馬(ma)寶(1628-1699年(nian)),字城璧,號(hao)佩(pei)瑗,排行(xing)老(lao)三(san),亦稱三(san)寶,明末陜西平涼府隆德轉(zhuan)角嘴人(ren)(ren)(今寧夏固原市隆德縣沙塘鎮馬(ma)家河村),1628年(nian)孟夏出生,出生時母(mu)逝,被父棄(qi)于(yu)山野,三(san)日(ri)后其嫂去(qu)看,禽(qin)獸不食,且還活(huo)著,帶回家撫養,異人(ren)(ren),食量(liang)大(da),年(nian)少力抵成人(ren)(ren)。魁梧赤(chi)眼,擅使(shi)鞣鞭槍,足智多謀,英勇(yong)善(shan)戰。排行(xing)老(lao)三(san),又因唐初,有驍騎將(jiang)馬(ma)三(san)寶,人(ren)(ren)羨其勇(yong),亦以(yi)三(san)寶呼之(zhi)。生有五子(zi),次子(zi)自援(yuan),恂恂儒雅,諳韻學(xue)《等韻》,有詩集行(xing)世。
祟楨(zhen)十六年(1643年),李自成(cheng)部破隆德(de),馬(ma)(ma)寶投(tou)李自成(cheng)部隊。李自成(cheng)入北京時(shi)(1644年),馬(ma)(ma)寶已因戰功擢升(sheng)老營副營總。
1645年,李自成歿后,寶(bao)擁護明桂(gui)王朱由(you)榔(1647年稱永歷帝(di))南(nan)明朝(chao),封安定伯。
順治七年(1650)二月(yue)(yue)(yue),平南(nan)王尚可(ke)(ke)喜(xi)圍攻(gong)廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)。五月(yue)(yue)(yue),永歷(li)帝(di)(di)遣(qian)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)襲(xi)清(qing)遠,以救廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou),被可(ke)(ke)喜(xi)使將擊敗(bai)。八年十(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue),永歷(li)帝(di)(di)自(zi)南(nan)寧(ning)退安隆,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)明軍轉戰廣(guang)西山(shan)谷間(jian)。九(jiu)年五月(yue)(yue)(yue),永歷(li)帝(di)(di)遣(qian)李定(ding)國(guo)攻(gong)兩(liang)廣(guang),連(lian)陷桂林、柳州(zhou)(zhou),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)與(yu)定(ding)國(guo)聚。十(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)廣(guang)西明軍東(dong)取陽山(shan)、連(lian)州(zhou)(zhou),占領廣(guang)東(dong)西北部(bu)。十(shi)(shi)年四月(yue)(yue)(yue),攻(gong)肇慶兵(bing)(bing)敗(bai),隨可(ke)(ke)望走貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)。十(shi)(shi)三年,定(ding)國(guo)奉永歷(li)帝(di)(di)入云(yun)(yun)南(nan)。十(shi)(shi)四年,可(ke)(ke)望據貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)叛,永歷(li)帝(di)(di)遣(qian)定(ding)國(guo)討(tao)之(zhi),可(ke)(ke)望使寶(bao)(bao)(bao)間(jian)道襲(xi)云(yun)(yun)南(nan),欲掩執永歷(li)帝(di)(di)。然可(ke)(ke)望拔扈,部(bu)下不(bu)執其令。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)得(de)知沐天波(bo)守云(yun)(yun)南(nan),停(ting)兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)進(jin),暗示定(ding)國(guo)襲(xi)擊可(ke)(ke)望,可(ke)(ke)望敗(bai)逃(tao)。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)歸云(yun)(yun)南(nan),十(shi)(shi)四年十(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)永歷(li)帝(di)(di)封寶(bao)(bao)(bao)淮(huai)國(guo)公(gong)。
十(shi)六年,南(nan)明朝兵(bing)敗,永(yong)歷帝(di)自騰(teng)越奔南(nan)甸,寶(bao)(bao)走鶴慶,又至麗江(jiang)、蘭坪州,十(shi)月在劍川無(wu)奈(nai)剃(ti)發降清。三桂見寶(bao)(bao)獷猛(meng),厚結之。十(shi)七(qi)年,三桂奏請以降兵(bing)為(wei)十(shi)營(ying),營(ying)千二(er)百(bai)人,以投(tou)誠官分統(tong)之。并擬寶(bao)(bao)等為(wei)總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)官,清廷(ting)部(bu)議(yi)如(ru)所請,封(feng)寶(bao)(bao)為(wei)右都督充中營(ying)總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)官。
十(shi)八年,三桂遣(qian)寶剿(jiao)馬乃土司龍兆吉,斬之。康熙五年,寶調曲靖武營總(zong)兵官(guan)。
康熙十(shi)二年十(shi)一月,三桂復明,改國號(hao)為(wei)周元年,鑄印曰(yue)“天下(xia)都招討兵(bing)馬大元帥之印”,封寶國公,銜為(wei)鐵(tie)騎總管將軍。
寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)率軍先驅陷貴州(zhou),貴州(zhou)提督李(li)本深于(yu)貴陽率部歸迎。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)至(zhi)鎮(zhen)遠,巡(xun)撫曹申吉、總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)王永清(qing)皆(jie)降。十(shi)(shi)(shi)三年,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)至(zhi)湖南(nan)(nan)(nan),用奇兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)陷沅州(zhou)、辰州(zhou),俘清(qing)總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)官崔世(shi)(shi)祿;清(qing)巡(xun)撫盧震棄(qi)長(chang)沙,逃往岳州(zhou)。荊(jing)襄的(de)清(qing)廷(ting)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)將(jiang),皆(jie)不敢(gan)渡(du)江赴(fu)援。吳應麟援兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)繼(ji)至(zhi),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)先后攻(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia)常德、岳州(zhou)、澧州(zhou)、衡(heng)陽等四州(zhou)一(yi)府.四川(chuan)巡(xun)撫盧森,長(chang)沙副(fu)將(jiang)黃(huang)正(zheng)卿,岳州(zhou)參將(jiang)李(li)國棟投(tou)降。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)占(zhan)領(ling)了川(chuan)湘一(yi)帶,聲(sheng)勢(shi)日盛。三桂赴(fu)常州(zhou)督師,令寶(bao)(bao)(bao)嚴守岳州(zhou),扼洞庭湖口,布(bu)重(zhong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)于(yu)澧州(zhou)、石首、花(hua)容、松滋之(zhi)間(jian).為(wei)犄角之(zhi)勢(shi)。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)續襲(xi)江西。十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年正(zheng)月,康熙令岳樂進(jin)逼長(chang)沙,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)據岳州(zhou),出沒湖湘間(jian),道路為(wei)梗。十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年三月,清(qing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)沙,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)令所屬(shu)彝陵、南(nan)(nan)(nan)漳(zhang)諸將(jiang)領(ling)分擾清(qing)營。十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)月,清(qing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)圍長(chang)沙,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自岳州(zhou)馳援,長(chang)沙圍解。十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年九月,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率大軍萬余攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克韶州(zhou),渡(du)河(he)至(zhi)蓮花(hua)山,薄(bo)羅江,被清(qing)軍內(nei)外夾(jia)擊(ji),失(shi)利奔帽峰山。十(shi)(shi)(shi)二月,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率軍赴(fu)衡(heng)州(zhou)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年正(zheng)月,又(you)由宜章(zhang)入(ru)廣西,二月,復至(zhi)衡(heng)州(zhou),營江東岸(an)為(wei)聲(sheng)援。六月初(chu),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia)彬(bin)州(zhou),率數(shu)萬人(ren)馬(ma)南(nan)(nan)(nan)下(xia)(xia),又(you)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)衡(heng)州(zhou)大門永興,清(qing)都統伊里布(bu),副(fu)都統哈克山相繼(ji)戰死(si)。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)占(zhan)領(ling)清(qing)軍河(he)外營壘(lei),清(qing)統領(ling)碩岱(dai)城中(zhong)固守。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)三面環攻(gong)(gong)(gong),晝夜不停。八月,永興將(jiang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia),三桂亡,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)焚兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)營撤軍,吳諸將(jiang)立世(shi)(shi)璠,世(shi)(shi)璠拜寶(bao)(bao)(bao)為(wei)少傅兼太子(zi)太傅、掛(gua)大將(jiang)軍印總(zong)統,專司閫外,銜為(wei)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)馬(ma)大元(yuan)帥。
十(shi)(shi)八年五月,簡親(qin)王喇布給益陽(yang)知(zhi)縣徐(xu)璫參議道(dao)銜(xian),齎諭(yu)招撫,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)殺(sha)之。十(shi)(shi)月,上降(jiang)敕諭(yu)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)曰(yue):“爾(er)等本系(xi)吳(wu)三桂藩下人。三桂反(fan)叛,爾(er)等率黨抗拒大兵(bing),或非本懷。爾(er)若能悔罪(zui)歸誠,前罪(zui)悉赦,仍論(lun)功敘錄(lu)。標下將士,概從寬宥(you),酌量加恩。爾(er)其盡(jin)釋(shi)疑衷,勉(mian)圖后效”。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)抗拒如故。清兵(bing)復湖南、廣西,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)退貴州(zhou),守遵(zun)義(yi)。十(shi)(shi)九年正月,清兵(bing)攻克(ke)四(si)川保寧,王屏藩窮蹙,自殺(sha)。三月,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)復襲四(si)川,攻克(ke)瀘州(zhou)、敘州(zhou)。在四(si)川時(shi)(shi),曾派(pai)人馱(tuo)貨捎書至故里,感念嫂(sao)(sao)嫂(sao)(sao)恩澤.兄長教悔,悔恨不諳時(shi)(shi)勢,恐招殃及己(ji)身。
二(er)十年二(er)月,清將(jiang)彰(zhang)泰(tai)圍吳世(shi)璠于(yu)云南昆明,世(shi)璠危迫,趨寶(bao)自四川(chuan)回援。寶(bao)棄敘州(zhou),退守遵義,五月癸丑朔,清提督周卜世(shi)至,寶(bao)曰:“我以(yi)一(yi)旅頓鎮遠(yuan),則汝(ru)輩安得長驅(qu)至此!特以(yi)天命已去,雖竊據一(yi)方,亦(yi)復(fu)何益?故不(bu)為耳。”寶(bao)率部棄城走。六月,寶(bao)再次于(yu)烏(wu)蒙山佯敗以(yi)誘清都督希(xi)福(fu)攻擊,希(xi)福(fu)等至烏(wu)木山,寶(bao)據險相持,敵強(qiang)我弱(ruo),未幾,寶(bao)越山遁,僅(jin)以(yi)身免。(寶(bao)以(yi)偽(wei)身至姚安,偽(wei)身與潰卒百人七月赴希(xi)福(fu)軍前(qian)降,九月磔(zhe)于(yu)市。)
1681年6月滇黔邊境烏木(mu)山之(zhi)(zhi)戰,標致反清(qing)復明徹底失(shi)敗,寶之(zhi)(zhi)次子(zi)(zi)自(zi)援氓村,三子(zi)(zi)應先遂(sui)跡滇南蒙自(zi);淮國公與長子(zi)(zi)、四子(zi)(zi)、季子(zi)(zi)自(zi)奇及家口,在逃避清(qing)軍圍追(zhui)阻截的(de)過程(cheng)中,偶遇貨郎挑(tiao)(tiao)壇子(zi)(zi)過路,與人(ren)(ren)(ren)換了著裝,接過壇子(zi)(zi)挑(tiao)(tiao)肩(jian)上,得以脫身,后知其人(ren)(ren)(ren)羊潛虎死,淮國公對家人(ren)(ren)(ren)曰:“不知他人(ren)(ren)(ren)姓氏名誰,就(jiu)(jiu)跟(gen)著壇子(zi)(zi)姓吧”,一為紀念他人(ren)(ren)(ren)救命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)恩(en),二(er)為隱名埋姓,就(jiu)(jiu)改姓譚(tan)(取“壇”之(zhi)(zhi)音)了,
一(yi)代(dai)梟雄,從鄉(xiang)俚(li)走來,轟(hong)轟(hong)烈(lie)烈(lie)半(ban)生,還(huan)歸(gui)鄉(xiang)俚(li),隱姓埋名,頤(yi)養天年(nian),無疾而(er)終,享年(nian)七十(shi)一(yi)歲(sui),葬于岱港(gang)村的花紅樹(shu)包(bao)包(bao)。