蚩(chi)尤,是上古(gu)時代九黎(li)氏(shi)族部(bu)落聯盟的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)領(ling),驍勇善(shan)戰,相傳是牛圖騰和(he)鳥圖騰氏(shi)族的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)領(ling),有(you)兄弟(di)八十(shi)一人(約81個(ge)氏(shi)族部(bu)落),個(ge)個(ge)本領(ling)非凡,驍勇善(shan)戰,在(zai)位期間,開墾農田,定居中(zhong)原,奠定了(le)華夏民族的(de)(de)(de)根基。本和(he)炎帝(di)(di)(di)同屬一個(ge)部(bu)落,而(er)后離開炎帝(di)(di)(di)自行(xing)發(fa)展(zhan),曾與炎帝(di)(di)(di)大戰,把炎帝(di)(di)(di)打敗。于是炎帝(di)(di)(di)與黃帝(di)(di)(di)一起聯合來共抗敵手。而(er)后率八十(shi)一個(ge)兄弟(di)重組聯軍北上抵(di)御(yu)黃帝(di)(di)(di)部(bu)落,在(zai)涿鹿展(zhan)開激戰,從此開啟了(le)中(zhong)華文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)輝煌歷史(shi)。
上(shang)古(gu)時期,蚩(chi)尤(you)帶領九黎(li)(li)氏族部落在這中原一帶興農耕、冶(ye)銅鐵(tie)、制五(wu)兵、創(chuang)百藝(yi)、明(ming)天道(dao)、理教化,為中華早期文明(ming)的形成做出了(le)杰出貢獻。河南、山(shan)東、河北交界處地區被稱為“九黎(li)(li)之都”。河北省涿鹿縣(xian)境內現存有蚩(chi)尤(you)墳、黃帝泉(阪(ban)泉)、蚩(chi)尤(you)三寨、蚩(chi)尤(you)泉、八卦村、定車臺、蚩(chi)尤(you)血染(ran)山(shan)、土塔(ta)、上(shang)下七旗(qi)、橋山(shan)等遺(yi)址遺(yi)存。
也(ye)有(you)說(shuo)法稱,蚩尤(you)(you)(you)并(bing)不是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)人,而是(shi)(shi)部落的(de)(de)名稱。蚩尤(you)(you)(you)多(duo)載于史(shi)料中記載的(de)(de)神(shen)話故(gu)事(shi),大多(duo)數學者認(ren)為蚩尤(you)(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)真(zhen)實的(de)(de),也(ye)有(you)疑史(shi)派認(ren)為是(shi)(shi)假的(de)(de)。
第一(yi)、蚩尤為物(wu)質文(wen)(wen)明(ming)作出了(le)重要貢獻。當時,蚩尤統率的(de)(de)九(jiu)黎部落聯(lian)盟(meng),生活(huo)在(zai)黃(huang)河中(zhong)下(xia)游(you)(you)和(he)長江中(zhong)下(xia)游(you)(you)一(yi)帶,是一(yi)個(ge)面(mian)對海(hai)河而生長起來(lai)的(de)(de)部落,是當時三大部落聯(lian)盟(meng)中(zhong)強大的(de)(de)部落聯(lian)盟(meng),物(wu)質文(wen)(wen)明(ming)已經有了(le)較大的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。他們借助當地的(de)(de)地理、氣(qi)候、水源等(deng)優越條(tiao)件(jian),發(fa)明(ming)了(le)谷(gu)物(wu)種(zhong)植,已經開始由采集(ji)、漁(yu)牧、游(you)(you)牧向(xiang)農業發(fa)展(zhan),這是歷史和(he)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)一(yi)大進步,是對古代文(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)重大貢獻。而谷(gu)物(wu)種(zhong)植就需要育(yu)苗、移苗、壯苗等(deng)等(deng)。
第二、蚩尤(you)(you)(you)發明(ming)(ming)(ming)了金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)冶(ye)煉和金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)兵(bing)器的(de)(de)制造。《世木·作(zuo)篇》說(shuo)(shuo)蚩尤(you)(you)(you)“以金(jin)(jin)作(zuo)兵(bing)器”。翦(jian)伯贊(zan)寫道(dao):“據說(shuo)(shuo)蚩尤(you)(you)(you)‘以金(jin)(jin)作(zuo)兵(bing)器’,是金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)冶(ye)煉的(de)(de)發明(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe)。我認為,蚩尤(you)(you)(you)不僅是金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)冶(ye)煉的(de)(de)發明(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe),而且也是金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)兵(bing)器制造的(de)(de)發明(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe)。”《管子·地(di)數》說(shuo)(shuo):蚩尤(you)(you)(you)能以金(jin)(jin)為兵(bing),制作(zuo)“劍鎧矛戟(ji)”。《史(shi)記·五帝本(ben)記》正義引《龍魚河圖(tu)》說(shuo)(shuo):“黃(huang)帝攝政(zheng),有蚩尤(you)(you)(you)兄弟(di)八(ba)十一(yi)人”,“銅頭鐵額(e)”,“造立(li)兵(bing)杖(zhang)刀戟(ji)大(da)(da)弩,威振天下”。史(shi)書還說(shuo)(shuo),蚩尤(you)(you)(you)能制造的(de)(de)發明(ming)(ming)(ming)者(zhe),為中國(guo)古代(dai)文明(ming)(ming)(ming)作(zuo)出了重大(da)(da)的(de)(de)貢(gong)獻。冶(ye)煉業的(de)(de)出現具有劃時代(dai)意義,從此,人類進入(ru)了使用金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工(gong)具的(de)(de)時代(dai),它標志著原始社會生產力的(de)(de)一(yi)次新的(de)(de)飛躍。
第三(san)、蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)是建立法規(gui)、實行(xing)法制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)早創造者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)施(shi)行(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)。在(zai)古代中(zhong)(zhong)國,蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)首創法規(gui),實施(shi)刑(xing)(xing)事法,以(yi)(yi)肅綱(gang)紀。《周書(shu)·呂刑(xing)(xing)》說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)對苗(miao)民制(zhi)以(yi)(yi)刑(xing)(xing)”,就是一個有力的(de)(de)(de)佐(zuo)證(zheng)。《路史·后紀四·蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)傳》在(zai)記述蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)被(bei)擒殺后說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“后代圣人(ren)著(zhu)其尊(zun)彝(yi),以(yi)(yi)為貪(tan)戎(rong)。”羅萍注曰(yue):“蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)天符之神(shen),狀類(lei)不常(chang),三(san)代彝(yi)器,我(wo)著(zhu)蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)之像(xiang)。為貪(tan)虐(nve)者(zhe)(zhe)之戎(rong)”。《太平御覽》卷七九引《龍魚河圖》說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)沒后,天下復擾亂不寧,黃帝(di)遂畫(hua)蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)形(xing)象(xiang)以(yi)(yi)威(wei)天下。天下咸謂蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)不死。八方萬(wan)邦皆為殄狀。”這(zhe)(zhe)也說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)嚴(yan)格實行(xing)法制(zhi)而樹立了威(wei)嚴(yan)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)和(he)產生了濃(nong)遠影響(xiang)。同(tong)時,鄭玄注曰(yue):“苗(miao)民,謂九黎裔也。”“上效蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)重刑(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)變九黎言(yan)苗(miao)民者(zhe)(zhe)。”這(zhe)(zhe)也同(tong)樣說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming),蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)是刑(xing)(xing)法的(de)(de)(de)首創者(zhe)(zhe)和(he)施(shi)行(xing)者(zhe)(zhe)。有的(de)(de)(de)史料還說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),兵器和(he)刑(xing)(xing)法是蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)發明(ming)的(de)(de)(de),后來被(bei)黃帝(di)部落集團效法。可見,蚩(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)尤(you)(you)(you)(you)乃是中(zhong)(zhong)國古代法制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)締造者(zhe)(zhe)。雖然這(zhe)(zhe)些都是中(zhong)(zhong)國神(shen)話(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)東西。
《太平寰(huan)宇記·河東道七》客觀存在邑(yi)縣(xian)條下記:“蚩尤(you)城(cheng)在縣(xian)南一十八里……其城(cheng)今摧毀”。故安(an)邑(yi)縣(xian)治在今山西運城(cheng)市安(an)邑(yi)鎮。
關于(yu)蚩尤冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)記載,見于(yu)《皇覽(lan)·墓冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記》:“蚩尤冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)東平壽張縣(xian)(xian)闞鄉城中(zhong),高(gao)七(qi)丈(zhang),民常十月祀之(zhi)。有赤氣出如匹絳帛,民名為蚩尤旗。肩髀冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)陽(yang)(yang)郡鉅(ju)野縣(xian)(xian)重聚,大小(xiao)與闞冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)”。三國時之(zhi)東平壽張縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)在(zai)(zai)今山(shan)(shan)東陽(yang)(yang)谷縣(xian)(xian)壽張鎮。山(shan)(shan)陽(yang)(yang)鉅(ju)野縣(xian)(xian)治(zhi)在(zai)(zai)今山(shan)(shan)東巨野縣(xian)(xian)。
關于蚩(chi)尤(you)祠的(de)記(ji)載,見于《史記(ji)·封(feng)(feng)禪(chan)書(shu)(shu)》。秦始(shi)皇東(dong)(dong)(dong)巡(xun)游,封(feng)(feng)泰山,禪(chan)梁父,禮祠齊八神。八神之(zhi)(zhi)中,“三(san)曰兵主(zhu),祠蚩(chi)尤(you)。蚩(chi)尤(you)在東(dong)(dong)(dong)平陸監(jian)鄉(xiang),齊之(zhi)(zhi)西境也”。今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)(dong)平縣(xian)即(ji)其故(gu)治(zhi)(zhi)。又,《漢書(shu)(shu)·地理(li)志(zhi)》東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡壽(shou)良(張)縣(xian)條下記(ji):“蚩(chi)尤(you)祠在西北(bei)(涑)上,有朐(qu)城”。漢東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡壽(shou)起兵之(zhi)(zhi)時,“祠黃帝蚩(chi)尤(you)于沛庭”。秦時沛縣(xian),治(zhi)(zhi)在今(jin)江蘇徐州(zhou)市沛縣(xian)。沛縣(xian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)境隔微山湖與山東(dong)(dong)(dong)相望。
《逸周書·嘗麥解》中,有“命蚩(chi)尤(you)于(yu)宇(yu)少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)(hao)”之(zhi)語(yu)。這(zhe)里的“宇(yu)”釋為(wei)(wei)“邊(bian)(bian)”。于(yu)屋則(ze)檐邊(bian)(bian)為(wei)(wei)宇(yu),于(yu)國則(ze)四垂(chui)為(wei)(wei)宇(yu)。意思是說蚩(chi)尤(you)部(bu)落(luo)曾被安排在(zai)少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)(hao)部(bu)落(luo)的邊(bian)(bian)垂(chui)居(ju)住。當時少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)(hao)部(bu)落(luo)居(ju)地,以曲阜為(wei)(wei)中心。《左(zuo)傳2定四年》杜預注:“少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)(hao)墟,曲阜也,在(zai)魯(lu)城內”。蚩(chi)尤(you)在(zai)少(shao)(shao)昊(hao)(hao)之(zhi)西垂(chui)。
《述異(yi)記·卷上(shang)》云(yun):“太原(yuan)(yuan)村落間(jian)祭蚩(chi)尤神,不用牛(niu)頭”。又(you)云(yun)“漢(han)(han)武時,太原(yuan)(yuan)有(you)蚩(chi)尤神晝見……其俗遂為(wei)立祠”。又(you)載(zai):“今(jin)冀州(zhou)有(you)樂名蚩(chi)尤戲,其民兩(liang)兩(liang)三三,頭載(zai)牛(niu)角而(er)相(xiang)抵。漢(han)(han)造(zao)角抵戲,蓋其遺(yi)制(zhi)也”。秦漢(han)(han)置(zhi)太原(yuan)(yuan)郡,屬并州(zhou),首(shou)縣晉(jin)陽(yang),治在今(jin)山西(xi)(xi)太原(yuan)(yuan)市(shi)。兩(liang)漢(han)(han)時的(de)冀州(zhou),地(di)在今(jin)河北南部、山西(xi)(xi)南部及河南省黃河以北地(di)區。
依上列籍記述,關于蚩(chi)(chi)尤的(de)遺(yi)跡、遺(yi)俗、傳說,歷數千年之久(jiu),逮至(zhi)秦漢,仍(reng)然以濃烈的(de)色彩保(bao)存于民間。在(zai)(zai)北至(zhi)河北涿鹿,西(xi)至(zhi)山西(xi)太原運城,東到山東東平(ping),南至(zhi)江(jiang)蘇(su)沛(pei)縣的(de)廣大地(di)區(qu),禮祠蚩(chi)(chi)尤之俗經久(jiu)不(bu)衰。按(an)“民不(bu)祀非族(zu)”的(de)古俗,這些地(di)區(qu)定有(you)為數眾多的(de)蚩(chi)(chi)尤遺(yi)裔,才能具備形成(cheng)和保(bao)持這種祭祀蚩(chi)(chi)尤民俗的(de)社會條件。這些地(di)區(qu)在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)漢時期又是漢族(zu)政治經濟文(wen)化的(de)腹心之地(di),無疑(yi)有(you)相(xiang)當(dang)多的(de)蚩(chi)(chi)尤遺(yi)裔成(cheng)為漢族(zu)成(cheng)員。
蚩(chi)尤遺裔見于載(zai)籍(ji)者,有(you)鄒(zou)氏(shi)屠(tu)氏(shi)。王(wang)嘉(jia)《拾遺記(ji)》載(zai):“軒(xuan)轅去蚩(chi)尤之兇,遷(qian)其(qi)民善者于鄒(zou)屠(tu)之地,遷(qian)惡(e)者于有(you)北之鄉。其(qi)先以地命族(zu),后分為鄒(zou)氏(shi)屠(tu)氏(shi)”。鄒(zou)姓(xing)(xing)、屠(tu)姓(xing)(xing)今為漢族(zu)常(chang)姓(xing)(xing)。
“有北(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)鄉”指北(bei)方(fang)寒(han)冷不(bu)毛(mao)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),見于《詩·小雅·巷伯》,也穎(ying)達(da)疏:“北(bei)方(fang)太陰之(zhi)(zhi)氣寒(han)涼而(er)無土毛(mao),不(bu)生草(cao)木,寒(han)凍不(bu)可居處”。說明曾經有一部分蚩(chi)尤遺裔被遷到北(bei)方(fang)。蒙(meng)古族學者陶克(ke)濤(tao)著《氈鄉春(chun)秋——匈奴篇》,論(lun)蚩(chi)尤是(shi)匈奴在(zai)傳說時代(dai)的稱號(hao),被黃帝(di)北(bei)逐的葷粥(zhou)(zhou)當是(shi)蚩(chi)尤(部落遺裔)。司馬貞《史記(ji)索(suo)隱》釋葷粥(zhou)(zhou):“匈奴之(zhi)(zhi)別名也,唐虞(yu)以(yi)上曰山戎,亦(yi)曰熏粥(zhou)(zhou),夏曰淳(chun)維,殷曰鬼方(fang),周曰獫(xian)狁(yun),漢曰匈奴”,《周書·帝(di)紀第一》:“太祖(zu)文(wen)皇帝(di)宇文(wen)氏(shi)(shi),諱泰,字黑獺(ta),代(dai)武(wu)川人也。其先出自炎帝(di)神農氏(shi)(shi),為黃帝(di)所滅,子孫遁居朔野”。《新唐書·宰相世系表》指出:“宇文(wen)氏(shi)(shi)出自匈奴南單于之(zhi)(zhi)裔”。
古有仇(chou)猶(you)國(guo),公元前457年被(bei)晉國(guo)智伯所滅。《史記·樗里(li)子傳》記:“智伯之(zhi)(zhi)伐仇(chou)猶(you),遺之(zhi)(zhi)廣車,因隨之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)兵,仇(chou)猶(you)遂(sui)亡(wang)”。今山西盂縣東(dong)北(bei)有仇(chou)猶(you)國(guo)遺址。仇(chou)猶(you)與(yu)蚩(chi)尤(you)(you)音近,其(qi)國(guo)或(huo)(huo)為蚩(chi)尤(you)(you)遺裔所建。《尚書·周(zhou)書·呂刑(xing)》將蚩(chi)尤(you)(you)與(yu)苗(miao)民相(xiang)提并(bing)論:“蚩(chi)尤(you)(you)惟始作(zuo)亂,延及平民。罔(wang)不寇賊鴟義(yi),奸(jian)宄奪攘矯虔。苗(miao)民弗用靈,制(zhi)以(yi)(yi)刑(xing)”。說“作(zuo)亂”是從蚩(chi)尤(you)(you)開始的(de),延及平民,無不以(yi)(yi)各種方式取(qu)人(ren)財物:群行攻劫(jie)曰(yue)(yue)寇,殺人(ren)曰(yue)(yue)賊,以(yi)(yi)鴟張(zhang)跋扈為義(yi);作(zuo)亂在(zai)(zai)(zai)外曰(yue)(yue)奸(jian),作(zuo)亂在(zai)(zai)(zai)內曰(yue)(yue)宄,強取(qu)曰(yue)(yue)奪,竊(qie)取(qu)曰(yue)(yue)攘,詐(zha)取(qu)曰(yue)(yue)矯,固取(qu)為虔。“靈”意為善(shan),即不以(yi)(yi)善(shan)教化,而是制(zhi)作(zuo)刑(xing)法(fa)。指斥苗(miao)民沿襲了(le)蚩(chi)尤(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)習性。時(shi)至今日(ri),布依族仍稱(cheng)苗(miao)族為“布由”。布依族“布”意為“人(ren)”或(huo)(huo)“族”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)祠法(fa)上是限制(zhi)成(cheng)分在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)心(xin)成(cheng)分之(zhi)(zhi)后,“布由”意為“由族”亦可記為“尤(you)(you)族”。與(yu)蚩(chi)尤(you)(you)部落的(de)他稱(cheng)一致。
《帝王世紀》載炎帝神農氏崩葬長沙茶鄉。茶鄉即今(jin)湖(hu)南茶陵(ling)縣(xian),在湘(xiang)贛邊(bian)界羅(luo)霄(xiao)山脈西側。古三(san)苗居地亦曾及(ji)于湘(xiang)贛間(jian)。據《史(shi)記·吳起列(lie)傳(chuan)》記:“昔三(san)苗之(zhi)(zhi)居,左洞庭(ting),右彭蠡”。洞庭(ting)即今(jin)日(ri)洞庭(ting)湖(hu),彭蠡即今(jin)鄱陽湖(hu)。因此,三(san)苗極(ji)可能是(shi)從神農氏之(zhi)(zhi)裔,或即蚩尤(you)(農部落)之(zhi)(zhi)遺裔發展而(er)來(lai)的游(you)耕(geng)農部落群。苗族普(pu)遍存在長時間(jian)遠距離遷徙的傳(chuan)說歷史(shi)。這是(shi)與其較長時間(jian)地保持游(you)耕(geng)農業經(jing)濟(ji)的生產方式分不開的。當(dang)然(ran),也有政(zheng)治和社會的原因。
“三苗(miao)”之始見載籍(ji),有(you)《尚書·虞(yu)書》:“竄三苗(miao)于(yu)三危”。孔穎達疏:“三苗(miao),國(guo)名(ming),縉(jin)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)氏(shi)(shi)之后”。此所(suo)謂(wei)“國(guo)名(ming)”,實為(wei)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)名(ming)稱。“縉(jin)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)氏(shi)(shi)”是黃帝(di)(di)(di)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)中的(de)一個氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)名(ming)稱,后發展為(wei)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)名(ming)稱。《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)正義(yi)》案:“黃帝(di)(di)(di)有(you)熊國(guo)君,號曰(yue)有(you)熊氏(shi)(shi),又(you)曰(yue)縉(jin)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)氏(shi)(shi),又(you)曰(yue)帝(di)(di)(di)鴻氏(shi)(shi),亦(yi)(yi)曰(yue)帝(di)(di)(di)軒氏(shi)(shi)”。直(zhi)接指縉(jin)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)氏(shi)(shi)為(wei)黃帝(di)(di)(di)。《史(shi)(shi)記(ji)集(ji)解》說黃帝(di)(di)(di)“亦(yi)(yi)號軒轅(yuan)氏(shi)(shi)”。杜預(yu)注《左傳(chuan)·文十八年》:“縉(jin)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun),黃帝(di)(di)(di)時官名(ming)”。此所(suo)謂(wei)“官名(ming)”,實指黃帝(di)(di)(di)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)分職(zhi)名(ming)稱。《左傳(chuan)·昭十七年》記(ji):“昔者(zhe)黃帝(di)(di)(di)氏(shi)(shi)以(yi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)紀,故為(wei)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)師而名(ming)”。即(ji)以(yi)云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)作為(wei)本部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)以(yi)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)為(wei)單(dan)位的(de)軍事編制(zhi)(云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)師)的(de)名(ming)稱和該(gai)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)所(suo)擔任(ren)的(de)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)公職(zhi)名(ming)稱(云(yun)(yun)(yun)(yun)名(ming))。
《史(shi)記(ji)集解》引應劭(shao)曰:“黃帝受(shou)命,有云(yun)(yun)瑞(rui),故以(yi)云(yun)(yun)紀事也。春(chun)官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)青(qing)云(yun)(yun),夏(xia)(xia)官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)縉云(yun)(yun),秋官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)白云(yun)(yun),冬官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黑云(yun)(yun),中官(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黃云(yun)(yun)”。列(lie)出春(chun)夏(xia)(xia)秋冬的官(guan)(guan)名(ming),如《周禮(li)》,春(chun)官(guan)(guan)宗伯管(guan)(guan)(guan)祭祀(si)禮(li)樂,夏(xia)(xia)官(guan)(guan)司(si)馬管(guan)(guan)(guan)行政(zheng)軍事,秋官(guan)(guan)司(si)寇管(guan)(guan)(guan)刑法禁(jin)令,冬官(guan)(guan)司(si)空管(guan)(guan)(guan)工(gong)程建設。這種以(yi)云(yun)(yun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)職名(ming)稱是早期黃帝部(bu)落(luo)(luo)內部(bu)由(you)各(ge)(ge)氏族(zu)分(fen)別(bie)擔任(ren)的部(bu)落(luo)(luo)公(gong)職,至于(yu)黃帝成為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯盟(meng)(meng)首領之后,由(you)各(ge)(ge)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)分(fen)別(bie)擔任(ren)的部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯盟(meng)(meng)公(gong)職名(ming)稱,如《管(guan)(guan)(guan)子·五(wu)行》所(suo)記(ji),則(ze)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“當(dang)時”(天(tian)官(guan)(guan))、“稟者”(地官(guan)(guan))、“土師”(春(chun)官(guan)(guan))、“司(si)徒”(夏(xia)(xia)官(guan)(guan))、“司(si)馬”(秋官(guan)(guan))、“李”(冬官(guan)(guan))。今浙江(jiang)省有縉云(yun)(yun)縣,其縣有縉云(yun)(yun)山,相(xiang)傳為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)黃帝游仙(xian)之處。
《廣韻(yun)》釋“竄”為(wei)“放也”,即流(liu)放之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。“三(san)危”,孔安國傳曰:“西(xi)裔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)”,裔指邊(bian)遠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。《山(shan)(shan)海經(jing)·西(xi)山(shan)(shan)經(jing)》有“三(san)危之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)”,郭璞注:“今(jin)在(zai)敦(dun)煌郡”。漢置(zhi)敦(dun)煌郡,治(zhi)在(zai)今(jin)甘肅(su)敦(dun)煌市。敦(dun)煌市東北(bei)有三(san)危山(shan)(shan),今(jin)置(zhi)三(san)危鎮。《史(shi)記·五帝本紀》載:“三(san)苗在(zai)江(jiang)淮、荊州數為(wei)亂。于(yu)是舜歸而言于(yu)帝,請(qing)……遷三(san)苗于(yu)三(san)危,以(yi)變西(xi)戎(rong)”。“戎(rong)”本意(yi)指山(shan)(shan)間(jian)谷地(di),用(yong)以(yi)指人(ren)(ren)群,意(yi)即居(ju)于(yu)山(shan)(shan)間(jian)谷地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)謂“山(shan)(shan)地(di)民(min)”是也。“西(xi)戎(rong)”即西(xi)方山(shan)(shan)地(di)民(min)。今(jin)日黔西(xi)北(bei)苗族流(liu)傳的古史(shi)傳說,言其(qi)祖先原住積石山(shan)(shan)以(yi)西(xi),從日沒方向移到(dao)積石山(shan)(shan),經(jing)過(guo)若干代的長(chang)途(tu)遷徙,渡(du)過(guo)黃河(he),到(dao)了長(chang)江(jiang)中游一帶,最后進(jin)入西(xi)南(nan)地(di)區。
《山海經·大荒北(bei)經》記:“西北(bei)海外,黑(hei)水之北(bei),有人有翼,名曰苗(miao)(miao)民(敦璞注(zhu):三苗(miao)(miao)之民)顓頊生(sheng)驩(huan)(huan)頭(tou),驩(huan)(huan)頭(tou)生(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)民。”驩(huan)(huan)頭(tou)又作驩(huan)(huan)兜(dou)(dou)(dou),見《尚書·舜典》:“放驩(huan)(huan)兜(dou)(dou)(dou)于崇(chong)山”。又作驩(huan)(huan)兜(dou)(dou)(dou),見《史記·五帝本(ben)紀(ji)》:“放驩(huan)(huan)兜(dou)(dou)(dou)于崇(chong)山,以(yi)變南蠻”。崇(chong)山在今(jin)湖南大庸市西南,此(ci)地屬(shu)武陵山區(qu),行政(zheng)建置屬(shu)湘西土家族(zu)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)自治(zhi)州。
綜(zong)合漢文(wen)古籍(ji)記(ji)(ji)載,蚩尤(you)(you)是中(zhong)國(guo)原始社(she)會末期活躍(yue)在今河北山西及(ji)山東(dong)西部(bu)(bu)的一個農耕(geng)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)名(ming)稱,即(ji)該農耕(geng)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)酋長與部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)民之共同名(ming)稱。蚩尤(you)(you)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)為神農氏(shi)氏(shi)族后裔(yi),屬(shu)炎帝部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)聯盟。傳(chuan)說蚩尤(you)(you)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)善長于金屬(shu)冶煉和制造兵器。蚩尤(you)(you)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)與黃帝部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)爭戰失(shi)敗,其遺裔(yi)大部(bu)(bu)分留居中(zhong)原。據《管(guan)子》所記(ji)(ji),蚩尤(you)(you)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)加入了(le)黃帝為首的部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)聯盟,并在其中(zhong)擔任了(le)重(zhong)要(yao)公(gong)職。《拾遺記(ji)(ji)》載,鄒氏(shi)、屠(tu)氏(shi)為其遺裔(yi)中(zhong)可(ke)查之姓氏(shi)。
蚩尤部(bu)落中一部(bu)分遷到(dao)北方,與葷(hun)粥(匈奴(nu)之別名(ming))有族源關系(xi)。
蚩尤(you)部落(luo)中的南遷者,與苗(miao)民(min)、三苗(miao)有族源關系。三苗(miao)來源呈多元性(xing),除蚩尤(you)遺裔之名,尚有黃(huang)帝縉云氏(shi)之后(hou),顓頊(xu)氏(shi)之后(hou)等。
從關(guan)于蚩尤(you)和三苗(miao)傳說的(de)記述中(zhong),可以看到中(zhong)華(hua)大地上(shang),原始社(she)會(hui)末期部落(luo)間由匯聚、爭戰、融合、遷徙待環節所構成的(de)大規模的(de)攪(jiao)拌運動(dong)(dong)。這(zhe)種攪(jiao)拌運動(dong)(dong)造(zao)成了中(zhong)華(hua)其中(zhong)某些在起源(yuan)形成階段就已經是(shi)你(ni)中(zhong)有(you)我,我中(zhong)有(you)你(ni),密不可分的(de)狀況。