分布于中國云南中部、西(xi)部至西(xi)北部和(he)(he)四川(chuan)西(xi)部。生(sheng)長于山(shan)地(di)1500-2000米的山(shan)地(di)常綠闊葉(xie)林中。喜濕潤(run)和(he)(he)土壤(rang)肥沃的山(shan)坡。為(wei)深根性樹(shu)種,生(sheng)長良好。適宜(yi)在(zai)年(nian)平均溫度13-21℃,≥10℃活動積溫4500-7000℃,年(nian)降(jiang)水量900-1600毫米,年(nian)平均相對濕度大于70%的地(di)區生(sheng)長。
喬木(mu),高(gao)達30米,胸徑達80厘(li)米。枝(zhi)條(tiao)圓柱形(xing),具縱(zong)向條(tiao)紋(wen),幼時綠(lv)色(se)(se),老時褐(he)色(se)(se),無(wu)毛(mao)。葉(xie)互(hu)生,疏離,倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)或(huo)倒(dao)卵(luan)狀橢圓形(xing),間(jian)或(huo)橢圓形(xing),長(5)7-9(12)厘(li)米,寬(kuan)(2)3.5-4(5)厘(li)米,先端短漸尖,尖頭鈍,基部(bu)楔形(xing),兩(liang)(liang)側有時不對稱,革質,上面(mian)(mian)(mian)綠(lv)色(se)(se)或(huo)黃綠(lv)色(se)(se),光(guang)亮,下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)淡綠(lv)色(se)(se)或(huo)粉(fen)綠(lv)色(se)(se),兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)均(jun)無(wu)毛(mao),邊(bian)(bian)緣軟骨質而背(bei)卷,中脈(mo)上面(mian)(mian)(mian)下(xia)部(bu)略凹陷,但上部(bu)近于平坦,下(xia)面(mian)(mian)(mian)明(ming)顯(xian)凸(tu)起,側脈(mo)每(mei)邊(bian)(bian)7-9條(tiao),有時分又,弧曲,兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)凸(tu)起,橫脈(mo)及小(xiao)脈(mo)網狀,兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)明(ming)顯(xian)構(gou)成蜂巢狀窩穴;葉(xie)柄(bing)長1-1.75厘(li)米,腹(fu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)具槽,背(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)圓形(xing),無(wu)毛(mao)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序由1-3花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序組成,有(you)時(shi)圓錐(zhui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序上部(bu)或全部(bu)的(de)聚傘花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序僅具(ju)(ju)1花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),后者花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序呈(cheng)假總狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序長(chang)(chang)(chang)(2)3.5-7(9)厘(li)米,多數(shu),生于短枝(zhi)下(xia)部(bu),總梗(geng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(1)1.5-3(3.5)厘(li)米,與(yu)各級序軸及(ji)(ji)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)無(wu)毛;苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)及(ji)(ji)小(xiao)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)早落,苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)寬卵形(xing)(xing)或近圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)5-8毫(hao)米,外(wai)(wai)層苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)較小(xiao),外(wai)(wai)面(mian)密被銹(xiu)色(se)柔毛,內(nei)面(mian)近無(wu)毛,小(xiao)苞(bao)(bao)片(pian)(pian)線形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)達4毫(hao)米,寬僅0.3毫(hao)米,外(wai)(wai)面(mian)被銹(xiu)色(se)柔毛。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)淡綠(lv)(lv)色(se)、黃綠(lv)(lv)色(se)或黃玉白(bai)色(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-5毫(hao)米,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-10毫(hao)米;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被外(wai)(wai)面(mian)無(wu)毛,內(nei)面(mian)被柔毛,筒倒錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約1毫(hao)米,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)被裂片(pian)(pian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),先端銳尖,外(wai)(wai)輪稍(shao)短,長(chang)(chang)(chang)3.5-4毫(hao)米,內(nei)輪長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-4.5毫(hao)米,寬不及(ji)(ji)2毫(hao)米;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)基部(bu)被柔毛,第三輪雄蕊稍(shao)長(chang)(chang)(chang),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)基部(bu)有(you)成對具(ju)(ju)柄(bing)的(de)圓狀(zhuang)腎形(xing)(xing)腺(xian)體,柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)達花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲(si)之半(ban),基部(bu)被柔毛;子房卵珠形(xing)(xing),無(wu)毛,長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5毫(hao)米,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱絲(si)狀(zhuang),與(yu)子房近等長(chang)(chang)(chang),柱頭(tou)小(xiao),頭(tou)狀(zhuang)。
果橢圓形,長約(yue)1.4厘(li)米,先端(duan)具小尖(jian)頭,熟時黑藍色,具白粉,無毛;宿存(cun)花被裂片(pian)不(bu)增(zeng)大,反折;果梗不(bu)增(zeng)粗(cu),頂(ding)端(duan)粗(cu)約(yue)1.2毫米。花期4-5月(yue),果期6-10月(yue)。
于冬(dong)季對定(ding)植地(di)(di)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)整地(di)(di),及時清(qing)理苗圃地(di)(di)雜草(cao),挖(wa)穴(xue)規(gui)格(ge)50厘(li)(li)米×50厘(li)(li)米×40厘(li)(li)米,株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距根據培(pei)植的苗木規(gui)格(ge)來確定(ding),可以采(cai)用2米×1米的株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距,或2米×2米的株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距。經過幾(ji)個月的晾曬(shai)后,于移栽前(qian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)回土,回表土1/2,并施0.2千克復合肥或農家肥,與(yu)土壤拌勻,然后再回滿土,使穴(xue)中央呈面包狀。
移栽(zai)前將小(xiao)苗的(de)葉片摘除,僅保(bao)留頂部幾片葉片,并(bing)依次擺放于(yu)每1個種植(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)旁。定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)時,去除小(xiao)苗的(de)營養(yang)袋,注意保(bao)持袋土(tu)完(wan)整,放入穴(xue)內扶正并(bing)填滿(man)土(tu),栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)深度以(yi)覆蓋住原先的(de)基(ji)質即可,踩實圍(wei)塘,澆足定(ding)(ding)根水。由于(yu)在3月(yue)份左右定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi),云南氣候(hou)較為(wei)干旱(han),要(yao)進(jin)行覆蓋地膜,以(yi)保(bao)溫保(bao)濕,提高定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)的(de)滇(dian)潤楠(nan)苗的(de)成活(huo)率(lv)。
定植后(hou)要(yao)定期檢(jian)查苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)生長(chang)情況,對空塘(tang)進行補(bu)植,每15天左右(you)澆水1次,待5月份進入雨季時開始施肥(fei)(fei),夏季以施氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)為主,秋季施鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)。第1年種植的(de)滇潤楠苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),要(yao)注意及(ji)(ji)時去除(chu)基部萌生的(de)小芽,以及(ji)(ji)去除(chu)多余的(de)側枝,保(bao)留一個明顯生長(chang)旺盛(sheng)的(de)頂枝。之后(hou)幾年注意修剪側枝及(ji)(ji)病蟲(chong)害防(fang)治,并根(gen)據生長(chang)情況控制施肥(fei)(fei)量,在苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)主干(gan)高2米(mi)左右(you)時,可進行摘心,定向培(pei)育(yu)樹形。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)達到出(chu)圃要(yao)求(qiu)時,則需要(yao)提前進行斷根(gen),培(pei)育(yu)成熟苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),提高大(da)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)移(yi)栽后(hou)的(de)成活率。
滇潤(run)楠花(hua)期4-5月,果期6-10月,在(zai)(zai)(zai)昆明主要集中在(zai)(zai)(zai)8月成熟,當漿(jiang)果呈(cheng)紫色(se)時(shi),會有(you)零(ling)星的(de)漿(jiang)果從(cong)樹上掉落,此時(shi)可以進行采收。對采集的(de)漿(jiang)果,應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)揉去果皮,并用自來水(shui)清洗干(gan)(gan)凈(jing)后,自然陰干(gan)(gan)水(shui)氣,去除雜質,放置在(zai)(zai)(zai)陰涼(liang)干(gan)(gan)燥的(de)地(di)方(fang)密閉儲存(cun),待第2年春天(tian)時(shi)進行點播(bo)。
為(wei)了提(ti)高(gao)定植后(hou)滇潤楠的成活率,一(yi)般以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)營(ying)養袋育(yu)苗為(wei)佳。基質(zhi)可以(yi)選用(yong)黃土或紅心與農家肥(fei)混(hun)合,一(yi)般按2:1的比例充分(fen)混(hun)勻后(hou),用(yong)多菌靈、甲醛等進行(xing)(xing)土壤消毒,并用(yong)塑料膜覆(fu)蓋20天左右,待基質(zhi)發(fa)酵后(hou)進行(xing)(xing)分(fen)裝,營(ying)養袋規(gui)格(ge)可采(cai)用(yong)8厘(li)米×10厘(li)米。基質(zhi)分(fen)裝完后(hou),按1米寬的苗床進行(xing)(xing)擺放,長度(du)根據苗圃地大(da)小而定,以(yi)便(bian)于管理為(wei)目的。
先(xian)將(jiang)(jiang)滇潤(run)楠種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)用(yong)自來(lai)水(shui)(shui)浸泡,去除漂浮(fu)的(de)壞(huai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),并用(yong)0.3%的(de)高錳(meng)酸(suan)鉀溶液消毒30分(fen)鐘,之(zhi)后用(yong)始溫為(wei)45℃的(de)水(shui)(shui)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小時,使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)充分(fen)吸收水(shui)(shui)分(fen)。最后用(yong)粗(cu)河沙拌(ban)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),河沙與種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)比例為(wei)2:1,將(jiang)(jiang)拌(ban)均(jun)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)統(tong)一放入花盆中(zhong),并用(yong)塑料(liao)膜蓋緊,置(zhi)入大棚(peng)中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)催芽,大棚(peng)內溫度為(wei)25-40℃之(zhi)間。15天后,部分(fen)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)開始破殼(ke),胚根露出(chu),當80%左右(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)開裂后,即可進(jin)行(xing)(xing)點播。經過催芽的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)點播后能夠快速出(chu)土(tu),并有助于根系的(de)迅(xun)速延伸,從基質中(zhong)吸收養分(fen),保證小苗(miao)正常生(sheng)長,提高小苗(miao)對(dui)高溫、干旱的(de)抵抗能力。
為了保證苗木有較(jiao)長(chang)的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)過程,一(yi)般采取春播(bo),在每年(nian)的(de)3月份左右。種子(zi)(zi)點(dian)(dian)播(bo)前2天(tian),用水充分澆透基質(zhi),點(dian)(dian)播(bo)時,用手指刨開(kai)基質(zhi),點(dian)(dian)播(bo)深度2-3厘米,并(bing)覆(fu)蓋好,種子(zi)(zi)點(dian)(dian)播(bo)完畢后澆透水1次。由于(yu)云南的(de)春季仍(reng)處(chu)于(yu)旱季,降雨量極少(shao),因此(ci),需要(yao)對基質(zhi)表面(mian)進行覆(fu)蓋,覆(fu)蓋物采用稻草或(huo)遮陽網等均可。以(yi)減少(shao)水分蒸發,防止土壤板結,并(bing)提高(gao)基質(zhi)的(de)溫度,給(gei)種子(zi)(zi)出土創造一(yi)個良好的(de)環境。
種子點播(bo)后,根(gen)據基質的水分情況,掌握澆水次數和澆水量,以早晚澆水為宜。15天左右小(xiao)苗(miao)(miao)出(chu)土,當超過50%的種子出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)后,及時揭去覆蓋物,避免苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)彎(wan)曲(qu),并搭遮(zhe)陽網(wang)進行(xing)遮(zhe)光(guang),避免小(xiao)苗(miao)(miao)灼傷(shang)。1個月(yue)后可用低濃度的農家肥(fei)(fei)或肥(fei)(fei)料進行(xing)追肥(fei)(fei),在9月(yue)份前以施(shi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)為主(zhu),使(shi)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)快速生長;9月(yue)份后可適(shi)當施(shi)1-2次鉀肥(fei)(fei),加(jia)速苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)的木(mu)質化程(cheng)度,到(dao)第(di)2年春天移(yi)栽前對苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)進行(xing)干旱鍛煉,增強苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)抗逆(ni)性。
滇(dian)潤(run)楠(nan)四季(ji)常綠(lv),春葉紅艷,樹(shu)冠圓整(zheng),是(shi)優良的(de)綠(lv)化(hua)、防(fang)風(feng)樹(shu)種(zhong);材(cai)質優良,可(ke)作(zuo)建筑(zhu)、家具等用(yong)材(cai);葉、果(guo)可(ke)提取芳香油(you),葉含(han)油(you)率0.75%,果(guo)含(han)油(you)率0.38%;樹(shu)皮和葉研(yan)粉(fen)可(ke)作(zuo)薰香及蚊香的(de)調和劑(ji)、飲(yin)用(yong)水的(de)凈化(hua)劑(ji)。滇(dian)潤(run)楠(nan)具有樹(shu)齡長、冠大蔭濃(nong)、樹(shu)型優美、萌(meng)芽(ya)力強、耐(nai)修剪等特點,是(shi)很(hen)好的(de)園林綠(lv)化(hua)樹(shu)種(zhong),已列入昆明(ming)市(shi)(shi)園林綠(lv)化(hua)規劃中采用(yong)的(de)鄉土樹(shu)種(zhong)及昆明(ming)市(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)民最喜(xi)愛的(de)綠(lv)化(hua)樹(shu)種(zhong)之一。