蜚聲中外(wai)的唐代京師長安,以及東都洛陽,實際上都是(shi)在(zai)隋代建造的,創(chuang)建這兩座歷(li)史名城的第一功臣是(shi)杰出的建筑學家宇文愷。
宇(yu)文愷,字安(an)樂,鮮卑(bei)族。西魏恭(gong)帝二(er)年(555年)生于長安(an)。他出生在北朝后期(qi)一個顯赫的豪(hao)門。
出生在這(zhe)樣(yang)一個家庭中的宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai),二歲時(shi)就被贈爵(jue)雙泉縣伯,六歲時(shi)襲祖爵(jue)安平郡公,但身在將(jiang)門(men)的宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)卻不好(hao)弓馬,而喜好(hao)讀書。《隋(sui)書》本(ben)傳說(shuo)“愷(kai)少有器局(ju)。家世武將(jiang),諸兄并以弓馬自達,愷(kai)獨好(hao)學,博覽書記(ji),解屬(shu)文(wen),多伎藝,號為名父公子。”這(zhe)段(duan)記(ji)載可窺知他為學的大致情況。
北周(zhou)末,宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)累遷右侍上士(shi)、御正(zheng)中大(da)夫(fu)、儀同三(san)(san)司。大(da)象(xiang)二年(nian)(580年(nian)),楊堅任(ren)北周(zhou)宰相(xiang)后,宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)又被任(ren)命為上開府、匠師(shi)(shi)中大(da)夫(fu)。據《唐六(liu)典》卷二三(san)(san)“將作都水監”記載:“后周(zhou)有(you)(you)匠師(shi)(shi)中大(da)夫(fu)一人(ren),掌城(cheng)郭、宮室(shi)之制及諸(zhu)器物度量。”又據考證,北周(zhou)設(she)有(you)(you)“匠師(shi)(shi)中大(da)夫(fu),一人(ren),正(zheng)五命”。因此可以(yi)推(tui)知(zhi),當時年(nian)輕的宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)已經在建筑(zhu)科(ke)學和工程管理(li)方(fang)面嶄(zhan)露鋒芒(mang)。
581年(nian),楊堅(jian)建(jian)(jian)立隋(sui)(sui)朝,是(shi)為(wei)隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)。為(wei)了鞏(gong)固自己的統治(zhi)地位,他(ta)大(da)肆誅殺(sha)北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)宗室宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)氏,以清除北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)殘余勢力(li)。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)愷原也(ye)被定入誅殺(sha)之列。由于(yu)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)愷家(jia)族與北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)宗室有別,二兄(xiong)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)忻又擁(yong)戴隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)有功(gong),加(jia)上(shang)他(ta)本人的才華(hua)深得隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)的賞識,因而方幸免一死。隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)“修宗廟(miao)(miao)”,宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)愷被起(qi)用,任營(ying)宗廟(miao)(miao)副監(jian)、太子左庶(shu)子,負責宗廟(miao)(miao)的興修事務。宗廟(miao)(miao)建(jian)(jian)成后,被加(jia)封為(wei)甑山縣公,邑千戶,隨后投入了隋(sui)(sui)代都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今西(xi)安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))的營(ying)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)。隋(sui)(sui)朝建(jian)(jian)立之時,仍承襲北(bei)(bei)周(zhou)以長安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)京都。長安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始(shi)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)漢代,已有近八百年(nian)的歷史(shi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)已顯(xian)得過于(yu)狹(xia)小,宮宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)亦多朽(xiu)蠹,加(jia)上(shang)供水(shui)(shui)、排(pai)水(shui)(shui)嚴(yan)重不(bu)暢,污(wu)水(shui)(shui)往往聚(ju)而不(bu)泄,生(sheng)活用水(shui)(shui)受到嚴(yan)重污(wu)染,已經(jing)不(bu)能適應社會發展和人們生(sheng)活的需(xu)要。因此(ci),隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)帝(di)(di)(di)嫌(xian)其“制度狹(xia)小,又宮內多妖(yao)異”,通直散騎常侍(shi)庾季才也(ye)奏云:“漢營(ying)此(ci)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),經(jing)今將八百歲(sui),水(shui)(shui)皆咸鹵,不(bu)甚宜人。”于(yu)是(shi)決(jue)定另建(jian)(jian)新都。
開皇二年(nian)(582年(nian))六(liu)月,隋(sui)(sui)文帝(di)(di)(di)下詔(zhao)(zhao):“此(ci)城從(cong)漢,凋(diao)殘日久,屢為戰(zhan)場,舊經(jing)喪亂(luan)。今(jin)之宮(gong)室,事近權宜,又非(fei)謀筮(shi)從(cong)龜,瞻星揆日,不足建(jian)皇王之邑(yi)(yi),合大(da)(da)(da)眾所聚”,“今(jin)區宇(yu)寧一,陰(yin)陽順序,安(an)(an)安(an)(an)以(yi)遷,勿懷胥怨。龍(long)首山川原秀麗,卉物滋阜,卜食相土(tu),宜建(jian)都邑(yi)(yi),定鼎之基永固,無窮之業在斯(si)。公私府(fu)宅(zhai),規模(mo)遠(yuan)近,營(ying)構資費,隨事條(tiao)奏。”隋(sui)(sui)文帝(di)(di)(di)下詔(zhao)(zhao)于(yu)是(shi)“詔(zhao)(zhao)左仆射(she)高颎、將(jiang)作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)匠(jiang)劉龍(long)、巨(ju)鹿郡公賀婁子(zi)干、太府(fu)少卿高龍(long)叉等創造新都”。“以(yi)太子(zi)左庶子(zi)宇(yu)文愷有巧(qiao)思,領(ling)(ling)營(ying)新都副監”。時(shi)(shi)高颎雖為大(da)(da)(da)監,不過總領(ling)(ling)大(da)(da)(da)綱,而規模(mo)計劃皆出自宇(yu)文愷。由于(yu)楊(yang)(yang)堅在北周時(shi)(shi)曾被封為大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)(xing)郡公,故新都命名為大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)(xing)城(今(jin)陜西(xi)西(xi)安(an)(an))。開皇三年(nian),新都建(jian)成,而倉廩尚虛(xu),需(xu)要(yao)大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)轉(zhuan)運(yun)關東米粟,渭(wei)水多沙,不便漕(cao)運(yun)。四年(nian),下詔(zhao)(zhao)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)漕(cao)渠,令宇(yu)文愷率領(ling)(ling)水工鑿渠,引渭(wei)水通黃河,自大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)(xing)城東至潼關三百余里(li),名叫廣通渠。渠成后(hou),轉(zhuan)運(yun)便利,隋(sui)(sui)唐關中的富庶頗(po)得益于(yu)此(ci)。其后(hou),他受到(dao)其兄宇(yu)文忻被殺事件的牽(qian)連,一度罷官(guan)居(ju)家。開皇十三年(nian),隋(sui)(sui)文帝(di)(di)(di)要(yao)在岐州(今(jin)陜西(xi)鳳翔(xiang))建(jian)仁壽宮(gong),經(jing)右仆射(she)楊(yang)(yang)素推薦,文帝(di)(di)(di)任命愷為檢校將(jiang)作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)匠(jiang),后(hou)又拜(bai)為仁壽宮(gong)監、將(jiang)作(zuo)(zuo)少監。在楊(yang)(yang)素主持下,仁壽宮(gong)建(jian)造得非(fei)常華(hua)麗,成為隋(sui)(sui)文帝(di)(di)(di)經(jing)常臨幸的別宮(gong)。
開(kai)皇(huang)十三(san)年(nian)(593年(nian))二月(yue),隋文(wen)帝令(ling)楊素(su)在岐州(zhou)(今陜(shan)西(xi)鳳翔)北營造仁(ren)(ren)壽宮(gong)。楊素(su)以(yi)宇文(wen)愷(kai)有(you)巧思(si),“奏前萊州(zhou)刺史(shi)宇文(wen)愷(kai)檢校將作(zuo)大匠”,負責仁(ren)(ren)壽宮(gong)工程的籌劃和(he)設(she)計。“于是夷山堙谷以(yi)立宮(gong)殿(dian),崇臺累榭,宛轉相屬”,整個宮(gong)殿(dian)區“制(zhi)度壯(zhuang)麗(li)”,是一組極(ji)其雄偉的宮(gong)殿(dian)建(jian)(jian)筑群。開(kai)皇(huang)十五年(nian)三(san)月(yue),仁(ren)(ren)壽宮(gong)建(jian)(jian)成(cheng),宇文(wen)愷(kai)被任(ren)命為(wei)仁(ren)(ren)壽宮(gong)監,授儀同三(san)司,接著又被任(ren)命為(wei)將作(zuo)少監。
仁(ren)壽二(er)年(602年)八月(yue)(yue),隋文帝皇(huang)后(hou)獨孤氏卒。閏十月(yue)(yue),楊素和宇文愷受(shou)命營造皇(huang)陵(ling)太陵(ling)。獨孤皇(huang)后(hou)葬后(hou),宇文愷復爵(jue)安平郡(jun)公(gong),邑千戶。
仁(ren)壽(shou)四(si)年七(qi)月(yue),隋煬帝楊廣繼位。鑒于大興城(cheng)位置偏西,又水(shui)陸交通(tong)(tong)不便,也(ye)為了(le)更(geng)進(jin)一(yi)步加強對(dui)河(he)北、山東(dong)以(yi)(yi)及江淮地區的(de)控(kong)制,決定在洛(luo)陽故都附近建(jian)造新城(cheng),作為東(dong)京。十一(yi)月(yue)癸丑,隋煬帝在巡(xun)幸洛(luo)陽時下詔(zhao)說,洛(luo)陽的(de)地理位置“控(kong)以(yi)(yi)三河(he),固(gu)以(yi)(yi)四(si)塞(sai),水(shui)陸通(tong)(tong),貢賦等”,“今可于伊、洛(luo)營建(jian)東(dong)京,便即設官分職,以(yi)(yi)為民極(ji)也(ye)”。
據(ju)《隋書·煬(yang)帝紀》記載,大(da)業元年(605年)三月(yue)(yue)丁未(wei),隋煬(yang)帝“詔(zhao)尚書令楊(yang)素、納言(yan)楊(yang)達、將作大(da)匠宇文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)營建東京,徙豫州郭下居人以實(shi)(shi)之(zhi)”。又(you)據(ju)《資(zi)治通鑒》卷一八零記載,“每月(yue)(yue),役丁二百萬人。徙洛(luo)州郭內居民,及諸(zhu)州富商(shang)大(da)賈數(shu)萬戶以實(shi)(shi)之(zhi)”。大(da)業二年春正月(yue)(yue)辛(xin)酉,“東京成(cheng)”,其(qi)營建過程前后僅歷十個月(yue)(yue),是又(you)一座在短時(shi)(shi)間內經周(zhou)密規劃、設計、建造而成(cheng)的(de)大(da)型(xing)城市。在營建東京時(shi)(shi),宇文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)“揣帝心(xin)在宏侈,于是東京制度窮極壯麗”。故此(ci)宇文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)博得隋煬(yang)帝的(de)歡心(xin),被(bei)進位開府儀同(tong)三司。其(qi)間,宇文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)還受(shou)命在河南(nan)郡壽(shou)安縣(今河南(nan)宜陽)營造顯仁(ren)宮,“南(nan)接皁(zao)澗,北跨(kua)洛(luo)濱”,為(wei)此(ci),曾“發大(da)江之(zhi)南(nan)、五嶺以北奇(qi)材(cai)異石,輸之(zhi)洛(luo)陽;又(you)求海內嘉木異草(cao),珍禽(qin)奇(qi)獸,以實(shi)(shi)園(yuan)苑”。
隋(sui)煬帝楊廣即(ji)位后,要營建(jian)洛陽,又以(yi)愷為營東都副監,后遷將作大匠。宇文愷把東都建(jian)筑得極其壯(zhuang)麗(li),因此被升為工部尚書。他曾經建(jian)造大帳,帳下可以(yi)容納(na)數千人(ren)。又造觀風行殿,殿上(shang)可以(yi)容納(na)侍(shi)衛數百人(ren),行殿下裝輪軸,可以(yi)迅速(su)拆卸和拼合。他曾建(jian)議按古制(zhi)建(jian)筑明(ming)堂(tang),“下為方堂(tang),堂(tang)有五室,上(shang)為圓(yuan)觀,觀有四門”,并曾用木料制(zhi)作了模型。雖然沒有興建(jian),卻表現了他的(de)巧思和學識的(de)淵博。大業八年(612年),宇文愷卒。
宇(yu)(yu)文愷在建筑學方面(mian)的(de)著述有《東都圖記》20卷,《明堂圖議》2卷,《釋疑(yi)》1卷,均見(jian)行于世。但除《明堂圖議》的(de)部分內容保(bao)存在《隋(sui)書(shu)·宇(yu)(yu)文愷傳(chuan)》、《北史·宇(yu)(yu)文貴傳(chuan)》和《資治通鑒(jian)》等(deng)史籍中(zhong)外,其他的(de)后來都亡(wang)佚了,這實是建筑學史上的(de)一大損失。
政治、經濟(ji)、文化中心
大興城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)營建,史稱“制度多出(chu)于高(gao)颎(jiong)(jiong)(jiong)”,“高(gao)颎(jiong)(jiong)(jiong)雖總(zong)大綱(gang),凡所規畫,皆出(chu)于愷”。宋(song)代的(de)(de)(de)宋(song)敏求(qiu)在《長安志》中也(ye)說在隋大興城(cheng)興建時(shi),“命(ming)左(zuo)仆(pu)射(she)高(gao)颎(jiong)(jiong)(jiong)總(zong)領其事,太子(zi)(zi)左(zuo)庶子(zi)(zi)宇文愷創(chuang)制規模,將(jiang)作大匠劉龍、工部尚書巨鹿郡(jun)公(gong)賀樓(lou)(婁)子(zi)(zi)干(gan)、大(太)府少卿尚龍義并(bing)充(chong)使營建”。可見高(gao)颎(jiong)(jiong)(jiong)主要(yao)是提(ti)出(chu)都城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)制度,并(bing)負責總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)建方針(zhen),而具體的(de)(de)(de)規劃、設計則是由宇文愷完成的(de)(de)(de),其他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)副使主要(yao)是協助負責施(shi)工和材料管理諸事務。
大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)興(xing)建(jian)(jian),不是(shi)(shi)在(zai)舊有基礎上進行改建(jian)(jian)、擴建(jian)(jian)而(er)成的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市,而(er)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)短時間內按周密規(gui)劃興(xing)建(jian)(jian)而(er)成的(de)嶄(zhan)新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市。全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由(you)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)成,先建(jian)(jian)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),后建(jian)(jian)皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),最后建(jian)(jian)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。開皇(huang)二(er)年(nian)(582年(nian))六月(yue)開始(shi)興(xing)建(jian)(jian),十二(er)月(yue)基本竣工(gong)命(ming)名大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),次年(nian)三月(yue)即(ji)正(zheng)式遷入(ru)使用,前后僅九個月(yue),其(qi)建(jian)(jian)設速(su)度(du)之(zhi)快實令人驚嘆。整個工(gong)程的(de)規(gui)劃、設計、人力、物力的(de)組(zu)織和管理(li)都(dou)應是(shi)(shi)相當(dang)精細(xi)和嚴謹(jin)的(de)。在(zai)規(gui)劃設計和建(jian)(jian)設施工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),還得考慮地形、水(shui)源、交通、軍(jun)事防御、環(huan)境(jing)美化、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市管理(li)、市場供需等的(de)配(pei)套,以(yi)及(ji)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為政治、軍(jun)事、經濟、文化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)特點等諸(zhu)多方面的(de)因素,解決(jue)一系列(lie)復雜的(de)問題。因此(ci)大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)興(xing)建(jian)(jian)標(biao)志著(zhu)當(dang)時的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國所達到(dao)的(de)經濟和科學技術水(shui)平。
有人曾列舉世(shi)界古(gu)代十(shi)座城(cheng)市的面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)進行比較:(1)隋大(da)興城(cheng)(唐長(chang)安城(cheng)),583年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)84.1平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(2)北(bei)魏洛陽城(cheng),493年(nian)擴建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)100平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(3)明清北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng),1421—1553年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)60.2平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(4)元(yuan)大(da)都(dou),1267年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)50平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(5)隋唐東京(jing)(洛陽城(cheng)),605年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)45.2平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(6)明南(nan)京(jing),1366年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)43平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(7)漢長(chang)安(內城(cheng)),建于公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前202年(nian),面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)35平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(8)巴格(ge)達,800年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)30.44平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(9)羅馬(ma),300年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)13.68平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li);(10)拜占庭,447年(nian)建,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)11.99平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)。從上所列可以看(kan)到,中國古(gu)代都(dou)市的規模之大(da)在世(shi)界上是無與倫比的。
大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)規劃吸(xi)取了曹魏鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(故(gu)址(zhi)在今河(he)北臨漳鄴(ye)鎮東(dong))、北魏洛陽城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)經驗,在方(fang)整(zheng)對稱的(de)原則(ze)下,沿著(zhu)南北中(zhong)(zhong)軸線,將宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)置于全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)主要(yao)地位,郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則(ze)圍繞在宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)東(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)面(mian)。分(fen)區(qu)整(zheng)齊明(ming)確(que),象征(zheng)著(zhu)皇權(quan)的(de)威嚴(yan),充(chong)分(fen)體現了中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)京都(dou)規劃和(he)(he)布(bu)(bu)局的(de)獨特風格,反映了統治者(zhe)專制集權(quan)的(de)思(si)想和(he)(he)要(yao)求。特別是(shi)把宮(gong)室、官署(shu)區(qu)與居(ju)(ju)住區(qu)嚴(yan)格分(fen)開,是(shi)一(yi)大(da)創新(xin)。北宋(song)呂大(da)防在《隋(sui)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圖》題記(ji)中(zhong)(zhong),曾稱贊(zan)大(da)興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)布(bu)(bu)局思(si)想:“隋(sui)氏設都(dou),雖不能盡(jin)循(xun)先王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),然(ran)畦分(fen)棋布(bu)(bu),閭巷皆中(zhong)(zhong)繩(sheng)墨(mo),坊有(you)墉,墉有(you)門(men),逋亡(wang)奸(jian)偽無所容足。而朝廷官寺(si)(si),居(ju)(ju)民市區(qu)不復相參(can),亦一(yi)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精制也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”清代(dai)徐松(song)也(ye)(ye)(ye)說(shuo):“自(zi)兩漢(han)以后,至(zhi)于晉、齊、梁、陳(chen),并有(you)人(ren)家在宮(gong)闕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)。隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)以為不便于事,于是(shi)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內惟列府寺(si)(si),不使雜居(ju)(ju),公私(si)有(you)辨,風俗齊整(zheng),實隋(sui)文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)意也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”
在(zai)大興城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)規劃和興建(jian)中(zhong),對于環(huan)境(jing)美化和給(gei)排水(shui)(shui)問題,也給(gei)予了高度的(de)重(zhong)視。整個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)址位于渭水(shui)(shui)南(nan)(nan)岸(an),西(xi)傍灃河,東依灞(ba)水(shui)(shui)、浐水(shui)(shui),南(nan)(nan)對終南(nan)(nan)山。根據其地理環(huan)境(jing)和河道情況,開鑿了三條(tiao)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)引水(shui)(shui)入城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)為(wei)永安(an)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)和清明渠(qu)(qu)(qu),城(cheng)(cheng)東為(wei)龍首(shou)渠(qu)(qu)(qu),龍首(shou)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)又分出兩條(tiao)支(zhi)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)。三條(tiao)水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)都(dou)分別流(liu)經宮苑再注入渭水(shui)(shui),不但可(ke)以解決(jue)給(gei)排水(shui)(shui)問題,而且可(ke)以進行生(sheng)活物資的(de)運輸。水(shui)(shui)渠(qu)(qu)(qu)兩岸(an)種(zhong)植有柳(liu)樹,形成(cheng)了“渠(qu)(qu)(qu)柳(liu)條(tiao)條(tiao)水(shui)(shui)面齊”的(de)宜(yi)人(ren)景色(se)。城(cheng)(cheng)東南(nan)(nan)還開辟有曲江(jiang)“芙蓉園”,其“花(hua)卉周環(huan),煙水(shui)(shui)明媚,都(dou)人(ren)游(you)賞盛于中(zhong)秋節。江(jiang)側菰蒲蔥翠,柳(liu)蔭四合,碧(bi)波紅蕖(qu),湛(zhan)然可(ke)愛(ai)”,是全城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)風景區和旅游(you)區。
在(zai)大興(xing)城的規劃、設計(ji)中(zhong),也還存在(zai)著(zhu)嚴重的缺陷。其突(tu)出者(zhe)有三:
其一是沒有(you)很好地考慮當時社會發(fa)展的(de)需求,城市規(gui)模過大,超越了(le)時代(dai)的(de)要求。其城南(nan)(nan)四列(lie)里(li)坊,經過隋唐兩代(dai)三百多(duo)年的(de)時間,始終沒有(you)多(duo)少住戶,非常冷落荒涼。正(zheng)如宋敏求所說:“自(zi)朱雀門南(nan)(nan)第六橫(heng)街以(yi)南(nan)(nan),率無居(ju)人第宅。”其注又云:“自(zi)興善寺以(yi)南(nan)(nan)四坊,東西盡郭,雖有(you)居(ju)者,煙(yan)火(huo)不接(jie),耕墾種植,阡陌相連。”
其二是(shi)大興城的(de)道(dao)路雖然很寬(kuan),但全是(shi)土路,雨雪時(shi)泥濘不堪,難以通行,有時(shi)連上朝都(dou)得停止。為了排(pai)水,路面(mian)都(dou)是(shi)中(zhong)間較高(gao),兩側有寬(kuan)、深(shen)各兩米多(duo)的(de)水溝(gou),但由(you)于城內地形起伏較大,排(pai)水仍有困難,以致暴雨后常有坊(fang)墻倒塌(ta),居民(min)溺(ni)死的(de)事(shi)故發生。
其三(san)是在漕(cao)運方面也(ye)存在著較大的問題。有(you)時漕(cao)運不通,即造(zao)成糧食供應匱乏。為此(ci),終(zhong)于釀成了(le)都城的東遷。
在當時的(de)社會(hui)、經濟、科技條件下,大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)有如(ru)(ru)此規模(mo)的(de)建(jian)設和成就,是(shi)值(zhi)得(de)人們(men)贊頌的(de)。大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)設計和布局(ju)思想,不但對(dui)中國后世的(de)都市建(jian)設有著(zhu)很大(da)的(de)影響,而且對(dui)日(ri)本、朝鮮的(de)都市建(jian)設也有著(zhu)深刻(ke)的(de)影響。如(ru)(ru)日(ri)本飛鳥、奈(nai)良時代的(de)都城(cheng)(cheng)藤原京(jing)、平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)京(jing),就是(shi)仿(fang)效(xiao)大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)布局(ju)特點而建(jian)造的(de)。平(ping)(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)京(jing)東西(xi)三(san)十(shi)二(er)町,南北三(san)十(shi)六町,每隔四町均有大(da)路相通,形(xing)成整(zheng)齊有序(xu)的(de)棋盤狀。宮城(cheng)(cheng)也是(shi)位于城(cheng)(cheng)北正中,四周以(yi)官衙和貴族(zu)邸第圍(wei)繞,明顯地(di)體現著(zhu)大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)特征。
又謂“新都”。是隋唐時期僅僅次于(yu)大興(長安)的城市它位(wei)于(yu)漢魏洛(luo)陽城之西(xi)約十(shi)公里,北(bei)(bei)依邙山,南(nan)對龍門,地理(li)位(wei)置十(shi)分(fen)優越。正(zheng)如李吉甫所(suo)說:“北(bei)(bei)據邙山,南(nan)直伊闕(que)之口,洛(luo)水貫之,有河漢之象,東去故城一(yi)(yi)十(shi)八(ba)里。”由(you)于(yu)水陸(lu)交通(tong)方(fang)便,自隋代至北(bei)(bei)宋(song),一(yi)(yi)直作為都城,成(cheng)為一(yi)(yi)個政治、經濟和交通(tong)的中心。
東(dong)(dong)京的營建(jian)是一(yi)個浩(hao)大(da)的工(gong)程。據(ju)《隋(sui)書·食(shi)貨志》記(ji)(ji)(ji)載:“始建(jian)東(dong)(dong)都,以(yi)尚(shang)書令楊素(su)為(wei)營作大(da)監(jian)(jian),每(mei)月役(yi)丁二(er)百萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)。”《大(da)業(ye)雜記(ji)(ji)(ji)》中記(ji)(ji)(ji)載:“初衛尉劉權、秘書丞(cheng)韋萬(wan)頃總監(jian)(jian)筑宮(gong)城,一(yi)時布兵夫,周匝四(si)(si)面,有(you)(you)七十(shi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)。城周匝兩(liang)重(zhong),延袤三(san)(san)十(shi)余(yu)里,高四(si)(si)十(shi)六尺。六十(shi)日成(cheng)。其(qi)內(nei)諸殿(dian)基及(ji)諸墻院(yuan),又(you)役(yi)十(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)。直東(dong)(dong)都土工(gong)監(jian)(jian)常(chang)役(yi)八十(shi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren),其(qi)木工(gong)、瓦工(gong)、金工(gong)、石工(gong)又(you)役(yi)十(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)。”唐(tang)初張(zhang)玄素(su)曾對唐(tang)太宗(zong)言及(ji)他(ta)所(suo)見營建(jian)東(dong)(dong)都的情況,說:“臣又(you)嘗(chang)見隋(sui)室(shi)造殿(dian),楹棟(dong)宏壯,大(da)木非(fei)隨近所(suo)有(you)(you),多從豫(yu)章(今江西(xi)境)采來。二(er)千(qian)人(ren)(ren)曳一(yi)柱,其(qi)下施轂(gu),皆以(yi)生鐵為(wei)之,若(ruo)用(yong)木輪,便即火出。鐵轂(gu)既生,行一(yi)二(er)里即有(you)(you)破壞(huai),仍數(shu)百人(ren)(ren)別赍鐵轂(gu)以(yi)隨之,終日不(bu)過進三(san)(san)二(er)十(shi)里。略計一(yi)柱,已用(yong)數(shu)十(shi)萬(wan)功,則余(yu)費又(you)過于此。”從這些記(ji)(ji)(ji)載,可以(yi)看到(dao)其(qi)用(yong)工(gong)量(liang)的大(da)致(zhi)狀況。建(jian)造大(da)興城的用(yong)工(gong)狀況,雖缺乏史(shi)料記(ji)(ji)(ji)載,但參照有(you)(you)關東(dong)(dong)京的記(ji)(ji)(ji)載,當與(yu)東(dong)(dong)京的用(yong)工(gong)數(shu)量(liang)相當。
東(dong)京(jing)規(gui)(gui)模略小(xiao)于大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)。據(ju)勘(kan)探,它的東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)7312米(mi)(mi),南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)7290米(mi)(mi),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)6138米(mi)(mi),西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)6776米(mi)(mi),總計周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)27516米(mi)(mi),合55里。平面呈(cheng)南(nan)寬北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)窄(zhai)的不規(gui)(gui)則長(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)。全城(cheng)(cheng)亦是(shi)由(you)宮城(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)所構成。洛水由(you)西(xi)而東(dong)穿城(cheng)(cheng)而過(guo),把城(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)二區。由(you)于地形(xing)的關系,東(dong)京(jing)不似(si)大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)那樣強調(diao)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)中(zhong)軸線(xian)和完全對稱的布(bu)局方(fang)(fang)式,其宮城(cheng)(cheng)和皇城(cheng)(cheng)建于西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部,但整個規(gui)(gui)劃力(li)求方(fang)(fang)正、整齊,仍與大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)相似(si)。
東(dong)京洛(luo)陽城的(de)營建
開鑿廣通渠工程
營(ying)建(jian)東京(jing)是(shi)宇文愷在城(cheng)市建(jian)設方面(mian)的另一個重大(da)成(cheng)就。開皇四年(584年)六(liu)月,宇文愷又受命負責開鑿廣通渠(qu)工程。據記載:“隋主(zhu)以(yi)渭水(shui)(shui)多沙,深(shen)淺不常,漕者苦之”,“詔太子左庶子宇文愷帥水(shui)(shui)工鑿渠(qu),引渭水(shui)(shui),自大(da)興城(cheng)東至潼(tong)關三百余里,名曰(yue)廣通渠(qu)。漕運通利,關內賴之。”其后,宇文愷出任(ren)萊州(今山東掖縣(xian))刺史,“甚(shen)有能名”。
開皇六年閏八月,宇文愷之二(er)兄(xiong)上柱國(guo)(guo)、杞國(guo)(guo)公宇文忻(xin)因(yin)謀反被誅,宇文愷也受株(zhu)連(lian)而解(jie)職,“除名于家,久不得調”。
宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名紫微(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于南北(bei)(bei)中軸線的(de)北(bei)(bei)部(bu),“東(dong)(dong)(dong)西四里(li)一(yi)百八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)步,南北(bei)(bei)二(er)里(li)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五步,周(zhou)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)里(li)二(er)百四十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)步,其(qi)(qi)崇四丈(zhang)八(ba)尺,以象北(bei)(bei)辰藩衛。實測東(dong)(dong)(dong)西長2820.3米(mi)(含(han)掖庭宮(gong)(gong)),南北(bei)(bei)寬1492.1米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)墻把宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分隔成(cheng)(cheng)三(san)部(bu)分。宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)乾陽殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、大業(ye)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)等數十(shi)(shi)(shi)座(zuo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、閣(ge)、堂、院,極其(qi)(qi)富麗堂皇(huang)。中部(bu)是大興宮(gong)(gong),由大興殿(dian)(dian)(dian)等數十(shi)(shi)(shi)座(zuo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)臺(tai)樓閣(ge)組成(cheng)(cheng),是皇(huang)帝(di)起居(ju)、聽政(zheng)的(de)場所。東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)為東(dong)(dong)(dong)宮(gong)(gong),專供(gong)太子居(ju)住和辦(ban)理政(zheng)務(wu)。西部(bu)為掖庭宮(gong)(gong),是安置宮(gong)(gong)女(nv)學習(xi)技藝(yi)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)方。李吉甫稱:“(東(dong)(dong)(dong)京)宮(gong)(gong)室(shi)臺(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),皆宇文愷所創(chuang)也。愷巧思絕(jue)倫,因(yin)此制造(zao)頗窮(qiong)奢(she)麗,前代都邑莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比焉。”其(qi)(qi)中以乾陽殿(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)為奢(she)華,是皇(huang)帝(di)舉行大典和接待(dai)重要(yao)外(wai)國使團的(de)地(di)(di)(di)方。“殿(dian)(dian)(dian)基高九尺,從地(di)(di)(di)至鴟尾(房脊(ji)兩端的(de)獸)高一(yi)百七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)尺,十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)間二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九架,三(san)陛軒(xuan)。文掍(gun)鏤(lou)檻,欒櫨百重,楶拱千(qian)構(gou),云楣繡柱,華榱璧珰,窮(qiong)軒(xuan)甍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯麗。其(qi)(qi)柱大二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四圍,倚井垂蓮,仰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)眩曜(yao)。南軒(xuan)垂以珠(zhu)絲網絡,下不至地(di)(di)(di)七(qi)尺,以防飛(fei)鳥(niao)。四面周(zhou)以軒(xuan)廊,坐(zuo)宿衛兵。”“殿(dian)(dian)(dian)庭東(dong)(dong)(dong)南西南各有(you)重樓,一(yi)懸鐘,一(yi)懸鼓,刻漏即(ji)在樓下,隨刻漏則鳴(ming)鐘鼓。”宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)門(men)則天門(men),“門(men)上飛(fei)觀相夾(jia),門(men)外(wai)即(ji)朝堂”。因(yin)其(qi)(qi)太奢(she),致武德四年(621年)唐高祖(zu)李淵(yuan)令(ling)人焚毀另建。
形如偃月,謂(wei)之月陂
宮城西面(mian)是上林西苑(yuan),又名會通苑(yuan),在(zai)今洛(luo)(luo)陽澗西一帶。據(ju)《大(da)(da)業(ye)雜(za)記(ji)》記(ji)載:“(大(da)(da)業(ye))元(yuan)年夏五(wu)(wu)月西苑(yuan),周二百(bai)里,其內造十(shi)(shi)六院(yuan),屈曲繞龍鱗溝。”苑(yuan)內引澗河(he)匯水(shui)成海(hai),周十(shi)(shi)余里,海(hai)中造蓬(peng)萊(lai)、方丈、瀛(ying)洲三神山,高(gao)出水(shui)面(mian)百(bai)余尺,臺觀殿(dian)閣布置在(zai)山上,風景非(fei)常壯觀。緣渠作十(shi)(shi)六院(yuan),門皆臨渠,堂(tang)殿(dian)樓觀,極為華(hua)麗。為了引洛(luo)(luo)水(shui)入苑(yuan),宇(yu)文愷還修筑了月陂。據(ju)李吉甫《元(yuan)和郡縣(xian)圖志》卷五(wu)(wu)記(ji)載:“洛(luo)(luo)水(shui),在(zai)(洛(luo)(luo)陽)縣(xian)西南三里。西自苑(yuan)內上陽之南彌漫東(dong)流(liu),宇(yu)文愷筑斜堤束令東(dong)北流(liu)。當水(shui)沖,捺堰九折(zhe),形如偃月,謂之月陂。”
宮城(cheng)的(de)(de)東北面為含嘉(jia)城(cheng),城(cheng)里為含嘉(jia)倉(cang)(cang)(cang),是一座(zuo)貯(zhu)藏糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)大(da)型國家糧(liang)(liang)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)。據《大(da)業(ye)雜記》記載:“大(da)業(ye)元年,煬帝建(jian)東都洛陽(yang),在宮城(cheng)東建(jian)含嘉(jia)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)。”據1969年以來的(de)(de)考古發(fa)掘(jue),含嘉(jia)城(cheng)的(de)(de)總(zong)面積約43萬平方米,四面有城(cheng)墻,城(cheng)墻為挖槽夯筑而成。在倉(cang)(cang)(cang)城(cheng)的(de)(de)東北和偏南地(di)(di)區(qu),勘探出大(da)小不等的(de)(de)圓形(xing)或橢(tuo)圓形(xing)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)下糧(liang)(liang)窖(jiao)287座(zuo),估計全城(cheng)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)下糧(liang)(liang)窖(jiao)應在400座(zuo)以上。由于東京漕運方便,又在含嘉(jia)城(cheng)內儲藏了(le)大(da)量糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)(shi),避免了(le)大(da)興城(cheng)發(fa)生糧(liang)(liang)荒的(de)(de)問題(ti),使其糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)(shi)供應得到了(le)保障。
皇城(cheng)名太微城(cheng)(又稱子城(cheng)),亦稱南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)、寶城(cheng),在宮(gong)城(cheng)南(nan)(nan)面,由(you)一條橫街(jie)(jie)與宮(gong)城(cheng)相(xiang)隔,“東西(xi)五里(li)一十七(qi)步(bu),南(nan)(nan)北三(san)(san)里(li)二(er)百(bai)九十八(ba)步(bu),周一十三(san)(san)里(li)二(er)百(bai)五十步(bu),高三(san)(san)丈七(qi)尺。實測東西(xi)長與宮(gong)城(cheng)相(xiang)同(tong),南(nan)(nan)北寬為1843.6米(mi)。其城(cheng)曲折,以象南(nan)(nan)宮(gong)垣”。皇城(cheng)是軍(jun)政(zheng)機(ji)構和宗廟的(de)所在地。“城(cheng)中南(nan)(nan)北七(qi)街(jie)(jie),東西(xi)五街(jie)(jie)。左(zuo)宗廟,右社稷。百(bai)僚廨署(shu)列于其間,凡省六,寺九,臺(tai)一,監四,衛十有(you)八(ba)。東宮(gong)官(guan)屬,凡府一,坊三(san)(san),寺三(san)(san),率府十”。
郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)稱羅(luo)郭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、羅(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),隋時僅(jin)筑有短垣,一(yi)說(shuo):“東(dong)(dong)西(xi)一(yi)十(shi)八(ba)里(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)一(yi)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)步,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)一(yi)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)里(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)七(qi)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)步,周六(liu)十(shi)七(qi)里(li)(li)(li)(li),其崇一(yi)丈八(ba)尺”,實(shi)(shi)測(ce)(ce)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長9721 米(mi),南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)8651.7米(mi)。全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)大街(jie)(jie)十(shi)一(yi)條,東(dong)(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)大街(jie)(jie)十(shi)四條,劃分(fen)為(wei)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)零八(ba)個(ge)里(li)(li)(li)(li)坊和(he)兩個(ge)商市,形成棋(qi)盤型的(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)。白居易有詩(shi)云:“百(bai)(bai)千家似(si)圍(wei)棋(qi)局(ju),十(shi)二(er)街(jie)(jie)如(ru)種菜畦。”既(ji)形象又貼切地描(miao)繪了大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)布局(ju)特(te)征。二(er)說(shuo):“東(dong)(dong)西(xi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千六(liu)百(bai)(bai)十(shi)步,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)五(wu)(wu)(wu)千四百(bai)(bai)七(qi)十(shi)步”,實(shi)(shi)測(ce)(ce)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)最(zui)長處(chu)(chu)7312米(mi),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)最(zui)寬(kuan)處(chu)(chu)7290米(mi)。全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縱橫大街(jie)(jie)各十(shi)條,一(yi)般寬(kuan)41米(mi),把(ba)全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)劃分(fen)為(wei)“里(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)三,市三”。這些(xie)里(li)(li)(li)(li)坊分(fen)布在(zai)北(bei)(bei)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)和(he)整個(ge)南(nan)(nan)(nan)區(qu),其中南(nan)(nan)(nan)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)里(li)(li)(li)(li)坊與街(jie)(jie)道(dao)最(zui)整齊。里(li)(li)(li)(li)坊平面(mian)作方形或(huo)長方形,面(mian)積比大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)里(li)(li)(li)(li)坊略小,坊內(nei)辟(pi)十(shi)字(zi)形街(jie)(jie)道(dao)。由(you)(you)于(yu)里(li)(li)(li)(li)坊小街(jie)(jie)道(dao)窄(zhai),臨街(jie)(jie)開門(men)的(de)(de)(de)住宅隨之(zhi)增(zeng)多,這樣就使(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)各部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)關系顯得比較緊湊。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)都(dou)很(hen)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。通(tong)向城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)之寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)都(dou)在(zai)百米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang);最寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是界于(yu)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)街,寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)達220米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang);位于(yu)南(nan)北中(zhong)(zhong)軸線上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主干道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)朱雀大(da)街寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)150 米(mi)(mi);不通(tong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)42—68米(mi)(mi);最窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是四(si)周沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)街,寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)25米(mi)(mi)。里(li)坊(fang)(fang)都(dou)筑有(you)坊(fang)(fang)墻,坊(fang)(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)有(you)街道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)。大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)里(li)坊(fang)(fang)四(si)面開四(si)個(ge)坊(fang)(fang)門(men),中(zhong)(zhong)辟十字街;小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)里(li)坊(fang)(fang)開東西(xi)二門(men),有(you)一條橫(heng)街。這些縱橫(heng)相交的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)形成一個(ge)交通(tong)網絡,井然有(you)序。各大(da)街的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)都(dou)開有(you)排水溝,街道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)兩(liang)(liang)旁植以(yi)榆、槐為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)樹,株行距整齊劃一,使(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路成為寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)廣筆直的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)林蔭(yin)大(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市增添(tian)了(le)風采(cai)。
大(da)興宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)建造布(bu)局天人合一,從六坡的(de)(de)高(gao)度看,地(di)勢(shi)從北(bei)到南漸次降低。那(nei)么(me)宮(gong)(gong)城所處的(de)(de)位(wei)置則相對較低。不把(ba)宮(gong)(gong)城設(she)置在(zai)最高(gao)處另有(you)原委(wei)。根據(ju)天上星宿(su)(su)的(de)(de)位(wei)置,最為尊貴的(de)(de)紫(zi)薇宮(gong)(gong)居于北(bei)天中央,它以北(bei)極為中樞(shu),東、西兩藩(fan)共有(you)十五顆星環抱著它。紫(zi)薇宮(gong)(gong)即皇宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)意(yi)思,皇帝貴為天子,地(di)上的(de)(de)君(jun)主和天上的(de)(de)星宿(su)(su)應該相對應,應此,只能把(ba)皇宮(gong)(gong)布(bu)置在(zai)北(bei)邊中央位(wei)置。而且北(bei)有(you)渭(wei)河(he)相倚(yi),從防衛角度看,也具安(an)全性。
但是(shi)(shi)(shi)這種(zhong)追求(qiu)理(li)念的(de)(de)(de)設計似乎也有缺(que)陷。隋(sui)代的(de)(de)(de)皇宮(gong)(gong)——大(da)(da)興宮(gong)(gong)到唐(tang)朝繼(ji)續沿用(yong),只是(shi)(shi)(shi)改(gai)名太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)。而(er)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)很快就被大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)所取代,究其原(yuan)因,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)應為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)地勢較(jiao)低,而(er)長安城盛夏(xia)(xia)氣溫很高,使得住(zhu)在太(tai)(tai)極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)有“湫濕感”。為(wei)(wei)此(ci)從秦至唐(tang),每逢夏(xia)(xia)季,統治者都要到夏(xia)(xia)宮(gong)(gong)去避暑。唐(tang)太(tai)(tai)宗選定長安城北禁(jin)苑中龍首高地,營造(zao)大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong),為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)上皇消(xiao)夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)(xia)宮(gong)(gong)。后來唐(tang)高宗李治又接著以為(wei)(wei)完成的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)基礎(chu),進行(xing)大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)再建工(gong)程。大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)正殿(dian)含元殿(dian)建成后,唐(tang)高宗便正式(shi)在大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)聽(ting)政。此(ci)后二百余年,大(da)(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)唐(tang)代主要的(de)(de)(de)朝會之所,成為(wei)(wei)唐(tang)王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)統治中心(xin)和國家(jia)象征(zheng)。
宇(yu)文愷(kai)的(de)(de)(de)一生(sheng),主要是(shi)擔(dan)任營造(zao)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)高級官員,主持過許多(duo)大(da)型的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),起著相(xiang)當于(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總指(zhi)揮、總設計師和(he)總工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師的(de)(de)(de)作用。他在建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)方面(mian)取得了(le)(le)許多(duo)重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)成就,有些(xie)成就甚(shen)至具有劃時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)意義。但也(ye)應該(gai)指(zhi)出的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),在他設計和(he)主持的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中,除了(le)(le)開鑿廣(guang)通渠,客觀(guan)上(shang)有利于(yu)(yu)國(guo)計民(min)生(sheng)外,其(qi)余(yu)大(da)多(duo)是(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)滿足(zu)統(tong)(tong)治者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)治需要,尤其(qi)是(shi)宮(gong)(gong)殿建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),不顧(gu)勞民(min)傷(shang)財,取悅帝王。如營造(zao)仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)時(shi),“役使嚴(yan)急,丁(ding)夫多(duo)死(si),疲頓(dun)顛(dian)仆(pu),推(tui)填坑坎,覆以(yi)土石,因而筑(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)平(ping)地。死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)萬數”,“時(shi)天(tian)暑,役夫死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)次于(yu)(yu)道,楊素悉(xi)焚除之”。營建(jian)(jian)東(dong)京時(shi),他“揣帝心在宏侈,于(yu)(yu)是(shi)東(dong)京制度窮極(ji)壯麗”。“東(dong)京官吏督役嚴(yan)急,役丁(ding)死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)什四五,所(suo)司以(yi)車載(zai)死(si)丁(ding),東(dong)至城皋(今(jin)(jin)河南滎陽),北至河陽(今(jin)(jin)河南孟縣(xian)南),相(xiang)望于(yu)(yu)道”。長城之役,“死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)十五六”。建(jian)(jian)仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)和(he)東(dong)京的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),宇(yu)文愷(kai)雖掛的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)副(fu)職,但他是(shi)實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)負責者(zhe)(zhe),因此功過與他都有直(zhi)接的(de)(de)(de)關系。