張道(dao)陵(34年2月22日—156年),字輔(fu)漢,原名陵,正一(yi)盟(meng)威道(dao)創始人,東漢豐縣(今江(jiang)蘇徐州(zhou)豐縣)人。
太上(shang)老(lao)君(jun)“授以三天(tian)(tian)正(zheng)法,命(ming)為天(tian)(tian)師”,后世尊稱(cheng)為“老(lao)祖天(tian)(tian)師”、“正(zheng)一真人”,"三天(tian)(tian)扶教(jiao)大法師",高明上(shang)帝,張天(tian)(tian)師。著作《老(lao)子想(xiang)爾注》,弟子有3000多人,設(she)立24治,奠(dian)基天(tian)(tian)師道。張道陵、葛玄、許遜、薩(sa)守(shou)堅合稱(cheng)四大天(tian)(tian)師。
張道陵(ling)創建天師(shi)道的背(bei)景(jing):當時在巴(ba)蜀(shu)一(yi)帶,原(yuan)有巴(ba)人(ren)信奉原(yuan)始巫教,大規模(mo)的淫祀而(er)害(hai)民。而(er)這些祀奉鬼妖(學(xue)名(ming)為:妖邪)的法(fa)教巫師(shi)聚眾斂財,無惡不作。
張天師(shi)攜王長(chang)、趙升二位弟子和(he)黃帝九鼎丹經,來到北邙山修行,平定了那些禍害百(bai)姓的(de)巫妖之教。川渝(yu)一帶(dai)流傳的(de)張天師(shi)以太上(shang)老君劍印符箓(lu)大破鬼兵(bing)的(de)故事就是以此為原型的(de)。
張道(dao)(dao)陵,字輔(fu)漢(han),西漢(han)開(kai)國大功臣張良(liang)的(de)第十(shi)世孫《漢(han)天師(shi)世家》記載:良(liang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)疑(yi)、不(bu)疑(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高、高生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)通(tong)(tong)、通(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)無(wu)(wu)妄、無(wu)(wu)妄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)里仁、里仁生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)皓、皓生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)綱、綱生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大順、大順生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)道(dao)(dao)陵。漢(han)光武(wu)(wu)建武(wu)(wu)十(shi)年正月十(shi)五日生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)豐縣阿(a)房村(cun),出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)前,其(qi)母(mu)夢見(jian)魁星(xing)下(xia)降,感而有孕。出(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時(shi)滿室異香,整月不(bu)散,黃云(yun)罩頂,紫氣彌院。自幼聰慧過人(ren)(ren),七歲便讀通(tong)(tong)《道(dao)(dao)德經》,天文地理、河洛讖緯之(zhi)書(shu)無(wu)(wu)不(bu)通(tong)(tong)曉,為太學(xue)書(shu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時(shi),博(bo)通(tong)(tong)《五經》,后來嘆(tan)息道(dao)(dao):“這些書(shu)都(dou)(dou)無(wu)(wu)法解(jie)決(jue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)死的(de)問題啊!”于(yu)是棄儒改(gai)學(xue)長生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)。張祖(zu)二十(shi)五歲,曾官拜江州令。而他(ta)卻身在朝政,志(zhi)慕清虛,不(bu)久(jiu)就隱居到洛陽北(bei)邙山中(zhong),精思學(xue)道(dao)(dao),修煉三年,有白(bai)虎口銜玉符(fu)而至其(qi)所。永元(公元89年)初(chu)年,漢(han)和帝賜為太傅,又(you)封為冀縣侯,三次下(xia)詔,張祖(zu)都(dou)(dou)婉拒了,他(ta)對(dui)使者說:“人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在世,不(bu)過百歲,光陰荏苒,轉瞬便逝。父母(mu)隆恩(en),妻妾厚愛,也隨(sui)時(shi)而消(xiao)失。君(jun)臣之(zhi)恩(en),誰(shui)見(jian)長久(jiu)?請(qing)轉告圣上,只要清靜寡(gua)欲(yu),無(wu)(wu)為而治,天下(xia)自然大定,要我何(he)用?我志(zhi)在青山中(zhong)!”為了避開(kai)京都(dou)(dou)近郊(jiao)的(de)俗務嘈雜和騷(sao)擾,張祖(zu)決(jue)心(xin)云(yun)游名山大川、訪道(dao)(dao)求(qiu)仙去了。
張(zhang)祖先(xian)是南(nan)(nan)游淮河,居桐(tong)柏太平山,后(hou)與弟子王(wang)長、趙升(sheng)一起(qi),渡江南(nan)(nan)下(xia),在江西貴溪縣(xian)云錦山住了下(xia)來。此地山清水秀(xiu),景色(se)清幽,為(wei)古(gu)仙人(ren)棲息(xi)之所,張(zhang)祖就在山上(shang)結廬(lu)而居,并筑壇煉丹,三(san)年而神(shen)丹成;龍(long)虎出現,故(gu)此山又(you)稱龍(long)虎山。時年張(zhang)祖六十歲,后(hou)又(you)移居四川鶴鳴山,感石鶴長鳴。
漢順帝漢安(an)元(yuan)年(nian)(公元(yuan)142年(nian))正月十五(wu)日,傳說太上(shang)老君降臨蜀地,傳授張祖《太平洞極經(jing)》、《正一盟(meng)威二十四品法(fa)箓(lu)》、三五(wu)都(dou)功玉印、雌雄(xiong)斬(zhan)邪劍等經(jing)書、法(fa)器,拜為天(tian)師(shi)(shi),囑咐天(tian)師(shi)(shi)廣行正一盟(meng)威之道(dao),掃除妖魔(mo),救護生民。于是天(tian)師(shi)(shi)于漢安(an)二年(nian)七(qi)月,登青(qing)城(cheng)山(shan),會(hui)八(ba)部(bu)鬼(gui)(gui)帥(shuai),大戰眾鬼(gui)(gui),制伏外道(dao)惡魔(mo),誅絕邪偽。天(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)法(fa)通(tong)玄,諸魔(mo)所不能敵,各各降服,愿意(yi)皈依正道(dao),于是天(tian)師(shi)(shi)敕命五(wu)方(fang)八(ba)部(bu)六天(tian)鬼(gui)(gui)神,在青(qing)城(cheng)山(shan)黃(huang)帝壇(tan)下盟(meng)誓,人處陽(yang)間,鬼(gui)(gui)處幽冥,使六天(tian)鬼(gui)(gui)王囚禁于北陰酆都(dou)城(cheng),八(ba)部(bu)鬼(gui)(gui)帥(shuai)流放于西域邊地。從此妖魔(mo)降服,人民安(an)樂,至今(jin)青(qing)城(cheng)山(shan)仍留有天(tian)師(shi)(shi)與眾鬼(gui)(gui)帥(shuai)戰斗(dou)的誓鬼(gui)(gui)臺、鬼(gui)(gui)界碑等古(gu)跡。
天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)降妖(yao)伏魔(mo),救護眾生,蜀地的(de)人(ren)(ren)民都(dou)非(fei)常感動,都(dou)愿(yuan)意聽(ting)受天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)教化(hua)(hua)。于(yu)是天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)立二十四(si)治,廣收門徒(tu),教化(hua)(hua)于(yu)民。東漢(han)桓帝永(yong)壽元年九月(yue)九日(ri),在四(si)川(chuan)赤城渠亭山中,玉帝派遣使(shi)者持玉冊,敕封天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)為正(zheng)一真人(ren)(ren),天(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)世(shi)壽一百二十三歲(sui),與蒼(cang)溪(xi)云臺山白日(ri)飛升。
張道(dao)(dao)陵,初名(ming)張陵,后改今名(ming)。本(ben)是(shi)太(tai)學書生(sheng),性好學,博五經(jing),邃于黃老(lao)之道(dao)(dao),七歲即能通道(dao)(dao)德經(jing)及河洛圖諱之書,皆(jie)極其奧。長(chang)為(wei)博學之士。后棄官學道(dao)(dao)。創(chuang)立了正一(yi)(yi)盟(meng)威(wei)道(dao)(dao),簡稱(cheng)正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)。漢順帝時永壽元年在(zai)鶴鳴山(shan)創(chuang)建正一(yi)(yi)盟(meng)威(wei)道(dao)(dao),太(tai)上老(lao)君“授以(yi)三天(tian)(tian)正法(fa),命為(wei)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)”,自稱(cheng)“三天(tian)(tian)法(fa)師(shi)正一(yi)(yi)真人”,并纂(zuan)道(dao)(dao)書24篇。漢桓帝時在(zai)四川(chuan)蒼溪縣境的(de)靈臺山(shan)(又名(ming)天(tian)(tian)柱山(shan))飛升,傳(chuan)說時年123歲,道(dao)(dao)教稱(cheng)為(wei)“祖天(tian)(tian)師(shi)”。傳(chuan)說第1代天(tian)(tian)師(shi)張道(dao)(dao)陵跟太(tai)上老(lao)君學道(dao)(dao)得老(lao)君親(qin)授,得天(tian)(tian)獨厚,道(dao)(dao)法(fa)高強。
祖天師所創道派,稱正一(yi)盟威道,簡(jian)稱正一(yi)道。但(dan)因奉其(qi)道者,須(xu)出五(wu)斗米(mi),當時(shi)又有稱五(wu)斗米(mi)道(編者按:實際上(shang)多用是(shi)(shi)蔑(mie)稱,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)初中(zhong)課(ke)本(ben)稱之(zhi)為五(wu)斗米(mi)道張道陵(ling)除書符治病、驅邪(xie)禳災以外,在(zai)巴蜀地區建立起二十四個宗(zong)教(jiao)活動中(zhong)心,即(ji)二十四治。道民(min)定期赴治學道,祭禱。其(qi)孫子張魯在(zai)東漢(han)末,三國(guo)時(shi)期,擁(yong)有一(yi)支軍隊,在(zai)漢(han)中(zhong)建立了(le)政(zheng)教(jiao)合一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)割據政(zheng)權。并利用政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量,推(tui)行正一(yi)道的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些社會和(he)宗(zong)派主張,比(bi)如,對犯有罪(zui)過的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),不是(shi)(shi)用嚴刑(xing)(xing)懲(cheng)罰,而(er)是(shi)(shi)原諒三次后再加以刑(xing)(xing)罰,那刑(xing)(xing)罰也比(bi)較輕,一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)讓他去修路。同時(shi)在(zai)路上(shang)設義舍,里面(mian)放米(mi)肉(rou),路人(ren)可以量腹而(er)食。這些措施對于天下大(da)亂(luan)形勢(shi)下的(de)(de)(de)民(min)眾(zhong),營造了(le)比(bi)較寬(kuan)松的(de)(de)(de)生活環(huan)境(jing),因此得到了(le)當地漢(han)族(zu)和(he)少數民(min)族(zu)群眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)擁(yong)護。后來,張魯投降(jiang)了(le)曹操,割據政(zheng)權也就不得再存在(zai)。曹操將天師道的(de)(de)(de)力(li)量遷移到北方(fang),但(dan)是(shi)(shi)讓正一(yi)盟威道教(jiao)卻得到了(le)保留,并向(xiang)內地傳播。
張道(dao)陵(ling)先退(tui)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)北邙山(shan)修(xiu)道(dao),后得黃帝九鼎丹(dan)經(jing),修(xiu)煉(lian)于(yu)(yu)繁(fan)陽(yang)(yang)山(shan),丹(dan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),得分形(xing)散影之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妙,通(tong)神變(bian)化(hua),坐在立亡,每泛池中,誦(song)經(jing)堂(tang)上,隱(yin)(yin)(yin)幾對(dui)客,杖藜(li)行吟,一(yi)時并赴,人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆莫測其(qi)靈異也。后于(yu)(yu)萬山(shan)石室(shi)中,得隱(yin)(yin)(yin)書秘文及制命山(shan)岳眾神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術,行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有驗。聞蜀(shu)(shu)民(min)樸素純厚(hou),易于(yu)(yu)教化(hua),且多名山(shan),乃將(jiang)弟子入蜀(shu)(shu),于(yu)(yu)鶴鳴山(shan)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)居(ju)修(xiu)道(dao)。既遇老(lao)君(jun)(jun),遂于(yu)(yu)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)居(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所備(bei)藥物,依法修(xiu)煉(lian),三年丹(dan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),未敢服餌,謂弟子曰,神丹(dan)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),然(ran)未有大功于(yu)(yu)世,須(xu)為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)除害興(xing)利(li),以濟民(min)庶,然(ran)后服丹(dan)即輕舉(ju),臣事三境,庶無愧焉。老(lao)君(jun)(jun)尋遣(qian)清和玉女,教以吐納(na)清和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,修(xiu)行千日(ri),能內見五臟(zang),外集外神。六天(tian)妖魔,盡被降伏。先時蜀(shu)(shu)中魔鬼數萬,白晝(zhou)為(wei)市(shi),擅行疫癘(li),生民(min)久蒙其(qi)害,自六天(tian)大魔被降之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,張道(dao)陵(ling)斥其(qi)鬼眾,散處西北不毛之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)誓曰,人(ren)(ren)(ren)主于(yu)(yu)晝(zhou),鬼行于(yu)(yu)夜,陰陽(yang)(yang)分別,各有司存,違者(zhe)正一(yi)有法,必加誅(zhu)戳。于(yu)(yu)是幽冥異域,人(ren)(ren)(ren)鬼殊途,大利(li)蜀(shu)(shu)民(min)。功成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蒙太(tai)上冊封(feng)正一(yi)天(tian)師。
永壽(shou)二年九(jiu)(jiu)月九(jiu)(jiu)日(ri)至云(yun)臺治,以余(yu)丹,及印,劍,都功符(fu)箓,授子衡曰:“吾遇太上親(qin)(qin)傳至道(dao),此文(wen)總領三五都功,正一(yi)(yi)(yi)樞(shu)要。世(shi)世(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)子紹吾之(zhi)位,非吾宗親(qin)(qin)子孫不得傳。”《正一(yi)(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)》云(yun):“太上親(qin)(qin)授天(tian)師《太玄經(jing)(jing)》有二百七(qi)十(shi)卷(juan),推檢是(shi)漢(han)安(an)元年七(qi)月得是(shi)經(jing)(jing)。”是(shi)日(ri)同弟子王長、趙升,于今(jin)四(si)川省(sheng)蒼(cang)溪縣境的云(yun)臺山上與夫人雍氏白日(ri)飛升。是(shi)為正一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)代張天(tian)師,而為天(tian)師道(dao)正一(yi)(yi)(yi)教祖。
永(yong)平(ping)二(er)年赴“直言極諫(jian)科(ke)”而中(zhong)之,漢明(ming)帝時拜巴郡江州令(今重慶(qing)),不久退隱北邙山中(zhong)(今河(he)南洛陽附近(jin)),修(xiu)持煉(lian)形合氣(qi),辟谷少(shao)寢長生之道(dao)。建初(chu)五年詔(zhao)舉賢良方正不起,復征為(wei)博士,封冀縣侯,三詔(zhao)不就。后入吳,又(you)愛蜀中(zhong)溪嶺深秀,遂入蜀隱于鶴(he)鳴山,修(xiu)神丹(dan)符咒之術(shu)。
張道陵有弟子(zi)王長、趙升隨其習(xi)黃老之道,助煉龍虎(hu)大丹,丹成,服之返老還童(tong),且去游(you)而參訪仙源。
一日,在北(bei)岳嵩山(shan)(shan)遇繡(xiu)衣使者告(gao)訴他說(shuo):“中(zhong)峰(feng)石(shi)室內,藏有《三(san)皇秘(mi)典》、《黃帝九鼎(ding)丹書(shu)》,得而修(xiu)之,可以升(sheng)天!”于是張道陵齋(zhai)戒而入石(shi)室,果然(ran)得到丹經道書(shu),遂赴云錦山(shan)(shan)(即龍虎山(shan)(shan)),精思修(xiu)煉(lian),而得分(fen)形散影(ying)之術。
一日(ri)(ri)夜半似(si)醒似(si)夢之間,忽見那太上老君(jun)下降(jiang),對張道(dao)陵說(shuo):“近(jin)來蜀中(zhong)有(you)六大魔(mo)王,狂暴生民,你前往治(zhi)之則功德無量(liang),名錄丹臺(tai)矣!”乃授(shou)以“正一盟威符箓”,三五斬(zhan)邪雌雄劍、陽平(ping)治(zhi)都(dou)功印(yin)、平(ping)頂冠、八卦衣(yi)、方裙(qun)、朱履等。以千日(ri)(ri)為期(qi),約會于閬(lang)苑。
張道陵拜領老(lao)君(jun)所授,日昧(mei)秘文,能集三(san)萬六千神靈、千二百之官君(jun),以供(gong)(gong)(gong)驅使(shi)。他隨(sui)即往青城山,置(zhi)琉璃高座,左供(gong)(gong)(gong)元始天尊,右供(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十六部尊經,立十絕靈幡,鳴鐘叩磬,布龍虎神兵,施(shi)起(qi)法力。
魔王(wang)鬼帥同(tong)聲哀(ai)求,盡被折服(fu),表示再不敢虐民。張道陵(ling)乃(nai)收八部鬼神,降伏六(liu)天魔王(wang),群(qun)妖乃(nai)滅表絕跡。他則遂與(yu)弟子(zi)王(wang)長、趙升(sheng)往今四川(chuan)省蒼溪縣境的云(yun)臺卜居其地繼續修煉。
既伏妖(yao)魔(mo),老君乃命使者下(xia)降來告道:“子之(zhi)功(gong)業合得九(jiu)真上(shang)(shang)仙(xian)之(zhi)位,但滅鬼過多,未(wei)免殺氣穢空(kong),非(fei)大(da)道好(hao)生之(zhi)旨。子須再修(xiu)三(san)千六日,吾待子于上(shang)(shang)清八景宮中。”于是道陵(ling)乃偕弟子王長、趙升復往今四川(chuan)省蒼溪(xi)縣(xian)境的云臺山(shan),精修(xiu)二十(shi)余年。
永壽元年(nian)正月,據說(shuo)太上(shang)老君與眾(zhong)真復降(jiang),為張道陵(ling)說(shuo):“北斗延生真經”及“三(san)八謝罪法懺”。永壽二(er)年(nian)春(chun),會(hui)三(san)界萬神(shen)于青(qing)城山黃帝壇下,盟五岳四瀆,立二(er)十(shi)四治(zhi),福(fu)庭鬼獄(yu)。定(ding)三(san)十(shi)會(hui)真壇與六十(shi)通(tong)真靖,七十(shi)二(er)福(fu)地,命人(ren)處明陽、鬼處幽陰,各治(zhi)設祭(ji)酒(jiu)與男官(guan)(guan)、婦官(guan)(guan),以(yi)贊玄化。其(qi)時,道教(jiao)始(shi)有正規教(jiao)團組織。 張道陵(ling)率弟子復游各地,斬妖巷孽、奪鹽池,建功立德,造福(fu)蜀民。據稱,功成后(hou)蒙(meng)太上(shang)老君冊封為正一天師。
永壽(shou)二(er)(er)年九(jiu)月九(jiu)日至四川(chuan)彰明縣(xian)(今江油市(shi))境(jing)(jing)的靈(ling)臺(tai)(tai)山(shan),見絕(jue)巖下桃熟,命王、趙(zhao)二(er)(er)弟子投身取之,遂亦下傳(chuan)其真道。后以(yi)余余丹及印、劍、都功(gong)符錄。授(shou)子衡曰:“吾(wu)遇太(tai)上親傳(chuan)至道,此文總領三(san)萬(wan)都功(gong),正一樞要,世世一子紹吾(wu)之位,非(fei)吾(wu)宗(zong)親子孫(sun)不得傳(chuan)。”《正一經》云:“太(tai)上親授(shou)天師《太(tai)玄經》有二(er)(er)百七(qi)十(shi)卷,推檢是(shi)漢安(an)元年七(qi)月得是(shi)經。”是(shi)日,以(yi)丹分付弟子王長、趙(zhao)升,于今四川(chuan)省蒼溪縣(xian)境(jing)(jing)的云臺(tai)(tai)山(shan)峰(feng)與夫人雍氏乘云上升,在人間123歲,女(nv)兒(er)文姬、文光、賢姬、芳芝皆得道上升。
張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)因(yin)(yin)在(zai)蜀(shu)漢(han)之境設二(er)十四治,為(wei)布化行道(dao)(dao)的機構,凡入道(dao)(dao)者交五(wu)(wu)米(mi)為(wei)信(xin),歷史上南北朝經常以(yi)前對中央朝廷有(you)(you)反叛性(xing)質(zhi)因(yin)(yin)素,以(yi)及漢(han)末(mo)張(zhang)魯聚(ju)眾自立,故(gu)有(you)(you)史家(jia)因(yin)(yin)而稱其教為(wei)“五(wu)(wu)斗米(mi)道(dao)(dao)”。因(yin)(yin)張(zhang)陵(ling)(ling)為(wei)五(wu)(wu)斗米(mi)教第一代天(tian)(tian)師,故(gu)教徒尊(zun)稱“祖天(tian)(tian)師”。人們(men)又稱其教為(wei)“天(tian)(tian)師道(dao)(dao)”。張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)尊(zun)老(lao)子(zi)為(wei)教祖,奉《老(lao)子(zi)五(wu)(wu)千文》為(wei)最高(gao)經典,并自編《老(lao)子(zi)想爾注》發揮老(lao)子(zi)的道(dao)(dao)家(jia)思想。以(yi)“道(dao)(dao)”為(wei)最高(gao)信(xin)仰,將“道(dao)(dao)”和老(lao)子(zi)相提并論,宣(xuan)稱即(ji)是“一”,“二(er)散為(wei)氣,聚(ju)形(xing)為(wei)太上老(lao)君”。
唐玄宗(zong)天寶(bao)七年(nian)(748年(nian)),因(yin)老子之故冊(ce)贈張道陵(ling)為(wei)“太(tai)師”。禧宗(zong)中和四(si)年(nian)(884年(nian)),封(feng)為(wei)“三天扶教大法師”。宋(song)徽宗(zong)大觀二年(nian)(1108年(nian)),冊(ce)贈“正一(yi)靖應(ying)(ying)(ying)真(zhen)君(jun)”,理宗(zong)加(jia)封(feng)“三天扶教輔元大法師,正一(yi)靖應(ying)(ying)(ying)顯(xian)(xian)佑(you)真(zhen)君(jun)”。元成宗(zong)加(jia)封(feng)“正一(yi)沖玄神化(hua)靜應(ying)(ying)(ying)顯(xian)(xian)佑(you)真(zhen)君(jun)”。明(ming)崇禎皇(huang)帝加(jia)贈“六(liu)合無窮高明(ming)上(shang)帝”。正一(yi)派稱祖天師、泰玄上(shang)相、大圣降魔護道天尊。
因嗣第(di)四(si)代天(tian)(tian)師張盛將天(tian)(tian)師法(fa)(fa)裔由陜西(xi)漢中(zhong)(zhong)遷居(ju)江西(xi)省龍虎(hu)(hu)山中(zhong)(zhong)。從(cong)張盛以后道陵(ling)祖師歷代子孫(sun)皆(jie)住(zhu)在龍虎(hu)(hu)山中(zhong)(zhong),一直到63代天(tian)(tian)師張恩溥。1949年,張恩溥隨蔣介石退往臺(tai)灣(wan),攜帶長子張允賢和祖傳“玉印(yin)”及“法(fa)(fa)劍”一口。現貴(gui)溪縣上清鎮天(tian)(tian)師府(fu)即(ji)其(qi)遺脈。
正一(yi)(yi)道是(shi)(shi)張(zhang)道陵創立并(bing)由其子孫(sun)世襲相傳,以老子為(wei)教(jiao)主(zhu),為(wei)最高信仰,符箓齋醮(jiao)為(wei)傳播方式,以追求長生不死和成仙(xian)為(wei)最高境界(jie)的一(yi)(yi)種宗教(jiao)組織。由于(yu)張(zhang)道陵開(kai)始煉丹(dan)修道于(yu)龍虎(hu)山(shan)(shan),于(yu)是(shi)(shi)龍虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)可稱為(wei)中國道教(jiao)第一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)。張(zhang)道陵是(shi)(shi)正一(yi)(yi)道創始人(ren),他(ta)是(shi)(shi)祖天(tian)師,又稱第一(yi)(yi)代天(tian)師。
從東漢張(zhang)道(dao)陵正式創立(li)正一(yi)教派至今,天師道(dao)在中國(guo)已經有近2000年(nian)的(de)(de)歷(li)史。正一(yi)道(dao)在自身傳(chuan)承(cheng)發(fa)展的(de)(de)過(guo)程中,不(bu)斷汲(ji)取(qu)中華傳(chuan)統文化的(de)(de)精髓(sui),是(shi)中華傳(chuan)統文化的(de)(de)主要思(si)想支(zhi)柱(zhu)之一(yi)。
張道陵攜弟子王長游淮(huai)入(ru)鄱陽(yang),登樂平雩子峰,溯(su)信江(jiang)西貴溪云(yun)錦山煉“九天神(shen)丹”,“丹成而(er)龍(long)(long)(long)虎見,山因(yin)(yin)以名(ming)。”(即江(jiang)西鷹潭龍(long)(long)(long)虎山,因(yin)(yin)“丹成而(er)龍(long)(long)(long)虎現”,故改(gai)甸為龍(long)(long)(long)虎山)
張(zhang)道陵在(zai)龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)用三年時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)煉(lian)(lian)成(cheng)九天(tian)神(shen)丹后(hou),已六十余矣(yi),吃了(le)(le)(le)神(shen)丹容貌益(yi)少,“返老還童(tong)”,像(xiang)30歲(sui)左右的人(ren)。接著又(you)在(zai)龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)東北邊的西仙(xian)源壁(bi)魯洞(dong),得神(shen)虎(hu)(hu)秘文,并(bing)建(jian)立(li)天(tian)師草(cao)堂(tang),廣傳弟子(zi)(zi),為人(ren)治病,到他(ta)經(jing)(jing)嵩山(shan)二人(ren)巴蜀時(shi)(shi),已經(jing)(jing)90多歲(sui)了(le)(le)(le)。由(you)此可見,張(zhang)道陵在(zai)龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan)煉(lian)(lian)丹修道講課時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)長達30余年,這段(duan)不算短的日子(zi)(zi),是他(ta)煉(lian)(lian)丹學道的主要時(shi)(shi)期。如(ru)(ru)今“煉(lian)(lian)丹池”、“濯鼎池”、“習升(sheng)臺”、“天(tian)師草(cao)堂(tang)”等遺址仍在(zai),壁(bi)魯洞(dong)中的石(shi)灶石(shi)床(chuang)石(shi)幾俱(ju)存,多種史籍均有記載,多處遺址歷(li)歷(li)可考。正如(ru)(ru)葛洪(hong)在(zai)《神(shen)仙(xian)傳》中所述:“陵初入龍虎(hu)(hu)山(shan),合丹斗劑,雖未沖舉,已成(cheng)地仙(xian)。”可見他(ta)那時(shi)(shi)的道學功底已經(jing)(jing)相當深厚(hou)了(le)(le)(le)。
張道(dao)陵第二(er)(er)次攜弟子王長嵩山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)人(ren)巴蜀(shu)(shu)已過九十高齡。為(wei)(wei)什么耄耋之(zhi)年還(huan)要入(ru)蜀(shu)(shu),一是(shi)“聞蜀(shu)(shu)人(ren)多(duo)純(chun)厚,易于激化,且(qie)多(duo)名山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”,對創教有利(li);二(er)(er)是(shi)“聞巴蜀(shu)(shu)疹氣危害人(ren)體,百(bai)姓為(wei)(wei)病疫(yi)災(zai)厄(e)所(suo)困”,他(ta)要繼續用(yong)符、丹為(wei)(wei)人(ren)治病,佐國佑民。入(ru)川后(hou),他(ta)先居陽(yang)平山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),后(hou)住鶴鳴山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),還(huan)到了(le)西(xi)城山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、葛潰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、秦(qin)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、昌利(li)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、涌泉山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、真都山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、北平山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、青(qing)城山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),精(jing)思煉志,著作(zuo)道(dao)書24篇,足跡遍及巴蜀(shu)(shu)、陜西(xi)等地(di)。他(ta)收徒設教,建(jian)立道(dao)教基層組織,凡(fan)入(ru)道(dao)者須出信米五斗(漢時(shi)一斗等于當代二(er)(er)升,五斗即(ji)等于2014年一斗),“付天倉”以備(bei)饑荒(huang)和(he)作(zuo)“義舍”之(zhi)用(yong)。
順帝漢(han)安元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)142年(nian)(nian)(nian),時(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)陵109歲(sui)),五月(yue)(yue)一(yi)日(ri),“太(tai)上親降”,授以三天正(zheng)(zheng)法,命(ming)陵為(wei)“天師”,又(you)授正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)科(ke)術要道(dao)法文(wen)。其年(nian)(nian)(nian)七月(yue)(yue)七日(ri),又(you)授(陵)《正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)盟威妙經(jing)(jing)》,重為(wei)“三天法師正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)真人”。“漢(han)安二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)143年(nian)(nian)(nian)),太(tai)上以漢(han)安二年(nian)(nian)(nian)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)七日(ri)申(shen)時(shi)二十(shi)四治,付天師張(zhang)(zhang)陵奉(feng)行布化(hua)(hua)。”按(an)《正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)經(jing)(jing)》云(yun):“太(tai)上親授天師《太(tai)玄(xuan)經(jing)(jing)》有二百七十(shi)卷,推(tui)檢是漢(han)安元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)七月(yue)(yue)得是經(jing)(jing)。”自此(ci)功成道(dao)著分(fen)領二十(shi)四治,第(di)子戶至數萬,道(dao)教遂大(da)行于巴蜀一(yi)帶。東漢(han)恒帝永壽二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)156年(nian)(nian)(nian)),張(zhang)(zhang)陵123歲(sui),是年(nian)(nian)(nian)九月(yue)(yue)九日(ri),將諸秘錄(lu)、斬邪二劍、玉冊、玉印(yin)授長子衡(heng),乃與夫人雍氏登云(yun)臺峰,白日(ri)升化(hua)(hua)。
自“祖天(tian)師(shi)(shi)正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)”創(chuang)立(li)以(yi)來,歷(li)為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)所尊,認為(wei)它(ta)是正一(yi)(yi)盟威之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),是伐(fa)誅(zhu)邪(xie)偽、整(zheng)理鬼(gui)氣(qi)、統承三天(tian)、佐國(guo)佑民、新(xin)出治(zhi)世的(de)真(zhen)(zhen)道(dao)(dao)(dao),即(ji)真(zhen)(zhen)一(yi)(yi)無二(er)的(de)正道(dao)(dao)(dao)。時人(ren)尊張道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵為(wei)人(ren)天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi)(shi),又稱(cheng)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。宋元以(yi)來,三山符錄(lu)統歸龍虎山,遂統稱(cheng)為(wei)正一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao),以(yi)區(qu)別金(jin)元之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際在(zai)北(bei)方興(xing)起(qi)的(de)全真(zhen)(zhen)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。 關(guan)于張陵創(chuang)立(li)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)的(de)過程,《道(dao)(dao)(dao)藏》多(duo)處記載,葛洪在(zai)其所著(zhu)《神(shen)仙傳》中說: “......聞蜀(shu)人(ren)多(duo)純(chun)厚,易可(ke)教(jiao)化,且多(duo)名山。乃(nai)與弟子(zi)入(ru)蜀(shu),住鶴鳴山,著(zhu)作道(dao)(dao)(dao)書二(er)十四篇(pian),乃(nai)精思煉(lian)志。忽有天(tian)人(ren)下降,千乘馬(ma)騎,金(jin)車羽(yu)蓋,驂(can)龍駕虎,不可(ke)勝數(shu)。或自稱(cheng)柱下史(shi),或稱(cheng)東海小童,乃(nai)授陵以(yi)新(xin)出正一(yi)(yi)盟威之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。陵受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),能治(zhi)病,于是百姓翕然,奉事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)為(wei)師(shi)(shi)。弟子(zi)戶至數(shu)萬(wan),即(ji)立(li)祭酒,分領其戶,有如長官......”。
傳(chuan)說東漢順帝年(nian)間(jian)某夜,太上(shang)老君降臨(lin)在(zai)他(ta)住的(de)地方(fang),授給他(ta)雌雄劍和(he)許多符箓,要(yao)他(ta)誅滅(mie)橫(heng)行四川的(de)六(liu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)魔(mo)王(wang)、八大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)帥(shuai)。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling)(ling)精修千日,煉(lian)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)降魔(mo)的(de)法術。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久八部鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)帥(shuai)各領鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)兵共億萬數為害(hai)人(ren)間(jian),他(ta)們(men)帶來各種(zhong)(zhong)瘟疫疾病、殘害(hai)眾(zhong)生。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling)(ling)于是(shi)(shi)在(zai)青(qing)城山(shan)上(shang)設下(xia)道(dao)壇,鳴(ming)鐘扣罄,呼風喚雨指(zhi)(zhi)揮神兵和(he)這些惡鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)戰。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling)(ling)站立(li)在(zai)琉(liu)璃(li)座上(shang),任(ren)何刀箭一(yi)接近他(ta)就立(li)刻(ke)變成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)蓮花。鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)眾(zhong)又放火來燒,真人(ren)用手一(yi)指(zhi)(zhi),火焰(yan)又燒了(le)(le)回去。鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)帥(shuai)一(yi)怒又招來千軍萬馬重重包圍(wei)(wei),不(bu)(bu)(bu)料真人(ren)用丹筆一(yi)畫,所有鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)兵和(he)八大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)士(shi)都(dou)紛紛叩(kou)頭求(qiu)饒。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)他(ta)們(men)口(kou)服心不(bu)(bu)(bu)服,回去后(hou)又請來六(liu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)魔(mo)王(wang),率領鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)兵百(bai)萬圍(wei)(wei)攻青(qing)城山(shan)。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling)(ling)神閑(xian)氣定,不(bu)(bu)(bu)為所動,他(ta)只(zhi)(zhi)用丹筆輕(qing)輕(qing)一(yi)畫,所有的(de)鬼(gui)(gui)(gui)都(dou)死光了(le)(le),只(zhi)(zhi)剩下(xia)六(liu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)魔(mo)王(wang)倒在(zai)地上(shang)爬不(bu)(bu)(bu)起(qi)來,只(zhi)(zhi)好叩(kou)頭求(qiu)饒。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling)(ling)再(zai)用大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)筆一(yi)揮,一(yi)座山(shan)分(fen)成(cheng)(cheng)兩半把六(liu)個魔(mo)王(wang)困在(zai)里面,動彈不(bu)(bu)(bu)得。于是(shi)(shi)魔(mo)王(wang)只(zhi)(zhi)得答(da)應永(yong)世(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)再(zai)為害(hai)人(ren)間(jian)。
東漢(han)桓帝永壽元年九月九日,在(zai)四川云臺山(今(jin)蒼溪縣云峰鎮(zhen)境內)中,玉(yu)皇大帝派遣使者持玉(yu)冊,封張(zhang)道陵為正一真(zhen)人,他(ta)在(zai)逝世前授給長子衡斬邪(xie)二(er)劍,叫他(ta)要驅邪(xie)誅(zhu)妖,佐(zuo)國(guo)安民(min),世世由一個子嗣來(lai)繼承他(ta)教主的地位。囑咐(fu)完畢,張(zhang)道陵就(jiu)和(he)弟子王長、趙升三人一起升天而去,而他(ta)所創立的天師道一直在(zai)民(min)間(jian)傳到今(jin)天。
靈臺山(shan)(shan)(shan),位于四(si)(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)彰(zhang)明縣(xian)(今江(jiang)油市)境內。東漢(han)時(shi)期,張道(dao)陵在川(chuan)西(xi)(xi)、川(chuan)北和(he)漢(han)中(zhong)地區設道(dao)場或教會,共二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)(后來(lai)與二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)宿合(he)并增加(jia)到二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)治(zhi)(zhi))。漢(han)安二(er)(er)(er)年天(tian)師張道(dao)陵設立(li)的(de)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi),分上品(pin)八(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)、中(zhong)品(pin)八(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)、下(xia)品(pin)八(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)。云(yun)臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)是下(xia)品(pin)八(ba)治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)第(di)一(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)(《云(yun)笈七簽》卷廿(nian)八(ba)《廿(nian)四(si)(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)》)。《道(dao)藏》中(zhong)的(de)《珠囊》引(yin)《二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)》、《七簽·蜀中(zhong)廣記(ji)》引(yin)《二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)治(zhi)(zhi)圖(tu)》、《洞天(tian)福地岳瀆名(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)記(ji)》、《天(tian)師治(zhi)(zhi)儀》以及清人彭定求的(de)《道(dao)藏精要》中(zhong),均說靈山(shan)(shan)(shan)治(zhi)(zhi)巴西(xi)(xi)彰(zhang)明縣(xian)。《太平寰宇(yu)記(ji)》卷八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三記(ji)載,“彰(zhang)明縣(xian)……靈臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)在縣(xian)北,一(yi)名(ming)天(tian)柱山(shan)(shan)(shan),高四(si)(si)(si)(si)百(bai)丈(zhang),漢(han)張道(dao)陵昇仙之(zhi)所。又《郡國志》云(yun):‘靈臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)天(tian)柱巖(yan)下(xia)有(you)一(yi)桃樹,高五丈(zhang),外皮似松,道(dao)陵與王(wang)長、趙昇試法於此。’四(si)(si)(si)(si)百(bai)馀年,桃迄今未朽(xiu),小碑記(ji)之(zhi)。”
辭州(zhou)令北邙(mang)修道(dao)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling),道(dao)教(jiao)稱張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵(ling),字輔(fu)漢,沛國豐邑(今江蘇豐縣)人。生(sheng)于東(dong)漢光武(wu)帝十年(nian)(公(gong)元34年(nian))正月十五日晚(wan)上。他的祖(zu)先(xian)為“漢初三杰”之(zhi)一的留(liu)侯張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)輔(fu)佐劉邦打(da)天下(xia),建立了兩(liang)漢王朝,被封(feng)為“留(liu)侯”。而(er)(er)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良(liang)功成身(shen)退,飄(piao)然而(er)(er)去(qu),隨赤松子(zi)學辟谷,導引(yin)輕身(shen)之(zhi)術。
張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)父親叫張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)大(da)順(shun),也(ye)(ye)好(hao)神仙(xian)(xian)之術(shu),自(zi)稱(cheng)(cheng)“桐(tong)柏真(zhen)人(ren)(ren)”,所(suo)以(yi)(yi),生下(xia)兒(er)子(zi),即取名(ming)為(wei)“陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)”,希望將來能追隨(sui)先祖(zu),遠離塵世(shi),登陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)成(cheng)仙(xian)(xian)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)自(zi)幼聰慧,七(qi)歲(sui)(sui)時,開(kai)(kai)始學(xue)(xue)(xue)習儒家“五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)”,以(yi)(yi)后(hou),不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習到(dao)社(she)會(hui)(hui)上(shang)流傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)文、地(di)理一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書。他(ta)(ta)(ta)刻苦學(xue)(xue)(xue)習,立(li)志(zhi)做(zuo)官,并(bing)想(xiang)輔佐(zuo)漢(han)室(shi),榮宗耀祖(zu)。志(zhi)向和毅力鼓(gu)舞著他(ta)(ta)(ta),最(zui)后(hou),他(ta)(ta)(ta)進入了(le)(le)全國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高等學(xue)(xue)(xue)府——洛(luo)(luo)陽太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue),在(zai)(zai)(zai)這里他(ta)(ta)(ta)博通五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),成(cheng)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)飽學(xue)(xue)(xue)之士。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)太(tai)(tai)學(xue)(xue)(xue)畢業后(hou),他(ta)(ta)(ta)想(xiang)跟他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)師一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣來授徒講經(jing)(jing)(jing),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舉成(cheng)名(ming)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)先后(hou)到(dao)南方(fang)天(tian)(tian)目山(shan)(shan)南的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神仙(xian)(xian)觀和西北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通仙(xian)(xian)觀,設立(li)講堂,教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)授五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)。數年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian),學(xue)(xue)(xue)生有千(qian)人(ren)(ren)之多(duo),鄉(xiang)人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)(cheng)他(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)“大(da)儒”,名(ming)傳(chuan)(chuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)。漢(han)明帝(di)永平二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)59年(nian)(nian)(nian)),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)二十(shi)(shi)五(wu)歲(sui)(sui),被郡(jun)守以(yi)(yi)“賢良”推薦到(dao)朝廷,后(hou)來,到(dao)洛(luo)(luo)陽經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)考核,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)舉中了(le)(le)“賢良方(fang)正(zheng)極(ji)言直(zhi)諫科”,被朝廷授予巴郡(jun)江(jiang)州(zhou)(今(jin)重慶市)令。在(zai)(zai)(zai)江(jiang)州(zhou)令任上(shang),他(ta)(ta)(ta)看透(tou)了(le)(le)地(di)方(fang)強(qiang)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)行,為(wei)官的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貪贓枉法(fa),老(lao)百(bai)姓食不(bu)(bu)(bu)果(guo)腹怨聲載道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)又想(xiang)到(dao)自(zi)己為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)介(jie)書生、小(xiao)小(xiao)縣(xian)令,怎(zen)么(me)也(ye)(ye)改變不(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),倒不(bu)(bu)(bu)如效(xiao)法(fa)先祖(zu)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)良,出(chu)離塵世(shi),善保自(zi)身,以(yi)(yi)圖(tu)延年(nian)(nian)(nian)益(yi)壽罷(ba)了(le)(le)于(yu)(yu)是(shi),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)約在(zai)(zai)(zai)明帝(di)末年(nian)(nian)(nian),謝絕了(le)(le)朝廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)再挽留,辭(ci)去江(jiang)州(zhou)令職(zhi),便(bian)北上(shang)洛(luo)(luo)陽,隱居(ju)(ju)北邙山(shan)(shan)中,潛心(xin)(xin)修習黃(huang)老(lao)長(chang)生之道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)研(yan)讀了(le)(le)《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《河(he)(he)圖(tu)》、《洛(luo)(luo)書》以(yi)(yi)及讖緯之學(xue)(xue)(xue)。三年(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou),得《黃(huang)帝(di)九(jiu)鼎丹(dan)法(fa)》,相(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)神獸(shou)白虎銜符而(er)至(zhi)其所(suo),其道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)術(shu)日(ri)益(yi)完善。 漢(han)光武帝(di)由(you)讖緯之說(shuo)登上(shang)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)寶座(zuo),晚(wan)年(nian)(nian)(nian),深信(xin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)疑,遂“宣布圖(tu)讖于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)”。漢(han)明帝(di)繼位后(hou),秉承皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)遺旨,宣揚圖(tu)讖,又派人(ren)(ren)西天(tian)(tian)求法(fa),引佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)于(yu)(yu)中國。漢(han)章(zhang)帝(di)建(jian)初(chu)(chu)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)),在(zai)(zai)(zai)京城舉行了(le)(le)白虎觀會(hui)(hui)議,章(zhang)帝(di)主持以(yi)(yi)圖(tu)讖證五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)以(yi)(yi)神學(xue)(xue)(xue)來講五(wu)經(jing)(jing)(jing),聽(ting)說(shuo)北邙山(shan)(shan)有個(ge)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),便(bian)征召他(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)博士,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)無(wu)心(xin)(xin)輔佐(zuo)漢(han)室(shi),便(bian)避而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)。和帝(di)永元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)92年(nian)(nian)(nian)),朝廷又下(xia)詔(zhao)征張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)太(tai)(tai)傅,封兾(ji)縣(xian)侯,但張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)卻視祿為(wei)糞土(tu),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)三詔(zhao)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)就(jiu)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)對來使(shi)說(shuo):“人(ren)(ren)生在(zai)(zai)(zai)世(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)(guo)百(bai)歲(sui)(sui),光陰荏苒,轉(zhuan)(zhuan)瞬便(bian)逝。父母隆(long)恩(en),妻不(bu)(bu)(bu)厚(hou)愛,也(ye)(ye)隨(sui)時而(er)消失。君臣(chen)之恩(en),誰(shui)見(jian)長(chang)久?請轉(zhuan)(zhuan)告圣上(shang),只要清(qing)靜寡欲,無(wu)為(wei)而(er)治(zhi),天(tian)(tian)下(xia)自(zi)然大(da)定,我(wo)有何用?我(wo)志(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)青山(shan)(shan)中!”為(wei)了(le)(le)避開(kai)(kai)京都近郊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)俗務嘈雜和騷擾,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)決心(xin)(xin)離開(kai)(kai)云(yun)(yun)游名(ming)山(shan)(shan)大(da)川、訪求仙(xian)(xian)術(shu)去了(le)(le)。鶴鳴山(shan)(shan)創派張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)先是(shi)南游淮河(he)(he),居(ju)(ju)桐(tong)柏太(tai)(tai)平山(shan)(shan),后(hou)與弟子(zi)王長(chang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起,渡江(jiang)南下(xia),在(zai)(zai)(zai)江(jiang)西貴溪縣(xian)云(yun)(yun)錦(jin)山(shan)(shan)住了(le)(le)下(xia)來。這里山(shan)(shan)清(qing)水秀(xiu),景(jing)色清(qing)幽,傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)為(wei)古仙(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)棲息之所(suo),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)上(shang)結廬而(er)居(ju)(ju),并(bing)筑壇煉丹(dan),經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)而(er)九(jiu)天(tian)(tian)神丹(dan)煉成(cheng);而(er)龍(long)虎出(chu)現,所(suo)以(yi)(yi),此山(shan)(shan)又稱(cheng)(cheng)龍(long)虎山(shan)(shan)。六(liu)十(shi)(shi)多(duo)歲(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),服(fu)下(xia)神丹(dan),身體健如青壯年(nian)(nian)(nian),后(hou)又得秘(mi)書以(yi)(yi)及驅鬼(gui)之術(shu)。為(wei)了(le)(le)廣傳(chuan)(chuan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)術(shu),他(ta)(ta)(ta)離開(kai)(kai)龍(long)虎山(shan)(shan),又到(dao)蜀郡(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鶴鳴山(shan)(shan)去了(le)(le)東漢(han)順(shun)帝(di)漢(han)安元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)142年(nian)(nian)(nian)),張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)了(le)(le)嚴(yan)密(mi)組織(zhi)紀(ji)律(lv),加強(qiang)對教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)仰(yang)(yang)宣傳(chuan)(chuan)。規(gui)定教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)眾要信(xin)仰(yang)(yang)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始天(tian)(tian)尊和太(tai)(tai)上(shang)老(lao)君,除每年(nian)(nian)(nian)五(wu)月、臘月的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉(ji)日(ri)祭(ji)祀祖(zu)先,二月八(ba)日(ri)祭(ji)灶神外,不(bu)(bu)(bu)準祭(ji)其它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神,更(geng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)準胡(hu)亂行祭(ji)。另外,規(gui)定教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)民(min)內(nei)要慈(ci)孝,外要敬讓,不(bu)(bu)(bu)準興訟好(hao)斗,不(bu)(bu)(bu)準欺詐(zha)世(shi)人(ren)(ren)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)規(gui)定:天(tian)(tian)師為(wei)全教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區最(zui)高領導;初(chu)(chu)入道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)民(min);能為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)徒和病人(ren)(ren)作祈禱儀式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士;信(xin)仰(yang)(yang)確立(li)并(bing)能講授《道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)德(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)祭(ji)酒(jiu)。祭(ji)酒(jiu)負責(ze)主持一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治(zhi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)務工(gong)作,直(zhi)屬天(tian)(tian)師領導,對天(tian)(tian)師負責(ze)。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)三會(hui)(hui)日(ri)(上(shang)會(hui)(hui):正(zheng)月初(chu)(chu)七(qi);中會(hui)(hui):七(qi)月七(qi)日(ri);下(xia)會(hui)(hui):十(shi)(shi)月十(shi)(shi)五(wu)日(ri)。三會(hui)(hui)又叫三元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)民(min)齊集治(zhi)所(suo),聽(ting)侯祭(ji)酒(jiu)訓導檢查(cha),聆聽(ting)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)區科律(lv)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)紀(ji)律(lv)嚴(yan)密(mi),教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)風正(zheng)派,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)很(hen)快(kuai)得到(dao)普及。
據傳,張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)有(you)(you)弟子(zi)三千人,真正(zheng)得(de)(de)其傳的(de)只(zhi)有(you)(you)三人:一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)王(wang)長,一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)趙(zhao)(zhao)升,一(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)其子(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)衡。王(wang)長長期跟隨師(shi)傅,擅長天(tian)(tian)(tian)文之(zhi)學,精(jing)通黃老(lao)之(zhi)術,深(shen)得(de)(de)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)賞識(shi)。而趙(zhao)(zhao)升能得(de)(de)師(shi)傅道(dao)(dao)法(fa),卻有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段來歷:張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)在鶴(he)鳴山煉(lian)丹(dan)(dan)已成,并服了半劑丹(dan)(dan)藥,成為(wei)(wei)“地仙”之(zhi)后(hou),他看(kan)到身邊(bian)弟子(zi),多(duo)為(wei)(wei)俗(su)態(tai)未除,不(bu)足以附(fu)托(tuo)宣(xuan)教任(ren)務,將九(jiu)鼎大要,留得(de)(de)奇人。后(hou)來,有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)上令(ling)之(zhi)日,從(cong)東(dong)方來了一(yi)(yi)(yi)位冰胎玉質、道(dao)(dao)貌(mao)安然(ran)的(de)青(qing)年(nian),名叫趙(zhao)(zhao)升,天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)眼看(kan)出定(ding)是(shi)奇人,欲(yu)收為(wei)(wei)弟子(zi)。為(wei)(wei)了考(kao)查趙(zhao)(zhao)升的(de)道(dao)(dao)心(xin)程度,張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)曾七度驗(yan)試,結果,發現他拒絕財色,忍辱負(fu)重,憐憫天(tian)(tian)(tian)下窮人,恪守正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)規,稱得(de)(de)上滿意。七試之(zhi)后(hou)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian),張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)帶領眾(zhong)弟子(zi),登上云(yun)臺峰絕崖(ya)(ya),崖(ya)(ya)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)棵桃(tao)(tao)樹,紅色果實累累。大家見(jian)了,莫不(bu)心(xin)動,但要想獲取,卻又退縮三分,天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)見(jian)此情狀,二話沒(mei)說,欲(yu)縱躍(yue)崖(ya)(ya)下采摘(zhai)大桃(tao)(tao),眾(zhong)弟子(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)擁而上,攔住師(shi)傅,只(zhi)有(you)(you)王(wang)長、趙(zhao)(zhao)升二弟子(zi),木然(ran)不(bu)動,黙然(ran)不(bu)語(yu)。誰(shui)知眾(zhong)弟子(zi)未阻攔住,張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)分開(kai)眾(zhong)人,朝(chao)桃(tao)(tao)樹方向一(yi)(yi)(yi)躍(yue)而下,眾(zhong)弟子(zi)齊站崖(ya)(ya)邊(bian),俯身下瞰,卻不(bu)見(jian)師(shi)傅蹤影,一(yi)(yi)(yi)時驚駭悲啼(ti),面面相覷,無奈之(zhi)下,失(shi)望而歸。
張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道陵天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)派第一(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)(qi)繼(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)者為(wei)(wei)第二代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡(非科學家張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道陵,在道教(jiao)中被(bei)尊為(wei)(wei)祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),由(you)(you)(you)于是(shi)(shi)第一(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),所以又稱祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)位的(de)繼(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)采用世(shi)襲嗣教(jiao)制度,祖天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化去后(hou),由(you)(you)(you)兒子(zi)(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)衡接任,史稱嗣天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。衡化去后(hou),又由(you)(you)(you)子(zi)(zi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)魯接任,是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)系天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。到了第四代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)孫張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)盛時(shi),回歸(gui)遷居江(jiang)西(xi)鷹潭龍虎山,子(zi)(zi)孫世(shi)傳(chuan)其(qi)(qi)業,一(yi)般稱第幾代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。統(tong)稱張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。民國初(chu)(chu)期,已傳(chuan)至六十(shi)(shi)三代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恩(en)(en)薄。到六十(shi)(shi)三代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)以后(hou)由(you)(you)(you)于歷(li)史原因無(wu)法認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)下一(yi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),使得張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)位停傳(chuan)。當(dang)初(chu)(chu)六十(shi)(shi)三代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恩(en)(en)薄天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)追隨蔣介石離開大(da)陸(lu)(解放時(shi)被(bei)北(bei)京定(ding)為(wei)(wei)牛鬼蛇(she)神和(he)大(da)地主),逃(tao)亡(wang)臺灣。本(ben)來要傳(chuan)給長子(zi)(zi),但(dan)長子(zi)(zi)青年夭亡(wang)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家一(yi)族有沒有選舉(ju)出(chu)新(xin)的(de)人選,于是(shi)(shi)至今(jin)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)職(zhi)位懸空未(wei)定(ding)。大(da)陸(lu)內地道教(jiao)方(fang)(fang)面則表(biao)示(shi)不(bu)承(cheng)(cheng)認(ren)(ren)任何六十(shi)(shi)四代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)或六十(shi)(shi)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。臺灣自(zi)稱是(shi)(shi)正統(tong),基本(ben)只在張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源先(xian)(xian)(當(dang)初(chu)(chu)在臺繼(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)六十(shi)(shi)四代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),為(wei)(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)恩(en)(en)薄老(lao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)侄(zhi)子(zi)(zi)。已故)、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)道禎(繼(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)了張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源先(xian)(xian)的(de)職(zhi)位。但(dan)不(bu)承(cheng)(cheng)認(ren)(ren)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源先(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)六十(shi)(shi)四代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)只是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)理)、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)美良(六十(shi)(shi)三代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)幺子(zi)(zi)。聲稱張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)源先(xian)(xian)當(dang)初(chu)(chu)造假,按遺囑自(zi)己才是(shi)(shi)真(zhen)正人選),后(hou)面還有一(yi)群是(shi)(shi)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)氏一(yi)族天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou)裔都不(bu)確定(ding)的(de)跑出(chu)來說自(zi)己是(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。各方(fang)(fang)各執一(yi)詞,真(zhen)假莫辨。
自明清(qing)以來天師一(yi)脈(mo)竟(jing)是自傳(chuan),無(wu)帝王詔(zhao)書認定,時至今日更無(wu)法(fa)傳(chuan)承(cheng)天師之(zhi)位,從六十(shi)三(san)代之(zhi)后的延續(xu)情況(kuang)來看,歷代天師血脈(mo)駁雜(za)不輕可見(jian)一(yi)斑。
第一、二(er)、三、四代天師(shi)得太上老君道法(fa)親授全部成仙。
第五代張昭(zhao)成(cheng)119歲
第(di)六代張樹(shu)100余歲(sui)
第七代 張回
第(di)八(ba)代(dai) 張 迥 90歲(sui)
第(di)九代 張(zhang) 符 93歲
第十(shi)代 張子祥 120歲
十一代 張通 97歲
十二代 張 恒 98歲
十三代張光104歲
十四代張慈正100余歲
十五(wu)代張高93歲
十(shi)六代張應韶 不明
十(shi)七代張頤(yi)87歲
十八代張(zhang)士元92歲(sui)
十九代(dai)張(zhang)修85歲
二十(shi)代張諶100余歲(sui)
二十一(yi)代張秉一(yi)92歲
二十(shi)二代張善(shan)87歲
二(er)十三代張季(ji)文(wen)87歲
二十四代張正隨87歲
二十五代張(zhang)乾曜85歲
二十六代張嗣宗81歲(sui)
二十七(qi)代張象中 不明
據張(zhang)(zhang)源(yuan)先說(shuo),“第1代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵是(shi)跟太上老(lao)君學(xue)道(dao),得天(tian)獨厚,道(dao)法(fa)高(gao)強。歷(li)代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師所學(xue),當然比不上第1代(dai)(dai)天(tian)師。"而且很重要的原因(yin)就是(shi)到了宋(song)代(dai)(dai)道(dao)家養(yang)生功(gong)法(fa)改革,宋(song)朝之前道(dao)教所修(xiu)功(gong)法(fa)多是(shi)從黃老(lao)列(lie)莊等道(dao)家諸子(zi)書中所體悟與發(fa)展,按教法(fa)編書說(shuo)這是(shi)太上法(fa)脈嫡傳(chuan)。
張氏天師現在著名后裔:
張繼禹(yu):“嗣漢天師(shi)”張道陵第六(liu)十五(wu)代(dai)后裔,中國道教協會(hui)第八(ba)屆(jie)副會(hui)長,第十一屆(jie)全(quan)國人大(da)常委會(hui)委員(yuan)。全(quan)國青聯副主(zhu)席。西山(shan)萬(wan)壽宮主(zhu)持(chi)。其(qi)祖父張祥之(zhi),為六(liu)十三代(dai)“天師(shi)”張恩溥(pu)之(zhi)胞弟(di)(排行老大(da)),父張寶訓,業縫紉。
張(zhang)金濤:天師(shi)府主持、全國人(ren)民代(dai)表(biao)(biao)大會代(dai)表(biao)(biao)、中(zhong)國道教(jiao)協(xie)會常務理事、 江西省道教(jiao)協(xie)會常務副會長。
老祖天師寶誥(1)
志心皈命禮。
泰玄上相,扶教三天(tian)。(2)鶴鳴山上得真(zhen)傳,龍虎(hu)玄壇留妙決。(3)三洞法(fa)箓(lu),諸品靈文(wen)。(4)一千二(er)(er)百之官軍,匡扶正教。(5)二(er)(er)十四品秘箓(lu),普(pu)度后人。(6)都功(gong)玉印,官服群履。(7)居都省(sheng)而常侍(shi)上帝,掌(zhang)三界(jie)而度下民。(8)雌(ci)雄二(er)(er)劍,誅斬妖精。致雨(yu)作晴(qing),轟雷掣電(dian)。(9)如(ru)是立壇而布(bu)化,助國興邦以(yi)安民。(10) 功(gong)成行滿,白日(ri)飛升。祖師三天(tian)扶教。(11)輔玄體(ti)道,大法(fa)天(tian)師。祖一洞玄,顯(xian)佑真(zhen)君。(12) 六合無窮,高明(ming)上帝,大圣降魔護(hu)道天(tian)尊。(13)
【注釋】:
(1)老(lao)祖(zu)(zu)天師(shi)(shi)(shi)寶誥(gao):祖(zu)(zu)天師(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)一代(dai)天師(shi)(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)陵,又(you)名(ming)張(zhang)(zhang)陵,字(zi)輔漢。東漢沛國豐邑人(ren),漢留候張(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)房之八(ba)世孫。生(sheng)于(yu)東漢光武帝(di)建武十年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元34年(nian)(nian)),祖(zu)(zu)天師(shi)(shi)(shi)降生(sheng)前(qian),其母夢魁星下降,感而受孕。少聰穎,七(qi)歲通(tong)讀《道(dao)德(de)經》及(ji)河洛之書。后辭官修道(dao)。時巴(ba)蜀一帶,原有巴(ba)人(ren)信奉原始巫教(jiao)(jiao),大規模的淫祀害民。祀奉鬼妖之法教(jiao)(jiao)巫師(shi)(shi)(shi)聚眾斂財,無惡不作。張(zhang)(zhang)天師(shi)(shi)(shi)攜(xie)王長、趙(zhao)升等(deng)弟子(zi)平定妖邪,斬(zhan)殺(sha)巫師(shi)(shi)(shi),后創立正一盟威之道(dao),為(wei)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)開山(shan)落地(di)之教(jiao)(jiao)主。此寶誥(gao)為(wei)正一派老(lao)祖(zu)(zu)天師(shi)(shi)(shi)寶誥(gao),區別于(yu)全真派。
(2)泰玄上相(xiang),扶(fu)教(jiao)三天(tian)(tian)(tian):泰玄,指(zhi)深奧玄妙的(de)道理。上相(xiang),對宰相(xiang)的(de)尊稱。扶(fu)教(jiao),扶(fu)佐(zuo)道教(jiao)。三天(tian)(tian)(tian),指(zhi)三清天(tian)(tian)(tian),謂清微(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)、禹馀天(tian)(tian)(tian)、大赤天(tian)(tian)(tian)。
(3)鶴鳴山(shan)上(shang)(shang)得真傳,龍(long)虎(hu)玄壇(tan)留(liu)妙決:太上(shang)(shang)老君于(yu)鶴鳴山(shan)下降,授予張(zhang)道陵(ling)天(tian)師之位(wei)。漢順帝永壽元年祖(zu)天(tian)師在鶴鳴山(shan)創(chuang)建正一盟威道。祖(zu)天(tian)師曾于(yu)云錦山(shan)筑壇(tan)煉丹,三(san)年而丹成龍(long)虎(hu)現(xian),故云錦山(shan)又稱龍(long)虎(hu)山(shan)。玄壇(tan),護法(fa)之意。
(4)三洞法(fa)箓,諸品靈文:三洞,《洞真》、《洞玄》、《洞神(shen)》。法(fa)箓,召將施法(fa)之(zhi)牒(die)文。
(5)一千二百之官軍,匡扶正教:指祖天師拜領太上老(lao)君所(suo)授(shou)經文后,日(ri)解秘(mi)文,可(ke)召集三(san)萬六千之神(shen)靈、一千二百之官君,以供驅使。
(6)二十四(si)品秘箓,普度后人:即太上(shang)老君所(suo)授之《正一盟(meng)威(wei)二十四(si)品法箓》。
(7)都功(gong)玉(yu)印,官(guan)(guan)服群(qun)履:為太上(shang)老君(jun)所授三五都功(gong)玉(yu)印等(deng)法(fa)器。官(guan)(guan)服群(qun)履,分(fen)別為平頂(ding)冠、八卦衣、方裙(qun)、朱履。以上(shang)二句可見祖天(tian)師責任之(zhi)重。
(8)居都(dou)省(sheng)而常侍上帝,掌(zhang)三界(jie)而度下民(min):都(dou)省(sheng),天界(jie)官位。三界(jie),天界(jie)、地界(jie)、人界(jie)。詞句喻(yu)意祖(zu)天師(shi)之職能。
(9)雌雄二劍(jian)(jian),誅(zhu)斬妖精。致雨(yu)作晴,轟雷掣電:雌雄二劍(jian)(jian),太上老君所授。詞(ci)句描繪祖天師之法力之高。
(10)如是立壇而(er)布(bu)化,助國興(xing)邦以安民(min):此句喻(yu)意指祖(zu)天師立道教教化世人之盛德(de)。
(11)功成(cheng)行滿,白(bai)日(ri)(ri)飛(fei)升。祖師三(san)天扶教(jiao):漢安元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)156年),同弟(di)子王長、趙升,于云臺山與(yu)夫人雍(yong)氏共白(bai)日(ri)(ri)飛(fei)升。唐禧宗中和四年(公元(yuan)884年),封祖天師為“三(san)天扶教(jiao)大法師”。
(12)輔玄體(ti)道(dao)(dao),大法天師。祖(zu)一洞玄,顯(xian)(xian)佑真(zhen)君:扶(fu)教(jiao),輔佐道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)。玄,即(ji)道(dao)(dao)。體(ti)道(dao)(dao),修道(dao)(dao)之過程也(ye)。南宋(song)理宗加封“三天扶(fu)教(jiao)輔元大法師,正(zheng)一靖應顯(xian)(xian)佑真(zhen)君”。
(13)六合無窮,高明(ming)上帝,大圣降(jiang)魔(mo)護道(dao)天(tian)尊(zun)。明(ming)崇禎皇帝加贈祖天(tian)師為“六合無窮高明(ming)上帝”。道(dao)教(jiao)界稱“大圣降(jiang)魔(mo)護道(dao)天(tian)尊(zun)”。六合,上下(xia)和東西南北,泛指天(tian)地宇宙。降(jiang)魔(mo),降(jiang)除妖魔(mo)。護道(dao),護衛道(dao)教(jiao),天(tian)尊(zun)。對得道(dao)神(shen)仙之尊(zun)稱。
祖天師寶誥⑴
至心皈命禮。
本來南土,上溯蜀都(dou)⑵。先獲黃帝九(jiu)鼎之(zhi)丹(dan)書⑶,后侍老君兩(liang)度于玉(yu)局⑷。千軸得修真之(zhi)要,一(yi)(yi)時成(cheng)吐(tu)納之(zhi)功(gong)⑸。法(fa)箓全成(cheng),受盟威(wei)品而結璘訣⑹。正(zheng)邪兩(liang)辨(bian),奪福庭治而化(hua)咸泉⑺。德就大(da)(da)丹(dan),道齊(qi)七政⑻。大(da)(da)悲大(da)(da)愿,大(da)(da)圣大(da)(da)慈⑼。三(san)天(tian)扶教,輔玄體道⑽。大(da)(da)法(fa)天(tian)師,雷霆都(dou)省⑾。泰玄上相,都(dou)天(tian)大(da)(da)法(fa)主⑿。正(zheng)一(yi)(yi)沖玄神化(hua)靜應顯佑真君⒀。六(liu)合無窮高明(ming)大(da)(da)帝,降魔(mo)護道天(tian)尊⒁。
【注釋】:
⑴祖(zu)天師(shi)寶誥(gao):祖(zu)天師(shi),即第一代天師(shi)張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵。東漢(han)沛國豐(feng)邑(今江蘇豐(feng)縣)人,漢(han)留候子(zi)(zi)房八世孫。建武十年(nian)(nian)正(zheng)(zheng)月十五夜,生(sheng)于吳之(zhi)天目山(shan)。少(shao)通老(lao)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)學,曾官至(zhi)巴(ba)郡江州(zhou)令(今重慶),后(hou)棄(qi)官歸隱,立(li)志修(xiu)道(dao)(dao),與(yu)弟子(zi)(zi)王長(chang)從(cong)淮入江西鄱陽(yang),溯(su)流至(zhi)云錦山(shan)(今龍(long)虎山(shan)),煉九天神丹,三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)丹成而龍(long)虎見,山(shan)因以(yi)名。聞蜀中民風(feng)醇厚,易(yi)可教(jiao)化,入蜀居鶴鳴山(shan)修(xiu)道(dao)(dao)。漢(han)安(an)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(142年(nian)(nian))感太(tai)上授以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)一盟威之(zhi)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)云三(san)(san)天正(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)正(zheng)(zheng)一科術要道(dao)(dao)法(fa)文,創立(li)了道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)。道(dao)(dao)門尊(zun)為(wei)祖(zu)天師(shi)。寶誥(gao),誥(gao)即誥(gao)詞,一種文體。多用于褒揚。
⑵本來南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)土(tu),上溯(su)蜀(shu)都:南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)土(tu),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方土(tu)地。祖天師(shi)張道(dao)陵為東漢沛國(guo)(guo)豐(feng)邑(今(jin)(jin)江蘇豐(feng)縣)人,生于吳(wu)之(zhi)天目山(shan)(shan)。故稱(cheng)之(zhi)為“本來南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)土(tu)”。蜀(shu)都,古蜀(shu)國(guo)(guo)地,戰國(guo)(guo)秦置。治成都(今(jin)(jin)屬四川(chuan))。西漢轄境(jing)相當今(jin)(jin)四川(chuan)松潘以(yi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)川(chuan)、彭縣、洪(hong)雅以(yi)西,峨邊、石棉以(yi)北,邛崍(lai)山(shan)(shan)、大渡河以(yi)東等(deng)地。今(jin)(jin)泛指四川(chuan)。祖天師(shi)曾隱居四川(chuan)鶴(he)鳴(ming)山(shan)(shan)修道(dao)并創(chuang)立道(dao)教,故言道(dao)教之(zhi)根源(yuan)上溯(su)蜀(shu)都。
⑶先獲黃(huang)帝(di)(di)九鼎之(zhi)丹(dan)(dan)書:東漢和帝(di)(di)永二年(90年),祖天師張(zhang)(zhang)道陵攜弟(di)子王長從(cong)淮入江(jiang)西鄱陽,登東平雩于峰。溯信江(jiang)入貴溪云錦山。在山煉(lian)“九天神丹(dan)(dan)”,丹(dan)(dan)成而(er)龍虎現。一天,張(zhang)(zhang)道陵謂(wei)王長曰:五岳(yue)多仙于,三蜀(shu)足名山,吾(wu)將(jiang)能偕(xie)游乎?遂與北入嵩(song)山,崖嶺石居(ju)數(shu)年,精思感徹,有繡衣使(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)告曰:中峰石室(shi)藏有《上三皇內文(wen)》和《黃(huang)帝(di)(di)九鼎太清丹(dan)(dan)經》,得而(er)修之(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)可升天也,真人感其言,乃(nai)齋戒七日(ri),人其室(shi),果得丹(dan)(dan)書。此即為(wei)《黃(huang)帝(di)(di)九鼎之(zhi)丹(dan)(dan)書》。
⑷后(hou)(hou)侍(shi)老君(jun)兩(liang)度(du)于(yu)玉(yu)局(ju):侍(shi),侍(shi)立。指站在(zai)(zai)尊長的旁邊。老君(jun),太上老君(jun)。兩(liang)度(du),兩(liang)次。玉(yu)局(ju),即(ji)玉(yu)局(ju)治(zhi)。為(wei)二十四治(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)“下品人(ren)治(zhi)”之第七(qi)治(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)成都南門左。局(ju)是古(gu)代的“矮腳(jiao)(jiao)幾”(后(hou)(hou)人(ren)又稱“局(ju)腳(jiao)(jiao)玉(yu)床”)古(gu)人(ren)席地而坐,置幾于(yu)前(qian),作講經(jing)(jing)等用。《彭乘記》稱:“后(hou)(hou)漢永(yong)壽元年,李老君(jun)與張道(dao)陵至此,有局(ju)腳(jiao)(jiao)玉(yu)床自地而出,老君(jun)升座。為(wei)張道(dao)陵說《南斗經(jing)(jing)》北(bei)斗經(jing)(jing)》,既去而座隱地中(zhong)(zhong),因成洞穴(xue),故(gu)以玉(yu)局(ju)名之。”此句言(yan)太上老君(jun)兩(liang)次降(jiang)壇為(wei)張道(dao)陵講經(jing)(jing)說法事。
⑸千軸得修(xiu)真(zhen)之(zhi)要,一時成吐(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)之(zhi)功(gong):千軸,指(zhi)上文太上老君所(suo)降(jiang)賜之(zhi)經書。修(xiu)真(zhen),即(ji)修(xiu)道(dao)。吐(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na),即(ji)吐(tu)(tu)(tu)故納(na)新。為(wei)道(dao)門修(xiu)煉(lian)養(yang)生法。即(ji)把胸中(zhong)濁氣(qi)從口中(zhong)呼出,再(zai)由(you)鼻漫(man)漫(man)吸進新鮮空(kong)氣(qi)。認(ren)為(wei)吐(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)可吸取生氣(qi),吐(tu)(tu)(tu)出死(si)氣(qi)。達到長生不(bu)死(si)。此指(zhi)祖天師獲《黃(huang)帝九鼎之(zhi)丹書》和太上老君降(jiang)賜之(zhi)經書后,由(you)此而悟得修(xiu)真(zhen)之(zhi)要,并煉(lian)成了吐(tu)(tu)(tu)納(na)之(zhi)功(gong)法。
⑹法(fa)(fa)箓全成,受(shou)盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)品而(er)結璘訣:法(fa)(fa),指道(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)。宋白玉蟾(chan)《道(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)九要》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng):“夫法(fa)(fa)者(zhe),洞曉陰(yin)陽造化,明(ming)達(da)鬼神(shen)機關,呼風召雷,祈晴請雨,行(xing)(xing)(xing)符(fu)咒水,治病驅邪,積(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)累功,與道(dao)(dao)(dao)合(he)真。”箓,又稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)法(fa)(fa)箓,寶(bao)箓。是一(yi)種(zhong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教符(fu)書,作為入道(dao)(dao)(dao)憑信與行(xing)(xing)(xing)法(fa)(fa)依(yi)據(ju)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)經(jing)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),得其箓者(zhe),方(fang)能(neng)召喚箓上(shang)神(shen)吏兵將護(hu)衛(wei)身(shen)形(xing),或役之施行(xing)(xing)(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)法(fa)(fa)。同時(shi),它對受(shou)箓者(zhe)也是一(yi)種(zhong)約束,故稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“箓者(zhe),戒性情(qing),止塞愆非(fei)。制斷(duan)惡根,發生道(dao)(dao)(dao)業。從凡入圣,自始(shi)及終,先從戒箓,然后登(deng)真。”盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)品,即正(zheng)一(yi)盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)箓,此箓由(you)老君降授,祖(zu)天師(shi)張(zhang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)陵而(er)傳世。《赤松子(zi)章(zhang)歷》稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng):“謹按太(tai)真科及赤松子(zi)歷,漢代人(ren)鬼交雜,精邪遍行(xing)(xing)(xing),太(tai)上(shang)垂(chui)慈。下降鶴鳴山(shan),授張(zhang)天師(shi)正(zheng)一(yi)盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)符(fu)箓一(yi)百二(er)十階(jie),及千二(er)百官儀,二(er)百大(da)章(zhang),法(fa)(fa)文秘要,救治人(ren)物。天師(shi)遂(sui)建二(er)十四治,敷(fu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)正(zheng)一(yi)章(zhang)符(fu),領戶(hu)化民(min),廣行(xing)(xing)(xing)陰(yin)德。”璘訣,指盟(meng)(meng)威(wei)箓中秘訣。
⑺正(zheng)邪兩辨,奪福(fu)(fu)庭(ting)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而化(hua)咸(xian)泉:正(zheng)邪兩辨,言(yan)太上(shang)老(lao)君授祖天師(shi)正(zheng)一盟威之道(dao),禁(jin)戒律科。檢(jian)示(shi)萬民(min)逆(ni)順、禍福(fu)(fu)功(gong)過,令知好惡(e)之事,奪,同“得”。福(fu)(fu)庭(ting)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),福(fu)(fu)庭(ting)即教廷。指陽(yang)平治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。祖天師(shi)立二十(shi)四治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中,以陽(yang)平治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)中央教區。其“陽(yang)平治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)都功(gong)印”是太上(shang)老(lao)君所授天師(shi)道(dao)最(zui)高法印。陽(yang)平治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)教令各治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皆應遵守(shou)。咸(xian)泉,咸(xian)即感(gan),感(gan)為(wei)感(gan)應。泉為(wei)泉水。喻(yu)指祖天師(shi)立道(dao)教化(hua)世人的(de)盛德。
⑻德就(jiu)大丹(dan),道(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)七(qi)政(zheng):德就(jiu)大丹(dan),指祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)煉丹(dan)功德圓(yuan)滿(man)時(shi)龍(long)虎(hu)見之事。漢(han)永元(yuan)初年(nian)(nian),祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)攜弟子(zi)王長(chang)至云錦山(今龍(long)虎(hu)山),修煉九天(tian)神丹(dan),一年(nian)(nian)有紅光照室;二年(nian)(nian)有五(wu)云覆(fu)鼎,夜不(bu)假燭,仿(fang)佛有青龍(long)白(bai)虎(hu)各一常繞丹(dan)鼎;三(san)年(nian)(nian)丹(dan)成龍(long)虎(hu)見,山因以名。道(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)七(qi)政(zheng),七(qi)政(zheng)指日(ri)、月和(he)金、木、水、火(huo)、土五(wu)星,即七(qi)曜。此言祖(zu)天(tian)師(shi)的道(dao)法(fa)與日(ri)月五(wu)星并駕齊(qi)(qi)(qi)驅。可(ke)見其道(dao)法(fa)之高。
⑼大(da)悲(bei)大(da)愿,大(da)圣大(da)慈:大(da)悲(bei),指(zhi)悲(bei)憫世人。大(da)愿,濟度眾生的宏愿。大(da)圣,智慧超(chao)凡、通真達靈。大(da)慈,慈祥呵護(hu)眾生。此贊祖天師(shi)之盛德。
⑽三天(tian)扶(fu)教(jiao)(jiao),輔玄(xuan)體(ti)道(dao):三天(tian),謂清(qing)微天(tian)、禹馀天(tian)、大赤天(tian)。此引指三清(qing)尊神。扶(fu)教(jiao)(jiao),扶(fu)助道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)。玄(xuan),即道(dao)。體(ti)道(dao),即得道(dao)。
⑾大法天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi),雷(lei)霆都(dou)省:大法天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi),為祖(zu)(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)尊(zun)號(hao)。雷(lei)霆,天(tian)(tian)之號(hao)令。都(dou)省,仙界官位。此(ci)指祖(zu)(zu)天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi)代(dai)天(tian)(tian)行發號(hao)令。可見(jian)其權位之高(gao)。
⑿泰玄上相,都(dou)天大法主:此為祖天師張道陵(ling)仙界尊號(hao)。
⒀正一沖玄神化(hua)靜應顯佑真(zhen)君(jun):此為元成(cheng)宗對祖天(tian)師的封號。
⒁六合無窮(qiong)高(gao)明(ming)大帝(di),降魔(mo)護道天(tian)尊:六合無窮(qiong)高(gao)明(ming)大帝(di),為明(ming)崇禎皇帝(di)加封祖(zu)天(tian)師之號。降魔(mo),即降除妖魔(mo)。護道,護衛道教(jiao),天(tian)尊。對得道神仙的(de)尊稱。此對祖(zu)天(tian)師張道陵盛德(de)的(de)頌贊(zan)。
豐(feng)縣張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)傳(chuan)說(shuo)分布(bu)區域豐(feng)縣、蘇魯(lu)豫皖接壤地區、龍虎(hu)山(shan)(shan)、云(yun)臺(tai)山(shan)(shan)、青城山(shan)(shan)等道(dao)(dao)教名山(shan)(shan)及日本、法國、美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、馬來西亞、新加坡(po)。張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)原名張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling),字輔漢(han)。生于豐(feng)縣阿房村(今(jin)(jin)(jin)江(jiang)蘇徐州(zhou)豐(feng)縣),是(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗米(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)的創始人(ren)(ren),被(bei)尊為(wei)(wei)第(di)一(yi)代天(tian)師(shi)(shi)。通達(da)(da)五(wu)(wu)(wu)經,曾(ceng)入太學,舉“賢(xian)良(liang)方正(zheng)(zheng)直(zhi)言極諫科(ke)”,任巴郡江(jiang)州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)重慶) 令。后棄官隱(yin)居(ju)北邙山(shan)(shan)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)洛陽(yang)北)。漢(han)章帝、漢(han)和(he)帝征召皆不(bu)(bu)就。與(yu)(yu)弟(di)(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)王長(chang)杖策入淮,經 鄱陽(yang)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)波(bo)陽(yang)),溯流至云(yun)錦山(shan)(shan)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)貴溪龍虎(hu)山(shan)(shan))煉丹(dan),修(xiu)長(chang)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao),三年丹(dan)成。聞巴蜀診氣為(wei)(wei)害,遂與(yu)(yu)弟(di)(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)赴四川鶴鳴山(shan)(shan)(一(yi)作鴿鳴山(shan)(shan),今(jin)(jin)(jin)四川大邑(yi)縣境(jing))傳(chuan)道(dao)(dao)。張(zhang)(zhang)天(tian)師(shi)(shi)永和(he)六年(141年)造作道(dao)(dao)書(shu)二十四篇(pian),自稱(cheng)(cheng)“太清玄(xuan)元(yuan)”,奉其(qi)道(dao)(dao)者(zhe),須(xu)納五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗米(mi)(mi),時稱(cheng)(cheng)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)斗米(mi)(mi)道(dao)(dao)”。漢(han)安帝元(yuan)年(142年)張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)托(tuo)言太上(shang)老君親降,授“三天(tian)正(zheng)(zheng)法”,命(ming)為(wei)(wei)“天(tian)師(shi)(shi)”。同年又授“正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)科(ke)術要(yao)道(dao)(dao)法文”,“正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)盟威(wei)妙經”,重為(wei)(wei)“三天(tian)法師(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)真人(ren)(ren)”。又托(tuo)言太上(shang)老君于漢(han)安帝二年下二十四治(布(bu)化行道(dao)(dao)的地區機構):上(shang)八治,中八治,下八治,囑天(tian)師(shi)(shi)張(zhang)(zhang)道(dao)(dao)陵(ling)奉行布(bu)化。按(an)《正(zheng)(zheng)一(yi)經》云(yun):“太上(shang)親授天(tian)師(shi)(shi)《太玄(xuan)經》有二百(bai)(bai)七十卷,推檢(jian)是(shi)漢(han)安元(yuan)年七月得是(shi)經。”張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)以(yi)符水(shui)、咒法為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)治病。并(bing)授民取鹽(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,后人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)(cheng)“陵(ling)井”(用(yong)咸井水(shui)熬(ao)鹽(yan))。百(bai)(bai)姓(xing)得其(qi)益(yi),奉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)師(shi)(shi),弟(di)(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)戶達(da)(da)數(shu)萬。進而設立祭酒,分領(ling)其(qi)戶,有如宰守;并(bing)立條(tiao)制,使(shi)諸弟(di)(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)隨事輪(lun)流出米(mi)(mi)絹(juan)器物(wu)樵薪等;不(bu)(bu)施刑罰,以(yi)善(shan)道(dao)(dao)治人(ren)(ren)。使(shi)有疾病者(zhe)書(shu)記(ji)生身以(yi)來所犯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,手書(shu)投水(shui)中,與(yu)(yu)神明共盟,不(bu)(bu)得復犯罪,以(yi)生死為(wei)(wei)約。張(zhang)(zhang)陵(ling)奉《老子(zi)(zi)(zi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千
文》、《太平洞極經(jing)》為主要經(jing)典,并(bing)著《老子想爾注(zhu)》,宣揚人君按“道意”治國(guo),則(ze)太平;循(xun)“道意”治民(min)。民(min)即壽考龍虎山以(yi)其(qi)道家祖庭(ting)、丹霞地貌、春秋戰國(guo)大(da)型崖墓(mu)群珠壁(bi)聯(lian)合為特(te)色,在(zai)全(quan)國(guo)國(guo)家級風景名勝區中獨樹一幟。東漢中葉,道教創始人張道陵曾在(zai)此煉丹。張天師至今承襲六十三(san)代,歷經(jing)一千九百多年(nian)。張道陵和弟子王長一起修(xiu)煉龍虎大(da)丹,一年(nian)有紅光照室(shi),兩年(nian)有青(qing)龍白虎來保護丹鼎,三(san)年(nian)丹成(cheng),他更就成(cheng)了(le)真人。