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張道陵
0 票數:0 #道士#
張道陵(34年2月22日—156年),字輔漢,原名陵,正一盟威道創始人,東漢豐縣(今江蘇徐州豐縣)人,被“授以三天正法,命為天師”,后世尊稱為“老祖天師”“正一真人”“三天扶教大法師”,著書有《老子想爾注》,弟子達3000多人,設立24治,奠基天師道。張道陵、葛玄、許遜、薩守堅合稱四大天師。
  • 中文名: 張道陵(ling)
  • 別號名稱: 祖天師,張天師
  • 出生日期: 34年(nian)02月22日(甲午年(nian))
  • 性別:
  • 民族: 漢族
  • 出生地: 沛國豐(feng)邑(今江蘇省徐州豐(feng)縣)
  • 去世日期: 156年(nian)(丙申年(nian))
  • 代表作品: 老子想爾注
  • 主要成就: 正一派創(chuang)始(shi)人
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人物簡介

張(zhang)道陵(ling)(34年2月22日—156年),字輔漢,原名陵(ling),正一盟威道創始人(ren),東漢豐縣(xian)(今江蘇徐州(zhou)豐縣(xian))人(ren)。

太上老君“授以三天正法,命為(wei)天師(shi)”,后(hou)世尊(zun)稱(cheng)為(wei)“老祖(zu)天師(shi)”、“正一真人(ren)”,"三天扶(fu)教大法師(shi)",高(gao)明上帝,張(zhang)天師(shi)。著作《老子想爾注》,弟子有3000多人(ren),設(she)立24治(zhi),奠(dian)基天師(shi)道。張(zhang)道陵、葛玄(xuan)、許遜(xun)、薩守堅合稱(cheng)四大天師(shi)。

張道陵(ling)創建天師道的(de)背景:當(dang)時在巴蜀一帶,原有巴人信奉原始巫(wu)教(jiao),大規模(mo)的(de)淫祀而(er)害民(min)。而(er)這些祀奉鬼妖(yao)(學名(ming)為:妖(yao)邪(xie))的(de)法(fa)教(jiao)巫(wu)師聚眾斂財,無惡(e)不作。

張(zhang)天(tian)師(shi)攜王長(chang)、趙(zhao)升二位弟子(zi)和黃帝九鼎丹經,來到(dao)北邙山修(xiu)行,平定了那些(xie)禍害百姓的(de)巫妖之教。川渝一(yi)帶流傳的(de)張(zhang)天(tian)師(shi)以太(tai)上老君(jun)劍印(yin)符(fu)箓大破鬼兵的(de)故事就是(shi)以此為原型的(de)。

主要經歷

人物生平

張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling),字輔漢(han),西漢(han)開國大功臣(chen)張(zhang)良(liang)(liang)的第(di)十(shi)(shi)世孫《漢(han)天(tian)師世家》記載:良(liang)(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不疑(yi)、不疑(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高、高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)通、通生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)無(wu)(wu)(wu)妄(wang)(wang)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)妄(wang)(wang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)里仁、里仁生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)皓、皓生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)綱、綱生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大順、大順生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)。漢(han)光(guang)武建武十(shi)(shi)年正月十(shi)(shi)五日生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于豐縣(xian)阿房村,出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)前,其母(mu)夢見(jian)魁星下(xia)降,感而有(you)孕(yun)。出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時滿室(shi)異香,整月不散,黃云罩頂,紫氣彌院(yuan)。自(zi)幼(you)聰慧過人(ren),七歲便(bian)讀(du)通《道(dao)(dao)德經》,天(tian)文地理、河洛讖(chen)緯之書(shu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)不通曉(xiao),為太(tai)學書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時,博(bo)通《五經》,后來嘆息(xi)道(dao)(dao):“這(zhe)些書(shu)都(dou)無(wu)(wu)(wu)法解(jie)決(jue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)死的問題啊!”于是棄儒改學長生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之道(dao)(dao)。張(zhang)祖(zu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)五歲,曾官拜江州令(ling)。而他(ta)卻身在(zai)朝政(zheng),志慕(mu)清(qing)虛,不久就隱居到洛陽北邙山(shan)中,精思(si)學道(dao)(dao),修煉(lian)三年,有(you)白虎口(kou)銜玉符而至其所(suo)。永(yong)元(公元89年)初年,漢(han)和帝賜為太(tai)傅,又封為冀(ji)縣(xian)侯(hou),三次(ci)下(xia)詔,張(zhang)祖(zu)都(dou)婉拒了,他(ta)對使者說:“人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)世,不過百歲,光(guang)陰(yin)荏(ren)苒,轉(zhuan)瞬便(bian)逝。父(fu)母(mu)隆(long)恩,妻妾厚愛,也隨時而消失。君臣(chen)之恩,誰見(jian)長久?請轉(zhuan)告圣(sheng)上,只(zhi)要清(qing)靜(jing)寡欲,無(wu)(wu)(wu)為而治,天(tian)下(xia)自(zi)然大定,要我何(he)用?我志在(zai)青山(shan)中!”為了避開京都(dou)近郊的俗務嘈雜和騷擾,張(zhang)祖(zu)決(jue)心云游名山(shan)大川、訪(fang)道(dao)(dao)求仙去了。

張(zhang)祖先是南游淮河,居(ju)(ju)桐柏太平山,后(hou)與弟(di)子王長(chang)、趙升一起,渡江南下(xia),在江西貴溪縣(xian)云錦山住了下(xia)來。此地山清水秀,景色(se)清幽(you),為古(gu)仙(xian)人棲息之(zhi)所,張(zhang)祖就在山上結廬而居(ju)(ju),并筑壇煉丹,三年(nian)而神丹成;龍虎出(chu)現,故此山又(you)(you)稱龍虎山。時年(nian)張(zhang)祖六十歲,后(hou)又(you)(you)移居(ju)(ju)四川鶴(he)鳴山,感石(shi)鶴(he)長(chang)鳴。

漢順(shun)帝(di)漢安(an)元(yuan)年(公(gong)元(yuan)142年)正(zheng)月十五(wu)日(ri),傳說太(tai)上老(lao)君降(jiang)臨蜀(shu)地,傳授張祖(zu)《太(tai)平洞極經》、《正(zheng)一盟(meng)威(wei)二(er)十四品(pin)法箓》、三五(wu)都功玉(yu)印、雌雄(xiong)斬邪(xie)劍等經書、法器(qi),拜為天(tian)(tian)師(shi),囑咐天(tian)(tian)師(shi)廣行正(zheng)一盟(meng)威(wei)之道,掃除妖魔(mo),救護生民。于(yu)(yu)是天(tian)(tian)師(shi)于(yu)(yu)漢安(an)二(er)年七月,登青(qing)(qing)城山,會八(ba)部(bu)(bu)鬼(gui)帥(shuai)(shuai),大戰眾(zhong)鬼(gui),制伏外道惡(e)魔(mo),誅絕邪(xie)偽。天(tian)(tian)師(shi)道法通(tong)玄(xuan),諸魔(mo)所(suo)不(bu)能敵,各(ge)各(ge)降(jiang)服,愿意皈依正(zheng)道,于(yu)(yu)是天(tian)(tian)師(shi)敕命五(wu)方(fang)八(ba)部(bu)(bu)六天(tian)(tian)鬼(gui)神,在青(qing)(qing)城山黃帝(di)壇下盟(meng)誓,人(ren)處陽間,鬼(gui)處幽冥,使六天(tian)(tian)鬼(gui)王囚禁于(yu)(yu)北陰(yin)酆都城,八(ba)部(bu)(bu)鬼(gui)帥(shuai)(shuai)流放于(yu)(yu)西域邊(bian)地。從此妖魔(mo)降(jiang)服,人(ren)民安(an)樂,至今青(qing)(qing)城山仍留有天(tian)(tian)師(shi)與(yu)眾(zhong)鬼(gui)帥(shuai)(shuai)戰斗的誓鬼(gui)臺、鬼(gui)界碑等古跡。

天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)降妖伏魔(mo),救護眾生,蜀地的(de)人民都非常感動,都愿意(yi)聽受天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)教化。于是天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)設立二十四治,廣(guang)收門徒,教化于民。東漢桓帝永壽元年九(jiu)月九(jiu)日,在四川赤城渠(qu)亭山中,玉帝派(pai)遣使(shi)者持(chi)玉冊(ce),敕(chi)封天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)為正一(yi)真人,天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)世壽一(yi)百二十三(san)歲,與蒼(cang)溪云臺山白日飛升。

張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling),初名張(zhang)陵(ling),后改今名。本是太(tai)學(xue)書(shu)生,性好學(xue),博(bo)五經,邃于黃老(lao)(lao)之道(dao)(dao),七歲即能通道(dao)(dao)德經及(ji)河洛圖諱(hui)之書(shu),皆極其奧。長為(wei)博(bo)學(xue)之士。后棄官學(xue)道(dao)(dao)。創(chuang)立了(le)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)盟(meng)威道(dao)(dao),簡稱(cheng)正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)。漢順(shun)帝時(shi)永壽元(yuan)年(nian)在鶴鳴山創(chuang)建正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)盟(meng)威道(dao)(dao),太(tai)上老(lao)(lao)君“授(shou)以三天(tian)正(zheng)法,命為(wei)天(tian)師”,自(zi)稱(cheng)“三天(tian)法師正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)真人”,并纂道(dao)(dao)書(shu)24篇。漢桓帝時(shi)在四(si)川(chuan)蒼溪縣境(jing)的(de)靈臺山(又(you)名天(tian)柱山)飛升,傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)時(shi)年(nian)123歲,道(dao)(dao)教稱(cheng)為(wei)“祖天(tian)師”。傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)第1代天(tian)師張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)跟太(tai)上老(lao)(lao)君學(xue)道(dao)(dao)得老(lao)(lao)君親(qin)授(shou),得天(tian)獨厚,道(dao)(dao)法高強。

祖天(tian)師所創道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)派,稱(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)一(yi)盟威道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),簡稱(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。但(dan)因(yin)奉其道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)者(zhe),須出五(wu)斗米(mi),當時(shi)又(you)有(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)五(wu)斗米(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(編(bian)者(zhe)按:實際上(shang)多用是(shi)(shi)蔑(mie)稱(cheng)(cheng),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)初(chu)中(zhong)課本稱(cheng)(cheng)之為五(wu)斗米(mi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)張道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵除書符治(zhi)病、驅邪禳災以外,在(zai)巴蜀地區(qu)建立起二十(shi)四個宗(zong)教(jiao)活(huo)動中(zhong)心,即二十(shi)四治(zhi)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民定(ding)期(qi)赴治(zhi)學(xue)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),祭禱(dao)。其孫(sun)子張魯(lu)在(zai)東漢末,三國(guo)時(shi)期(qi),擁有(you)一(yi)支軍隊,在(zai)漢中(zhong)建立了政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)教(jiao)合一(yi)的(de)割據(ju)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權。并(bing)利用政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權的(de)力量,推行正(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)一(yi)些社會和(he)宗(zong)派主張,比(bi)如,對犯(fan)有(you)罪(zui)過的(de)人(ren),不是(shi)(shi)用嚴刑懲罰(fa),而(er)是(shi)(shi)原諒三次后再加以刑罰(fa),那刑罰(fa)也比(bi)較輕,一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)讓他去修路。同時(shi)在(zai)路上(shang)設義舍,里面放(fang)米(mi)肉,路人(ren)可以量腹(fu)而(er)食。這些措施(shi)對于天(tian)下大亂形勢下的(de)民眾,營造了比(bi)較寬松(song)的(de)生(sheng)活(huo)環境,因(yin)此得到(dao)(dao)了當地漢族和(he)少數民族群眾的(de)擁護(hu)。后來,張魯(lu)投(tou)降了曹操,割據(ju)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權也就(jiu)不得再存(cun)在(zai)。曹操將(jiang)天(tian)師道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)力量遷移到(dao)(dao)北方,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)讓正(zheng)一(yi)盟威道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)卻得到(dao)(dao)了保留,并(bing)向內地傳播。

修道降魔

張道陵先退隱北邙山修(xiu)道,后(hou)得黃帝九鼎丹(dan)經(jing),修(xiu)煉于(yu)繁(fan)陽山,丹(dan)成(cheng)服之(zhi),得分形(xing)散影之(zhi)妙(miao),通神(shen)變化(hua),坐在立亡,每(mei)泛池中(zhong),誦經(jing)堂上,隱幾對客,杖藜行(xing)(xing)吟,一時并赴(fu),人(ren)(ren)皆莫測其靈異也。后(hou)于(yu)萬山石室中(zhong),得隱書(shu)秘文及(ji)制命山岳眾(zhong)神(shen)之(zhi)術,行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)有驗。聞蜀民(min)(min)樸素純厚(hou),易(yi)于(yu)教(jiao)化(hua),且多(duo)名山,乃將弟子(zi)入(ru)蜀,于(yu)鶴鳴(ming)山隱居(ju)修(xiu)道。既遇老(lao)君(jun),遂于(yu)隱居(ju)之(zhi)所備藥物,依法修(xiu)煉,三(san)年丹(dan)成(cheng),未敢服餌,謂弟子(zi)曰(yue),神(shen)丹(dan)已成(cheng),然未有大功于(yu)世,須(xu)為國家(jia)除害興利(li),以濟民(min)(min)庶,然后(hou)服丹(dan)即輕舉,臣(chen)事三(san)境,庶無愧焉。老(lao)君(jun)尋遣(qian)清(qing)(qing)和玉(yu)女,教(jiao)以吐納(na)清(qing)(qing)和之(zhi)法,修(xiu)行(xing)(xing)千日(ri),能內見(jian)五(wu)臟,外(wai)集外(wai)神(shen)。六(liu)天(tian)妖魔(mo),盡(jin)被降伏。先時蜀中(zhong)魔(mo)鬼(gui)數萬,白晝為市(shi),擅行(xing)(xing)疫癘,生民(min)(min)久(jiu)蒙其害,自六(liu)天(tian)大魔(mo)被降之(zhi)后(hou),張道陵斥其鬼(gui)眾(zhong),散處西(xi)北不毛之(zhi)地,與之(zhi)為誓曰(yue),人(ren)(ren)主于(yu)晝,鬼(gui)行(xing)(xing)于(yu)夜(ye),陰陽分別(bie),各有司存(cun),違者正一有法,必加誅戳。于(yu)是幽冥(ming)異域,人(ren)(ren)鬼(gui)殊途,大利(li)蜀民(min)(min)。功成(cheng)蒙太上冊封(feng)正一天(tian)師(shi)。

成仙

永壽二年(nian)九月九日(ri)至云(yun)(yun)臺治,以余丹,及印,劍,都功符箓,授子(zi)(zi)衡曰:“吾(wu)遇太上(shang)(shang)親(qin)傳(chuan)至道(dao)(dao),此文總領三五都功,正一樞要。世(shi)世(shi)一子(zi)(zi)紹吾(wu)之(zhi)位(wei),非吾(wu)宗親(qin)子(zi)(zi)孫不得傳(chuan)。”《正一經》云(yun)(yun):“太上(shang)(shang)親(qin)授天師(shi)《太玄經》有二百(bai)七(qi)(qi)十卷(juan),推檢是(shi)(shi)漢安(an)元年(nian)七(qi)(qi)月得是(shi)(shi)經。”是(shi)(shi)日(ri)同弟子(zi)(zi)王長、趙(zhao)升(sheng),于今四川省(sheng)蒼溪縣境的云(yun)(yun)臺山上(shang)(shang)與(yu)夫人雍氏白日(ri)飛升(sheng)。是(shi)(shi)為正一道(dao)(dao)第(di)一代張天師(shi),而為天師(shi)道(dao)(dao)正一教祖。

永平(ping)二年赴(fu)“直言極諫科”而中(zhong)(zhong)之,漢明帝(di)時拜巴郡(jun)江州令(今重慶),不久退隱(yin)北邙山(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)(今河南洛陽附近),修(xiu)(xiu)持(chi)煉形合氣(qi),辟谷少(shao)寢長生之道。建(jian)初五年詔舉(ju)賢(xian)良方(fang)正不起(qi),復征為博士,封(feng)冀縣侯,三詔不就。后(hou)入吳,又愛蜀中(zhong)(zhong)溪嶺(ling)深秀,遂入蜀隱(yin)于鶴鳴(ming)山(shan),修(xiu)(xiu)神丹(dan)符咒之術。

張道陵有弟子王長(chang)、趙升隨(sui)其(qi)習黃老之道,助煉龍虎(hu)大(da)丹,丹成,服(fu)之返老還童(tong),且(qie)去游(you)而參(can)訪仙源(yuan)。

一日,在北岳嵩山遇繡衣使者告(gao)訴(su)他(ta)說:“中(zhong)峰石(shi)室內,藏有《三(san)皇秘(mi)典(dian)》、《黃(huang)帝九鼎丹書(shu)》,得(de)而(er)修(xiu)之(zhi),可以(yi)升天!”于是(shi)張(zhang)道陵齋戒而(er)入石(shi)室,果然(ran)得(de)到丹經(jing)道書(shu),遂赴(fu)云錦(jin)山(即(ji)龍虎山),精(jing)思修(xiu)煉,而(er)得(de)分形散影之(zhi)術。

一(yi)日夜半似醒似夢之(zhi)間,忽見(jian)那太(tai)上老君(jun)下(xia)降,對張道陵說:“近來蜀(shu)中(zhong)有六大魔王,狂暴生民,你前往(wang)治(zhi)之(zhi)則功德無(wu)量,名(ming)錄丹臺矣!”乃授以(yi)“正一(yi)盟威符箓”,三五斬邪雌雄劍(jian)、陽平(ping)治(zhi)都功印、平(ping)頂冠、八卦衣、方裙(qun)、朱履等。以(yi)千日為(wei)期,約會于閬苑。

張(zhang)道陵拜(bai)領(ling)老君所授(shou),日昧秘文,能集三萬(wan)六千神(shen)靈、千二百(bai)之官君,以(yi)供驅(qu)使。他隨(sui)即(ji)往(wang)青(qing)城山,置琉璃(li)高座,左供元始(shi)天(tian)尊,右供三十六部尊經,立十絕(jue)靈幡,鳴(ming)鐘叩磬,布龍虎(hu)神(shen)兵,施起法(fa)力(li)。

魔王(wang)(wang)鬼帥同(tong)聲哀求,盡(jin)被折服,表示再不(bu)敢虐(nve)民。張道陵乃收八部鬼神,降伏(fu)六天魔王(wang)(wang),群妖乃滅表絕(jue)跡。他則(ze)遂與弟子王(wang)(wang)長、趙升往今(jin)四川省蒼溪縣境的云臺卜居其地繼(ji)續修(xiu)煉。

既伏妖魔,老君乃命(ming)使者(zhe)下降(jiang)來(lai)告道(dao):“子之功業合得九真上仙之位(wei),但滅鬼(gui)過(guo)多,未免殺氣穢空,非大道(dao)好(hao)生之旨。子須再修三千六日,吾待子于上清八景宮中(zhong)。”于是(shi)道(dao)陵乃偕弟子王長、趙升復往今(jin)四(si)川省蒼溪縣(xian)境的云臺(tai)山,精修二十余年(nian)。

永壽(shou)元年正月(yue),據說(shuo)(shuo)太上(shang)老(lao)君(jun)與(yu)眾真(zhen)(zhen)復(fu)降,為張道(dao)陵說(shuo)(shuo):“北(bei)斗延生(sheng)真(zhen)(zhen)經”及“三(san)八謝罪法懺”。永壽(shou)二年春,會(hui)三(san)界(jie)萬神于青(qing)城山黃帝壇下,盟五岳(yue)四瀆,立二十(shi)(shi)四治,福庭(ting)鬼獄(yu)。定(ding)三(san)十(shi)(shi)會(hui)真(zhen)(zhen)壇與(yu)六十(shi)(shi)通(tong)真(zhen)(zhen)靖,七十(shi)(shi)二福地,命人處(chu)明陽、鬼處(chu)幽(you)陰,各治設(she)祭酒與(yu)男官(guan)、婦(fu)官(guan),以贊玄化。其時,道(dao)教(jiao)始有(you)正規教(jiao)團組織。 張道(dao)陵率弟子復(fu)游各地,斬妖巷孽、奪鹽池,建功(gong)立德,造(zao)福蜀民。據稱,功(gong)成(cheng)后蒙太上(shang)老(lao)君(jun)冊封為正一天師。

永壽二年九月(yue)九日至(zhi)四(si)(si)川彰(zhang)明縣(今江油市)境的(de)靈(ling)臺(tai)山,見絕巖(yan)下桃(tao)熟,命王、趙二弟子投身取之(zhi),遂(sui)亦下傳(chuan)其真道。后以余(yu)余(yu)丹及印、劍、都功符錄。授子衡曰:“吾(wu)遇太上(shang)親傳(chuan)至(zhi)道,此(ci)文總領三萬都功,正(zheng)一樞要,世(shi)世(shi)一子紹吾(wu)之(zhi)位,非(fei)吾(wu)宗親子孫(sun)不得(de)傳(chuan)。”《正(zheng)一經》云(yun):“太上(shang)親授天師《太玄經》有二百七十卷,推檢是(shi)(shi)漢安元年七月(yue)得(de)是(shi)(shi)經。”是(shi)(shi)日,以丹分付(fu)弟子王長、趙升(sheng),于今四(si)(si)川省蒼溪縣境的(de)云(yun)臺(tai)山峰與夫人(ren)雍(yong)氏乘云(yun)上(shang)升(sheng),在人(ren)間123歲(sui),女兒文姬(ji)、文光、賢姬(ji)、芳芝皆得(de)道上(shang)升(sheng)。

張(zhang)道陵因(yin)(yin)在(zai)蜀漢之(zhi)境設二(er)十(shi)四(si)治,為(wei)(wei)布化行道的機構,凡(fan)入道者交五米(mi)為(wei)(wei)信,歷史上南北朝(chao)(chao)經常以(yi)前(qian)對中央朝(chao)(chao)廷有反(fan)叛性質因(yin)(yin)素,以(yi)及漢末張(zhang)魯聚(ju)眾自立,故(gu)有史家因(yin)(yin)而稱其教為(wei)(wei)“五斗(dou)米(mi)道”。因(yin)(yin)張(zhang)陵為(wei)(wei)五斗(dou)米(mi)教第一(yi)(yi)代天師(shi),故(gu)教徒尊稱“祖(zu)天師(shi)”。人們(men)又稱其教為(wei)(wei)“天師(shi)道”。張(zhang)道陵尊老子(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)教祖(zu),奉(feng)《老子(zi)(zi)五千文》為(wei)(wei)最高經典,并自編《老子(zi)(zi)想(xiang)爾注(zhu)》發揮老子(zi)(zi)的道家思想(xiang)。以(yi)“道”為(wei)(wei)最高信仰,將“道”和老子(zi)(zi)相提(ti)并論(lun),宣(xuan)稱即(ji)是“一(yi)(yi)”,“二(er)散為(wei)(wei)氣(qi),聚(ju)形為(wei)(wei)太上老君”。

唐玄宗(zong)(zong)(zong)天(tian)寶七年(nian)(748年(nian)),因老子之故冊贈(zeng)(zeng)張道陵為“太師”。禧宗(zong)(zong)(zong)中和四(si)年(nian)(884年(nian)),封(feng)為“三天(tian)扶教(jiao)(jiao)大法師”。宋徽宗(zong)(zong)(zong)大觀二年(nian)(1108年(nian)),冊贈(zeng)(zeng)“正一(yi)靖應真君”,理(li)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)加封(feng)“三天(tian)扶教(jiao)(jiao)輔(fu)元大法師,正一(yi)靖應顯佑(you)真君”。元成宗(zong)(zong)(zong)加封(feng)“正一(yi)沖(chong)玄神化(hua)靜應顯佑(you)真君”。明崇禎皇帝加贈(zeng)(zeng)“六合無窮高明上帝”。正一(yi)派稱祖天(tian)師、泰(tai)玄上相(xiang)、大圣降(jiang)魔護(hu)道天(tian)尊。

因嗣第(di)四代(dai)天(tian)師(shi)張盛將天(tian)師(shi)法(fa)裔由陜西漢中(zhong)遷居江西省龍虎山中(zhong)。從張盛以后道陵祖(zu)師(shi)歷(li)代(dai)子(zi)孫皆住在龍虎山中(zhong),一直到63代(dai)天(tian)師(shi)張恩溥。1949年,張恩溥隨蔣介石(shi)退往臺灣,攜(xie)帶長(chang)子(zi)張允賢和(he)祖(zu)傳“玉(yu)印”及“法(fa)劍”一口。現貴溪縣上清鎮天(tian)師(shi)府即其遺脈(mo)。

創立教派

正(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)是張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)創(chuang)立并由(you)其子孫世襲(xi)相傳(chuan),以老子為(wei)教主,為(wei)最(zui)高信仰,符(fu)箓齋醮為(wei)傳(chuan)播方式,以追(zhui)求(qiu)長(chang)生不死(si)和成仙為(wei)最(zui)高境界的一(yi)種宗教組織。由(you)于張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)開始煉丹修道(dao)(dao)于龍虎山(shan),于是龍虎山(shan)可稱為(wei)中(zhong)國道(dao)(dao)教第(di)一(yi)山(shan)。張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)是正(zheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)創(chuang)始人,他(ta)是祖天(tian)師,又稱第(di)一(yi)代天(tian)師。

從東漢(han)張道(dao)(dao)陵正式創立正一(yi)(yi)教派至今,天師道(dao)(dao)在中國已經有近2000年的(de)歷(li)史。正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)在自身傳(chuan)承發展的(de)過程中,不斷汲取中華傳(chuan)統文化的(de)精髓,是中華傳(chuan)統文化的(de)主要思想(xiang)支柱之一(yi)(yi)。

張道陵攜弟子王長游(you)淮入鄱陽(yang),登樂平雩(yu)子峰(feng),溯信江(jiang)西(xi)貴(gui)溪云(yun)錦山煉“九天神丹”,“丹成(cheng)而龍(long)虎見,山因(yin)以(yi)名(ming)。”(即江(jiang)西(xi)鷹潭龍(long)虎山,因(yin)“丹成(cheng)而龍(long)虎現(xian)”,故改甸為龍(long)虎山)

張道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)在龍(long)(long)(long)虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)用三年(nian)時間煉成九天神丹(dan)后(hou),已(yi)六十余矣(yi),吃了(le)神丹(dan)容貌益少,“返老(lao)還(huan)童”,像30歲(sui)左(zuo)右的(de)人(ren)。接著又(you)在龍(long)(long)(long)虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)北(bei)邊的(de)西仙(xian)(xian)源壁魯洞,得(de)神虎(hu)秘文,并建(jian)立天師草堂,廣傳(chuan)弟子,為(wei)人(ren)治病(bing),到(dao)他(ta)經(jing)嵩山(shan)(shan)二(er)人(ren)巴蜀時,已(yi)經(jing)90多(duo)歲(sui)了(le)。由此可見,張道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)在龍(long)(long)(long)虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)煉丹(dan)修(xiu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)講(jiang)課時間長達30余年(nian),這段不算短的(de)日子,是他(ta)煉丹(dan)學道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)主要(yao)時期(qi)。如(ru)今“煉丹(dan)池”、“濯鼎池”、“習(xi)升(sheng)臺”、“天師草堂”等(deng)遺址仍(reng)在,壁魯洞中的(de)石(shi)灶石(shi)床(chuang)石(shi)幾俱存,多(duo)種史籍均有(you)記載,多(duo)處(chu)遺址歷歷可考(kao)。正(zheng)如(ru)葛洪在《神仙(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)》中所述:“陵(ling)初入龍(long)(long)(long)虎(hu)山(shan)(shan),合丹(dan)斗劑,雖未沖舉,已(yi)成地仙(xian)(xian)。”可見他(ta)那時的(de)道(dao)(dao)(dao)學功底已(yi)經(jing)相當深厚了(le)。

張道(dao)陵第(di)二次攜(xie)弟(di)子王長嵩(song)山(shan)(shan)(shan)人巴(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)已(yi)過九(jiu)十高齡。為什么耄耋之年(nian)還要入(ru)蜀(shu)(shu),一是“聞蜀(shu)(shu)人多純厚,易于(yu)(yu)激化,且多名(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)”,對創(chuang)教(jiao)有利(li);二是“聞巴(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)疹氣危害(hai)人體(ti),百姓(xing)為病疫災厄(e)所困”,他要繼續(xu)用符、丹(dan)為人治病,佐國佑民。入(ru)川后,他先居陽平山(shan)(shan)(shan),后住(zhu)鶴(he)鳴山(shan)(shan)(shan),還到了(le)西(xi)城山(shan)(shan)(shan)、葛潰山(shan)(shan)(shan)、秦中山(shan)(shan)(shan)、昌利(li)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、涌(yong)泉山(shan)(shan)(shan)、真都山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北平山(shan)(shan)(shan)、青城山(shan)(shan)(shan),精思(si)煉志(zhi),著作(zuo)道(dao)書24篇,足跡遍及巴(ba)蜀(shu)(shu)、陜(shan)西(xi)等(deng)地。他收(shou)徒(tu)設(she)教(jiao),建立道(dao)教(jiao)基層組織,凡入(ru)道(dao)者須出信米五斗(漢(han)時一斗等(deng)于(yu)(yu)當代(dai)二升,五斗即(ji)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)2014年(nian)一斗),“付(fu)天(tian)倉”以備(bei)饑荒和作(zuo)“義舍”之用。

順帝漢(han)安(an)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)142年(nian)(nian),時(shi)張陵109歲),五(wu)月(yue)一(yi)(yi)日,“太上親(qin)降(jiang)”,授(shou)以三天(tian)正法,命陵為“天(tian)師(shi)”,又授(shou)正一(yi)(yi)科術要道(dao)法文。其年(nian)(nian)七(qi)月(yue)七(qi)日,又授(shou)(陵)《正一(yi)(yi)盟(meng)威妙經》,重為“三天(tian)法師(shi)正一(yi)(yi)真人”。“漢(han)安(an)二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)143年(nian)(nian)),太上以漢(han)安(an)二年(nian)(nian)正月(yue)七(qi)日申時(shi)二十四治,付天(tian)師(shi)張陵奉行布化。”按《正一(yi)(yi)經》云:“太上親(qin)授(shou)天(tian)師(shi)《太玄經》有二百(bai)七(qi)十卷,推檢(jian)是(shi)(shi)漢(han)安(an)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)七(qi)月(yue)得(de)是(shi)(shi)經。”自此功成道(dao)著分(fen)領二十四治,第子(zi)戶(hu)至數萬,道(dao)教(jiao)遂大(da)行于巴蜀一(yi)(yi)帶。東漢(han)恒帝永壽二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)156年(nian)(nian)),張陵123歲,是(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)九月(yue)九日,將(jiang)諸(zhu)秘錄、斬邪二劍、玉冊、玉印授(shou)長子(zi)衡,乃與(yu)夫人雍氏登云臺(tai)峰,白日升化。

自(zi)(zi)“祖天(tian)師(shi)正(zheng)一道(dao)”創立以(yi)來,歷為道(dao)教所尊,認(ren)為它是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)一盟(meng)威之(zhi)道(dao),是(shi)(shi)伐誅邪偽(wei)、整理鬼氣(qi)、統(tong)承三(san)(san)天(tian)、佐國佑民、新出治世的真道(dao),即真一無二的正(zheng)道(dao)。時人尊張道(dao)陵為人天(tian)之(zhi)師(shi),又稱(cheng)天(tian)師(shi)道(dao)。宋元(yuan)以(yi)來,三(san)(san)山符(fu)錄統(tong)歸龍虎山,遂統(tong)稱(cheng)為正(zheng)一道(dao),以(yi)區(qu)別(bie)金元(yuan)之(zhi)際在(zai)北方興(xing)起的全真道(dao)。 關于(yu)張陵創立道(dao)教的過程,《道(dao)藏》多處記載,葛洪在(zai)其所著《神(shen)仙傳(chuan)》中說(shuo): “......聞蜀(shu)人多純厚,易可教化(hua),且多名山。乃(nai)與(yu)弟子入蜀(shu),住鶴鳴山,著作道(dao)書二十四篇,乃(nai)精思煉志(zhi)。忽有(you)天(tian)人下降,千乘(cheng)馬騎,金車(che)羽(yu)蓋,驂龍駕(jia)虎,不可勝(sheng)數。或自(zi)(zi)稱(cheng)柱下史,或稱(cheng)東海小童(tong),乃(nai)授陵以(yi)新出正(zheng)一盟(meng)威之(zhi)道(dao)。陵受之(zhi),能治病(bing),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)百姓(xing)翕然,奉事之(zhi)以(yi)為師(shi)。弟子戶(hu)至(zhi)數萬,即立祭酒,分領其戶(hu),有(you)如長官......”。

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主要事件

斗法

傳說(shuo)東漢順(shun)帝年(nian)間(jian)某夜(ye),太上老君降臨在(zai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)住的地(di)方,授給(gei)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)雌雄劍和許多符箓,要他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)誅(zhu)滅(mie)橫行四(si)川的六大(da)(da)魔(mo)(mo)王、八大(da)(da)鬼(gui)(gui)帥。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵精修(xiu)千日,煉成(cheng)了種種降魔(mo)(mo)的法術。不(bu)(bu)久八部鬼(gui)(gui)帥各領鬼(gui)(gui)兵(bing)共(gong)億萬數為(wei)害(hai)(hai)人間(jian),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們帶來各種瘟疫疾病、殘害(hai)(hai)眾(zhong)生。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵于(yu)是(shi)在(zai)青城(cheng)山(shan)上設(she)下道壇,鳴鐘(zhong)扣罄,呼風喚雨指揮神(shen)兵(bing)和這些(xie)惡鬼(gui)(gui)大(da)(da)戰。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵站立(li)在(zai)琉璃座(zuo)上,任何刀(dao)箭一接近(jin)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)就(jiu)立(li)刻變成(cheng)了蓮花(hua)。鬼(gui)(gui)眾(zhong)又放(fang)火來燒(shao),真人用(yong)手一指,火焰又燒(shao)了回去(qu)。鬼(gui)(gui)帥一怒又招來千軍萬馬重重包圍,不(bu)(bu)料真人用(yong)丹筆一畫,所(suo)(suo)有鬼(gui)(gui)兵(bing)和八大(da)(da)鬼(gui)(gui)士都紛紛叩頭(tou)求(qiu)饒。但是(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們口服(fu)心不(bu)(bu)服(fu),回去(qu)后又請(qing)來六大(da)(da)魔(mo)(mo)王,率(lv)領鬼(gui)(gui)兵(bing)百萬圍攻青城(cheng)山(shan)。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵神(shen)閑氣定,不(bu)(bu)為(wei)所(suo)(suo)動,他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)只(zhi)用(yong)丹筆輕輕一畫,所(suo)(suo)有的鬼(gui)(gui)都死光了,只(zhi)剩下六大(da)(da)魔(mo)(mo)王倒(dao)在(zai)地(di)上爬不(bu)(bu)起來,只(zhi)好叩頭(tou)求(qiu)饒。張(zhang)(zhang)道陵再(zai)用(yong)大(da)(da)筆一揮,一座(zuo)山(shan)分成(cheng)兩半把六個魔(mo)(mo)王困在(zai)里面(mian),動彈不(bu)(bu)得。于(yu)是(shi)魔(mo)(mo)王只(zhi)得答應永(yong)世不(bu)(bu)再(zai)為(wei)害(hai)(hai)人間(jian)。

羽化

東漢(han)桓帝永壽元年九月九日(ri),在四川云臺山(今(jin)蒼溪縣云峰(feng)鎮境內)中,玉皇大帝派遣使者持玉冊,封張道(dao)陵(ling)為正(zheng)一真人(ren),他(ta)在逝世(shi)前授(shou)給長(chang)子衡斬邪二劍,叫他(ta)要驅邪誅妖,佐(zuo)國安民,世(shi)世(shi)由一個子嗣來繼承他(ta)教主的地位。囑(zhu)咐完畢,張道(dao)陵(ling)就和弟(di)子王長(chang)、趙升三人(ren)一起(qi)升天(tian)而去,而他(ta)所創立的天(tian)師(shi)道(dao)一直在民間傳(chuan)到今(jin)天(tian)。

靈臺山(shan)(shan),位于四(si)(si)川(chuan)彰明(ming)縣(xian)(今江油市)境內。東漢時(shi)期,張道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵在(zai)川(chuan)西、川(chuan)北和漢中(zhong)地區設(she)道(dao)(dao)(dao)場或(huo)教(jiao)會,共二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)治(zhi)(后來與(yu)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)宿合并(bing)增加到二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)治(zhi))。漢安(an)二(er)年(nian)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵設(she)立的(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)治(zhi),分(fen)上品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)、中(zhong)品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)、下品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)。云臺山(shan)(shan)是下品八(ba)(ba)治(zhi)的(de)第一治(zhi)(《云笈七(qi)簽》卷廿八(ba)(ba)《廿四(si)(si)治(zhi)》)。《道(dao)(dao)(dao)藏》中(zhong)的(de)《珠囊》引《二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)治(zhi)圖(tu)》、《七(qi)簽·蜀(shu)中(zhong)廣(guang)記》引《二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)治(zhi)圖(tu)》、《洞天(tian)(tian)福地岳瀆名(ming)山(shan)(shan)記》、《天(tian)(tian)師(shi)治(zhi)儀》以及(ji)清人彭定求的(de)《道(dao)(dao)(dao)藏精要》中(zhong),均說靈山(shan)(shan)治(zhi)巴西彰明(ming)縣(xian)。《太平寰宇(yu)記》卷八(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三記載,“彰明(ming)縣(xian)……靈臺山(shan)(shan)在(zai)縣(xian)北,一名(ming)天(tian)(tian)柱山(shan)(shan),高(gao)四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)丈(zhang),漢張道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵昇仙之(zhi)所。又《郡國(guo)志》云:‘靈臺山(shan)(shan)天(tian)(tian)柱巖下有一桃樹,高(gao)五(wu)丈(zhang),外皮(pi)似松,道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵與(yu)王長、趙昇試法於此。’四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)馀年(nian),桃迄今未朽,小碑記之(zhi)。”

辭(ci)州令北邙修道(dao)張(zhang)陵(ling),道(dao)教(jiao)稱張(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling),字輔(fu)漢(han)(han),沛國豐邑(yi)(今江蘇豐縣)人。生(sheng)于(yu)東漢(han)(han)光武帝十年(nian)(nian)(公元34年(nian)(nian))正月(yue)十五(wu)日晚上。他的祖先為“漢(han)(han)初三杰(jie)”之一的留侯張(zhang)良(liang)。張(zhang)良(liang)輔(fu)佐(zuo)劉邦打(da)天下,建(jian)立了兩漢(han)(han)王朝,被封為“留侯”。而張(zhang)良(liang)功成身退(tui),飄然而去,隨赤松子學辟谷,導引輕(qing)身之術(shu)。

張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)父(fu)親叫張(zhang)(zhang)大(da)(da)順(shun),也好神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)(shu),自(zi)稱(cheng)(cheng)“桐柏真(zhen)人(ren)”,所(suo)(suo)以(yi),生下(xia)兒(er)子(zi),即取名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”,希望將來(lai)能追(zhui)隨先祖(zu),遠離(li)(li)塵世(shi)(shi),登陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)成仙(xian)。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)自(zi)幼(you)聰慧,七(qi)歲(sui)(sui)時,開始學(xue)(xue)習(xi)儒(ru)家“五(wu)(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”,以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)到(dao)(dao)社會(hui)上流傳的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)文、地理一(yi)(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)。他(ta)(ta)刻苦(ku)學(xue)(xue)習(xi),立志做官,并(bing)想輔佐漢(han)室,榮宗耀祖(zu)。志向和(he)(he)毅(yi)力鼓舞(wu)著他(ta)(ta),最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou),他(ta)(ta)進入(ru)了(le)(le)(le)全國的(de)(de)(de)(de)高等學(xue)(xue)府——洛陽(yang)太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue),在這里他(ta)(ta)博(bo)(bo)通(tong)五(wu)(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),成了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)名(ming)飽學(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)士。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue)畢業后(hou)(hou)(hou),他(ta)(ta)想跟他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)師一(yi)(yi)樣來(lai)授徒講(jiang)經(jing)(jing)(jing),一(yi)(yi)舉(ju)成名(ming)。他(ta)(ta)先后(hou)(hou)(hou)到(dao)(dao)南方天(tian)目山(shan)南的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)觀(guan)和(he)(he)西北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)仙(xian)觀(guan),設立講(jiang)堂(tang),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授五(wu)(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)。數年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間,學(xue)(xue)生有千人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)多(duo),鄉人(ren)稱(cheng)(cheng)他(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“大(da)(da)儒(ru)”,名(ming)傳一(yi)(yi)方。漢(han)明(ming)帝(di)(di)永(yong)平(ping)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)59年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)二十五(wu)(wu)歲(sui)(sui),被郡(jun)守(shou)以(yi)“賢良”推薦到(dao)(dao)朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting),后(hou)(hou)(hou)來(lai),到(dao)(dao)洛陽(yang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)考(kao)核,一(yi)(yi)舉(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)了(le)(le)(le)“賢良方正(zheng)極言直諫(jian)科”,被朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)授予巴郡(jun)江州(今重慶市)令(ling)(ling)。在江州令(ling)(ling)任上,他(ta)(ta)看透了(le)(le)(le)地方強(qiang)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)行,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)官的(de)(de)(de)(de)貪贓枉法(fa),老(lao)百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)食不(bu)(bu)果腹怨聲(sheng)載道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。他(ta)(ta)又想到(dao)(dao)自(zi)己為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)介書(shu)生、小小縣令(ling)(ling),怎么(me)也改變不(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),倒(dao)不(bu)(bu)如效(xiao)法(fa)先祖(zu)張(zhang)(zhang)良,出(chu)(chu)離(li)(li)塵世(shi)(shi),善(shan)保(bao)自(zi)身,以(yi)圖(tu)延(yan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)益壽罷了(le)(le)(le)于是(shi),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)約在明(ming)帝(di)(di)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),謝絕(jue)了(le)(le)(le)朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)再挽(wan)留,辭(ci)去(qu)江州令(ling)(ling)職,便北(bei)(bei)上洛陽(yang),隱居(ju)北(bei)(bei)邙(mang)山(shan)中(zhong)(zhong),潛心修習(xi)黃老(lao)長(chang)(chang)生之(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。他(ta)(ta)研讀了(le)(le)(le)《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《河圖(tu)》、《洛書(shu)》以(yi)及(ji)讖緯之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)(xue)。三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)(hou),得(de)《黃帝(di)(di)九鼎(ding)丹法(fa)》,相傳神(shen)(shen)獸白虎(hu)(hu)銜符而至(zhi)其所(suo)(suo),其道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)術(shu)(shu)日(ri)益完(wan)善(shan)。 漢(han)光武(wu)帝(di)(di)由讖緯之(zhi)(zhi)說登上皇帝(di)(di)寶座(zuo),晚年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),深信(xin)(xin)不(bu)(bu)疑,遂“宣(xuan)布圖(tu)讖于天(tian)下(xia)”。漢(han)明(ming)帝(di)(di)繼位(wei)后(hou)(hou)(hou),秉承皇帝(di)(di)遺(yi)旨,宣(xuan)揚圖(tu)讖,又派人(ren)西天(tian)求(qiu)法(fa),引(yin)佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)于中(zhong)(zhong)國。漢(han)章帝(di)(di)建(jian)初(chu)(chu)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),在京城(cheng)舉(ju)行了(le)(le)(le)白虎(hu)(hu)觀(guan)會(hui)議(yi),章帝(di)(di)主持(chi)(chi)以(yi)圖(tu)讖證五(wu)(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),也就是(shi)以(yi)神(shen)(shen)學(xue)(xue)來(lai)講(jiang)五(wu)(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),聽說北(bei)(bei)邙(mang)山(shan)有個張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),便征(zheng)召他(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)博(bo)(bo)士,張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)無(wu)心輔佐漢(han)室,便避(bi)而不(bu)(bu)見。和(he)(he)帝(di)(di)永(yong)元(yuan)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)又下(xia)詔征(zheng)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)傅(fu),封(feng)兾縣侯,但張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)卻視祿為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)糞土,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)三(san)詔而不(bu)(bu)就。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)對(dui)來(lai)使說:“人(ren)生在世(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)過(guo)百(bai)(bai)歲(sui)(sui),光陰荏苒,轉瞬(shun)便逝。父(fu)母隆(long)恩,妻不(bu)(bu)厚愛(ai),也隨時而消失。君臣之(zhi)(zhi)恩,誰(shui)見長(chang)(chang)久?請轉告圣上,只要(yao)(yao)清(qing)靜寡(gua)欲(yu),無(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)而治(zhi),天(tian)下(xia)自(zi)然大(da)(da)定(ding),我有何用?我志在青山(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)!”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)避(bi)開京都近郊的(de)(de)(de)(de)俗務(wu)嘈(cao)雜和(he)(he)騷(sao)擾,張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)決心離(li)(li)開云游名(ming)山(shan)大(da)(da)川、訪(fang)求(qiu)仙(xian)術(shu)(shu)去(qu)了(le)(le)(le)。鶴(he)鳴(ming)山(shan)創派張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)先是(shi)南游淮河,居(ju)桐柏太(tai)(tai)平(ping)山(shan),后(hou)(hou)(hou)與弟(di)子(zi)王長(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)起(qi),渡(du)江南下(xia),在江西貴溪縣云錦(jin)山(shan)住(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)下(xia)來(lai)。這里山(shan)清(qing)水秀,景色清(qing)幽(you),傳說為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)古仙(xian)人(ren)棲息之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)就在山(shan)上結廬而居(ju),并(bing)筑(zhu)壇煉丹,經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)而九天(tian)神(shen)(shen)丹煉成;而龍(long)虎(hu)(hu)出(chu)(chu)現(xian),所(suo)(suo)以(yi),此(ci)山(shan)又稱(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)。六十多(duo)歲(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),服(fu)下(xia)神(shen)(shen)丹,身體健如青壯年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),后(hou)(hou)(hou)又得(de)秘書(shu)以(yi)及(ji)驅鬼之(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)(shu)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)廣傳道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)術(shu)(shu),他(ta)(ta)離(li)(li)開龍(long)虎(hu)(hu)山(shan),又到(dao)(dao)蜀郡(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鶴(he)鳴(ming)山(shan)去(qu)了(le)(le)(le)東漢(han)順(shun)帝(di)(di)漢(han)安(an)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)142年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)嚴密(mi)組織紀(ji)律(lv),加強(qiang)對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)仰宣(xuan)傳。規(gui)定(ding)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)眾(zhong)要(yao)(yao)信(xin)(xin)仰元(yuan)始天(tian)尊和(he)(he)太(tai)(tai)上老(lao)君,除每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)五(wu)(wu)月(yue)(yue)、臘月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吉(ji)日(ri)祭(ji)祀祖(zu)先,二月(yue)(yue)八日(ri)祭(ji)灶神(shen)(shen)外(wai),不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)(zhun)祭(ji)其它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen),更不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)(zhun)胡(hu)亂行祭(ji)。另(ling)外(wai),規(gui)定(ding)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)民內要(yao)(yao)慈(ci)孝,外(wai)要(yao)(yao)敬讓,不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)(zhun)興訟(song)好斗,不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)(zhun)欺詐(zha)世(shi)(shi)人(ren)。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)規(gui)定(ding):天(tian)師為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)全教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)最(zui)高領(ling)(ling)導;初(chu)(chu)入(ru)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民;能為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)徒和(he)(he)病人(ren)作祈(qi)禱儀式的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士;信(xin)(xin)仰確立并(bing)能講(jiang)授《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德經(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)祭(ji)酒。祭(ji)酒負責主持(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)治(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)務(wu)工作,直屬天(tian)師領(ling)(ling)導,對(dui)天(tian)師負責。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)三(san)會(hui)日(ri)(上會(hui):正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)(chu)七(qi);中(zhong)(zhong)會(hui):七(qi)月(yue)(yue)七(qi)日(ri);下(xia)會(hui):十月(yue)(yue)十五(wu)(wu)日(ri)。三(san)會(hui)又叫三(san)元(yuan)),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)民齊集(ji)治(zhi)所(suo)(suo),聽侯祭(ji)酒訓導檢(jian)查(cha),聆聽教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)科律(lv)。由于傳道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)紀(ji)律(lv)嚴密(mi),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)風正(zheng)派,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)很快得(de)到(dao)(dao)普(pu)及(ji)。

據(ju)傳(chuan),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)有弟(di)(di)子(zi)三千人,真正(zheng)得(de)其傳(chuan)的(de)(de)只(zhi)有三人:一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)王(wang)長,一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)趙(zhao)升(sheng),一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)其子(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)衡。王(wang)長長期跟(gen)隨師傅,擅長天(tian)文之(zhi)(zhi)學,精通黃老之(zhi)(zhi)術,深得(de)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)賞識。而(er)(er)趙(zhao)升(sheng)能(neng)得(de)師傅道(dao)(dao)法,卻(que)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)段來(lai)歷:張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)師在鶴(he)鳴山(shan)煉丹已成(cheng),并服了半(ban)劑丹藥,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“地仙”之(zhi)(zhi)后,他看到(dao)身邊弟(di)(di)子(zi),多為(wei)(wei)俗態未除,不(bu)足以附(fu)托宣教任務,將九鼎大(da)要,留得(de)奇人。后來(lai),有一(yi)(yi)(yi)年上令之(zhi)(zhi)日,從東方來(lai)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)冰胎玉質(zhi)、道(dao)(dao)貌安然(ran)的(de)(de)青年,名(ming)叫趙(zhao)升(sheng),天(tian)師一(yi)(yi)(yi)眼看出(chu)定(ding)是奇人,欲收為(wei)(wei)弟(di)(di)子(zi)。為(wei)(wei)了考(kao)查(cha)趙(zhao)升(sheng)的(de)(de)道(dao)(dao)心程度(du),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)曾七度(du)驗試(shi)(shi),結果,發現他拒絕(jue)財色,忍辱負重,憐憫天(tian)下(xia)窮人,恪守正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)規,稱得(de)上滿意(yi)。七試(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)后的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)帶領(ling)眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)子(zi),登上云臺峰絕(jue)崖(ya)(ya),崖(ya)(ya)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)棵桃樹,紅色果實累累。大(da)家見(jian)了,莫不(bu)心動,但要想獲取(qu),卻(que)又退縮三分,天(tian)師見(jian)此情狀(zhuang),二(er)話沒說,欲縱躍(yue)崖(ya)(ya)下(xia)采摘(zhai)大(da)桃,眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)子(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)擁而(er)(er)上,攔住師傅,只(zhi)有王(wang)長、趙(zhao)升(sheng)二(er)弟(di)(di)子(zi),木然(ran)不(bu)動,黙(mo)然(ran)不(bu)語。誰知眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)子(zi)未阻攔住,張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)師分開(kai)眾(zhong)人,朝(chao)桃樹方向一(yi)(yi)(yi)躍(yue)而(er)(er)下(xia),眾(zhong)弟(di)(di)子(zi)齊站崖(ya)(ya)邊,俯身下(xia)瞰,卻(que)不(bu)見(jian)師傅蹤影,一(yi)(yi)(yi)時驚駭(hai)悲啼,面(mian)面(mian)相覷,無奈之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),失望而(er)(er)歸。

傳承

張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)派第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),其繼(ji)(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者為(wei)第(di)(di)二代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡(heng)(非科學家張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡(heng))張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling),在道(dao)教中被尊為(wei)祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai),所以又稱(cheng)(cheng)祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職位(wei)的繼(ji)(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)采用世(shi)襲嗣(si)(si)教制度,祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)去后,由(you)(you)兒(er)子(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡(heng)接任,史稱(cheng)(cheng)嗣(si)(si)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。衡(heng)化(hua)去后,又由(you)(you)子(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)魯接任,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)系天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。到(dao)了(le)第(di)(di)四(si)代(dai)(dai)(dai)孫(sun)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)盛時(shi)(shi),回(hui)歸遷居江西鷹潭龍虎山,子(zi)孫(sun)世(shi)傳其業,一(yi)(yi)般稱(cheng)(cheng)第(di)(di)幾代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。統稱(cheng)(cheng)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。民國初期,已傳至六(liu)(liu)十(shi)三(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恩薄(bo)。到(dao)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)三(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)以后由(you)(you)于(yu)歷(li)史原(yuan)因(yin)無法(fa)認(ren)證下一(yi)(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),使得張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職位(wei)停(ting)傳。當(dang)(dang)初六(liu)(liu)十(shi)三(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恩薄(bo)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)追隨蔣介石離開大陸(解放時(shi)(shi)被北京定為(wei)牛鬼蛇神和大地主),逃(tao)亡臺(tai)灣。本來要傳給長子(zi),但(dan)長子(zi)青年(nian)夭(yao)亡。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家一(yi)(yi)族(zu)有沒有選(xuan)舉出新(xin)的人(ren)選(xuan),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)至今天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職位(wei)懸空未定。大陸內地道(dao)教方面(mian)則表示不承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)認(ren)任何(he)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)四(si)代(dai)(dai)(dai)或六(liu)(liu)十(shi)五(wu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。臺(tai)灣自(zi)稱(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)正統,基本只在張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)先(xian)(xian)(當(dang)(dang)初在臺(tai)繼(ji)(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)四(si)代(dai)(dai)(dai),為(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恩薄(bo)老天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的侄子(zi)。已故(gu))、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)禎(繼(ji)(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)先(xian)(xian)的職位(wei)。但(dan)不承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)認(ren)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)先(xian)(xian)為(wei)六(liu)(liu)十(shi)四(si)代(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),認(ren)為(wei)只是(shi)(shi)其代(dai)(dai)(dai)理(li))、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)美(mei)良(liang)(六(liu)(liu)十(shi)三(san)(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的幺子(zi)。聲稱(cheng)(cheng)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)先(xian)(xian)當(dang)(dang)初造假,按遺囑自(zi)己才是(shi)(shi)真正人(ren)選(xuan)),后面(mian)還有一(yi)(yi)群(qun)是(shi)(shi)不是(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)氏一(yi)(yi)族(zu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后裔都不確(que)定的跑出來說自(zi)己是(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。各方各執一(yi)(yi)詞,真假莫辨。

自明清以(yi)來天師一脈竟是自傳(chuan)(chuan),無帝王(wang)詔(zhao)書認定,時至今日更無法傳(chuan)(chuan)承天師之位,從六十(shi)三代(dai)之后(hou)的延續情況來看,歷代(dai)天師血脈駁(bo)雜(za)不輕可見一斑。

第一、二(er)、三、四代天師得太上老君道法親授全部成(cheng)仙。

第(di)五代張(zhang)昭成119歲

第六代(dai)張樹100余歲(sui)

第七代 張回

第八代(dai) 張(zhang) 迥 90歲

第九代 張 符 93歲(sui)

第十代 張(zhang)子(zi)祥 120歲

十一代 張通 97歲

十二代 張 恒 98歲(sui)

十三(san)代張光104歲(sui)

十四代張慈正100余歲

十五代(dai)張高93歲(sui)

十六代(dai)張應韶 不明

十七(qi)代張頤(yi)87歲

十(shi)八代(dai)張士元92歲

十九代張(zhang)修85歲(sui)

二十代張諶(chen)100余歲

二十一(yi)代張秉一(yi)92歲

二(er)十二(er)代張善(shan)87歲

二十三代張季文87歲

二十四(si)代張正隨87歲

二十五代張乾曜(yao)85歲

二十六代張嗣宗81歲(sui)

二(er)十七代張象中 不明

據(ju)張源先說,“第(di)1代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師張道(dao)陵是(shi)跟太上老君學(xue)道(dao),得天(tian)獨(du)厚(hou),道(dao)法高強。歷代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師所(suo)學(xue),當然比不(bu)上第(di)1代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師。"而且很重要(yao)的原因就是(shi)到了宋(song)代(dai)(dai)道(dao)家(jia)養生功法改革,宋(song)朝之前道(dao)教所(suo)修(xiu)功法多是(shi)從黃老列(lie)莊等道(dao)家(jia)諸子書中所(suo)體悟(wu)與發(fa)展,按教法編書說這是(shi)太上法脈嫡傳。

張氏(shi)天師現在著名(ming)后裔:

張繼禹:“嗣漢天師”張道(dao)(dao)陵第(di)六十五(wu)代(dai)后裔,中(zhong)國(guo)道(dao)(dao)教協會第(di)八屆副會長,第(di)十一屆全國(guo)人大(da)常(chang)委會委員。全國(guo)青聯(lian)副主(zhu)席(xi)。西山萬壽宮主(zhu)持。其祖父張祥(xiang)之,為六十三代(dai)“天師”張恩溥之胞弟(排行老大(da)),父張寶訓(xun),業(ye)縫(feng)紉。

張金濤:天師府(fu)主持、全國(guo)人民(min)代表(biao)大會代表(biao)、中國(guo)道(dao)教(jiao)協(xie)(xie)會常(chang)(chang)務(wu)理事、 江西省道(dao)教(jiao)協(xie)(xie)會常(chang)(chang)務(wu)副會長。

祖天師寶誥及注解

老祖天師寶(bao)誥(1)

志心皈命禮。

泰玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)上相,扶(fu)教(jiao)三(san)天(tian)。(2)鶴鳴山上得真(zhen)(zhen)傳,龍虎玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)壇留妙決。(3)三(san)洞法(fa)箓(lu),諸品靈文。(4)一(yi)千二(er)百之官軍,匡扶(fu)正教(jiao)。(5)二(er)十四品秘箓(lu),普度(du)(du)后人。(6)都功(gong)玉印,官服群(qun)履。(7)居(ju)都省而常侍上帝,掌三(san)界(jie)而度(du)(du)下(xia)民(min)。(8)雌雄二(er)劍(jian),誅斬妖精。致(zhi)雨作晴(qing),轟雷掣電(dian)。(9)如是立(li)壇而布化,助國興邦以(yi)安民(min)。(10) 功(gong)成行滿,白日飛升。祖師(shi)三(san)天(tian)扶(fu)教(jiao)。(11)輔玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)體道,大法(fa)天(tian)師(shi)。祖一(yi)洞玄(xuan)(xuan)(xuan),顯(xian)佑真(zhen)(zhen)君。(12) 六(liu)合無窮,高明上帝,大圣(sheng)降魔護(hu)道天(tian)尊。(13)

【注釋】:

(1)老(lao)祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)寶(bao)誥:祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi),為一代天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張道陵,又名(ming)張陵,字輔漢(han)。東(dong)(dong)漢(han)沛國豐邑人,漢(han)留候張子(zi)房之(zhi)八世孫。生于東(dong)(dong)漢(han)光(guang)武帝建武十年(公元34年),祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)降(jiang)生前,其母(mu)夢魁星下降(jiang),感而受孕。少聰穎,七(qi)歲通(tong)讀《道德經》及河洛(luo)之(zhi)書(shu)。后(hou)辭官(guan)修(xiu)道。時巴蜀(shu)一帶,原有(you)巴人信奉原始巫(wu)教,大規模的淫祀害(hai)民(min)。祀奉鬼妖之(zhi)法教巫(wu)師(shi)聚眾斂財(cai),無惡(e)不作。張天(tian)(tian)師(shi)攜王長、趙升等弟子(zi)平(ping)定妖邪,斬殺巫(wu)師(shi),后(hou)創立正一盟(meng)威(wei)之(zhi)道,為道教開山(shan)落地之(zhi)教主。此(ci)寶(bao)誥為正一派(pai)老(lao)祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)寶(bao)誥,區別(bie)于全真派(pai)。

(2)泰玄上相(xiang),扶教三天(tian):泰玄,指(zhi)深奧玄妙的(de)道理。上相(xiang),對宰相(xiang)的(de)尊稱。扶教,扶佐(zuo)道教。三天(tian),指(zhi)三清天(tian),謂清微天(tian)、禹馀(yu)天(tian)、大赤天(tian)。

(3)鶴(he)鳴(ming)山(shan)上得真傳,龍虎玄(xuan)(xuan)壇(tan)留妙(miao)決:太上老君(jun)于鶴(he)鳴(ming)山(shan)下降(jiang),授予張道陵天(tian)師之位。漢順帝永壽(shou)元年祖天(tian)師在鶴(he)鳴(ming)山(shan)創建正(zheng)一盟威(wei)道。祖天(tian)師曾于云錦山(shan)筑壇(tan)煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan),三年而丹(dan)(dan)成(cheng)龍虎現,故云錦山(shan)又稱龍虎山(shan)。玄(xuan)(xuan)壇(tan),護法之意。

(4)三(san)洞法箓,諸品靈文:三(san)洞,《洞真》、《洞玄》、《洞神(shen)》。法箓,召將施法之牒文。

(5)一(yi)千(qian)二百之(zhi)官軍,匡扶(fu)正(zheng)教:指祖(zu)天師拜領太上老君所授經文后,日解(jie)秘文,可召集三萬六(liu)千(qian)之(zhi)神靈、一(yi)千(qian)二百之(zhi)官君,以供(gong)驅(qu)使。

(6)二十四品(pin)秘箓,普度后人:即太上老君(jun)所授之《正(zheng)一盟威(wei)二十四品(pin)法箓》。

(7)都功(gong)玉印(yin),官(guan)服群(qun)履(lv):為(wei)太上老君所(suo)授三五都功(gong)玉印(yin)等法器。官(guan)服群(qun)履(lv),分別為(wei)平頂冠、八(ba)卦(gua)衣、方裙(qun)、朱履(lv)。以上二句可見祖(zu)天師責任之重。

(8)居都省而(er)常侍上帝(di),掌三界(jie)(jie)而(er)度下民(min):都省,天(tian)界(jie)(jie)官位(wei)。三界(jie)(jie),天(tian)界(jie)(jie)、地界(jie)(jie)、人界(jie)(jie)。詞句喻意祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)之職能。

(9)雌雄(xiong)二劍(jian),誅(zhu)斬妖精。致雨(yu)作晴,轟雷(lei)掣電:雌雄(xiong)二劍(jian),太上老君所授。詞句描繪(hui)祖天師之法力之高。

(10)如是立(li)壇而(er)布化,助國興(xing)邦以安民(min):此句喻(yu)意指(zhi)祖天師立(li)道(dao)教教化世人(ren)之盛德。

(11)功成行滿,白(bai)(bai)日(ri)飛(fei)升。祖師三天(tian)扶教:漢安元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)156年(nian)),同弟子王(wang)長、趙(zhao)升,于云臺山與夫人雍氏共白(bai)(bai)日(ri)飛(fei)升。唐(tang)禧宗(zong)中和四年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)884年(nian)),封祖天(tian)師為“三天(tian)扶教大法師”。

(12)輔玄體道(dao),大法(fa)天(tian)師。祖(zu)一洞(dong)玄,顯(xian)佑(you)真君(jun):扶教,輔佐(zuo)道(dao)教。玄,即道(dao)。體道(dao),修(xiu)道(dao)之過程也。南宋理(li)宗加封“三天(tian)扶教輔元大法(fa)師,正一靖(jing)應(ying)顯(xian)佑(you)真君(jun)”。

(13)六(liu)合無窮,高明上(shang)帝,大圣降魔護(hu)道(dao)天(tian)尊。明崇禎皇帝加(jia)贈祖天(tian)師為“六(liu)合無窮高明上(shang)帝”。道(dao)教界(jie)稱(cheng)“大圣降魔護(hu)道(dao)天(tian)尊”。六(liu)合,上(shang)下和東西南北,泛指天(tian)地宇宙。降魔,降除妖(yao)魔。護(hu)道(dao),護(hu)衛道(dao)教,天(tian)尊。對(dui)得道(dao)神仙之尊稱(cheng)。

祖天師寶誥⑴

至心皈命禮。

本來南土(tu),上(shang)溯蜀(shu)都(dou)⑵。先獲黃帝(di)九鼎之(zhi)丹書(shu)⑶,后侍老君兩度于玉局⑷。千軸得修真之(zhi)要,一時成(cheng)吐(tu)納之(zhi)功⑸。法(fa)(fa)箓全成(cheng),受盟威品而(er)結璘訣⑹。正邪兩辨,奪福庭治而(er)化咸泉⑺。德就(jiu)大(da)(da)丹,道齊(qi)七政(zheng)⑻。大(da)(da)悲大(da)(da)愿,大(da)(da)圣大(da)(da)慈⑼。三天扶教,輔玄(xuan)體道⑽。大(da)(da)法(fa)(fa)天師,雷霆都(dou)省⑾。泰玄(xuan)上(shang)相,都(dou)天大(da)(da)法(fa)(fa)主(zhu)⑿。正一沖玄(xuan)神(shen)化靜應顯(xian)佑(you)真君⒀。六合無(wu)窮(qiong)高明大(da)(da)帝(di),降魔護(hu)道天尊⒁。

【注釋】:

⑴祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)寶誥:祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi),即(ji)第(di)一(yi)代天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張道(dao)陵。東漢沛(pei)國豐邑(今江蘇豐縣)人,漢留候(hou)子房八世孫。建(jian)武十(shi)年(nian)(nian)正(zheng)月十(shi)五夜,生于吳之天(tian)(tian)目(mu)山(shan)(shan)。少通老子之學,曾官至巴郡江州(zhou)令(今重慶),后棄官歸隱,立(li)(li)志修道(dao),與(yu)弟子王長從(cong)淮入(ru)江西(xi)鄱陽,溯(su)流至云錦山(shan)(shan)(今龍(long)(long)虎山(shan)(shan)),煉九天(tian)(tian)神(shen)丹,三年(nian)(nian)丹成而龍(long)(long)虎見,山(shan)(shan)因以(yi)名。聞(wen)蜀(shu)中(zhong)民(min)風醇厚,易可教化(hua),入(ru)蜀(shu)居(ju)鶴鳴(ming)山(shan)(shan)修道(dao)。漢安元年(nian)(nian)(142年(nian)(nian))感太上(shang)授以(yi)正(zheng)一(yi)盟(meng)威之道(dao)或云三天(tian)(tian)正(zheng)法(fa)正(zheng)一(yi)科術要道(dao)法(fa)文,創立(li)(li)了道(dao)教。道(dao)門尊(zun)為祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)。寶誥,誥即(ji)誥詞,一(yi)種文體。多用于褒揚。

⑵本來南(nan)(nan)(nan)土,上溯蜀(shu)都(dou)(dou):南(nan)(nan)(nan)土,南(nan)(nan)(nan)方土地。祖天(tian)師張道陵為東漢(han)(han)沛國(guo)豐邑(今(jin)江(jiang)蘇豐縣(xian))人,生于吳之(zhi)天(tian)目山(shan)。故(gu)稱之(zhi)為“本來南(nan)(nan)(nan)土”。蜀(shu)都(dou)(dou),古蜀(shu)國(guo)地,戰國(guo)秦置(zhi)。治成都(dou)(dou)(今(jin)屬四(si)(si)川(chuan))。西漢(han)(han)轄境(jing)相(xiang)當今(jin)四(si)(si)川(chuan)松潘(pan)以南(nan)(nan)(nan),南(nan)(nan)(nan)川(chuan)、彭縣(xian)、洪雅以西,峨(e)邊、石棉以北,邛崍山(shan)、大渡(du)河以東等地。今(jin)泛指四(si)(si)川(chuan)。祖天(tian)師曾隱居四(si)(si)川(chuan)鶴(he)鳴(ming)山(shan)修道并創立道教,故(gu)言道教之(zhi)根(gen)源上溯蜀(shu)都(dou)(dou)。

⑶先獲黃帝九鼎之丹書(shu)(shu):東漢和帝永二(er)年(90年),祖天(tian)師張(zhang)道(dao)陵攜弟子(zi)王長(chang)從淮入(ru)江西(xi)鄱陽,登東平雩于(yu)峰。溯信江入(ru)貴溪云錦山。在山煉“九天(tian)神丹”,丹成(cheng)而龍虎(hu)現。一(yi)天(tian),張(zhang)道(dao)陵謂王長(chang)曰(yue):五岳多(duo)仙于(yu),三(san)蜀(shu)足名山,吾(wu)將能偕游乎?遂(sui)與(yu)北(bei)入(ru)嵩山,崖嶺石居數年,精思感徹,有(you)繡衣(yi)使者告曰(yue):中峰石室(shi)(shi)藏有(you)《上三(san)皇內文》和《黃帝九鼎太清丹經》,得而修之者可升天(tian)也,真(zhen)人感其(qi)言,乃齋戒七(qi)日,人其(qi)室(shi)(shi),果得丹書(shu)(shu)。此即為《黃帝九鼎之丹書(shu)(shu)》。

⑷后(hou)侍老君(jun)兩度于玉(yu)局(ju):侍,侍立。指站在尊長的(de)旁邊。老君(jun),太(tai)上老君(jun)。兩度,兩次。玉(yu)局(ju),即玉(yu)局(ju)治。為(wei)二十四(si)治中(zhong)“下品人治”之(zhi)第(di)七治。在成都南門左。局(ju)是古(gu)代(dai)的(de)“矮腳幾(ji)”(后(hou)人又稱“局(ju)腳玉(yu)床”)古(gu)人席地(di)而(er)坐,置幾(ji)于前(qian),作講(jiang)經等(deng)用。《彭乘記》稱:“后(hou)漢永壽(shou)元年,李老君(jun)與張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵至此,有局(ju)腳玉(yu)床自地(di)而(er)出(chu),老君(jun)升座(zuo)。為(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵說《南斗經》北斗經》,既去而(er)座(zuo)隱(yin)地(di)中(zhong),因成洞(dong)穴,故(gu)以玉(yu)局(ju)名之(zhi)。”此句言太(tai)上老君(jun)兩次降壇(tan)為(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵講(jiang)經說法事。

⑸千軸(zhou)得修真之要(yao),一時成(cheng)吐納(na)之功:千軸(zhou),指(zhi)上(shang)文太上(shang)老(lao)君(jun)所降(jiang)賜之經書。修真,即(ji)(ji)修道。吐納(na),即(ji)(ji)吐故納(na)新。為道門(men)修煉養生法。即(ji)(ji)把胸中(zhong)濁(zhuo)氣(qi)從口中(zhong)呼出(chu)(chu),再由鼻漫漫吸進(jin)新鮮(xian)空氣(qi)。認為吐納(na)可吸取生氣(qi),吐出(chu)(chu)死氣(qi)。達(da)到(dao)長(chang)生不死。此指(zhi)祖天師獲《黃帝九(jiu)鼎(ding)之丹(dan)書》和(he)太上(shang)老(lao)君(jun)降(jiang)賜之經書后,由此而悟得修真之要(yao),并煉成(cheng)了吐納(na)之功法。

⑹法(fa)箓(lu)(lu)(lu)全成,受(shou)盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)(wei)品而結(jie)璘訣:法(fa),指(zhi)(zhi)道法(fa)。宋白玉蟾(chan)《道法(fa)九要》稱(cheng):“夫(fu)法(fa)者,洞(dong)曉陰陽造化(hua),明達鬼神機關,呼風召雷,祈(qi)晴請(qing)雨,行(xing)(xing)(xing)符(fu)(fu)咒水,治病驅(qu)邪(xie),積行(xing)(xing)(xing)累功,與(yu)(yu)道合真(zhen)。”箓(lu)(lu)(lu),又稱(cheng)法(fa)箓(lu)(lu)(lu),寶箓(lu)(lu)(lu)。是一(yi)種(zhong)道教符(fu)(fu)書(shu),作為入(ru)道憑(ping)信(xin)與(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)法(fa)依據。道經稱(cheng),得其箓(lu)(lu)(lu)者,方能召喚(huan)箓(lu)(lu)(lu)上神吏兵(bing)將(jiang)護衛身(shen)形,或役之施行(xing)(xing)(xing)道法(fa)。同時,它(ta)對受(shou)箓(lu)(lu)(lu)者也(ye)是一(yi)種(zhong)約束,故稱(cheng)“箓(lu)(lu)(lu)者,戒性情(qing),止塞愆非。制斷(duan)惡(e)根,發(fa)生道業。從凡(fan)入(ru)圣,自始及(ji)終,先從戒箓(lu)(lu)(lu),然(ran)后(hou)登真(zhen)。”盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)(wei)品,即正(zheng)一(yi)盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)(wei)箓(lu)(lu)(lu),此箓(lu)(lu)(lu)由(you)老君(jun)降(jiang)授(shou),祖天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張道陵而傳世。《赤松子章歷(li)》稱(cheng):“謹(jin)按太真(zhen)科及(ji)赤松子歷(li),漢代(dai)人(ren)鬼交雜,精邪(xie)遍行(xing)(xing)(xing),太上垂慈。下降(jiang)鶴(he)鳴山,授(shou)張天(tian)(tian)師(shi)正(zheng)一(yi)盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)(wei)符(fu)(fu)箓(lu)(lu)(lu)一(yi)百(bai)二(er)十階,及(ji)千二(er)百(bai)官儀(yi),二(er)百(bai)大(da)章,法(fa)文秘要,救治人(ren)物。天(tian)(tian)師(shi)遂建二(er)十四(si)治,敷行(xing)(xing)(xing)正(zheng)一(yi)章符(fu)(fu),領戶化(hua)民,廣(guang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)陰德。”璘訣,指(zhi)(zhi)盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)(wei)箓(lu)(lu)(lu)中秘訣。

⑺正(zheng)邪兩(liang)(liang)辨(bian),奪(duo)福(fu)(fu)庭治(zhi)而化咸(xian)(xian)泉(quan):正(zheng)邪兩(liang)(liang)辨(bian),言太上(shang)老君授(shou)祖天師(shi)正(zheng)一盟威之(zhi)道,禁戒律科。檢示萬(wan)民(min)逆順、禍福(fu)(fu)功(gong)過(guo),令(ling)(ling)知好惡(e)之(zhi)事,奪(duo),同“得(de)”。福(fu)(fu)庭治(zhi),福(fu)(fu)庭即教(jiao)廷(ting)。指(zhi)(zhi)陽(yang)平治(zhi)。祖天師(shi)立二十四治(zhi)中,以陽(yang)平治(zhi)為(wei)中央教(jiao)區(qu)。其(qi)“陽(yang)平治(zhi)都功(gong)印(yin)”是太上(shang)老君所授(shou)天師(shi)道最高法印(yin)。陽(yang)平治(zhi)的教(jiao)令(ling)(ling)各治(zhi)皆應(ying)遵守。咸(xian)(xian)泉(quan),咸(xian)(xian)即感,感為(wei)感應(ying)。泉(quan)為(wei)泉(quan)水。喻(yu)指(zhi)(zhi)祖天師(shi)立道教(jiao)化世人的盛德。

⑻德(de)(de)就(jiu)大(da)丹(dan)(dan)(dan),道(dao)(dao)齊七(qi)政(zheng):德(de)(de)就(jiu)大(da)丹(dan)(dan)(dan),指祖天師煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)功德(de)(de)圓滿時龍虎(hu)見之(zhi)事。漢永(yong)元初年,祖天師攜弟子(zi)王長至云(yun)錦山(shan)(今龍虎(hu)山(shan)),修煉(lian)九(jiu)天神丹(dan)(dan)(dan),一(yi)(yi)年有紅光照室;二年有五(wu)云(yun)覆鼎(ding),夜不假燭,仿佛有青龍白(bai)虎(hu)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)常繞丹(dan)(dan)(dan)鼎(ding);三年丹(dan)(dan)(dan)成龍虎(hu)見,山(shan)因以名(ming)。道(dao)(dao)齊七(qi)政(zheng),七(qi)政(zheng)指日、月(yue)和金(jin)、木、水、火、土(tu)五(wu)星,即七(qi)曜。此言祖天師的道(dao)(dao)法與日月(yue)五(wu)星并駕齊驅(qu)。可見其道(dao)(dao)法之(zhi)高。

⑼大(da)(da)悲(bei)大(da)(da)愿(yuan)(yuan),大(da)(da)圣大(da)(da)慈:大(da)(da)悲(bei),指(zhi)悲(bei)憫(min)世人(ren)。大(da)(da)愿(yuan)(yuan),濟(ji)度眾生的宏愿(yuan)(yuan)。大(da)(da)圣,智慧超(chao)凡、通真(zhen)達靈。大(da)(da)慈,慈祥(xiang)呵(he)護眾生。此贊祖天(tian)師之盛德。

⑽三(san)(san)天扶教,輔玄體道(dao)(dao):三(san)(san)天,謂清微天、禹馀天、大(da)赤(chi)天。此引指(zhi)三(san)(san)清尊(zun)神。扶教,扶助道(dao)(dao)教。玄,即(ji)道(dao)(dao)。體道(dao)(dao),即(ji)得(de)道(dao)(dao)。

⑾大法天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師,雷(lei)霆(ting)都省:大法天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師,為祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師尊號(hao)。雷(lei)霆(ting),天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)之(zhi)號(hao)令。都省,仙界官位。此指(zhi)祖(zu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)師代(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)行發號(hao)令。可見其權位之(zhi)高。

⑿泰玄(xuan)上相,都天(tian)大法主:此為祖天(tian)師張(zhang)道陵仙(xian)界尊(zun)號。

⒀正(zheng)一沖玄(xuan)神化靜(jing)應顯佑(you)真君:此為元成宗(zong)對祖天師的封號。

⒁六合(he)無窮(qiong)(qiong)高(gao)明大帝(di),降魔(mo)護(hu)道(dao)天尊(zun):六合(he)無窮(qiong)(qiong)高(gao)明大帝(di),為明崇禎皇帝(di)加封祖(zu)天師(shi)(shi)之號(hao)。降魔(mo),即(ji)降除妖魔(mo)。護(hu)道(dao),護(hu)衛(wei)道(dao)教,天尊(zun)。對得道(dao)神仙(xian)的(de)尊(zun)稱。此對祖(zu)天師(shi)(shi)張道(dao)陵(ling)盛德的(de)頌贊。

歷史遺存

豐(feng)縣(xian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)傳說分(fen)布區域豐(feng)縣(xian)、蘇(su)魯豫皖接壤地(di)區、龍虎(hu)山、云(yun)臺山、青城山等道(dao)(dao)教名山及日本、法(fa)(fa)國、美國、加(jia)拿大、澳大利亞(ya)、馬(ma)來(lai)(lai)西(xi)亞(ya)、新加(jia)坡(po)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)原(yuan)名張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)(ling),字輔漢(han)。生于豐(feng)縣(xian)阿房村(今(jin)(jin)江蘇(su)徐州豐(feng)縣(xian)),是(shi)五(wu)斗米(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)的創(chuang)始人(ren)(ren),被尊(zun)為(wei)(wei)第一代天(tian)師。通達(da)五(wu)經(jing)(jing),曾(ceng)入(ru)太(tai)學,舉“賢良方正(zheng)(zheng)直言(yan)極諫科”,任巴(ba)(ba)郡江州(今(jin)(jin)重慶) 令。后棄官(guan)隱居(ju)北(bei)邙山(今(jin)(jin)洛陽(yang)北(bei))。漢(han)章帝、漢(han)和帝征(zheng)召皆不(bu)(bu)就。與弟子(zi)王(wang)長杖策入(ru)淮,經(jing)(jing) 鄱陽(yang)(今(jin)(jin)波(bo)陽(yang)),溯流至云(yun)錦山(今(jin)(jin)貴溪龍虎(hu)山)煉丹(dan),修長生之道(dao)(dao),三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)丹(dan)成。聞巴(ba)(ba)蜀診氣(qi)為(wei)(wei)害(hai),遂與弟子(zi)赴(fu)四川(chuan)(chuan)鶴鳴山(一作鴿鳴山,今(jin)(jin)四川(chuan)(chuan)大邑縣(xian)境)傳道(dao)(dao)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)師永(yong)和六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(141年(nian)(nian)(nian))造作道(dao)(dao)書二(er)(er)十四篇,自稱(cheng)“太(tai)清玄元”,奉(feng)(feng)(feng)其(qi)道(dao)(dao)者,須納五(wu)斗米(mi)(mi),時稱(cheng)“五(wu)斗米(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)”。漢(han)安(an)帝元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(142年(nian)(nian)(nian))張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)(ling)托(tuo)言(yan)太(tai)上(shang)(shang)老君親(qin)降,授“三(san)(san)天(tian)正(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)(fa)”,命為(wei)(wei)“天(tian)師”。同年(nian)(nian)(nian)又授“正(zheng)(zheng)一科術要道(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)文”,“正(zheng)(zheng)一盟威妙經(jing)(jing)”,重為(wei)(wei)“三(san)(san)天(tian)法(fa)(fa)師正(zheng)(zheng)一真人(ren)(ren)”。又托(tuo)言(yan)太(tai)上(shang)(shang)老君于漢(han)安(an)帝二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)下二(er)(er)十四治(zhi)(布化行(xing)道(dao)(dao)的地(di)區機(ji)構):上(shang)(shang)八(ba)治(zhi),中(zhong)八(ba)治(zhi),下八(ba)治(zhi),囑(zhu)天(tian)師張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)奉(feng)(feng)(feng)行(xing)布化。按(an)《正(zheng)(zheng)一經(jing)(jing)》云(yun):“太(tai)上(shang)(shang)親(qin)授天(tian)師《太(tai)玄經(jing)(jing)》有二(er)(er)百七(qi)十卷,推檢是(shi)漢(han)安(an)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)七(qi)月(yue)得是(shi)經(jing)(jing)。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)(ling)以符水(shui)、咒法(fa)(fa)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)治(zhi)病。并(bing)授民取(qu)鹽之法(fa)(fa),后人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)“陵(ling)(ling)井”(用咸井水(shui)熬鹽)。百姓(xing)得其(qi)益,奉(feng)(feng)(feng)之為(wei)(wei)天(tian)師,弟子(zi)戶(hu)達(da)數萬。進而設立祭酒,分(fen)領其(qi)戶(hu),有如宰守;并(bing)立條(tiao)制,使諸弟子(zi)隨事輪流出米(mi)(mi)絹器物(wu)樵薪(xin)等;不(bu)(bu)施刑罰(fa),以善道(dao)(dao)治(zhi)人(ren)(ren)。使有疾病者書記生身以來(lai)(lai)所犯(fan)之罪(zui)(zui),手(shou)書投水(shui)中(zhong),與神明共盟,不(bu)(bu)得復犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui),以生死(si)為(wei)(wei)約。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)(ling)奉(feng)(feng)(feng)《老子(zi)五(wu)千

文》、《太(tai)平(ping)洞(dong)極經》為主要經典(dian),并著《老子想(xiang)爾注》,宣揚人(ren)君按“道(dao)(dao)意”治國,則(ze)太(tai)平(ping);循“道(dao)(dao)意”治民。民即壽考龍(long)虎山(shan)以其道(dao)(dao)家祖(zu)庭、丹霞(xia)地(di)貌、春秋戰(zhan)國大型崖墓群(qun)珠壁聯合為特色,在(zai)全(quan)國國家級(ji)風景名(ming)勝(sheng)區中獨樹一(yi)幟(zhi)。東漢(han)中葉,道(dao)(dao)教創始(shi)人(ren)張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)曾在(zai)此煉丹。張(zhang)天師至今承襲六(liu)十三代,歷經一(yi)千九(jiu)百多年。張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)和弟子王長一(yi)起修煉龍(long)虎大丹,一(yi)年有(you)紅光(guang)照室,兩(liang)年有(you)青龍(long)白虎來(lai)保護(hu)丹鼎,三年丹成(cheng)(cheng),他(ta)更(geng)就(jiu)成(cheng)(cheng)了真人(ren)。

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