基本介紹

銅(tong)陵(ling)長江公(gong)鐵大橋位于蕪湖(hu)市長江下游銅(tong)官山(shan)河(he)段(duan)荻港水道彎(wan)曲段(duan)中部，為(wei)(wei)銅(tong)南(nan)宣高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路（皖(wan)高(gao)速(su)S32）組成部分之(zhi)一；大橋北側為(wei)(wei)巢(chao)湖(hu)市無為(wei)(wei)市，南(nan)側為(wei)(wei)銅(tong)陵(ling)市；北起(qi)無為(wei)(wei)市塔(ta)橋高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路樞紐，上(shang)跨(kua)長江水道，南(nan)至銅(tong)陵(ling)市鐘鳴(ming)高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路樞紐。

銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)長江(jiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)鐵大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)路接(jie)(jie)線(xian)里(li)程(cheng)約(yue)38.8千米，分大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)與(yu)南岸(an)(an)(an)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)；其中，北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)起(qi)自無為市神(shen)墩村劉家莊，與(yu)北(bei)(bei)沿(yan)江(jiang)高速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路巢(chao)湖(hu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無為段銜接(jie)(jie)，經塔橋(qiao)(qiao)、姚溝(gou)、高溝(gou)、石板洲，接(jie)(jie)公(gong)(gong)(gong)鐵大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路橋(qiao)(qiao)北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)引橋(qiao)(qiao)，長約(yue)25.4千米；南岸(an)(an)(an)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)起(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)鐵大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路橋(qiao)(qiao)南岸(an)(an)(an)引橋(qiao)(qiao)，經銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)承接(jie)(jie)產業轉(zhuan)移示范園，至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)終點銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣鐘鳴(ming)，接(jie)(jie)南沿(yan)江(jiang)高速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路和在建的銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南陵(ling)(ling)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宣城高速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路，長約(yue)13.4千米。

建筑設計

建筑結構

整體布局

銅(tong)陵(ling)長江(jiang)公鐵大(da)橋(qiao)分(fen)別由(you)水上雙層(ceng)主橋(qiao)、無為段以(yi)及(ji)銅(tong)陵(ling)市段引橋(qiao)、兩座倒Y形(xing)塔柱，以(yi)及(ji)各匝(za)道組成，主橋(qiao)路(lu)段呈西(xi)北至東南方(fang)向布置(zhi)。

設計特點

銅(tong)陵長江公鐵大橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的主(zhu)(zhu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)五跨(kua)連(lian)續剛桁(heng)(heng)(heng)梁(liang)(liang)斜(xie)拉橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)縱向(xiang)漂(piao)浮體系，主(zhu)(zhu)梁(liang)(liang)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)桁(heng)(heng)(heng)梁(liang)(liang)，鋼(gang)主(zhu)(zhu)梁(liang)(liang)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)矩形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)布置。主(zhu)(zhu)梁(liang)(liang)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)將三片(pian)(pian)主(zhu)(zhu)桁(heng)(heng)(heng)，N形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)桁(heng)(heng)(heng)架，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、下(xia)弦桿均(jun)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)箱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，主(zhu)(zhu)桁(heng)(heng)(heng)腹桿采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)箱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)或H形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)；斜(xie)拉索(suo)錨管置于上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)弦節(jie)點內，焊(han)接(jie)于主(zhu)(zhu)桁(heng)(heng)(heng)節(jie)點，斜(xie)桿采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)箱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、工(gong)字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及王(wang)字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)；豎桿采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或王(wang)字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。主(zhu)(zhu)桁(heng)(heng)(heng)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)全焊(han)接(jie)桁(heng)(heng)(heng)片(pian)(pian)式(shi)(shi)設計(ji)；將每(mei)兩個節(jie)間（約(yue)30米）范圍內的上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)弦桿、下(xia)弦桿、腹桿及斜(xie)桿通過(guo)整體節(jie)點焊(han)接(jie)在(zai)(zai)一起(qi)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成穩定(ding)的桁(heng)(heng)(heng)片(pian)(pian)單元，桁(heng)(heng)(heng)片(pian)(pian)之(zhi)間通過(guo)高強度螺栓(shuan)連(lian)接(jie)。鐵路橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)系采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)正交異性整體鋼(gang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)；公路橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)系采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)正交異性鋼(gang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)塔(ta)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)C50混凝土(tu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，倒(dao)Y形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)塔(ta)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)塔(ta)柱(zhu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單箱三室結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，中(zhong)塔(ta)柱(zhu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單箱單室結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，下(xia)塔(ta)柱(zhu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單箱雙(shuang)室結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)；中(zhong)、下(xia)塔(ta)柱(zhu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)塔(ta)柱(zhu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)八(ba)邊形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)塔(ta)索(suo)錨區(qu)預應力鋼(gang)絞(jiao)線在(zai)(zai)截(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)按“井(jing)(jing)”字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)布置；橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)塔(ta)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)倒(dao)Y形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)一下(xia)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)塔(ta)向(xiang)內側收攏；斜(xie)拉索(suo)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)三索(suo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)布置，索(suo)導管采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)雙(shuang)管式(shi)(shi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。除深水(shui)區(qu)3號橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)塔(ta)墩采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)沉(chen)井(jing)(jing)基礎(chu)外，其(qi)余主(zhu)(zhu)墩均(jun)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)樁基礎(chu)，沉(chen)井(jing)(jing)基礎(chu)為圓端形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混凝土(tu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，下(xia)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。

設計參數

銅陵長(chang)江公(gong)鐵(tie)大橋(qiao)(qiao)線路全長(chang)51.2千米(mi)(mi)，公(gong)鐵(tie)合建段總(zong)長(chang)6032.8米(mi)(mi)，主(zhu)橋(qiao)(qiao)1290米(mi)(mi)，采用（90+240+630+240+90米(mi)(mi)）跨度(du)布置(zhi)(zhi)，鋼主(zhu)梁(liang)寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)為2x17.1米(mi)(mi)，節(jie)間(jian)長(chang)15米(mi)(mi)，桁高15.5米(mi)(mi)，總(zong)寬(kuan)(kuan)34.2米(mi)(mi)。承臺(tai)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)尺(chi)寸(cun)66米(mi)(mi)×45.6米(mi)(mi)，承臺(tai)以上(shang)橋(qiao)(qiao)塔高212米(mi)(mi)，上(shang)塔柱81米(mi)(mi)高度(du)部分順橋(qiao)(qiao)向(xiang)寬(kuan)(kuan)度(du)均為9.6米(mi)(mi)，再逐漸增加至塔底(di)的16米(mi)(mi)；橫(heng)向(xiang)尺(chi)寸(cun)：上(shang)塔柱11至21.1米(mi)(mi)，中(zhong)塔柱8.0米(mi)(mi)，下塔柱8至14米(mi)(mi)。橋(qiao)(qiao)塔兩側布置(zhi)(zhi)3x18根(gen)鋼絞(jiao)線斜(xie)拉(la)索(suo)，全橋(qiao)(qiao)共計228根(gen)；公(gong)路橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)處(chu)索(suo)距(ju)15米(mi)(mi)，橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)三索(suo)嗎橫(heng)向(xiang)相鄰索(suo)面(mian)中(zhong)心距(ju)17.1米(mi)(mi)。主(zhu)墩(dun)編號為1至6號墩(dun)，其中(zhong)3號主(zhu)塔墩(dun)下端平(ping)(ping)面(mian)尺(chi)寸(cun)為62.4米(mi)(mi)×38.4米(mi)(mi)，頂端平(ping)(ping)面(mian)尺(chi)寸(cun)為64米(mi)(mi)×40米(mi)(mi)。

技術標準

道路等級

公路(lu)(lu)：高(gao)速公路(lu)(lu)；合(he)福高(gao)速鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)：客(ke)運專(zhuan)線(xian)；廬銅鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)：鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)I級

道路規模

公路(lu)：雙(shuang)向六車道、合福高速(su)鐵(tie)路(lu)：雙(shuang)線(xian)、廬銅鐵(tie)路(lu)：單線(xian)，按雙(shuang)線(xian)預留(liu)；

設計速度

公路：60千米(mi)/小時(shi)(shi)；合福高速(su)鐵(tie)路：250千米(mi)/小時(shi)(shi)；廬銅鐵(tie)路：160千米(mi)/小時(shi)(shi)

荷載標準

公路-Ⅰ級（汽(qi)車(che)—超(chao)20級、掛(gua)車(che)—120）

通航水位

主通(tong)航(hang)孔單孔：凈寬(kuan)≥532米、輔(fu)助通(tong)航(hang)孔：凈寬(kuan)≥182米、航(hang)水位：凈高≥32米

通航水位

+12.68米

通航等級

單(dan)孔雙向通航，北側(ce)：供萬噸級(ji)以上(shang)船(chuan)隊，5000噸級(ji)以上(shang)江海(hai)輪；南側(ce)：供所(suo)有(you)船(chuan)舶(bo)

防震等級

橋址：地(di)震(zhen)基本烈度(du)為VI度(du)、主橋：VII度(du)設(she)防

功能價值

銅陵長江大(da)(da)橋(qiao)公鐵大(da)(da)橋(qiao)的順利合龍，標志(zhi)著中(zhong)國新(xin)一條南北(bei)交通大(da)(da)通道(dao)京福(fu)高鐵建(jian)設取(qu)得重大(da)(da)突破(po)。（新(xin)華社 評）

銅(tong)陵長江公鐵(tie)大(da)橋(qiao)意義重大(da)，不(bu)但是(shi)中(zhong)國鐵(tie)路橋(qiao)梁建設(she)史上一次新的跨越，2015年的竣工通車，也為合福(fu)高(gao)速鐵(tie)路的全線按期建成(cheng)通車打下堅實基礎(chu)。（中(zhong)鐵(tie)大(da)橋(qiao)合福(fu)鐵(tie)路銅(tong)陵長江大(da)橋(qiao)項目(mu)部相關(guan)負責人(ren)龔(gong)輝忠 評）

針(zhen)對銅陵(ling)長江公(gong)鐵大橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的設計(ji)特點和(he)現場施(shi)工條件，開展(zhan)了(le)一系列(lie)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)研(yan)究，研(yan)發(fa)了(le)復(fu)雜水文(wen)地質條件下大型基礎施(shi)工技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、全焊桁片制作與架設技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、鋼箱(xiang)鐵路(lu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面板安裝(zhuang)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。桁片式鋼桁梁合龍(long)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、鋼絞線斜拉索等值張拉智能控制技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)等一系列(lie)新技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)，這些新成果得到了(le)成功應用(yong)，對今后橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁的設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工均有很好的參考價值。（《橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁建(jian)設》 評）

建設沿革

2006年12月，中國(guo)安徽省省政(zheng)府與原中華人民(min)共和國(guo)鐵(tie)道部簽署了《關于安徽省“十(shi)一五”鐵(tie)路建設有(you)關問(wen)題(ti)會談紀(ji)要》，銅陵長江公鐵(tie)大橋(qiao)工程(cheng)入(ru)列鐵(tie)道部“十(shi)一五”規劃。

2009年2月12日，銅陵長(chang)江公鐵大橋進行水下(xia)地(di)質(zhi)勘探(tan)工程。

2010年4月18日(ri)，銅陵長(chang)江公鐵大(da)橋(qiao)動工興建；同(tong)年12月27日(ri)，銅陵長(chang)江公鐵大(da)橋(qiao)完成制造招標。

2011年(nian)8月，銅(tong)陵長江(jiang)公鐵大橋(qiao)進(jin)行鋼梁制(zhi)造工程(cheng)。

2012年9月30日(ri)，銅陵(ling)長江公鐵大橋(qiao)進(jin)入主橋(qiao)鋼梁架設階段。

2013年(nian)5月，銅(tong)陵長(chang)江(jiang)公鐵大(da)(da)橋4號墩主(zhu)塔(ta)成功封頂，大(da)(da)橋鋼梁(liang)建設(she)進入雙懸(xuan)臂架設(she)施(shi)工階段；同(tong)月28日，銅(tong)陵長(chang)江(jiang)公鐵大(da)(da)橋主(zhu)橋鋼梁(liang)與南岸引橋對接，進入主(zhu)跨鋼梁(liang)架設(she)階段；同(tong)年(nian)12月19日，銅(tong)陵長(chang)江(jiang)公鐵大(da)(da)橋完(wan)成合龍(long)工程。

2015年(nian)4月，銅陵長(chang)江公(gong)鐵大(da)橋全(quan)面竣工，通過(guo)靜態驗收；同年(nian)6月28日(ri)，銅陵長(chang)江公(gong)鐵大(da)橋下層高速(su)鐵路(lu)功能(neng)投入運營。

2016年1月27日，銅陵長(chang)江公鐵大橋(qiao)高速公路啟用運(yun)營。

活動及其他

運營情況

票價票制

截(jie)至(zhi)2016年1月，銅陵長江公鐵大(da)橋(qiao)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)公路(lu)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)標準，按(an)照安(an)(an)徽省交通運(yun)輸廳、安(an)(an)徽省物價局發(fa)布的(de)《關于調整我(wo)省路(lu)橋(qiao)通行(xing)費(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)標準的(de)通知》（皖(wan)交財(cai)〔2010〕391號）執行(xing)，銅陵長江公鐵大(da)橋(qiao)接線高速公路(lu)的(de)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)標準，按(an)照皖(wan)交財(cai)〔2010〕391號文規(gui)定(ding)的(de)高速公路(lu)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)標準加收(shou)(shou)一(yi)座特大(da)橋(qiao)隧(sui)通行(xing)費(fei)(fei)執行(xing)；其中，四類車(che)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)標準為1.3元/車(che)·千(qian)(qian)米；貨車(che)計重(zhong)(zhong)收(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)，基本費(fei)(fei)率(lv)為0.09元/噸(dun)·千(qian)(qian)米，計重(zhong)(zhong)費(fei)(fei)率(lv)由10噸(dun)至(zhi)40噸(dun)車(che)輛線性遞減0.05元/噸(dun)·千(qian)(qian)米；對超越運(yun)輸認定(ding)標準5軸貨車(che)為43噸(dun)。

通行事項

截至(zhi)2016年1月4日(ri)，安(an)徽省(sheng)人民政府同意合福鐵路銅陵長江公鐵大橋(qiao)公路橋(qiao)及接(jie)線高速公路設站(zhan)收(shou)費，全線共設3個收(shou)費站(zhan)，均(jun)為(wei)(wei)匝道(dao)收(shou)費站(zhan)，站(zhan)名分別為(wei)(wei)：“無為(wei)(wei)南(nan)收(shou)費站(zhan)”（K15+700M處）、“銅陵北收(shou)費站(zhan)”（K32+895M處）、“無為(wei)(wei)西收(shou)費站(zhan)”（K5+700M處，預(yu)留）。

建設成果

技術難題

銅陵(ling)公鐵長江大(da)(da)橋(qiao)主橋(qiao)工(gong)程難點在(zai)于(yu)：1、3號墩(dun)沉(chen)井基礎施工(gong)水(shui)文地質條件復雜(za)，下沉(chen)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，遇(yu)到了(le)事先(xian)未曾(ceng)勘探(tan)到的卵(luan)石膠結層，使沉(chen)井下沉(chen)困難；2、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)內首次采用雙節間(jian)全(quan)焊桁(heng)片組拼鋼(gang)桁(heng)梁(liang)結構(gou)，由于(yu)全(quan)焊桁(heng)片制(zhi)造(zao)精(jing)度(du)要求(qiu)高，因此桁(heng)片豎(shu)立存放(fang)運輸安(an)(an)全(quan)風(feng)險(xian)大(da)(da)，現場安(an)(an)裝工(gong)藝復雜(za)；3、橋(qiao)塔根部弦桿受力最大(da)(da)的區(qu)段及邊墩(dun)和輔助墩(dun)區(qu)域均(jun)采用正交異性鋼(gang)箱橋(qiao)面(mian)結構(gou)；鋼(gang)箱橋(qiao)面(mian)板剛度(du)大(da)(da)，安(an)(an)裝時適應變(bian)形能(neng)力差(cha)，增加了(le)安(an)(an)裝難度(du)；4、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)內首次在(zai)鐵路橋(qiao)梁(liang)上采用鋼(gang)絞(jiao)線斜(xie)拉索(suo)(suo)，對施工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)和成(cheng)橋(qiao)后每束斜(xie)拉索(suo)(suo)中(zhong)(zhong)單根鋼(gang)絞(jiao)線之間(jian)的索(suo)(suo)力誤(wu)差(cha)提出了(le)很高的控制(zhi)要求(qiu)。