黑(hei)鯊Ka-50一(yi)公開(kai)展(zhan)示就(jiu)(jiu)令西方軍界刮(gua)目(mu)相(xiang)看,畢(bi)竟有它獨到之處,并奪得了(le)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)的三項世(shi)界第(di)(di)一(yi):第(di)(di)一(yi)種單(dan)座攻(gong)(gong)擊直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)﹔第(di)(di)一(yi)種共軸(zhou)式(shi)(shi)攻(gong)(gong)擊直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)﹔第(di)(di)一(yi)種采(cai)用彈(dan)射(she)(she)救生系(xi)統(tong)(tong)投入現役使(shi)用的直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)。共軸(zhou)式(shi)(shi)布局(ju)的主要優缺點(dian)如下:氣動(dong)特性(xing)對稱(cheng),機(ji)(ji)動(dong)性(xing)好。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)使(shi)用相(xiang)同發動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的情況下,兩副(fu)共軸(zhou)式(shi)(shi)旋(xuan)(xuan)翼的升(sheng)力(li)比單(dan)旋(xuan)(xuan)翼/尾(wei)槳布局(ju)的旋(xuan)(xuan)翼升(sheng)力(li)大(da)12%。共軸(zhou)式(shi)(shi)旋(xuan)(xuan)翼氣動(dong)力(li)對稱(cheng)性(xing)顯然優于(yu)(yu)單(dan)旋(xuan)(xuan)翼式(shi)(shi),不存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)各軸(zhou)之間互相(xiang)交連(lian)的影響(xiang),機(ji)(ji)動(dong)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)時易于(yu)(yu)操縱。改變航向時,共軸(zhou)式(shi)(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)很容易保持直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)的飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)高度,這在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)超(chao)低空(kong)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)越障礙物時尤其可(ke)貴,對飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)安全有重(zhong)要意義。采(cai)用模塊(kuai)式(shi)(shi)的結構(gou),及方便的維(wei)護(hu)無尾(wei)槳結構(gou),外廓尺寸(cun)緊湊。外廓尺寸(cun)小(xiao),雷達識(shi)別(bie)特征和(he)目(mu)視識(shi)別(bie)特征就(jiu)(jiu)小(xiao),便于(yu)(yu)隱蔽(bi)﹔外廓尺寸(cun)小(xiao),受彈(dan)面就(jiu)(jiu)小(xiao),戰斗損傷概率(lv)也小(xiao)。為了(le)實現自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)操作(zuo),卡莫夫設計局(ju)采(cai)用了(le)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)的飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與火力(li)控制系(xi)統(tong)(tong),這些系(xi)統(tong)(tong)包(bao)括自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與導(dao)航、目(mu)標瞄準、武(wu)器發射(she)(she)等(deng)。借助自動(dong)操作(zuo)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)飛(fei)(fei)(fei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)員(yuan)不接觸駕駛(shi)桿(gan)的情形下直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)仍(reng)可(ke)盤旋(xuan)(xuan)滯空(kong)。因而,盡管是單(dan)人執行(xing)(xing)(xing)駕駛(shi)和(he)武(wu)器控制雙重(zhong)任務,Ka -50仍(reng)然具有良(liang)好的操縱性(xing)。前蘇(su)聯花費了(le)整整7年(nian)研究成功了(le)K-37零零火箭彈(dan)射(she)(she)救生系(xi)統(tong)(tong)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)Ka -50直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)上,可(ke)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)零高度和(he)零速(su)度情況下進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)彈(dan)射(she)(she)救生。
1996中(zhong)(zhong)11月12日,烏赫托(tuo)馬(ma)直(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)制造廠首次公(gong)開展出了(le)(le)“短吻鱷”Ka-52,Ka -52采(cai)用了(le)(le)Ka -50直(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力裝置、旋翼、垂尾、起落架、武器(qi)及一(yi)系(xi)(xi)列機(ji)(ji)載系(xi)(xi)統(tong),它有(you)(you)(you)85%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零部件與(yu)(yu)(yu)已經批(pi)量(liang)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Ka -50直(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)通(tong)用。最明顯區別是(shi)座艙設(she)置了(le)(le)第二乘員位(wei)置,這大(da)大(da)擴大(da)了(le)(le)直(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能。Ka -52具有(you)(you)(you)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偵察、指揮與(yu)(yu)(yu)控制等(deng)功能,可(ke)(ke)為(wei)Ka -50提供類(lei)似于空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)預警指揮機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。駕駛艙上(shang)(shang)(shang)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)球狀物里,安裝有(you)(you)(you)俄羅斯(si)國產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“黃楊(yang)”三維光電子定(ding)位(wei)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),該(gai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)包括(kuo)熱視儀(yi)(yi)、電視儀(yi)(yi)和激(ji)光儀(yi)(yi)。機(ji)(ji)身右下方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)球形(xing)陀螺(luo)定(ding)位(wei)儀(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),裝有(you)(you)(you)帶激(ji)光測(ce)距儀(yi)(yi)和目標(biao)指示器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)功率瞄準頭,它能發(fa)(fa)現并(bing)(bing)高(gao)度準確(que)地(di)跟蹤5公(gong)里內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小型(xing)目標(biao)。在(zai)旋翼槳(jiang)毅(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)方裝有(you)(you)(you)“駑”式(shi)雷達。另外,它還裝備了(le)(le)電子對抗(kang)設(she)備。Ka -52的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)武器(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)Ka -50相似以,裝有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)門(men)口(kou)徑(jing)為(wei)30毫(hao)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2A42型(xing)可(ke)(ke)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)自動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)炮,可(ke)(ke)帶炮彈(dan)280發(fa)(fa)。該(gai)機(ji)(ji)炮能水平移(yi)動(dong)(dong)并(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)(you)限地(di)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下移(yi)動(dong)(dong)。Ka -52裝有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)門(men)不可(ke)(ke)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)KII-23JI型(xing)機(ji)(ji)炮,口(kou)徑(jing)為(wei)23毫(hao)米(mi),可(ke)(ke)帶彈(dan)250發(fa)(fa),在(zai)機(ji)(ji)翼內(nei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)YIIK-23-250型(xing)吊艙內(nei)。為(wei)消滅遠距離(li)目標(biao)(15公(gong)里),它可(ke)(ke)掛X-25MJI半主動(dong)(dong)激(ji)光制導空(kong)地(di)導彈(dan)。也可(ke)(ke)掛2至(zhi)4枚P-73型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)距離(li)空(kong)時空(kong)導彈(dan)或8至(zhi)16枚“針-B”近距離(li)空(kong)空(kong)導彈(dan)來打(da)擊空(kong)中(zhong)(zhong)目標(biao)。
Ka-50是目前公認最適合(he)空戰的戰斗直(zhi)升機,目前它(ta)有(you)擔駕駛員座艙(cang)(cang)與雙駕駛員座艙(cang)(cang),采用反向旋轉(zhuan)的雙主旋翼設計,省去尾旋翼避免遭攻擊等(deng)弱(ruo)點暴露。Ka-50全機身均有(you)裝甲(jia)保護,尤其座艙(cang)(cang),發(fa)動機及(ji)油箱部分更(geng)是加強裝甲(jia)等(deng)級(ji),存活性遠優于一般攻擊直(zhi)升機。