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張道陵
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張道陵(34年2月22日—156年),字輔漢,原名陵,正一盟威道創始人,東漢豐縣(今江蘇徐州豐縣)人,被“授以三天正法,命為天師”,后世尊稱為“老祖天師”“正一真人”“三天扶教大法師”,著書有《老子想爾注》,弟子達3000多人,設立24治,奠基天師道。張道陵、葛玄、許遜、薩守堅合稱四大天師。
  • 中文名: 張(zhang)道陵
  • 別號名稱: 祖天師(shi),張天師(shi)
  • 出生日期: 34年(nian)02月22日(甲午年(nian))
  • 性別:
  • 民族: 漢(han)族
  • 出生地: 沛國豐邑(今江蘇省徐州豐縣)
  • 去世日期: 156年(丙(bing)申年)
  • 代表作品: 老子想(xiang)爾注
  • 主要成就: 正一派(pai)創始人
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人物簡介

張(zhang)道陵(34年2月22日—156年),字輔漢(han),原(yuan)名陵,正一(yi)盟威道創始人,東漢(han)豐縣(xian)(今江(jiang)蘇徐州豐縣(xian))人。

太(tai)上老(lao)君“授(shou)以三(san)天(tian)正法,命(ming)為天(tian)師(shi)”,后世尊稱(cheng)為“老(lao)祖天(tian)師(shi)”、“正一真(zhen)人(ren)”,"三(san)天(tian)扶(fu)教大(da)法師(shi)",高明上帝,張天(tian)師(shi)。著作《老(lao)子(zi)想爾注》,弟子(zi)有3000多人(ren),設(she)立24治,奠基天(tian)師(shi)道(dao)。張道(dao)陵、葛玄、許(xu)遜、薩守堅合稱(cheng)四大(da)天(tian)師(shi)。

張道(dao)陵創建天師(shi)道(dao)的(de)背(bei)景:當(dang)時在巴蜀一帶,原有巴人信奉原始(shi)巫教(jiao),大規模的(de)淫祀而(er)害(hai)民。而(er)這些祀奉鬼妖(學名為:妖邪)的(de)法教(jiao)巫師(shi)聚眾斂財,無惡不作。

張天師(shi)攜王長、趙(zhao)升二位弟子和黃帝九鼎丹經,來到(dao)北邙(mang)山修行,平定(ding)了那些禍害百姓(xing)的(de)(de)巫(wu)妖之教。川渝一(yi)帶流傳的(de)(de)張天師(shi)以太上(shang)老君劍印(yin)符箓(lu)大破(po)鬼(gui)兵的(de)(de)故事(shi)就(jiu)是以此為原型的(de)(de)。

主要經歷

人物生平

張道(dao)陵(ling),字輔漢(han),西(xi)漢(han)開國大(da)(da)功臣張良(liang)的(de)(de)第(di)十(shi)世孫《漢(han)天(tian)師世家》記(ji)載(zai):良(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)疑、不(bu)(bu)疑生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高、高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)通、通生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)無(wu)妄(wang)、無(wu)妄(wang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)里仁、里仁生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)皓(hao)、皓(hao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)綱(gang)、綱(gang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)(da)順(shun)、大(da)(da)順(shun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)陵(ling)。漢(han)光(guang)武(wu)建武(wu)十(shi)年正月十(shi)五(wu)日生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于豐縣阿房村,出生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)前,其母夢見魁星下(xia)(xia)降,感而(er)有孕(yun)。出生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)滿室異香,整月不(bu)(bu)散,黃云(yun)罩頂,紫氣彌院。自幼聰慧(hui)過人,七(qi)歲便(bian)讀通《道(dao)德經(jing)》,天(tian)文(wen)地理、河洛讖緯之(zhi)(zhi)書無(wu)不(bu)(bu)通曉(xiao),為(wei)太學書生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時(shi)(shi)(shi),博通《五(wu)經(jing)》,后來(lai)嘆息道(dao):“這些(xie)書都無(wu)法解(jie)決(jue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)死的(de)(de)問題啊!”于是棄(qi)儒改(gai)學長生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。張祖二十(shi)五(wu)歲,曾官拜(bai)江(jiang)州令。而(er)他卻(que)身在(zai)朝政,志慕清虛,不(bu)(bu)久就(jiu)隱居到洛陽北(bei)邙山(shan)(shan)中,精思學道(dao),修煉三年,有白虎口銜玉符而(er)至(zhi)其所。永元(公(gong)元89年)初年,漢(han)和帝賜為(wei)太傅(fu),又封為(wei)冀(ji)縣侯(hou),三次下(xia)(xia)詔(zhao),張祖都婉拒了,他對使者說:“人生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)世,不(bu)(bu)過百歲,光(guang)陰(yin)荏苒(ran),轉瞬便(bian)逝。父母隆恩,妻(qi)妾厚(hou)愛,也隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)消失。君臣之(zhi)(zhi)恩,誰見長久?請轉告圣上(shang),只要(yao)清靜寡欲,無(wu)為(wei)而(er)治(zhi),天(tian)下(xia)(xia)自然大(da)(da)定,要(yao)我何用?我志在(zai)青山(shan)(shan)中!”為(wei)了避(bi)開京都近郊的(de)(de)俗務嘈雜和騷擾,張祖決(jue)心云(yun)游名山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)川、訪道(dao)求仙去了。

張祖(zu)先是南(nan)游(you)淮河,居(ju)桐(tong)柏太平山(shan)(shan)(shan),后與弟子王長(chang)、趙升一(yi)起(qi),渡江南(nan)下,在江西貴溪(xi)縣云錦(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)住了下來(lai)。此地山(shan)(shan)(shan)清水(shui)秀(xiu),景色清幽(you),為(wei)古仙(xian)人棲息(xi)之所,張祖(zu)就(jiu)在山(shan)(shan)(shan)上結廬(lu)而居(ju),并(bing)筑壇煉丹,三年(nian)(nian)而神(shen)丹成;龍虎(hu)(hu)出現(xian),故此山(shan)(shan)(shan)又(you)稱龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。時年(nian)(nian)張祖(zu)六十(shi)歲,后又(you)移居(ju)四(si)川鶴(he)鳴山(shan)(shan)(shan),感石鶴(he)長(chang)鳴。

漢(han)順(shun)帝(di)漢(han)安元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)142年(nian)(nian))正(zheng)月(yue)十五(wu)(wu)日,傳說太上老君降臨(lin)蜀地,傳授張祖《太平(ping)洞極(ji)經(jing)》、《正(zheng)一(yi)盟威二十四品法箓(lu)》、三五(wu)(wu)都(dou)(dou)功玉印、雌(ci)雄斬邪劍等經(jing)書、法器,拜為天(tian)(tian)師(shi),囑(zhu)咐(fu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)廣行正(zheng)一(yi)盟威之(zhi)道(dao)(dao),掃除妖(yao)魔(mo)(mo)(mo),救護生民。于(yu)(yu)是天(tian)(tian)師(shi)于(yu)(yu)漢(han)安二年(nian)(nian)七月(yue),登青城(cheng)山(shan)(shan),會八部鬼(gui)(gui)帥,大戰(zhan)眾鬼(gui)(gui),制伏外道(dao)(dao)惡(e)魔(mo)(mo)(mo),誅(zhu)絕邪偽。天(tian)(tian)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)法通玄,諸魔(mo)(mo)(mo)所(suo)不能敵,各各降服,愿意皈依(yi)正(zheng)道(dao)(dao),于(yu)(yu)是天(tian)(tian)師(shi)敕命五(wu)(wu)方八部六天(tian)(tian)鬼(gui)(gui)神,在(zai)青城(cheng)山(shan)(shan)黃帝(di)壇下盟誓(shi),人處(chu)陽(yang)間,鬼(gui)(gui)處(chu)幽冥(ming),使六天(tian)(tian)鬼(gui)(gui)王囚禁(jin)于(yu)(yu)北陰酆都(dou)(dou)城(cheng),八部鬼(gui)(gui)帥流放于(yu)(yu)西域邊(bian)地。從(cong)此妖(yao)魔(mo)(mo)(mo)降服,人民安樂(le),至今青城(cheng)山(shan)(shan)仍留(liu)有天(tian)(tian)師(shi)與眾鬼(gui)(gui)帥戰(zhan)斗的(de)誓(shi)鬼(gui)(gui)臺、鬼(gui)(gui)界碑等古跡(ji)。

天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)降妖伏魔,救護(hu)眾(zhong)生,蜀地的人(ren)民(min)都非常感動,都愿(yuan)意聽受天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)教化。于(yu)是(shi)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)設立二十四(si)治(zhi),廣(guang)收(shou)門徒(tu),教化于(yu)民(min)。東漢(han)桓帝永壽元(yuan)年九(jiu)月九(jiu)日,在四(si)川赤城渠亭山(shan)中,玉帝派遣使者持玉冊,敕封天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)為正(zheng)一真人(ren),天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)世壽一百二十三歲,與蒼(cang)溪云(yun)臺山(shan)白日飛升。

張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵,初名(ming)張(zhang)(zhang)陵,后改今名(ming)。本是太學(xue)書(shu)生,性好學(xue),博(bo)五經,邃于黃老(lao)(lao)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao),七(qi)歲(sui)即能通道(dao)(dao)德(de)經及河洛圖諱之(zhi)書(shu),皆極其奧。長為(wei)博(bo)學(xue)之(zhi)士。后棄官學(xue)道(dao)(dao)。創立(li)了正(zheng)一盟威(wei)道(dao)(dao),簡稱(cheng)正(zheng)一道(dao)(dao)。漢順帝時永(yong)壽元年在(zai)鶴鳴山(shan)創建正(zheng)一盟威(wei)道(dao)(dao),太上老(lao)(lao)君“授以三天(tian)(tian)正(zheng)法,命為(wei)天(tian)(tian)師”,自稱(cheng)“三天(tian)(tian)法師正(zheng)一真人(ren)”,并纂道(dao)(dao)書(shu)24篇(pian)。漢桓帝時在(zai)四(si)川蒼溪(xi)縣境的靈臺山(shan)(又名(ming)天(tian)(tian)柱山(shan))飛升,傳(chuan)說(shuo)時年123歲(sui),道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)稱(cheng)為(wei)“祖天(tian)(tian)師”。傳(chuan)說(shuo)第1代天(tian)(tian)師張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵跟太上老(lao)(lao)君學(xue)道(dao)(dao)得老(lao)(lao)君親(qin)授,得天(tian)(tian)獨(du)厚,道(dao)(dao)法高(gao)強。

祖天師所創道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)派,稱(cheng)(cheng)正一(yi)(yi)盟威(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。但因(yin)(yin)奉其(qi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe),須(xu)出五斗米(mi)(mi),當(dang)時又(you)有(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)五斗米(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(編者(zhe)按:實際上(shang)多用(yong)(yong)是蔑稱(cheng)(cheng),但是初中(zhong)課本稱(cheng)(cheng)之為(wei)五斗米(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵除(chu)書(shu)符治病、驅邪禳災以外,在巴蜀地區(qu)建立起二(er)十(shi)四個(ge)宗教(jiao)活動中(zhong)心,即(ji)二(er)十(shi)四治。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民(min)定期(qi)赴治學道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),祭(ji)禱。其(qi)孫(sun)子張(zhang)魯在東漢末,三國(guo)時期(qi),擁(yong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)支軍隊(dui),在漢中(zhong)建立了(le)政(zheng)教(jiao)合一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)割(ge)據政(zheng)權(quan)。并利用(yong)(yong)政(zheng)權(quan)的(de)(de)力量,推行(xing)正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些社(she)會和(he)宗派主張(zhang),比如,對犯(fan)有(you)罪過的(de)(de)人,不是用(yong)(yong)嚴刑懲罰(fa),而是原諒三次后再加以刑罰(fa),那刑罰(fa)也比較(jiao)輕,一(yi)(yi)般是讓(rang)他去修路(lu)(lu)。同(tong)時在路(lu)(lu)上(shang)設義(yi)舍(she),里(li)面放米(mi)(mi)肉,路(lu)(lu)人可以量腹而食(shi)。這些措施對于天下大(da)亂形勢下的(de)(de)民(min)眾(zhong),營造(zao)了(le)比較(jiao)寬松(song)的(de)(de)生活環境,因(yin)(yin)此得到(dao)了(le)當(dang)地漢族和(he)少數(shu)民(min)族群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)擁(yong)護(hu)。后來(lai),張(zhang)魯投降(jiang)了(le)曹操,割(ge)據政(zheng)權(quan)也就不得再存(cun)在。曹操將天師道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)力量遷移到(dao)北方,但是讓(rang)正一(yi)(yi)盟威(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)卻得到(dao)了(le)保留,并向內地傳播。

修道降魔

張道陵先(xian)退隱(yin)北邙山修(xiu)道,后得(de)黃(huang)帝九鼎(ding)丹(dan)經,修(xiu)煉于(yu)(yu)(yu)繁陽(yang)山,丹(dan)成服(fu)之,得(de)分形散(san)影之妙,通神(shen)變化,坐在(zai)立亡,每泛池中(zhong),誦經堂上,隱(yin)幾對客,杖藜行(xing)(xing)吟(yin),一時并赴(fu),人(ren)皆莫(mo)測其靈異也。后于(yu)(yu)(yu)萬(wan)山石(shi)室中(zhong),得(de)隱(yin)書秘文及(ji)制命(ming)山岳眾神(shen)之術,行(xing)(xing)之有(you)驗。聞蜀(shu)(shu)民樸(pu)素(su)純厚,易(yi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)教化,且多名山,乃將弟(di)子(zi)入蜀(shu)(shu),于(yu)(yu)(yu)鶴鳴山隱(yin)居(ju)(ju)修(xiu)道。既遇(yu)老君(jun),遂于(yu)(yu)(yu)隱(yin)居(ju)(ju)之所(suo)備(bei)藥物,依法(fa)修(xiu)煉,三年丹(dan)成,未(wei)(wei)敢(gan)服(fu)餌(er),謂弟(di)子(zi)曰,神(shen)丹(dan)已成,然(ran)未(wei)(wei)有(you)大(da)(da)功(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)世,須(xu)為國家除害興利(li),以濟民庶(shu),然(ran)后服(fu)丹(dan)即(ji)輕舉(ju),臣事三境,庶(shu)無愧焉。老君(jun)尋(xun)遣清(qing)和玉女,教以吐(tu)納清(qing)和之法(fa),修(xiu)行(xing)(xing)千日,能內見五臟,外集外神(shen)。六天妖(yao)魔(mo),盡(jin)被降(jiang)伏。先(xian)時蜀(shu)(shu)中(zhong)魔(mo)鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)數萬(wan),白晝為市,擅行(xing)(xing)疫癘,生(sheng)民久(jiu)蒙(meng)其害,自六天大(da)(da)魔(mo)被降(jiang)之后,張道陵斥(chi)其鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)眾,散(san)處西北不毛之地,與(yu)之為誓(shi)曰,人(ren)主于(yu)(yu)(yu)晝,鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)(yu)(yu)夜(ye),陰(yin)陽(yang)分別,各有(you)司(si)存,違者正一有(you)法(fa),必加誅戳。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是幽(you)冥(ming)異域,人(ren)鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)殊途,大(da)(da)利(li)蜀(shu)(shu)民。功(gong)成蒙(meng)太上冊封(feng)正一天師。

成仙

永(yong)壽二年(nian)九月九日至云臺治(zhi),以余丹,及印,劍,都功符箓,授子衡曰:“吾(wu)遇太上(shang)親傳(chuan)至道,此(ci)文總領(ling)三五都功,正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)樞(shu)要。世世一(yi)(yi)子紹吾(wu)之位,非吾(wu)宗親子孫不得傳(chuan)。”《正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)經(jing)》云:“太上(shang)親授天師(shi)《太玄(xuan)經(jing)》有二百七十(shi)卷,推檢(jian)是漢安元(yuan)年(nian)七月得是經(jing)。”是日同弟子王(wang)長(chang)、趙升(sheng)(sheng),于今四川(chuan)省蒼溪縣境的云臺山上(shang)與夫人(ren)雍氏白日飛升(sheng)(sheng)。是為正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)道第(di)一(yi)(yi)代張天師(shi),而為天師(shi)道正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)教祖(zu)。

永平(ping)二(er)年赴“直言極諫科”而中之,漢(han)明帝時拜巴郡江州(zhou)令(今重(zhong)慶),不久退隱北邙山中(今河南洛陽附近(jin)),修(xiu)持煉形合氣(qi),辟谷少寢長生(sheng)之道。建初五年詔舉賢(xian)良(liang)方正不起,復(fu)征為博士,封冀縣侯,三詔不就。后入(ru)吳,又愛蜀(shu)中溪嶺深秀,遂入(ru)蜀(shu)隱于鶴鳴(ming)山,修(xiu)神丹(dan)符咒之術。

張道(dao)(dao)陵有弟子王長(chang)、趙升隨其習黃老(lao)之道(dao)(dao),助(zhu)煉(lian)龍(long)虎大丹(dan),丹(dan)成,服之返老(lao)還童,且去游而參訪(fang)仙源。

一日,在北岳嵩山(shan)遇繡(xiu)衣(yi)使(shi)者(zhe)告訴他說:“中峰(feng)石室內,藏有(you)《三皇秘典》、《黃帝九(jiu)鼎丹書(shu)》,得(de)而修(xiu)之(zhi),可以升天!”于是張道(dao)陵齋戒而入石室,果然得(de)到丹經道(dao)書(shu),遂赴云(yun)錦(jin)山(shan)(即龍虎山(shan)),精思修(xiu)煉(lian),而得(de)分形散影之(zhi)術。

一日夜半似醒似夢之(zhi)間,忽(hu)見那太上(shang)老君下(xia)降,對張道陵(ling)說:“近(jin)來(lai)蜀中(zhong)有六大魔王(wang),狂(kuang)暴生民,你(ni)前往治之(zhi)則功德無量,名錄丹臺(tai)矣!”乃授以“正一盟威符箓”,三五(wu)斬邪雌雄劍、陽平治都功印、平頂冠(guan)、八卦衣、方裙、朱履(lv)等。以千日為期,約(yue)會于閬(lang)苑(yuan)。

張道(dao)陵拜領老君所授,日昧秘文,能(neng)集三萬六(liu)千(qian)神(shen)靈(ling)、千(qian)二(er)百之官君,以供驅使。他隨即往青城山,置琉(liu)璃高(gao)座,左供元(yuan)始天尊,右供三十(shi)六(liu)部尊經,立十(shi)絕靈(ling)幡,鳴鐘叩磬(qing),布龍虎神(shen)兵,施起(qi)法力。

魔王(wang)鬼帥同聲哀求,盡被折服(fu),表示再不敢虐民。張道陵乃(nai)(nai)收八(ba)部(bu)鬼神,降伏(fu)六天魔王(wang),群(qun)妖乃(nai)(nai)滅(mie)表絕跡。他則遂與弟(di)子王(wang)長、趙升往今四川省(sheng)蒼(cang)溪縣境(jing)的云臺卜居其地繼續修煉(lian)。

既(ji)伏妖魔,老(lao)君(jun)乃(nai)命使者下降來告道:“子之功(gong)業合得九真上仙之位,但滅鬼過(guo)多,未(wei)免殺(sha)氣穢空,非大(da)道好生之旨(zhi)。子須(xu)再修三千六日,吾待子于(yu)上清八景宮中。”于(yu)是道陵(ling)乃(nai)偕弟子王長、趙升(sheng)復往今四川省蒼溪(xi)縣(xian)境的云臺山,精修二十(shi)余年。

永壽元年正(zheng)月,據(ju)說太(tai)上老(lao)君(jun)與(yu)眾真(zhen)復(fu)降,為張道陵說:“北斗延生真(zhen)經”及“三(san)八(ba)謝罪法懺”。永壽二(er)年春,會三(san)界萬神于青(qing)城(cheng)山黃帝壇下,盟五岳四瀆,立(li)二(er)十四治,福庭鬼獄。定三(san)十會真(zhen)壇與(yu)六十通真(zhen)靖,七十二(er)福地,命人處(chu)(chu)明陽、鬼處(chu)(chu)幽陰,各(ge)治設祭酒(jiu)與(yu)男官、婦官,以贊玄化。其時,道教始有正(zheng)規教團組織(zhi)。 張道陵率弟(di)子復(fu)游各(ge)地,斬妖巷孽、奪鹽池,建(jian)功立(li)德(de),造(zao)福蜀民。據(ju)稱,功成后蒙太(tai)上老(lao)君(jun)冊封為正(zheng)一(yi)天師。

永壽二(er)年九(jiu)月(yue)九(jiu)日至四川彰明縣(今江(jiang)油市)境的(de)靈臺山(shan),見絕巖下(xia)桃熟,命王(wang)、趙(zhao)(zhao)二(er)弟子投身取之,遂亦下(xia)傳(chuan)(chuan)其真道(dao)。后(hou)以余余丹(dan)(dan)及印、劍、都功符(fu)錄(lu)。授(shou)(shou)子衡曰:“吾遇太上親(qin)傳(chuan)(chuan)至道(dao),此文(wen)總領三萬都功,正一樞要,世(shi)(shi)世(shi)(shi)一子紹吾之位,非吾宗(zong)親(qin)子孫不(bu)得傳(chuan)(chuan)。”《正一經》云(yun):“太上親(qin)授(shou)(shou)天師(shi)《太玄經》有二(er)百(bai)七十(shi)卷,推檢是漢安元年七月(yue)得是經。”是日,以丹(dan)(dan)分付弟子王(wang)長(chang)、趙(zhao)(zhao)升(sheng),于今四川省蒼溪(xi)縣境的(de)云(yun)臺山(shan)峰與夫人(ren)雍氏乘云(yun)上升(sheng),在人(ren)間123歲,女兒文(wen)姬、文(wen)光、賢姬、芳芝皆得道(dao)上升(sheng)。

張道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)因(yin)在蜀漢(han)之境設二十四治,為(wei)(wei)布(bu)化行道(dao)(dao)的機構,凡入道(dao)(dao)者交五米(mi)為(wei)(wei)信,歷史(shi)上南北朝經常以前對中央朝廷(ting)有反叛性質因(yin)素,以及漢(han)末張魯聚眾自立,故有史(shi)家因(yin)而稱其(qi)教(jiao)為(wei)(wei)“五斗(dou)米(mi)道(dao)(dao)”。因(yin)張陵(ling)為(wei)(wei)五斗(dou)米(mi)教(jiao)第一代天(tian)師,故教(jiao)徒尊稱“祖(zu)天(tian)師”。人們又稱其(qi)教(jiao)為(wei)(wei)“天(tian)師道(dao)(dao)”。張道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)尊老(lao)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)教(jiao)祖(zu),奉《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)五千(qian)文》為(wei)(wei)最高(gao)經典,并自編《老(lao)子(zi)(zi)想爾注》發揮(hui)老(lao)子(zi)(zi)的道(dao)(dao)家思想。以“道(dao)(dao)”為(wei)(wei)最高(gao)信仰,將“道(dao)(dao)”和老(lao)子(zi)(zi)相提并論,宣(xuan)稱即(ji)是(shi)“一”,“二散為(wei)(wei)氣,聚形為(wei)(wei)太上老(lao)君”。

唐玄(xuan)宗(zong)天寶七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(748年(nian)(nian)),因老子之故冊贈張道陵為(wei)“太師(shi)(shi)”。禧宗(zong)中和(he)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(884年(nian)(nian)),封(feng)(feng)為(wei)“三(san)天扶教(jiao)大法(fa)師(shi)(shi)”。宋徽(hui)宗(zong)大觀二年(nian)(nian)(1108年(nian)(nian)),冊贈“正一(yi)靖(jing)應(ying)真(zhen)君”,理宗(zong)加(jia)(jia)封(feng)(feng)“三(san)天扶教(jiao)輔(fu)元大法(fa)師(shi)(shi),正一(yi)靖(jing)應(ying)顯(xian)佑(you)(you)真(zhen)君”。元成宗(zong)加(jia)(jia)封(feng)(feng)“正一(yi)沖玄(xuan)神化靜應(ying)顯(xian)佑(you)(you)真(zhen)君”。明(ming)崇(chong)禎皇帝(di)加(jia)(jia)贈“六合無窮高明(ming)上帝(di)”。正一(yi)派稱祖天師(shi)(shi)、泰玄(xuan)上相、大圣降(jiang)魔護道天尊。

因嗣第四代天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)盛(sheng)將天(tian)(tian)師(shi)法裔由陜西漢(han)中遷居江(jiang)西省龍(long)虎山中。從張(zhang)(zhang)盛(sheng)以后道陵祖(zu)(zu)師(shi)歷代子(zi)孫(sun)皆住在(zai)龍(long)虎山中,一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)到63代天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)恩溥(pu)。1949年,張(zhang)(zhang)恩溥(pu)隨蔣介石退往臺灣,攜帶(dai)長(chang)子(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)允賢(xian)和祖(zu)(zu)傳“玉印”及(ji)“法劍”一(yi)(yi)口。現貴溪縣(xian)上清(qing)鎮天(tian)(tian)師(shi)府即其遺脈。

創立教派

正(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵創立(li)并由(you)其子(zi)(zi)孫世襲(xi)相傳(chuan),以老子(zi)(zi)為教(jiao)(jiao)主(zhu),為最(zui)(zui)高(gao)信仰(yang),符(fu)箓(lu)齋醮為傳(chuan)播方式(shi),以追求(qiu)長生不(bu)死(si)和(he)成(cheng)仙(xian)為最(zui)(zui)高(gao)境界的一(yi)種宗教(jiao)(jiao)組織。由(you)于(yu)(yu)張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵開始(shi)煉丹修道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)于(yu)(yu)龍(long)虎(hu)(hu)山,于(yu)(yu)是龍(long)虎(hu)(hu)山可(ke)稱(cheng)為中(zhong)國(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)第(di)一(yi)山。張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵是正(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)創始(shi)人(ren),他是祖天師(shi),又稱(cheng)第(di)一(yi)代(dai)天師(shi)。

從東漢張道(dao)陵正式創立正一(yi)教(jiao)派(pai)至今,天師(shi)道(dao)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)已經有近2000年(nian)的歷史。正一(yi)道(dao)在(zai)自(zi)身傳(chuan)承發展的過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong),不斷汲取中(zhong)(zhong)華傳(chuan)統文化的精髓,是中(zhong)(zhong)華傳(chuan)統文化的主要思(si)想(xiang)支柱之一(yi)。

張道陵攜弟子(zi)王(wang)長(chang)游(you)淮(huai)入鄱陽,登(deng)樂平雩(yu)子(zi)峰(feng),溯信江(jiang)西貴溪(xi)云錦山(shan)煉“九天神丹(dan)”,“丹(dan)成(cheng)而(er)龍(long)(long)虎見,山(shan)因以名。”(即江(jiang)西鷹潭龍(long)(long)虎山(shan),因“丹(dan)成(cheng)而(er)龍(long)(long)虎現”,故改甸為龍(long)(long)虎山(shan))

張(zhang)道陵在(zai)(zai)龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)用三(san)年時(shi)間(jian)煉(lian)(lian)成九(jiu)天(tian)神丹后,已(yi)六十余矣(yi),吃了神丹容貌益少,“返老還童”,像30歲(sui)左右的人(ren)(ren)。接著又在(zai)(zai)龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東北邊的西仙源壁(bi)魯(lu)洞(dong),得(de)神虎(hu)(hu)秘(mi)文,并建(jian)立天(tian)師(shi)草(cao)堂(tang),廣傳(chuan)弟子(zi),為人(ren)(ren)治病,到他(ta)經嵩山(shan)(shan)(shan)二人(ren)(ren)巴蜀時(shi),已(yi)經90多歲(sui)了。由此(ci)可(ke)(ke)見(jian),張(zhang)道陵在(zai)(zai)龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)煉(lian)(lian)丹修道講課時(shi)間(jian)長達30余年,這段(duan)不(bu)算(suan)短的日子(zi),是他(ta)煉(lian)(lian)丹學道的主(zhu)要時(shi)期。如今(jin)“煉(lian)(lian)丹池”、“濯鼎(ding)池”、“習升臺”、“天(tian)師(shi)草(cao)堂(tang)”等(deng)遺(yi)址(zhi)仍在(zai)(zai),壁(bi)魯(lu)洞(dong)中的石(shi)灶石(shi)床石(shi)幾(ji)俱存,多種史籍均有記(ji)載,多處遺(yi)址(zhi)歷歷可(ke)(ke)考。正如葛(ge)洪(hong)在(zai)(zai)《神仙傳(chuan)》中所述:“陵初入龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)(shan)(shan),合丹斗劑,雖未沖舉(ju),已(yi)成地仙。”可(ke)(ke)見(jian)他(ta)那時(shi)的道學功底已(yi)經相當深厚了。

張道(dao)陵第(di)二次攜弟子王長嵩山(shan)(shan)(shan)人(ren)巴(ba)蜀(shu)已過九十高齡。為什么耄耋(die)之年還要(yao)入蜀(shu),一(yi)是“聞蜀(shu)人(ren)多純厚(hou),易于(yu)(yu)激(ji)化(hua),且(qie)多名山(shan)(shan)(shan)”,對創(chuang)教有利(li);二是“聞巴(ba)蜀(shu)疹氣危害人(ren)體,百姓(xing)為病疫災(zai)厄(e)所困”,他(ta)要(yao)繼續用(yong)符、丹為人(ren)治病,佐(zuo)國佑(you)民。入川(chuan)后,他(ta)先居(ju)陽平山(shan)(shan)(shan),后住鶴鳴(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan),還到(dao)了(le)西城山(shan)(shan)(shan)、葛潰山(shan)(shan)(shan)、秦(qin)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、昌利(li)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、涌泉(quan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、真(zhen)都山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北平山(shan)(shan)(shan)、青(qing)城山(shan)(shan)(shan),精思煉志,著作道(dao)書24篇(pian),足跡遍及巴(ba)蜀(shu)、陜西等(deng)(deng)地。他(ta)收徒設(she)教,建立道(dao)教基(ji)層組織(zhi),凡(fan)入道(dao)者須出信米五斗(漢(han)時一(yi)斗等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)當代(dai)二升,五斗即等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)2014年一(yi)斗),“付天倉”以備(bei)饑荒(huang)和作“義舍”之用(yong)。

順帝漢(han)安(an)元年(nian)(nian)(公元142年(nian)(nian),時(shi)(shi)張陵109歲),五月(yue)(yue)一(yi)日(ri),“太上親(qin)降”,授以三(san)天(tian)(tian)(tian)正(zheng)(zheng)法,命陵為(wei)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)”,又授正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)科術(shu)要(yao)道法文。其(qi)年(nian)(nian)七月(yue)(yue)七日(ri),又授(陵)《正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)盟威(wei)妙經(jing)》,重為(wei)“三(san)天(tian)(tian)(tian)法師(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)真人”。“漢(han)安(an)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(公元143年(nian)(nian)),太上以漢(han)安(an)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)七日(ri)申時(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)十(shi)四(si)治,付天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)張陵奉(feng)行布化(hua)。”按《正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)經(jing)》云(yun):“太上親(qin)授天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)《太玄經(jing)》有二(er)(er)百七十(shi)卷(juan),推檢是漢(han)安(an)元年(nian)(nian)七月(yue)(yue)得是經(jing)。”自此功(gong)成道著分領二(er)(er)十(shi)四(si)治,第子戶至數萬,道教(jiao)遂(sui)大行于(yu)巴蜀一(yi)帶。東漢(han)恒帝永(yong)壽二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(公元156年(nian)(nian)),張陵123歲,是年(nian)(nian)九月(yue)(yue)九日(ri),將諸秘錄、斬邪二(er)(er)劍、玉冊、玉印授長(chang)子衡,乃與夫人雍氏(shi)登云(yun)臺峰,白日(ri)升化(hua)。

自“祖天(tian)師正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)”創(chuang)立(li)以(yi)來,歷為(wei)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)所(suo)尊,認為(wei)它是正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)盟威之道(dao)(dao),是伐(fa)誅(zhu)邪偽、整(zheng)理(li)鬼(gui)氣、統承三天(tian)、佐(zuo)國(guo)佑民、新(xin)出治世(shi)的(de)真(zhen)道(dao)(dao),即真(zhen)一(yi)無二(er)的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)。時人(ren)尊張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵為(wei)人(ren)天(tian)之師,又稱(cheng)天(tian)師道(dao)(dao)。宋元(yuan)以(yi)來,三山符(fu)錄統歸龍虎山,遂統稱(cheng)為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao),以(yi)區(qu)別金元(yuan)之際(ji)在北方興起的(de)全真(zhen)道(dao)(dao)。 關于張(zhang)陵創(chuang)立(li)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)過程,《道(dao)(dao)藏(zang)》多處(chu)記載,葛洪在其所(suo)著(zhu)《神仙傳》中(zhong)說: “......聞蜀(shu)人(ren)多純厚,易可教(jiao)(jiao)化,且多名山。乃(nai)(nai)與弟(di)子入蜀(shu),住鶴鳴山,著(zhu)作道(dao)(dao)書二(er)十四篇,乃(nai)(nai)精思煉志。忽(hu)有天(tian)人(ren)下降,千乘馬騎,金車(che)羽蓋,驂龍駕虎,不(bu)可勝(sheng)數。或自稱(cheng)柱下史,或稱(cheng)東海小童,乃(nai)(nai)授陵以(yi)新(xin)出正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)盟威之道(dao)(dao)。陵受之,能治病,于是百姓翕然,奉事之以(yi)為(wei)師。弟(di)子戶(hu)至數萬(wan),即立(li)祭酒,分領其戶(hu),有如長官......”。

其他信息

主要事件

斗法

傳說東漢順帝(di)年(nian)間某夜,太上(shang)老(lao)君(jun)降臨在(zai)(zai)他(ta)住(zhu)的(de)(de)地方,授給他(ta)雌(ci)雄劍和(he)許多(duo)符(fu)箓,要(yao)他(ta)誅(zhu)滅(mie)橫行四川的(de)(de)六大魔王(wang)、八(ba)大鬼帥。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵精修千日(ri),煉(lian)成了種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)降魔的(de)(de)法術。不久八(ba)部鬼帥各領鬼兵共億萬數為(wei)害人間,他(ta)們(men)帶來各種(zhong)(zhong)瘟(wen)疫疾(ji)病、殘害眾(zhong)生(sheng)。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵于(yu)是在(zai)(zai)青城(cheng)山上(shang)設下道壇(tan),鳴鐘扣罄,呼(hu)風喚雨指揮神兵和(he)這些惡鬼大戰。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵站立(li)在(zai)(zai)琉璃(li)座上(shang),任何(he)刀箭一(yi)(yi)接(jie)近他(ta)就立(li)刻變成了蓮花(hua)。鬼眾(zhong)又(you)放火(huo)來燒,真人用手一(yi)(yi)指,火(huo)焰(yan)又(you)燒了回(hui)去(qu)。鬼帥一(yi)(yi)怒又(you)招(zhao)來千軍萬馬重重包(bao)圍,不料(liao)真人用丹(dan)筆(bi)一(yi)(yi)畫(hua),所有(you)鬼兵和(he)八(ba)大鬼士都紛(fen)紛(fen)叩頭(tou)求饒(rao)。但(dan)是他(ta)們(men)口(kou)服心(xin)不服,回(hui)去(qu)后又(you)請來六大魔王(wang),率領鬼兵百萬圍攻(gong)青城(cheng)山。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵神閑氣定,不為(wei)所動(dong),他(ta)只用丹(dan)筆(bi)輕輕一(yi)(yi)畫(hua),所有(you)的(de)(de)鬼都死光了,只剩下六大魔王(wang)倒在(zai)(zai)地上(shang)爬不起(qi)來,只好叩頭(tou)求饒(rao)。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵再用大筆(bi)一(yi)(yi)揮,一(yi)(yi)座山分(fen)成兩半(ban)把六個魔王(wang)困在(zai)(zai)里面,動(dong)彈(dan)不得(de)。于(yu)是魔王(wang)只得(de)答(da)應永世不再為(wei)害人間。

羽化

東漢桓帝永壽元(yuan)年九月(yue)九日,在(zai)四川云臺山(今蒼溪縣云峰鎮境(jing)內)中,玉皇大帝派遣使者持玉冊,封張道(dao)(dao)陵為正一真人(ren),他(ta)在(zai)逝世前授(shou)給長子衡斬(zhan)邪(xie)二劍,叫他(ta)要驅邪(xie)誅妖,佐(zuo)國(guo)安民,世世由一個(ge)子嗣來繼(ji)承他(ta)教(jiao)主的地位。囑咐完畢,張道(dao)(dao)陵就和弟(di)子王長、趙升三人(ren)一起升天(tian)而去,而他(ta)所創立的天(tian)師道(dao)(dao)一直(zhi)在(zai)民間(jian)傳到(dao)今天(tian)。

靈(ling)臺(tai)(tai)山(shan),位于四川彰(zhang)(zhang)明(ming)縣(xian)(xian)(今(jin)江(jiang)油市)境內(nei)。東漢(han)(han)時期,張道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)在川西、川北和漢(han)(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地區設道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)場(chang)或教會,共二(er)十四治(zhi)(zhi)(后來與(yu)二(er)十八(ba)(ba)宿合并增加(jia)到二(er)十八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)(zhi))。漢(han)(han)安二(er)年天師張道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)設立的二(er)十四治(zhi)(zhi),分上品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)、下品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)臺(tai)(tai)山(shan)是下品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)的第一治(zhi)(zhi)(《云(yun)笈(ji)七簽》卷(juan)廿(nian)八(ba)(ba)《廿(nian)四治(zhi)(zhi)》)。《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的《珠(zhu)囊》引(yin)《二(er)十四治(zhi)(zhi)圖》、《七簽·蜀(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)廣(guang)記》引(yin)《二(er)十四治(zhi)(zhi)圖》、《洞天福(fu)地岳瀆名(ming)山(shan)記》、《天師治(zhi)(zhi)儀》以(yi)及清(qing)人彭定求的《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)藏精(jing)要》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),均說靈(ling)山(shan)治(zhi)(zhi)巴西彰(zhang)(zhang)明(ming)縣(xian)(xian)。《太(tai)平(ping)寰宇記》卷(juan)八(ba)(ba)十三記載,“彰(zhang)(zhang)明(ming)縣(xian)(xian)……靈(ling)臺(tai)(tai)山(shan)在縣(xian)(xian)北,一名(ming)天柱山(shan),高(gao)四百丈(zhang)(zhang),漢(han)(han)張道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)昇(sheng)仙之所。又(you)《郡國志(zhi)》云(yun):‘靈(ling)臺(tai)(tai)山(shan)天柱巖(yan)下有一桃(tao)樹,高(gao)五丈(zhang)(zhang),外皮似松,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)與(yu)王長、趙昇(sheng)試法(fa)於此(ci)。’四百馀年,桃(tao)迄今(jin)未朽,小碑記之。”

辭(ci)州令北邙修道(dao)張(zhang)陵(ling),道(dao)教(jiao)稱張(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling),字輔漢(han),沛國豐(feng)邑(今江蘇豐(feng)縣)人。生于東漢(han)光武帝(di)十(shi)(shi)年(公元(yuan)34年)正月(yue)十(shi)(shi)五日晚上。他的祖(zu)先(xian)為“漢(han)初三杰”之一(yi)的留侯(hou)張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)。張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)輔佐(zuo)劉邦打(da)天下(xia),建立了兩漢(han)王朝,被(bei)封為“留侯(hou)”。而張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)(liang)功成身退(tui),飄然而去(qu),隨赤(chi)松子學辟谷(gu),導引輕身之術。

張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)父(fu)親叫張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)大順,也(ye)好(hao)神(shen)仙之(zhi)術,自稱(cheng)(cheng)“桐柏(bo)真人(ren)(ren)(ren)”,所(suo)(suo)以(yi),生(sheng)下(xia)(xia)兒子,即取名為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”,希(xi)望將來(lai)能(neng)(neng)追隨先(xian)(xian)祖,遠離塵(chen)世(shi)(shi),登陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)成仙。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)自幼聰慧(hui),七(qi)歲(sui)(sui)時,開(kai)始(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)儒家“五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”,以(yi)后(hou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi)到(dao)社會(hui)(hui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天文、地理(li)一(yi)(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)刻苦(ku)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)(xi),立(li)志(zhi)做官(guan),并(bing)想輔佐(zuo)漢(han)(han)室,榮(rong)宗耀(yao)祖。志(zhi)向和毅力鼓(gu)舞著他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),最后(hou),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)進(jin)入了(le)全(quan)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高等(deng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)府(fu)——洛陽太(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),在這里他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)博通(tong)五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),成了(le)一(yi)(yi)名飽學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)士(shi)(shi)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)太(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)畢業(ye)后(hou),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)想跟(gen)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老師(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)樣來(lai)授徒(tu)講(jiang)經(jing)(jing)(jing),一(yi)(yi)舉成名。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)先(xian)(xian)后(hou)到(dao)南方天目(mu)山(shan)(shan)南的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)仙觀和西(xi)北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)仙觀,設立(li)講(jiang)堂,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)。數年(nian)(nian)間(jian),學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)有千(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)多(duo),鄉人(ren)(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)(cheng)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“大儒”,名傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)一(yi)(yi)方。漢(han)(han)明(ming)帝(di)(di)(di)永平(ping)二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)59年(nian)(nian)),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)二十五(wu)歲(sui)(sui),被郡守以(yi)“賢(xian)良”推薦到(dao)朝(chao)廷(ting),后(hou)來(lai),到(dao)洛陽經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)考核,一(yi)(yi)舉中(zhong)了(le)“賢(xian)良方正(zheng)極(ji)言直(zhi)(zhi)諫科”,被朝(chao)廷(ting)授予(yu)巴郡江州(今(jin)重慶市)令。在江州令任上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)看透(tou)了(le)地方強權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫行,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)官(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貪贓枉(wang)法(fa),老百姓(xing)食不(bu)(bu)(bu)果腹怨聲(sheng)載道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)又想到(dao)自己為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)介書生(sheng)、小小縣令,怎么也(ye)改變(bian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),倒不(bu)(bu)(bu)如效法(fa)先(xian)(xian)祖張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良,出離塵(chen)世(shi)(shi),善保自身,以(yi)圖(tu)延年(nian)(nian)益(yi)(yi)壽罷了(le)于是(shi)(shi),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)約在明(ming)帝(di)(di)(di)末(mo)年(nian)(nian),謝絕了(le)朝(chao)廷(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)再挽(wan)留,辭(ci)去(qu)江州令職,便(bian)北上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)洛陽,隱(yin)居北邙山(shan)(shan)中(zhong),潛心修(xiu)習(xi)(xi)黃老長生(sheng)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)研讀了(le)《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《河圖(tu)》、《洛書》以(yi)及(ji)(ji)讖緯(wei)之(zhi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。三年(nian)(nian)后(hou),得《黃帝(di)(di)(di)九鼎丹法(fa)》,相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)神(shen)獸白虎(hu)銜符而至其所(suo)(suo),其道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)術日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)益(yi)(yi)完善。 漢(han)(han)光武帝(di)(di)(di)由讖緯(wei)之(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)登上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)皇帝(di)(di)(di)寶(bao)座,晚年(nian)(nian),深信(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)疑,遂“宣布圖(tu)讖于天下(xia)(xia)”。漢(han)(han)明(ming)帝(di)(di)(di)繼位后(hou),秉承皇帝(di)(di)(di)遺旨,宣揚圖(tu)讖,又派(pai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)西(xi)天求法(fa),引佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)于中(zhong)國。漢(han)(han)章帝(di)(di)(di)建(jian)初五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)80年(nian)(nian)),在京城舉行了(le)白虎(hu)觀會(hui)(hui)議(yi),章帝(di)(di)(di)主(zhu)持以(yi)圖(tu)讖證(zheng)五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)以(yi)神(shen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)來(lai)講(jiang)五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),聽說(shuo)(shuo)北邙山(shan)(shan)有個(ge)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),便(bian)征召他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)博士(shi)(shi),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)無(wu)心輔佐(zuo)漢(han)(han)室,便(bian)避而不(bu)(bu)(bu)見。和帝(di)(di)(di)永元(yuan)(yuan)四年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)),朝(chao)廷(ting)又下(xia)(xia)詔(zhao)征張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)傅,封(feng)兾縣侯,但張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)卻視(shi)祿為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)糞(fen)土(tu),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)三詔(zhao)而不(bu)(bu)(bu)就。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)對來(lai)使說(shuo)(shuo):“人(ren)(ren)(ren)生(sheng)在世(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)百歲(sui)(sui),光陰荏苒,轉瞬便(bian)逝。父(fu)母隆恩(en),妻不(bu)(bu)(bu)厚愛,也(ye)隨時而消失。君(jun)臣之(zhi)恩(en),誰(shui)見長久(jiu)?請轉告圣上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),只要清(qing)靜寡欲,無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而治(zhi),天下(xia)(xia)自然大定(ding),我有何用?我志(zhi)在青(qing)山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)!”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)避開(kai)京都近(jin)郊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)俗務(wu)嘈雜和騷擾(rao),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)決心離開(kai)云(yun)游名山(shan)(shan)大川、訪求仙術去(qu)了(le)。鶴(he)鳴山(shan)(shan)創派(pai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)先(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)南游淮(huai)河,居桐柏(bo)太(tai)平(ping)山(shan)(shan),后(hou)與(yu)弟子王長一(yi)(yi)起(qi),渡江南下(xia)(xia),在江西(xi)貴(gui)溪縣云(yun)錦山(shan)(shan)住了(le)下(xia)(xia)來(lai)。這里山(shan)(shan)清(qing)水秀,景色清(qing)幽,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)古仙人(ren)(ren)(ren)棲息(xi)之(zhi)所(suo)(suo),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)就在山(shan)(shan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)結(jie)廬而居,并(bing)筑壇煉丹,經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)三年(nian)(nian)而九天神(shen)丹煉成;而龍(long)虎(hu)出現,所(suo)(suo)以(yi),此山(shan)(shan)又稱(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)。六十多(duo)歲(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),服下(xia)(xia)神(shen)丹,身體健如青(qing)壯年(nian)(nian),后(hou)又得秘書以(yi)及(ji)(ji)驅鬼之(zhi)術。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)廣傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)術,他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)離開(kai)龍(long)虎(hu)山(shan)(shan),又到(dao)蜀郡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鶴(he)鳴山(shan)(shan)去(qu)了(le)東漢(han)(han)順帝(di)(di)(di)漢(han)(han)安元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)142年(nian)(nian)),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)嚴密組織紀律(lv),加強對教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)仰宣傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。規定(ding)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)眾要信(xin)仰元(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)天尊和太(tai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)老君(jun),除(chu)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)五(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)、臘月(yue)(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)祭(ji)祀祖先(xian)(xian),二月(yue)(yue)(yue)八日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)祭(ji)灶神(shen)外,不(bu)(bu)(bu)準祭(ji)其它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen),更不(bu)(bu)(bu)準胡亂行祭(ji)。另外,規定(ding)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)民內要慈(ci)孝,外要敬(jing)讓,不(bu)(bu)(bu)準興訟好(hao)斗(dou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)準欺詐世(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)規定(ding):天師(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)全(quan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)最高領導;初入道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民;能(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)徒(tu)和病人(ren)(ren)(ren)作祈禱儀式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士(shi)(shi);信(xin)仰確立(li)并(bing)能(neng)(neng)講(jiang)授《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德經(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祭(ji)酒。祭(ji)酒負(fu)責主(zhu)持一(yi)(yi)治(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各項教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)務(wu)工作,直(zhi)(zhi)屬天師(shi)(shi)領導,對天師(shi)(shi)負(fu)責。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)三會(hui)(hui)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)(hui):正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初七(qi);中(zhong)會(hui)(hui):七(qi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)七(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri);下(xia)(xia)會(hui)(hui):十月(yue)(yue)(yue)十五(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)。三會(hui)(hui)又叫三元(yuan)(yuan)),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)民齊(qi)集(ji)治(zhi)所(suo)(suo),聽侯祭(ji)酒訓導檢查,聆聽教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)科律(lv)。由于傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)紀律(lv)嚴密,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)風正(zheng)派(pai),所(suo)(suo)以(yi)很快得到(dao)普(pu)及(ji)(ji)。

據(ju)傳(chuan)(chuan),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)有弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi)三千(qian)人(ren),真正得其傳(chuan)(chuan)的只有三人(ren):一(yi)(yi)為王長(chang),一(yi)(yi)為趙升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),一(yi)(yi)為其子(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡。王長(chang)長(chang)期(qi)跟(gen)隨師(shi)(shi)傅,擅長(chang)天文之(zhi)(zhi)學,精通黃老之(zhi)(zhi)術,深(shen)得張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)賞識。而趙升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)得師(shi)(shi)傅道(dao)(dao)法,卻(que)有一(yi)(yi)段來(lai)歷:張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天師(shi)(shi)在(zai)鶴鳴(ming)山煉(lian)丹已成(cheng),并服了(le)(le)半劑丹藥,成(cheng)為“地仙”之(zhi)(zhi)后,他(ta)看到身邊(bian)弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi),多為俗態未除(chu),不足以附托宣教任務,將(jiang)九鼎大要(yao),留得奇(qi)人(ren)。后來(lai),有一(yi)(yi)年上(shang)令之(zhi)(zhi)日,從東方來(lai)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)位冰(bing)胎玉質(zhi)、道(dao)(dao)貌安然(ran)的青年,名叫趙升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),天師(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)眼看出定是奇(qi)人(ren),欲收為弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi)。為了(le)(le)考查(cha)趙升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的道(dao)(dao)心(xin)程度,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)曾(ceng)七度驗試(shi),結果,發現他(ta)拒絕(jue)財色,忍辱負(fu)重,憐憫天下(xia)窮(qiong)人(ren),恪守(shou)正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)規,稱得上(shang)滿意(yi)。七試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)后的一(yi)(yi)天,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)帶領眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi),登上(shang)云臺峰絕(jue)崖,崖下(xia)一(yi)(yi)棵(ke)桃樹(shu),紅色果實累(lei)(lei)累(lei)(lei)。大家見了(le)(le),莫不心(xin)動,但(dan)要(yao)想獲取,卻(que)又退縮三分,天師(shi)(shi)見此情狀,二話沒說,欲縱躍(yue)崖下(xia)采(cai)摘大桃,眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi)一(yi)(yi)擁而上(shang),攔(lan)住(zhu)師(shi)(shi)傅,只有王長(chang)、趙升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)二弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi),木然(ran)不動,黙(mo)然(ran)不語。誰知眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi)未阻攔(lan)住(zhu),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天師(shi)(shi)分開眾(zhong)人(ren),朝桃樹(shu)方向一(yi)(yi)躍(yue)而下(xia),眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)(di)子(zi)齊站崖邊(bian),俯身下(xia)瞰,卻(que)不見師(shi)(shi)傅蹤影(ying),一(yi)(yi)時驚駭悲(bei)啼,面(mian)面(mian)相覷,無奈之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),失望而歸。

傳承

張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)派(pai)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi),其繼(ji)承者為(wei)(wei)第二代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)衡(heng)(非科學家張(zhang)(zhang)衡(heng))張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵,在(zai)道(dao)教中被尊為(wei)(wei)祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)于(yu)是(shi)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),所以又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)位(wei)的繼(ji)承采用世(shi)(shi)襲嗣(si)教制度(du),祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)化去(qu)后(hou),由(you)(you)兒子張(zhang)(zhang)衡(heng)接任(ren),史稱(cheng)(cheng)嗣(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。衡(heng)化去(qu)后(hou),又(you)由(you)(you)子張(zhang)(zhang)魯(lu)接任(ren),是(shi)為(wei)(wei)系天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。到了第四代(dai)(dai)(dai)孫(sun)張(zhang)(zhang)盛時,回(hui)歸遷居江西鷹(ying)潭龍虎(hu)山,子孫(sun)世(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)其業,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般稱(cheng)(cheng)第幾代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。統稱(cheng)(cheng)張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。民國(guo)初(chu)期(qi),已傳(chuan)至(zhi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)三(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)恩(en)薄(bo)。到六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)三(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)以后(hou)由(you)(you)于(yu)歷(li)史原因無法認證下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi),使得張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)位(wei)停傳(chuan)。當(dang)初(chu)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)三(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)恩(en)薄(bo)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)追隨蔣介石(shi)離開大陸(解放時被北京(jing)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)牛鬼蛇神和大地主),逃(tao)亡臺灣。本(ben)來要傳(chuan)給長子,但(dan)長子青年夭亡。張(zhang)(zhang)家一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族有沒(mei)有選舉出新的人選,于(yu)是(shi)至(zhi)今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)位(wei)懸空(kong)未定(ding)。大陸內地道(dao)教方(fang)面則表示不(bu)承認任(ren)何六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)四代(dai)(dai)(dai)或六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。臺灣自稱(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)正統,基本(ben)只在(zai)張(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)先(當(dang)初(chu)在(zai)臺繼(ji)承六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)四代(dai)(dai)(dai),為(wei)(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)恩(en)薄(bo)老天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)的侄(zhi)子。已故)、張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)禎(zhen)(繼(ji)承了張(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)先的職(zhi)位(wei)。但(dan)不(bu)承認張(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)先為(wei)(wei)六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)四代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi),認為(wei)(wei)只是(shi)其代(dai)(dai)(dai)理)、張(zhang)(zhang)美良(六(liu)(liu)(liu)十(shi)(shi)三(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的幺(yao)子。聲稱(cheng)(cheng)張(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)先當(dang)初(chu)造假,按(an)遺囑自己才是(shi)真正人選),后(hou)面還有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群(qun)是(shi)不(bu)是(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)氏一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)族天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)裔(yi)都不(bu)確(que)定(ding)的跑出來說自己是(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)。各方(fang)各執一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)詞,真假莫辨。

自明清以(yi)來(lai)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)一脈竟是自傳,無(wu)帝王詔書認定,時至今日更無(wu)法傳承天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)之位,從六十三(san)代(dai)之后的延(yan)續情況來(lai)看,歷代(dai)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)血脈駁雜不輕可見一斑。

第(di)一(yi)、二、三、四代天師(shi)得太上老君道(dao)法親授全部成仙。

第五代(dai)張昭成119歲(sui)

第六代張樹(shu)100余歲

第七代 張回

第八(ba)代 張 迥 90歲

第九(jiu)代 張 符 93歲

第(di)十代 張(zhang)子祥(xiang) 120歲(sui)

十一代 張通 97歲

十(shi)二代 張 恒(heng) 98歲

十(shi)三代張光104歲(sui)

十四(si)代張(zhang)慈正(zheng)100余歲

十五代張(zhang)高(gao)93歲

十六(liu)代張應韶 不明

十七代(dai)張頤87歲

十(shi)八代張士(shi)元92歲(sui)

十九代張修85歲(sui)

二十代張諶100余歲

二十(shi)一(yi)代張秉一(yi)92歲

二(er)十二(er)代張善(shan)87歲

二十三(san)代(dai)張季文87歲

二十四代張正隨87歲

二十五(wu)代張乾曜85歲

二十六代張嗣宗(zong)81歲

二十(shi)七代張象中 不明

據張源(yuan)先說,“第1代天師(shi)張道(dao)陵是(shi)跟太上(shang)老(lao)君學道(dao),得天獨厚,道(dao)法(fa)高強。歷代天師(shi)所學,當然比不上(shang)第1代天師(shi)。"而(er)且很重要的原(yuan)因就是(shi)到了(le)宋代道(dao)家(jia)養生(sheng)功(gong)(gong)法(fa)改革,宋朝之前道(dao)教(jiao)所修功(gong)(gong)法(fa)多是(shi)從黃(huang)老(lao)列莊等道(dao)家(jia)諸子書中所體悟與發展,按教(jiao)法(fa)編書說這是(shi)太上(shang)法(fa)脈嫡傳(chuan)。

張氏天師現在著名(ming)后裔(yi):

張繼禹:“嗣漢天(tian)(tian)師”張道陵第(di)六(liu)十(shi)五(wu)代后裔,中國(guo)(guo)道教協(xie)會(hui)第(di)八(ba)屆(jie)副會(hui)長,第(di)十(shi)一屆(jie)全國(guo)(guo)人(ren)大(da)(da)常委會(hui)委員(yuan)。全國(guo)(guo)青聯副主席。西山萬(wan)壽(shou)宮主持。其祖父張祥之,為六(liu)十(shi)三代“天(tian)(tian)師”張恩溥之胞弟(排行老大(da)(da)),父張寶(bao)訓,業縫紉(ren)。

張金濤:天師府主持、全國人民代表大會(hui)代表、中國道教協(xie)會(hui)常(chang)務(wu)理事、 江西省道教協(xie)會(hui)常(chang)務(wu)副會(hui)長。

祖天師寶誥及注解

老(lao)祖(zu)天師寶誥(1)

志心皈命禮。

泰玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)上相,扶教三(san)天(tian)。(2)鶴鳴(ming)山上得真傳,龍(long)虎玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)壇留(liu)妙決。(3)三(san)洞(dong)法箓,諸品靈文。(4)一(yi)(yi)千(qian)二(er)百之官(guan)軍,匡(kuang)扶正教。(5)二(er)十四(si)品秘箓,普(pu)度(du)后人。(6)都功(gong)玉印,官(guan)服(fu)群履。(7)居都省(sheng)而常侍上帝,掌(zhang)三(san)界(jie)而度(du)下民。(8)雌雄(xiong)二(er)劍,誅(zhu)斬妖精。致雨作晴,轟雷掣(che)電。(9)如是立壇而布(bu)化,助(zhu)國興邦以安(an)民。(10) 功(gong)成(cheng)行滿,白日飛升。祖師(shi)(shi)三(san)天(tian)扶教。(11)輔玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)體(ti)道,大(da)法天(tian)師(shi)(shi)。祖一(yi)(yi)洞(dong)玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan),顯(xian)佑(you)真君。(12) 六合(he)無窮,高明上帝,大(da)圣降魔護道天(tian)尊。(13)

【注釋】:

(1)老祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)寶(bao)(bao)誥(gao):祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)(shi),為(wei)一(yi)代天(tian)師(shi)(shi)張道(dao)陵,又名張陵,字輔漢(han)。東漢(han)沛國豐邑人,漢(han)留(liu)候張子房之八世孫。生于東漢(han)光(guang)武帝建(jian)武十年(nian)(公元34年(nian)),祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)降生前(qian),其母夢(meng)魁星下降,感(gan)而受(shou)孕。少聰穎,七歲(sui)通讀《道(dao)德經》及河洛之書(shu)。后辭(ci)官修道(dao)。時巴蜀一(yi)帶,原有巴人信奉原始巫(wu)教(jiao),大規模的淫祀(si)害民。祀(si)奉鬼(gui)妖之法教(jiao)巫(wu)師(shi)(shi)聚眾斂財,無惡不作。張天(tian)師(shi)(shi)攜(xie)王(wang)長、趙升等弟子平定妖邪,斬(zhan)殺巫(wu)師(shi)(shi),后創立正(zheng)一(yi)盟威之道(dao),為(wei)道(dao)教(jiao)開山落(luo)地之教(jiao)主。此(ci)寶(bao)(bao)誥(gao)為(wei)正(zheng)一(yi)派老祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)寶(bao)(bao)誥(gao),區(qu)別于全真派。

(2)泰玄(xuan)(xuan)上相(xiang),扶教(jiao)(jiao)三(san)(san)天(tian)(tian)(tian):泰玄(xuan)(xuan),指(zhi)深奧玄(xuan)(xuan)妙(miao)的(de)道理。上相(xiang),對宰相(xiang)的(de)尊稱。扶教(jiao)(jiao),扶佐道教(jiao)(jiao)。三(san)(san)天(tian)(tian)(tian),指(zhi)三(san)(san)清(qing)天(tian)(tian)(tian),謂(wei)清(qing)微天(tian)(tian)(tian)、禹馀天(tian)(tian)(tian)、大赤天(tian)(tian)(tian)。

(3)鶴鳴山(shan)上(shang)得真傳,龍(long)虎(hu)玄(xuan)壇(tan)(tan)留(liu)妙決:太上(shang)老君于(yu)鶴鳴山(shan)下降,授予張道陵天(tian)師之位。漢順帝(di)永壽元年祖天(tian)師在鶴鳴山(shan)創建正一盟威道。祖天(tian)師曾于(yu)云錦(jin)山(shan)筑壇(tan)(tan)煉丹,三(san)年而丹成(cheng)龍(long)虎(hu)現,故云錦(jin)山(shan)又(you)稱龍(long)虎(hu)山(shan)。玄(xuan)壇(tan)(tan),護(hu)法之意。

(4)三(san)洞(dong)(dong)法(fa)(fa)箓(lu),諸品靈文:三(san)洞(dong)(dong),《洞(dong)(dong)真》、《洞(dong)(dong)玄》、《洞(dong)(dong)神(shen)》。法(fa)(fa)箓(lu),召將(jiang)施法(fa)(fa)之牒(die)文。

(5)一千二百(bai)之(zhi)官軍,匡扶正教:指祖(zu)天師拜領太上(shang)老(lao)君所(suo)授經文(wen)(wen)后(hou),日解秘(mi)文(wen)(wen),可召(zhao)集(ji)三萬(wan)六(liu)千之(zhi)神靈、一千二百(bai)之(zhi)官君,以(yi)供驅使。

(6)二十(shi)四(si)品(pin)秘箓,普度后人:即太上老君所授之《正一(yi)盟威(wei)二十(shi)四(si)品(pin)法箓》。

(7)都功(gong)(gong)玉(yu)印(yin),官服(fu)群(qun)履:為(wei)太上(shang)老君所授三五(wu)都功(gong)(gong)玉(yu)印(yin)等法器。官服(fu)群(qun)履,分別為(wei)平(ping)頂(ding)冠、八卦衣、方裙、朱履。以(yi)上(shang)二(er)句可見祖(zu)天師責(ze)任之重。

(8)居(ju)都(dou)省(sheng)而(er)常(chang)侍(shi)上(shang)帝,掌三界(jie)而(er)度下(xia)民:都(dou)省(sheng),天界(jie)官位。三界(jie),天界(jie)、地(di)界(jie)、人界(jie)。詞句喻意祖天師之職能。

(9)雌雄(xiong)二劍,誅斬妖精。致雨作晴,轟雷掣電:雌雄(xiong)二劍,太上(shang)老(lao)君所授。詞句描繪祖天師(shi)之法(fa)力之高。

(10)如是立壇而布化(hua),助國興邦以安民:此(ci)句(ju)喻意(yi)指祖(zu)天師立道教教化(hua)世人之盛德(de)。

(11)功成行滿,白日飛升。祖(zu)師(shi)三天(tian)扶教(jiao)(jiao):漢安元(yuan)年(nian)(公元(yuan)156年(nian)),同弟子王長、趙(zhao)升,于云臺山與夫人(ren)雍氏共白日飛升。唐禧宗中(zhong)和四年(nian)(公元(yuan)884年(nian)),封祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)為“三天(tian)扶教(jiao)(jiao)大法師(shi)”。

(12)輔玄體(ti)道,大(da)法天(tian)師。祖一洞玄,顯(xian)佑(you)真(zhen)君(jun):扶教,輔佐道教。玄,即(ji)道。體(ti)道,修道之過程也。南宋(song)理宗加封“三天(tian)扶教輔元大(da)法師,正一靖應顯(xian)佑(you)真(zhen)君(jun)”。

(13)六(liu)合(he)無窮(qiong),高明(ming)(ming)上(shang)(shang)帝(di),大(da)圣降(jiang)魔(mo)(mo)護(hu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)天(tian)尊(zun)。明(ming)(ming)崇(chong)禎皇帝(di)加贈祖天(tian)師為(wei)“六(liu)合(he)無窮(qiong)高明(ming)(ming)上(shang)(shang)帝(di)”。道(dao)(dao)(dao)教界稱(cheng)“大(da)圣降(jiang)魔(mo)(mo)護(hu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)天(tian)尊(zun)”。六(liu)合(he),上(shang)(shang)下和東西南北,泛指天(tian)地(di)宇宙。降(jiang)魔(mo)(mo),降(jiang)除妖(yao)魔(mo)(mo)。護(hu)道(dao)(dao)(dao),護(hu)衛道(dao)(dao)(dao)教,天(tian)尊(zun)。對(dui)得(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)神仙(xian)之尊(zun)稱(cheng)。

祖天師寶誥⑴

至心皈命禮。

本(ben)來(lai)南土,上(shang)溯蜀都(dou)⑵。先獲(huo)黃(huang)帝九鼎之丹(dan)書(shu)⑶,后(hou)侍老(lao)君兩(liang)度于玉局⑷。千(qian)軸得修真之要,一(yi)時成(cheng)(cheng)吐納(na)之功⑸。法(fa)箓全成(cheng)(cheng),受盟(meng)威品而結璘訣⑹。正邪(xie)兩(liang)辨,奪福(fu)庭(ting)治(zhi)而化(hua)咸泉⑺。德(de)就大(da)丹(dan),道齊七(qi)政⑻。大(da)悲大(da)愿,大(da)圣大(da)慈⑼。三天扶教,輔玄(xuan)體道⑽。大(da)法(fa)天師,雷(lei)霆都(dou)省⑾。泰(tai)玄(xuan)上(shang)相,都(dou)天大(da)法(fa)主⑿。正一(yi)沖玄(xuan)神(shen)化(hua)靜應顯佑真君⒀。六合無(wu)窮(qiong)高明大(da)帝,降魔護道天尊⒁。

【注釋】:

⑴祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)寶誥(gao):祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi),即第一(yi)代(dai)天(tian)師(shi)張道(dao)陵。東漢(han)沛國豐(feng)邑(yi)(今(jin)江(jiang)(jiang)蘇豐(feng)縣)人,漢(han)留候子(zi)(zi)房八世孫。建武(wu)十(shi)年正月(yue)十(shi)五夜,生于(yu)(yu)吳(wu)之(zhi)天(tian)目山(shan)。少通老子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)學,曾官至(zhi)巴郡江(jiang)(jiang)州令(ling)(今(jin)重慶),后棄官歸隱,立志修道(dao),與弟子(zi)(zi)王長從淮入江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)鄱陽,溯流至(zhi)云錦山(shan)(今(jin)龍虎山(shan)),煉九(jiu)天(tian)神丹,三(san)年丹成而龍虎見(jian),山(shan)因(yin)以(yi)名。聞(wen)蜀中民風(feng)醇厚,易可教(jiao)化,入蜀居鶴鳴山(shan)修道(dao)。漢(han)安(an)元(yuan)年(142年)感太上(shang)授以(yi)正一(yi)盟威之(zhi)道(dao)或(huo)云三(san)天(tian)正法正一(yi)科術要道(dao)法文(wen),創立了道(dao)教(jiao)。道(dao)門(men)尊為(wei)祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)。寶誥(gao),誥(gao)即誥(gao)詞,一(yi)種文(wen)體。多用于(yu)(yu)褒揚。

⑵本來南(nan)(nan)土(tu),上(shang)溯(su)蜀(shu)(shu)都:南(nan)(nan)土(tu),南(nan)(nan)方土(tu)地。祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師張道(dao)陵為東漢沛國(guo)豐邑(yi)(今(jin)江蘇(su)豐縣(xian))人,生于(yu)吳(wu)之天(tian)(tian)目(mu)山。故稱之為“本來南(nan)(nan)土(tu)”。蜀(shu)(shu)都,古(gu)蜀(shu)(shu)國(guo)地,戰國(guo)秦置。治成都(今(jin)屬四川(chuan))。西(xi)漢轄境相當(dang)今(jin)四川(chuan)松潘以(yi)南(nan)(nan),南(nan)(nan)川(chuan)、彭(peng)縣(xian)、洪(hong)雅以(yi)西(xi),峨邊、石棉以(yi)北(bei),邛崍山、大(da)渡河以(yi)東等地。今(jin)泛(fan)指(zhi)四川(chuan)。祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師曾隱居四川(chuan)鶴鳴山修道(dao)并創立道(dao)教(jiao),故言(yan)道(dao)教(jiao)之根源上(shang)溯(su)蜀(shu)(shu)都。

⑶先獲(huo)黃帝(di)(di)九鼎(ding)之丹(dan)(dan)(dan)書(shu):東(dong)漢和帝(di)(di)永二年(90年),祖天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張(zhang)道陵攜(xie)弟子王長(chang)從淮入江西鄱陽(yang),登東(dong)平雩于峰。溯(su)信江入貴溪云(yun)錦(jin)山(shan)。在山(shan)煉“九天(tian)(tian)神丹(dan)(dan)(dan)”,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)成而龍虎現。一天(tian)(tian),張(zhang)道陵謂王長(chang)曰:五(wu)岳多(duo)仙于,三蜀足名山(shan),吾將能(neng)偕(xie)游(you)乎?遂與(yu)北入嵩(song)山(shan),崖嶺石(shi)居數年,精(jing)思感徹,有(you)繡衣使者告曰:中峰石(shi)室藏(zang)有(you)《上(shang)三皇(huang)內文》和《黃帝(di)(di)九鼎(ding)太清丹(dan)(dan)(dan)經》,得而修(xiu)之者可升天(tian)(tian)也,真(zhen)人感其言,乃齋戒七日,人其室,果得丹(dan)(dan)(dan)書(shu)。此即為(wei)《黃帝(di)(di)九鼎(ding)之丹(dan)(dan)(dan)書(shu)》。

⑷后(hou)侍(shi)老君(jun)(jun)兩(liang)(liang)度于玉(yu)局(ju):侍(shi),侍(shi)立。指站在尊長的旁邊。老君(jun)(jun),太上(shang)老君(jun)(jun)。兩(liang)(liang)度,兩(liang)(liang)次。玉(yu)局(ju),即(ji)玉(yu)局(ju)治(zhi)。為二(er)十(shi)四治(zhi)中(zhong)“下(xia)品人治(zhi)”之第(di)七(qi)治(zhi)。在成都南門左。局(ju)是古(gu)代的“矮腳幾(ji)”(后(hou)人又稱(cheng)(cheng)“局(ju)腳玉(yu)床(chuang)”)古(gu)人席(xi)地(di)而(er)(er)坐,置幾(ji)于前(qian),作講(jiang)經(jing)等用。《彭乘記》稱(cheng)(cheng):“后(hou)漢永(yong)壽元年,李(li)老君(jun)(jun)與張(zhang)道(dao)陵至(zhi)此,有局(ju)腳玉(yu)床(chuang)自地(di)而(er)(er)出,老君(jun)(jun)升座(zuo)。為張(zhang)道(dao)陵說《南斗(dou)(dou)經(jing)》北(bei)斗(dou)(dou)經(jing)》,既(ji)去而(er)(er)座(zuo)隱地(di)中(zhong),因成洞穴(xue),故以玉(yu)局(ju)名之。”此句言太上(shang)老君(jun)(jun)兩(liang)(liang)次降壇為張(zhang)道(dao)陵講(jiang)經(jing)說法事。

⑸千(qian)軸得修(xiu)(xiu)真之(zhi)(zhi)要,一時成(cheng)吐(tu)納(na)(na)之(zhi)(zhi)功:千(qian)軸,指(zhi)上(shang)文太(tai)上(shang)老(lao)君所(suo)降賜之(zhi)(zhi)經書。修(xiu)(xiu)真,即(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)道。吐(tu)納(na)(na),即(ji)吐(tu)故(gu)納(na)(na)新(xin)。為(wei)道門修(xiu)(xiu)煉(lian)養(yang)生(sheng)法。即(ji)把胸中濁氣(qi)(qi)從(cong)口中呼出,再由(you)鼻漫(man)漫(man)吸進新(xin)鮮空氣(qi)(qi)。認為(wei)吐(tu)納(na)(na)可吸取生(sheng)氣(qi)(qi),吐(tu)出死氣(qi)(qi)。達到長生(sheng)不死。此指(zhi)祖天師獲《黃帝九鼎之(zhi)(zhi)丹書》和(he)太(tai)上(shang)老(lao)君降賜之(zhi)(zhi)經書后,由(you)此而悟得修(xiu)(xiu)真之(zhi)(zhi)要,并煉(lian)成(cheng)了吐(tu)納(na)(na)之(zhi)(zhi)功法。

⑹法(fa)(fa)(fa)箓全成,受(shou)盟(meng)威(wei)(wei)品而結(jie)璘訣(jue):法(fa)(fa)(fa),指(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。宋白玉(yu)蟾《道(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)九要(yao)》稱(cheng):“夫法(fa)(fa)(fa)者,洞曉陰陽(yang)造化,明(ming)達(da)鬼神(shen)機關,呼風召(zhao)雷,祈晴請雨(yu),行(xing)(xing)符(fu)咒水,治病驅邪(xie),積行(xing)(xing)累功,與(yu)道(dao)合真。”箓,又(you)稱(cheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)箓,寶(bao)箓。是一種道(dao)教符(fu)書,作為入(ru)道(dao)憑信與(yu)行(xing)(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)依據。道(dao)經稱(cheng),得其箓者,方能召(zhao)喚箓上(shang)神(shen)吏兵將護衛身形,或役之(zhi)施行(xing)(xing)道(dao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。同時,它(ta)對受(shou)箓者也是一種約束(shu),故稱(cheng)“箓者,戒性情,止塞(sai)愆(qian)非(fei)。制斷惡根(gen),發生道(dao)業。從凡入(ru)圣(sheng),自始及終,先從戒箓,然(ran)后登真。”盟(meng)威(wei)(wei)品,即正一盟(meng)威(wei)(wei)箓,此(ci)箓由老君(jun)降授,祖天(tian)師張道(dao)陵而傳世。《赤松子章歷》稱(cheng):“謹按太(tai)真科及赤松子歷,漢代人(ren)鬼交雜,精邪(xie)遍行(xing)(xing),太(tai)上(shang)垂慈。下(xia)降鶴(he)鳴山,授張天(tian)師正一盟(meng)威(wei)(wei)符(fu)箓一百(bai)二(er)十階,及千二(er)百(bai)官儀,二(er)百(bai)大章,法(fa)(fa)(fa)文秘要(yao),救治人(ren)物(wu)。天(tian)師遂(sui)建二(er)十四(si)治,敷(fu)行(xing)(xing)正一章符(fu),領戶(hu)化民,廣行(xing)(xing)陰德。”璘訣(jue),指(zhi)(zhi)盟(meng)威(wei)(wei)箓中秘訣(jue)。

⑺正(zheng)邪兩辨,奪(duo)福庭(ting)治(zhi)(zhi)而化(hua)(hua)咸(xian)泉:正(zheng)邪兩辨,言太上老君(jun)授祖天師正(zheng)一盟(meng)威之道,禁戒律(lv)科。檢示萬民逆順(shun)、禍福功過,令知好惡之事,奪(duo),同“得”。福庭(ting)治(zhi)(zhi),福庭(ting)即教(jiao)(jiao)廷。指(zhi)陽平(ping)治(zhi)(zhi)。祖天師立二十四(si)治(zhi)(zhi)中,以陽平(ping)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)中央教(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)。其“陽平(ping)治(zhi)(zhi)都功印”是太上老君(jun)所授天師道最高法印。陽平(ping)治(zhi)(zhi)的教(jiao)(jiao)令各治(zhi)(zhi)皆應(ying)遵守。咸(xian)泉,咸(xian)即感,感為(wei)感應(ying)。泉為(wei)泉水。喻指(zhi)祖天師立道教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)(hua)世(shi)人(ren)的盛德。

⑻德(de)(de)就(jiu)大丹(dan),道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)齊(qi)七政(zheng):德(de)(de)就(jiu)大丹(dan),指祖(zu)(zu)天(tian)師煉(lian)丹(dan)功(gong)德(de)(de)圓滿時龍虎(hu)見(jian)之事。漢永元初年(nian),祖(zu)(zu)天(tian)師攜弟(di)子王(wang)長至云錦山(shan)(shan)(今龍虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)),修煉(lian)九天(tian)神丹(dan),一(yi)(yi)年(nian)有(you)紅(hong)光照室(shi);二年(nian)有(you)五云覆鼎,夜不(bu)假(jia)燭,仿佛有(you)青龍白(bai)虎(hu)各一(yi)(yi)常繞丹(dan)鼎;三年(nian)丹(dan)成龍虎(hu)見(jian),山(shan)(shan)因以名。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)齊(qi)七政(zheng),七政(zheng)指日(ri)、月和金、木、水、火、土(tu)五星,即(ji)七曜。此(ci)言祖(zu)(zu)天(tian)師的道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)與日(ri)月五星并駕(jia)齊(qi)驅。可(ke)見(jian)其道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)之高。

⑼大(da)悲(bei)大(da)愿(yuan),大(da)圣大(da)慈(ci)(ci):大(da)悲(bei),指(zhi)悲(bei)憫(min)世人。大(da)愿(yuan),濟(ji)度眾生(sheng)的宏愿(yuan)。大(da)圣,智慧(hui)超(chao)凡、通真達靈(ling)。大(da)慈(ci)(ci),慈(ci)(ci)祥呵護眾生(sheng)。此(ci)贊祖天師之盛德(de)。

⑽三(san)(san)天(tian)(tian)扶教(jiao),輔玄體道:三(san)(san)天(tian)(tian),謂清(qing)微(wei)天(tian)(tian)、禹馀天(tian)(tian)、大(da)赤天(tian)(tian)。此(ci)引指三(san)(san)清(qing)尊神。扶教(jiao),扶助道教(jiao)。玄,即(ji)道。體道,即(ji)得道。

⑾大(da)法天(tian)(tian)師(shi),雷(lei)霆都省:大(da)法天(tian)(tian)師(shi),為祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)尊號(hao)。雷(lei)霆,天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)號(hao)令。都省,仙(xian)界官位(wei)。此指祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)代天(tian)(tian)行發號(hao)令。可見(jian)其權位(wei)之(zhi)高。

⑿泰(tai)玄(xuan)上(shang)相,都(dou)天(tian)大法主:此為祖天(tian)師張道陵仙界(jie)尊號。

⒀正一(yi)沖玄神化靜(jing)應顯佑真君:此為元成宗對祖天師的封號(hao)。

⒁六合無(wu)窮(qiong)高(gao)明(ming)大帝,降魔護道(dao)(dao)天尊(zun):六合無(wu)窮(qiong)高(gao)明(ming)大帝,為明(ming)崇禎皇帝加封祖天師之號。降魔,即(ji)降除妖魔。護道(dao)(dao),護衛道(dao)(dao)教,天尊(zun)。對(dui)得道(dao)(dao)神仙(xian)的尊(zun)稱。此(ci)對(dui)祖天師張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵盛德(de)的頌贊(zan)。

歷史遺存

豐(feng)縣(xian)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)傳說分布(bu)區域豐(feng)縣(xian)、蘇魯(lu)豫皖(wan)接壤地區、龍虎山(shan)(shan)、云(yun)(yun)臺山(shan)(shan)、青城山(shan)(shan)等道(dao)(dao)(dao)教名(ming)山(shan)(shan)及日本、法(fa)(fa)國(guo)、美國(guo)、加(jia)拿大(da)、澳大(da)利亞、馬來西亞、新加(jia)坡。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)原名(ming)張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling),字輔漢(han)。生(sheng)(sheng)于豐(feng)縣(xian)阿(a)房村(今(jin)江蘇徐州(zhou)豐(feng)縣(xian)),是五(wu)(wu)斗米道(dao)(dao)(dao)的創始(shi)人(ren),被尊為(wei)(wei)第一(yi)代天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)。通(tong)達(da)五(wu)(wu)經,曾入(ru)(ru)太(tai)(tai)學,舉“賢良(liang)方(fang)正直言極(ji)諫科”,任巴(ba)郡江州(zhou)(今(jin)重(zhong)慶(qing)) 令。后(hou)棄官(guan)隱居(ju)北邙山(shan)(shan)(今(jin)洛陽北)。漢(han)章帝、漢(han)和(he)帝征(zheng)召皆不就。與(yu)(yu)弟(di)子王長杖策(ce)入(ru)(ru)淮,經 鄱陽(今(jin)波陽),溯(su)流(liu)至云(yun)(yun)錦山(shan)(shan)(今(jin)貴(gui)溪(xi)龍虎山(shan)(shan))煉丹(dan),修(xiu)長生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),三年丹(dan)成。聞(wen)巴(ba)蜀診氣為(wei)(wei)害,遂與(yu)(yu)弟(di)子赴四(si)川鶴鳴山(shan)(shan)(一(yi)作鴿鳴山(shan)(shan),今(jin)四(si)川大(da)邑縣(xian)境)傳道(dao)(dao)(dao)。張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)永和(he)六(liu)年(141年)造作道(dao)(dao)(dao)書(shu)二(er)(er)十四(si)篇,自稱(cheng)“太(tai)(tai)清玄元(yuan)(yuan)”,奉其道(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe),須納(na)五(wu)(wu)斗米,時稱(cheng)“五(wu)(wu)斗米道(dao)(dao)(dao)”。漢(han)安帝元(yuan)(yuan)年(142年)張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)托言太(tai)(tai)上(shang)老君親降,授(shou)(shou)“三天(tian)(tian)正法(fa)(fa)”,命為(wei)(wei)“天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)”。同年又授(shou)(shou)“正一(yi)科術要道(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)文”,“正一(yi)盟(meng)威妙經”,重(zhong)為(wei)(wei)“三天(tian)(tian)法(fa)(fa)師(shi)(shi)正一(yi)真人(ren)”。又托言太(tai)(tai)上(shang)老君于漢(han)安帝二(er)(er)年下二(er)(er)十四(si)治(zhi)(布(bu)化行道(dao)(dao)(dao)的地區機構):上(shang)八治(zhi),中(zhong)八治(zhi),下八治(zhi),囑天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)奉行布(bu)化。按《正一(yi)經》云(yun)(yun):“太(tai)(tai)上(shang)親授(shou)(shou)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)《太(tai)(tai)玄經》有二(er)(er)百(bai)七十卷(juan),推檢(jian)是漢(han)安元(yuan)(yuan)年七月得是經。”張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)以符水(shui)、咒法(fa)(fa)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)治(zhi)病。并授(shou)(shou)民取鹽(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa),后(hou)人(ren)稱(cheng)“陵(ling)井(jing)(jing)”(用咸井(jing)(jing)水(shui)熬鹽(yan)(yan))。百(bai)姓得其益,奉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi),弟(di)子戶達(da)數萬。進(jin)而設立(li)祭酒,分領其戶,有如宰守;并立(li)條制,使(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)弟(di)子隨事輪流(liu)出米絹器物(wu)樵薪等;不施(shi)刑罰,以善道(dao)(dao)(dao)治(zhi)人(ren)。使(shi)(shi)有疾病者(zhe)書(shu)記(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)身以來所犯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,手書(shu)投水(shui)中(zhong),與(yu)(yu)神明共盟(meng),不得復犯罪,以生(sheng)(sheng)死為(wei)(wei)約。張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)奉《老子五(wu)(wu)千

文》、《太平洞(dong)極經》為(wei)主要經典,并著《老子想爾注(zhu)》,宣(xuan)揚(yang)人君按“道意”治國(guo),則太平;循“道意”治民。民即(ji)壽考龍虎(hu)山以其道家祖庭、丹霞地貌、春秋戰國(guo)大型崖墓群珠壁聯合為(wei)特(te)色,在(zai)全國(guo)國(guo)家級風景(jing)名勝區中獨樹一幟。東漢中葉,道教創(chuang)始人張(zhang)道陵曾在(zai)此煉丹。張(zhang)天師(shi)至今承襲六十三代,歷經一千九百多年。張(zhang)道陵和弟(di)子王長一起修煉龍虎(hu)大丹,一年有紅光照室,兩年有青龍白虎(hu)來保護丹鼎,三年丹成,他(ta)更就成了(le)真人。

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