jun)務必(bi)(bi)疏(shu)遠易(yi)(yi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、衛(wei)開方、豎刁這(zhe)三個人(ren)，寵信(xin)他們(men)，國(guo)(guo)家必(bi)(bi)亂。”管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)罷，見齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)面露難色，便(bian)向(xiang)他推薦(jian)了(le)(le)為(wei)人(ren)忠(zhong)厚，不恥下問、居(ju)家不忘(wang)公(gong)(gong)事(shi)的隰朋(peng)，說(shuo)隰朋(peng)可以(yi)幫助國(guo)(guo)君(jun)管(guan)(guan)理(li)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)。遺憾的是(shi)，齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)并沒(mei)(mei)有聽(ting)(ting)進管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的話。易(yi)(yi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)聽(ting)(ting)說(shuo)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)與管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的這(zhe)段(duan)對話，便(bian)去挑(tiao)撥鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，說(shuo)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)阻止齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)任(ren)命鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)笑道：“管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薦(jian)隰朋(peng)，說(shuo)明他一(yi)(yi)心為(wei)社稷宗廟考(kao)慮，不存私心偏愛友(you)人(ren)。現在我(wo)做司寇，驅(qu)逐佞臣，正合我(wo)意。如果(guo)讓我(wo)當政(zheng)，哪(na)里還會(hui)有你們(men)容(rong)身(shen)之(zhi)處？”易(yi)(yi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)討了(le)(le)個沒(mei)(mei)趣，深覺管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)交友(you)之(zhi)密，知人(ren)之(zhi)深，于是(shi)灰溜溜地走了(le)(le)。不久管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)病逝。齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)也就(jiu)將易(yi)(yi)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等三人(ren)撤職(zhi)，永遠不準(zhun)入朝。

但過了(le)三年(nian)，齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)見三人，感覺吃(chi)東西都(dou)沒有滋(zi)味了(le)，說：「仲(zhong)父（管仲(zhong)）不(bu)已(yi)過孚？」于是又召三人回宮(gong)。第二(er)年(nian)，齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)得重病 ，易(yi)(yi)牙與豎刁等擁立(li)公(gong)(gong)子無虧(kui)(kui)，迫使太子昭(zhao)奔宋，齊(qi)(qi)國五公(gong)(gong)子因此發生內(nei)戰。易(yi)(yi)牙等堵(du)塞宮(gong)門，假(jia)傳君命，不(bu)許任何人進宮(gong)。有二(er)宮(gong)女乘人不(bu)備，越墻入宮(gong)，探望齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)；桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)正(zheng)餓得發慌，索(suo)取食(shi)物。宮(gong)女便把易(yi)(yi)牙、豎刁作(zuo)亂(luan)，堵(du)塞宮(gong)門，無法供應飲食(shi)的情況告訴了(le)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)，桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)悔之晚(wan)矣，終被餓死。后來，齊(qi)(qi)人殺了(le)作(zuo)亂(luan)的公(gong)(gong)子無虧(kui)(kui)，立(li)太子昭(zhao)為君，即齊(qi)(qi)孝公(gong)(gong)。經過這場內(nei)亂(luan)，齊(qi)(qi)國的霸業開(kai)始(shi)衰落。中原霸業逐(zhu)漸移到(dao)了(le)晉國。

傳(chuan)說易(yi)牙干政(zheng)失敗后避(bi)居(ju)彭城，操烹飪業至終，而易(yi)牙食療菜在彭城(今徐州)廣為流傳(chuan)。

易牙雖(sui)有“殺子以適君”，并參與(yu)發動(dong)政變(bian)，被后人所唾棄，但易牙作(zuo)為廚藝的化身(shen)，已深深融(rong)入了中華(hua)民族源(yuan)遠(yuan)流長的飲食(shi)文化中。