蜚聲(sheng)中外的(de)(de)唐代(dai)京師長安,以及東(dong)都(dou)洛陽,實際上都(dou)是在隋(sui)代(dai)建造的(de)(de),創建這兩座歷(li)史名(ming)城的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)功臣是杰出的(de)(de)建筑學家宇文愷。
宇文愷,字安樂,鮮卑族。西魏(wei)恭帝二年(555年)生(sheng)于長安。他出生(sheng)在(zai)北(bei)朝后期一(yi)個顯(xian)赫(he)的豪門。
出生在(zai)這樣一個家(jia)庭中的宇文愷(kai),二(er)歲時就被贈爵(jue)(jue)雙泉縣(xian)伯,六歲時襲(xi)祖爵(jue)(jue)安平郡公,但身在(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)門的宇文愷(kai)卻不好弓(gong)馬,而(er)喜(xi)好讀書(shu)。《隋書(shu)》本傳說“愷(kai)少(shao)有器(qi)局。家(jia)世武將(jiang)(jiang),諸(zhu)兄(xiong)并(bing)以弓(gong)馬自達,愷(kai)獨好學,博覽書(shu)記(ji),解屬文,多伎藝,號為(wei)名父公子(zi)。”這段記(ji)載可窺知他為(wei)學的大致(zhi)情(qing)況。
北周末(mo),宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)累遷(qian)右(you)侍上士、御正中(zhong)大(da)夫、儀同三司。大(da)象二(er)年(nian)(580年(nian)),楊堅任北周宰(zai)相后(hou)(hou),宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)又(you)(you)被(bei)任命(ming)為上開(kai)府、匠師(shi)中(zhong)大(da)夫。據《唐(tang)六典》卷二(er)三“將作都水監”記載(zai):“后(hou)(hou)周有(you)匠師(shi)中(zhong)大(da)夫一人(ren),掌城郭、宮室之制及諸(zhu)器物度量。”又(you)(you)據考證,北周設有(you)“匠師(shi)中(zhong)大(da)夫,一人(ren),正五命(ming)”。因此可以推知,當時年(nian)輕(qing)的宇(yu)文(wen)愷(kai)已經在建筑科學和工程管理方(fang)面(mian)嶄(zhan)露鋒芒。
581年(nian),楊堅建(jian)立隋(sui)(sui)朝(chao),是為隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝。為了(le)鞏(gong)固自己的(de)統治(zhi)地位,他(ta)大(da)(da)肆誅(zhu)殺北周(zhou)宗(zong)室宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)氏,以(yi)清除北周(zhou)殘余勢(shi)力。宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)愷(kai)原(yuan)也(ye)被定入誅(zhu)殺之列(lie)。由于(yu)宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)愷(kai)家族與(yu)北周(zhou)宗(zong)室有別(bie),二兄宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)忻又擁戴隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝有功,加(jia)上他(ta)本人(ren)的(de)才華深得(de)隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝的(de)賞識,因(yin)而(er)方幸免一死。隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝“修宗(zong)廟(miao)”,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)愷(kai)被起用(yong),任營(ying)宗(zong)廟(miao)副監、太子左庶子,負責宗(zong)廟(miao)的(de)興修事務。宗(zong)廟(miao)建(jian)成后,被加(jia)封為甑山縣公(gong),邑千戶(hu),隨(sui)后投(tou)入了(le)隋(sui)(sui)代都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今西安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))的(de)營(ying)建(jian)工(gong)程。隋(sui)(sui)朝(chao)建(jian)立之時,仍承襲北周(zhou)以(yi)長(chang)安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為京都(dou)。長(chang)安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始建(jian)于(yu)漢代,已(yi)有近八(ba)百(bai)(bai)年(nian)的(de)歷史,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市已(yi)顯得(de)過于(yu)狹小,宮宇(yu)亦多朽蠹,加(jia)上供水(shui)(shui)、排水(shui)(shui)嚴(yan)重不(bu)暢,污水(shui)(shui)往往聚而(er)不(bu)泄,生活用(yong)水(shui)(shui)受到嚴(yan)重污染(ran),已(yi)經不(bu)能適應社(she)會(hui)發展和人(ren)們生活的(de)需要。因(yin)此,隋(sui)(sui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝嫌其“制度(du)狹小,又宮內多妖異(yi)”,通直散(san)騎常(chang)侍庾季才也(ye)奏(zou)云:“漢營(ying)此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),經今將八(ba)百(bai)(bai)歲(sui),水(shui)(shui)皆咸鹵(lu),不(bu)甚宜(yi)人(ren)。”于(yu)是決(jue)定另建(jian)新都(dou)。
開皇二年(nian)(582年(nian))六月,隋(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)下詔:“此(ci)城從(cong)漢,凋(diao)殘日久,屢為(wei)(wei)戰場,舊經喪亂。今之宮室,事近權宜,又非謀(mou)筮從(cong)龜,瞻星揆日,不足(zu)建(jian)皇王(wang)之邑,合大(da)眾所(suo)聚”,“今區宇(yu)寧一(yi),陰陽順序(xu),安(an)安(an)以遷,勿懷胥怨。龍(long)首(shou)山川(chuan)原秀(xiu)麗,卉(hui)物滋阜,卜食相土,宜建(jian)都(dou)邑,定鼎之基(ji)永固,無窮之業在(zai)斯。公私府(fu)宅,規模遠近,營構資費,隨事條奏。”隋(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)下詔于(yu)(yu)是“詔左(zuo)仆(pu)射(she)高颎、將作大(da)匠劉龍(long)、巨鹿郡公賀婁子干(gan)、太(tai)府(fu)少(shao)卿高龍(long)叉等創造新(xin)都(dou)”。“以太(tai)子左(zuo)庶子宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)有(you)巧(qiao)思(si),領(ling)營新(xin)都(dou)副監”。時(shi)高颎雖為(wei)(wei)大(da)監,不過總領(ling)大(da)綱,而規模計劃(hua)皆出自宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)。由于(yu)(yu)楊(yang)堅在(zai)北周時(shi)曾被封為(wei)(wei)大(da)興郡公,故新(xin)都(dou)命(ming)名(ming)為(wei)(wei)大(da)興城(今陜(shan)西西安(an))。開皇三(san)年(nian),新(xin)都(dou)建(jian)成,而倉廩尚(shang)虛,需要大(da)量轉運(yun)關(guan)(guan)東(dong)米粟,渭水多沙,不便(bian)漕運(yun)。四年(nian),下詔興建(jian)漕渠(qu),令宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)愷(kai)率領(ling)水工鑿渠(qu),引渭水通黃河(he),自大(da)興城東(dong)至潼關(guan)(guan)三(san)百余里,名(ming)叫廣通渠(qu)。渠(qu)成后(hou),轉運(yun)便(bian)利,隋(sui)唐關(guan)(guan)中的富(fu)庶頗得(de)(de)益于(yu)(yu)此(ci)。其(qi)后(hou),他受到其(qi)兄宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)忻被殺事件(jian)的牽連(lian),一(yi)度罷官居家(jia)。開皇十三(san)年(nian),隋(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)要在(zai)岐州(今陜(shan)西鳳翔)建(jian)仁壽宮,經右仆(pu)射(she)楊(yang)素推薦,文(wen)(wen)帝(di)任命(ming)愷(kai)為(wei)(wei)檢校將作大(da)匠,后(hou)又拜為(wei)(wei)仁壽宮監、將作少(shao)監。在(zai)楊(yang)素主持下,仁壽宮建(jian)造得(de)(de)非常華(hua)麗,成為(wei)(wei)隋(sui)文(wen)(wen)帝(di)經常臨幸的別宮。
開皇(huang)十(shi)三(san)年(593年)二(er)月,隋(sui)文(wen)帝令(ling)楊素在岐州(今陜西鳳翔)北營造仁(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)。楊素以宇文(wen)愷(kai)有巧思,“奏前萊州刺史宇文(wen)愷(kai)檢校將作(zuo)大(da)匠”,負責仁(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)工程(cheng)的籌劃和設計。“于是夷山堙(yin)谷以立宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian),崇臺累榭,宛轉相屬”,整個宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)區“制度壯麗”,是一組極其(qi)雄(xiong)偉(wei)的宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)建(jian)筑群。開皇(huang)十(shi)五(wu)年三(san)月,仁(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)建(jian)成,宇文(wen)愷(kai)被(bei)任(ren)命(ming)為(wei)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)監(jian),授儀同三(san)司,接著又被(bei)任(ren)命(ming)為(wei)將作(zuo)少監(jian)。
仁壽二年(nian)(602年(nian))八月,隋文帝皇后獨孤氏(shi)卒。閏十(shi)月,楊素和宇(yu)文愷受命營(ying)造(zao)皇陵太(tai)陵。獨孤皇后葬后,宇(yu)文愷復爵安平郡(jun)公(gong),邑千(qian)戶。
仁壽四年(nian)七月,隋(sui)煬帝楊(yang)廣繼位。鑒于(yu)大興城位置偏西,又水陸(lu)交通(tong)不便,也為了更(geng)進一步加(jia)強對河(he)北、山東以(yi)及(ji)江(jiang)淮地(di)區的(de)控制,決定在洛(luo)陽(yang)故都附近(jin)建造(zao)新城,作為東京(jing)。十一月癸(gui)丑,隋(sui)煬帝在巡幸洛(luo)陽(yang)時(shi)下詔說(shuo),洛(luo)陽(yang)的(de)地(di)理位置“控以(yi)三河(he),固以(yi)四塞,水陸(lu)通(tong),貢賦(fu)等”,“今(jin)可于(yu)伊、洛(luo)營(ying)建東京(jing),便即設官分職,以(yi)為民極也”。
據(ju)《隋(sui)(sui)書·煬(yang)帝紀》記載,大業(ye)元年(nian)(605年(nian))三月(yue)丁未,隋(sui)(sui)煬(yang)帝“詔(zhao)尚書令楊(yang)素、納言(yan)楊(yang)達(da)、將作大匠宇文愷營(ying)建(jian)東(dong)京(jing),徙豫州(zhou)郭下居人(ren)以實之(zhi)”。又據(ju)《資治通鑒》卷一(yi)八零記載,“每月(yue),役(yi)丁二百萬人(ren)。徙洛(luo)州(zhou)郭內(nei)居民,及諸州(zhou)富(fu)商大賈數萬戶以實之(zhi)”。大業(ye)二年(nian)春正月(yue)辛酉,“東(dong)京(jing)成(cheng)”,其(qi)(qi)營(ying)建(jian)過程(cheng)前后僅歷十(shi)個月(yue),是(shi)又一(yi)座在(zai)短時間內(nei)經周密規劃、設(she)計、建(jian)造(zao)而成(cheng)的大型城市。在(zai)營(ying)建(jian)東(dong)京(jing)時,宇文愷“揣帝心(xin)在(zai)宏侈,于是(shi)東(dong)京(jing)制(zhi)度窮極壯麗”。故此宇文愷博得隋(sui)(sui)煬(yang)帝的歡心(xin),被進位(wei)開府儀同三司。其(qi)(qi)間,宇文愷還受命在(zai)河(he)南郡壽安縣(xian)(今河(he)南宜陽(yang))營(ying)造(zao)顯仁宮,“南接(jie)皁澗,北(bei)跨(kua)洛(luo)濱”,為此,曾“發大江(jiang)之(zhi)南、五嶺以北(bei)奇(qi)材異石(shi),輸(shu)之(zhi)洛(luo)陽(yang);又求海內(nei)嘉(jia)木異草,珍禽奇(qi)獸,以實園苑”。
隋煬帝楊廣即位后,要(yao)營(ying)建洛陽,又以愷為(wei)(wei)營(ying)東都(dou)副監,后遷將作大匠(jiang)。宇文愷把東都(dou)建筑得極其壯麗(li),因此被(bei)升為(wei)(wei)工部尚書。他曾(ceng)經建造(zao)大帳(zhang),帳(zhang)下(xia)可以容(rong)納數(shu)千人(ren)。又造(zao)觀(guan)風行殿(dian),殿(dian)上可以容(rong)納侍(shi)衛數(shu)百人(ren),行殿(dian)下(xia)裝輪軸,可以迅速拆(chai)卸和拼合。他曾(ceng)建議(yi)按(an)古制(zhi)(zhi)建筑明堂,“下(xia)為(wei)(wei)方堂,堂有(you)五(wu)室,上為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)觀(guan),觀(guan)有(you)四門”,并曾(ceng)用木(mu)料制(zhi)(zhi)作了(le)模型。雖然沒(mei)有(you)興建,卻表現了(le)他的巧思和學(xue)識的淵博。大業八年(612年),宇文愷卒(zu)。
宇(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)在(zai)建(jian)(jian)筑學方面的(de)著述有《東都圖(tu)記》20卷,《明堂(tang)圖(tu)議(yi)》2卷,《釋(shi)疑》1卷,均見(jian)行于世(shi)。但除《明堂(tang)圖(tu)議(yi)》的(de)部(bu)分(fen)內容保存在(zai)《隋(sui)書·宇(yu)(yu)文愷(kai)傳》、《北史·宇(yu)(yu)文貴傳》和《資治通(tong)鑒》等史籍中外,其他(ta)的(de)后來(lai)都亡佚了,這(zhe)實(shi)是(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑學史上的(de)一大損(sun)失(shi)。
政治、經濟、文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)心
大(da)興城(cheng)的營建(jian),史(shi)稱“制(zhi)度(du)多(duo)出(chu)于高颎(jiong)”,“高颎(jiong)雖總(zong)(zong)大(da)綱,凡(fan)所(suo)規畫,皆出(chu)于愷(kai)”。宋代的宋敏求在(zai)《長安志》中也說在(zai)隋大(da)興城(cheng)興建(jian)時,“命左仆射高颎(jiong)總(zong)(zong)領其(qi)事(shi),太子左庶(shu)子宇文愷(kai)創制(zhi)規模,將作大(da)匠劉龍、工(gong)(gong)部尚書巨鹿郡公賀樓(婁)子干、大(da)(太)府少卿(qing)尚龍義并充使(shi)營建(jian)”。可見高颎(jiong)主要是(shi)提出(chu)都城(cheng)的總(zong)(zong)的制(zhi)度(du),并負(fu)責總(zong)(zong)的施建(jian)方針,而具體(ti)的規劃、設計則是(shi)由(you)宇文愷(kai)完成的,其(qi)他的副使(shi)主要是(shi)協助負(fu)責施工(gong)(gong)和材料管理(li)諸事(shi)務。
大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian),不是在(zai)(zai)舊有基礎上(shang)進行改建(jian)(jian)(jian)、擴建(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi),而(er)是在(zai)(zai)短(duan)時間(jian)內(nei)按周密(mi)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)嶄新城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。全城(cheng)(cheng)由宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)郭城(cheng)(cheng)組成,先建(jian)(jian)(jian)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng),后建(jian)(jian)(jian)皇城(cheng)(cheng),最(zui)后建(jian)(jian)(jian)郭城(cheng)(cheng)。開皇二年(582年)六月開始興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian),十(shi)二月基本竣工命名(ming)大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng),次年三月即(ji)正(zheng)式遷入使用,前后僅九(jiu)個月,其建(jian)(jian)(jian)設速度之快實令人(ren)驚(jing)嘆。整(zheng)個工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、設計、人(ren)力(li)、物(wu)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)組織和(he)管(guan)理(li)都應是相當(dang)精(jing)細和(he)嚴(yan)謹(jin)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)設計和(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設施工中(zhong),還(huan)得考慮(lv)地形、水源、交通(tong)、軍事(shi)防御、環境美(mei)化(hua)、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)管(guan)理(li)、市(shi)場供需等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)配套,以及都城(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為政(zheng)治(zhi)、軍事(shi)、經濟、文化(hua)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)特點等(deng)諸(zhu)多方面的(de)(de)(de)因素,解決一系列(lie)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)問題。因此大興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)標志著當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國所(suo)達到的(de)(de)(de)經濟和(he)科學技術水平。
有人曾列(lie)舉世(shi)界古代十座城(cheng)市的面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)進行(xing)比較:(1)隋大(da)興城(cheng)(唐長安(an)(an)城(cheng)),583年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)84.1平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(2)北(bei)(bei)魏洛(luo)陽(yang)城(cheng),493年(nian)(nian)擴建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)100平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(3)明清北(bei)(bei)京(jing)城(cheng),1421—1553年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)60.2平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(4)元大(da)都,1267年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)50平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(5)隋唐東京(jing)(洛(luo)陽(yang)城(cheng)),605年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)45.2平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(6)明南京(jing),1366年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)43平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(7)漢長安(an)(an)(內(nei)城(cheng)),建(jian)(jian)于公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前(qian)202年(nian)(nian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)35平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(8)巴(ba)格達,800年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)30.44平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(9)羅馬(ma),300年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)13.68平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li);(10)拜占(zhan)庭,447年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)11.99平方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。從上(shang)(shang)所列(lie)可以看到,中國(guo)古代都市的規模(mo)之大(da)在世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)是無與倫比的。
大興城(cheng)的(de)(de)規劃吸(xi)取了(le)曹魏鄴(ye)城(cheng)(故(gu)址在(zai)今河北(bei)臨(lin)漳鄴(ye)鎮(zhen)東)、北(bei)魏洛陽城(cheng)的(de)(de)經驗,在(zai)方整(zheng)對稱(cheng)的(de)(de)原則(ze)下,沿著(zhu)南北(bei)中(zhong)軸線,將宮城(cheng)和(he)皇(huang)城(cheng)置于(yu)全城(cheng)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)地(di)位(wei),郭城(cheng)則(ze)圍繞在(zai)宮城(cheng)和(he)皇(huang)城(cheng)的(de)(de)東、西、南三面。分區(qu)(qu)整(zheng)齊明確,象征著(zhu)皇(huang)權(quan)的(de)(de)威嚴,充(chong)分體現了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)古代京都規劃和(he)布(bu)局的(de)(de)獨(du)特風格,反(fan)映了(le)統(tong)治者專(zhuan)制(zhi)集權(quan)的(de)(de)思(si)想和(he)要(yao)求。特別是(shi)把宮室、官(guan)署區(qu)(qu)與居(ju)住區(qu)(qu)嚴格分開,是(shi)一(yi)大創新。北(bei)宋呂(lv)大防在(zai)《隋(sui)(sui)都城(cheng)圖》題記(ji)中(zhong),曾稱(cheng)贊大興城(cheng)的(de)(de)布(bu)局思(si)想:“隋(sui)(sui)氏(shi)設都,雖不能盡循先(xian)王之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa),然畦分棋布(bu),閭巷皆(jie)中(zhong)繩墨,坊(fang)有(you)(you)墉,墉有(you)(you)門,逋亡(wang)奸(jian)偽無所容(rong)足。而朝廷官(guan)寺,居(ju)民(min)市區(qu)(qu)不復相參,亦一(yi)代之(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)制(zhi)也。”清代徐松(song)也說:“自兩漢以(yi)后,至于(yu)晉(jin)、齊、梁、陳,并(bing)有(you)(you)人家在(zai)宮闕之(zhi)(zhi)間。隋(sui)(sui)文帝以(yi)為不便于(yu)事,于(yu)是(shi)皇(huang)城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)內惟列(lie)府寺,不使雜居(ju),公私(si)有(you)(you)辨,風俗(su)齊整(zheng),實隋(sui)(sui)文之(zhi)(zhi)新意也。”
在大興城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)規劃和(he)(he)興建中,對(dui)于環境美(mei)化(hua)和(he)(he)給(gei)(gei)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題(ti)(ti),也給(gei)(gei)予(yu)了(le)高度的(de)重視。整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址位于渭水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)南岸(an),西傍(bang)灃河(he)(he),東(dong)依灞水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、浐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),南對(dui)終南山。根據其地(di)理環境和(he)(he)河(he)(he)道情況,開(kai)鑿了(le)三條水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)引水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南為(wei)永(yong)安渠(qu)和(he)(he)清明渠(qu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)為(wei)龍首(shou)渠(qu),龍首(shou)渠(qu)又分出兩條支渠(qu)。三條水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)都(dou)分別流經宮苑再注入渭水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),不但可(ke)(ke)以解決(jue)給(gei)(gei)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)問題(ti)(ti),而且可(ke)(ke)以進行生(sheng)活物資的(de)運輸。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)渠(qu)兩岸(an)種(zhong)植有(you)柳(liu)樹,形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)“渠(qu)柳(liu)條條水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面齊”的(de)宜人景(jing)色。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南還開(kai)辟(pi)有(you)曲江“芙蓉(rong)園”,其“花卉周環,煙水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)明媚(mei),都(dou)人游賞盛于中秋節。江側(ce)菰蒲蔥翠,柳(liu)蔭四合,碧波紅(hong)蕖,湛然(ran)可(ke)(ke)愛”,是(shi)全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)風景(jing)區和(he)(he)旅游區。
在(zai)大興城的規(gui)劃、設計中(zhong),也還存在(zai)著嚴重的缺陷。其突出(chu)者有三:
其一是沒有很好地考(kao)慮(lv)當時社會發展的需求,城(cheng)市規模(mo)過大(da),超越(yue)了時代(dai)的要求。其城(cheng)南(nan)四列里坊(fang),經過隋(sui)唐兩代(dai)三百多(duo)年的時間(jian),始終(zhong)沒有多(duo)少住戶,非常(chang)冷(leng)落荒涼。正(zheng)如宋敏求所說:“自朱雀門南(nan)第六(liu)橫街以南(nan),率無居(ju)人第宅。”其注又云:“自興善寺以南(nan)四坊(fang),東西(xi)盡郭,雖有居(ju)者(zhe),煙火不(bu)接,耕墾(ken)種植,阡陌相連。”
其二是大(da)(da)興(xing)城(cheng)的道路雖然很寬,但全是土路,雨雪時泥濘不堪,難(nan)以(yi)(yi)通行,有(you)(you)時連上朝都(dou)得停止(zhi)。為了排水(shui),路面都(dou)是中間(jian)較高(gao),兩(liang)側有(you)(you)寬、深(shen)各兩(liang)米多的水(shui)溝(gou),但由于城(cheng)內(nei)地形起伏(fu)較大(da)(da),排水(shui)仍有(you)(you)困(kun)難(nan),以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)暴雨后常(chang)有(you)(you)坊墻倒塌,居民溺死的事故發生。
其三是在(zai)漕(cao)運方面也(ye)存在(zai)著較大的問題(ti)。有時漕(cao)運不通,即(ji)造成(cheng)糧食供應匱乏。為此,終于釀成(cheng)了都城的東遷。
在當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會、經濟(ji)、科技條件下,大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)有如此規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)和(he)成(cheng)就(jiu),是值(zhi)得人們贊頌的(de)(de)(de)(de)。大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計和(he)布局思想(xiang),不但(dan)對(dui)(dui)中國(guo)后世的(de)(de)(de)(de)都(dou)市建(jian)設(she)(she)有著(zhu)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響,而(er)且對(dui)(dui)日本、朝鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)都(dou)市建(jian)設(she)(she)也有著(zhu)深刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。如日本飛(fei)鳥、奈良(liang)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)藤原(yuan)京(jing)、平城(cheng)(cheng)京(jing),就(jiu)是仿效大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局特點而(er)建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)。平城(cheng)(cheng)京(jing)東(dong)西三(san)十(shi)(shi)二(er)町,南北三(san)十(shi)(shi)六町,每隔四(si)町均有大(da)路(lu)相通,形(xing)成(cheng)整齊有序的(de)(de)(de)(de)棋盤狀。宮城(cheng)(cheng)也是位(wei)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)北正(zheng)中,四(si)周以官衙和(he)貴族邸第圍(wei)繞,明顯地(di)體現著(zhu)大(da)興(xing)(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。
又謂“新都”。是隋唐時期僅(jin)僅(jin)次于(yu)大興(長安)的(de)城市它位(wei)于(yu)漢魏洛陽城之西(xi)約十(shi)(shi)公里,北依邙山,南對龍門,地理位(wei)置十(shi)(shi)分優(you)越。正(zheng)如李吉甫所(suo)說:“北據邙山,南直伊闕之口,洛水貫之,有河漢之象,東去故城一十(shi)(shi)八里。”由于(yu)水陸(lu)交通方便,自隋代至北宋,一直作(zuo)為(wei)都城,成為(wei)一個政治(zhi)、經濟和交通的(de)中(zhong)心(xin)。
東(dong)京的(de)(de)營建是(shi)一個浩大(da)的(de)(de)工(gong)程。據《隋(sui)書·食貨志》記載(zai):“始建東(dong)都(dou),以(yi)尚書令楊素(su)為(wei)營作大(da)監(jian),每月役丁二(er)百萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)。”《大(da)業(ye)雜記》中記載(zai):“初衛尉劉(liu)權、秘書丞韋萬(wan)(wan)頃總監(jian)筑宮城(cheng),一時(shi)布兵夫,周匝(za)四(si)(si)面,有(you)七十(shi)萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)。城(cheng)周匝(za)兩重,延袤三十(shi)余里(li),高四(si)(si)十(shi)六尺。六十(shi)日成。其內諸殿(dian)基(ji)及(ji)諸墻院,又役十(shi)余萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)。直東(dong)都(dou)土工(gong)監(jian)常役八十(shi)萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren),其木工(gong)、瓦(wa)工(gong)、金工(gong)、石工(gong)又役十(shi)余萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)。”唐(tang)初張玄素(su)曾(ceng)對唐(tang)太(tai)宗(zong)言及(ji)他(ta)所見營建東(dong)都(dou)的(de)(de)情況(kuang),說:“臣(chen)又嘗見隋(sui)室(shi)造殿(dian),楹棟宏壯,大(da)木非隨(sui)近所有(you),多從(cong)豫章(今(jin)江西(xi)境(jing))采(cai)來。二(er)千人(ren)(ren)曳一柱(zhu),其下施轂(gu),皆以(yi)生(sheng)鐵為(wei)之(zhi),若(ruo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)木輪(lun),便(bian)即火出。鐵轂(gu)既(ji)生(sheng),行一二(er)里(li)即有(you)破壞,仍數(shu)百人(ren)(ren)別(bie)赍鐵轂(gu)以(yi)隨(sui)之(zhi),終日不過進三二(er)十(shi)里(li)。略計(ji)一柱(zhu),已用(yong)(yong)(yong)數(shu)十(shi)萬(wan)(wan)功(gong),則余費(fei)又過于此。”從(cong)這些(xie)記載(zai),可以(yi)看到其用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)量的(de)(de)大(da)致狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。建造大(da)興城(cheng)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)狀(zhuang)況(kuang),雖缺(que)乏史(shi)料記載(zai),但參照有(you)關東(dong)京的(de)(de)記載(zai),當與(yu)東(dong)京的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)數(shu)量相當。
東京(jing)規(gui)(gui)模略小于大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)。據勘(kan)探,它的(de)東城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)7312米(mi),南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)7290米(mi),北城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)6138米(mi),西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)長(chang)6776米(mi),總計周長(chang)27516米(mi),合(he)55里。平面呈南(nan)寬北窄的(de)不(bu)規(gui)(gui)則(ze)長(chang)方(fang)形。全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)亦是由宮城(cheng)(cheng)、皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)、郭城(cheng)(cheng)所構(gou)成。洛水由西(xi)而東穿城(cheng)(cheng)而過,把(ba)城(cheng)(cheng)分為南(nan)北二區。由于地形的(de)關系,東京(jing)不(bu)似(si)大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)那樣強調南(nan)北中(zhong)軸線和完全(quan)對稱的(de)布局方(fang)式,其宮城(cheng)(cheng)和皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)建于西(xi)北部(bu),但整個規(gui)(gui)劃力求方(fang)正、整齊,仍與大(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)相似(si)。
東京洛(luo)陽城的(de)營(ying)建
開鑿廣通渠工程
營建東京是宇(yu)文愷(kai)在城市建設方面的另一個重大成就。開皇四年(584年)六月(yue),宇(yu)文愷(kai)又(you)受(shou)命負(fu)責(ze)開鑿(zao)廣(guang)通(tong)(tong)渠(qu)工程(cheng)。據記載(zai):“隋(sui)主以渭水(shui)多沙,深淺(qian)不常(chang),漕(cao)者(zhe)苦之”,“詔太子(zi)左庶子(zi)宇(yu)文愷(kai)帥水(shui)工鑿(zao)渠(qu),引渭水(shui),自大興城東至(zhi)潼關三百余里,名(ming)曰(yue)廣(guang)通(tong)(tong)渠(qu)。漕(cao)運通(tong)(tong)利,關內賴(lai)之。”其后(hou),宇(yu)文愷(kai)出任萊(lai)州(今山東掖縣)刺史,“甚(shen)有能名(ming)”。
開皇六年閏八(ba)月,宇文(wen)愷之二兄上(shang)柱國(guo)(guo)、杞國(guo)(guo)公宇文(wen)忻(xin)因(yin)謀反被誅,宇文(wen)愷也受株連而解職,“除(chu)名于家,久(jiu)不得調(diao)”。
宮(gong)(gong)城名紫微城,宮(gong)(gong)城位于南(nan)北(bei)(bei)中軸線的(de)北(bei)(bei)部(bu),“東(dong)西(xi)四(si)(si)(si)里一百(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)八步(bu),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)二(er)里八十(shi)(shi)五(wu)步(bu),周一十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)里二(er)百(bai)(bai)四(si)(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)一步(bu),其(qi)(qi)崇四(si)(si)(si)丈(zhang)八尺,以象北(bei)(bei)辰(chen)藩衛。實測東(dong)西(xi)長(chang)2820.3米(含掖(ye)庭(ting)(ting)宮(gong)(gong)),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬1492.1米。城內有墻把宮(gong)(gong)城分隔成三(san)(san)部(bu)分。宮(gong)(gong)城內有乾陽(yang)殿、大業殿等數十(shi)(shi)座殿、閣(ge)、堂(tang)、院,極其(qi)(qi)富麗(li)堂(tang)皇(huang)。中部(bu)是(shi)大興(xing)宮(gong)(gong),由大興(xing)殿等數十(shi)(shi)座殿臺樓閣(ge)組成,是(shi)皇(huang)帝(di)起居、聽政的(de)場(chang)所(suo)。東(dong)部(bu)為東(dong)宮(gong)(gong),專供太子居住(zhu)和辦理政務。西(xi)部(bu)為掖(ye)庭(ting)(ting)宮(gong)(gong),是(shi)安置宮(gong)(gong)女學習技藝(yi)的(de)地方(fang)。李吉甫稱:“(東(dong)京)宮(gong)(gong)室臺殿,皆宇文愷(kai)所(suo)創(chuang)也。愷(kai)巧思(si)絕倫,因此制造頗窮奢麗(li),前代都邑莫之比焉。”其(qi)(qi)中以乾陽(yang)殿最(zui)為奢華(hua),是(shi)皇(huang)帝(di)舉行大典(dian)和接待重(zhong)(zhong)要外國(guo)使團(tuan)的(de)地方(fang)。“殿基高九尺,從地至鴟尾(房脊兩端的(de)獸)高一百(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)尺,十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)間二(er)十(shi)(shi)九架,三(san)(san)陛軒。文掍鏤檻(jian),欒櫨百(bai)(bai)重(zhong)(zhong),楶拱千構,云(yun)楣繡柱(zhu),華(hua)榱璧珰,窮軒甍之壯麗(li)。其(qi)(qi)柱(zhu)大二(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)(si)圍,倚井垂蓮,仰之者眩曜(yao)。南(nan)軒垂以珠(zhu)絲網絡,下不(bu)至地七尺,以防(fang)飛鳥(niao)。四(si)(si)(si)面周以軒廊,坐宿(su)衛兵。”“殿庭(ting)(ting)東(dong)南(nan)西(xi)南(nan)各有重(zhong)(zhong)樓,一懸鐘(zhong)(zhong),一懸鼓(gu),刻(ke)漏(lou)即(ji)在樓下,隨刻(ke)漏(lou)則(ze)鳴鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)。”宮(gong)(gong)城正門(men)則(ze)天門(men),“門(men)上飛觀相夾,門(men)外即(ji)朝堂(tang)”。因其(qi)(qi)太奢,致武(wu)德四(si)(si)(si)年(621年)唐高祖李淵(yuan)令人焚毀另(ling)建(jian)。
形如偃月(yue),謂之(zhi)月(yue)陂(po)
宮城西(xi)(xi)面是上林(lin)西(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan),又名會通苑(yuan)(yuan),在(zai)今洛(luo)陽澗(jian)西(xi)(xi)一(yi)帶。據《大業(ye)雜記(ji)(ji)》記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“(大業(ye))元年夏五(wu)月西(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan),周(zhou)二百(bai)(bai)里,其內造(zao)十(shi)六(liu)院,屈曲(qu)繞龍(long)鱗(lin)溝。”苑(yuan)(yuan)內引澗(jian)河匯(hui)水成海(hai),周(zhou)十(shi)余里,海(hai)中造(zao)蓬萊、方丈、瀛(ying)洲三神山,高出水面百(bai)(bai)余尺(chi),臺觀殿閣布置在(zai)山上,風(feng)景非常壯(zhuang)觀。緣(yuan)渠(qu)作(zuo)十(shi)六(liu)院,門皆臨渠(qu),堂殿樓觀,極為華麗。為了引洛(luo)水入苑(yuan)(yuan),宇文愷(kai)還(huan)修筑(zhu)了月陂。據李吉(ji)甫《元和郡(jun)縣圖志》卷五(wu)記(ji)(ji)載(zai):“洛(luo)水,在(zai)(洛(luo)陽)縣西(xi)(xi)南(nan)三里。西(xi)(xi)自苑(yuan)(yuan)內上陽之南(nan)彌漫東流,宇文愷(kai)筑(zhu)斜(xie)堤束令(ling)東北流。當水沖,捺堰九折,形如偃月,謂之月陂。”
宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)東(dong)(dong)北面(mian)為含嘉(jia)城(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)里(li)為含嘉(jia)倉(cang),是一座(zuo)(zuo)貯藏糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)型國家糧(liang)(liang)倉(cang)。據(ju)《大(da)(da)(da)業雜記》記載(zai):“大(da)(da)(da)業元年(nian),煬(yang)帝建東(dong)(dong)都洛陽,在(zai)(zai)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)建含嘉(jia)倉(cang)。”據(ju)1969年(nian)以來的(de)考古發掘,含嘉(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)總面(mian)積(ji)約(yue)43萬平(ping)方米,四(si)面(mian)有城(cheng)(cheng)墻,城(cheng)(cheng)墻為挖槽(cao)夯筑而成。在(zai)(zai)倉(cang)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)東(dong)(dong)北和偏(pian)南地(di)區,勘探出大(da)(da)(da)小不等的(de)圓形(xing)或橢(tuo)圓形(xing)的(de)地(di)下(xia)糧(liang)(liang)窖(jiao)287座(zuo)(zuo),估計全城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)地(di)下(xia)糧(liang)(liang)窖(jiao)應在(zai)(zai)400座(zuo)(zuo)以上。由于東(dong)(dong)京(jing)漕運方便,又(you)在(zai)(zai)含嘉(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)儲藏了大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)糧(liang)(liang)食(shi),避免了大(da)(da)(da)興城(cheng)(cheng)發生糧(liang)(liang)荒(huang)的(de)問題,使(shi)其糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)供(gong)應得到(dao)了保(bao)障(zhang)。
皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)名太微城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(又稱子城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)),亦稱南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、寶(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),在(zai)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)面,由一(yi)(yi)條橫街(jie)與宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相隔,“東西五(wu)里一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)七步,南(nan)(nan)北三(san)(san)里二百九十(shi)(shi)八步,周一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)里二百五(wu)十(shi)(shi)步,高三(san)(san)丈七尺。實測(ce)東西長與宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相同(tong),南(nan)(nan)北寬(kuan)為1843.6米(mi)。其(qi)(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曲折(zhe),以(yi)象南(nan)(nan)宮(gong)(gong)垣”。皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是軍(jun)政機構(gou)和宗廟的(de)所在(zai)地。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)南(nan)(nan)北七街(jie),東西五(wu)街(jie)。左宗廟,右社稷(ji)。百僚廨署(shu)列于其(qi)(qi)間,凡省六,寺(si)九,臺一(yi)(yi),監四,衛十(shi)(shi)有(you)八。東宮(gong)(gong)官屬,凡府(fu)一(yi)(yi),坊三(san)(san),寺(si)三(san)(san),率府(fu)十(shi)(shi)”。
郭城(cheng)(cheng)稱羅郭城(cheng)(cheng)、羅城(cheng)(cheng)、京城(cheng)(cheng),隋時(shi)僅筑(zhu)有短垣(yuan),一(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo):“東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)里(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五步,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五里(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五步,周六十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)里(li)(li)(li),其(qi)崇一(yi)(yi)(yi)丈八(ba)尺”,實測(ce)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長9721 米(mi)(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)寬(kuan)8651.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)。全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)由(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)大街十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)(tiao),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)大街十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)條(tiao)(tiao),劃分(fen)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)零八(ba)個(ge)里(li)(li)(li)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)和兩個(ge)商(shang)市,形成棋(qi)盤型的(de)布(bu)局。白居易有詩云:“百(bai)千家似(si)圍棋(qi)局,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二街如種菜(cai)畦(qi)。”既形象又貼切地描繪了大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)布(bu)局特征。二說(shuo):“東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)五千六百(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)五千四(si)百(bai)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)步”,實測(ce)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)最(zui)長處7312米(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)最(zui)寬(kuan)處7290米(mi)(mi)(mi)。全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)縱(zong)橫大街各十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao),一(yi)(yi)(yi)般寬(kuan)41米(mi)(mi)(mi),把全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)劃分(fen)為“里(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)三,市三”。這些里(li)(li)(li)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)分(fen)布(bu)在北(bei)(bei)區的(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)和整(zheng)個(ge)南(nan)(nan)區,其(qi)中南(nan)(nan)區的(de)里(li)(li)(li)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)與街道最(zui)整(zheng)齊(qi)。里(li)(li)(li)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)平(ping)面(mian)作(zuo)方形或長方形,面(mian)積比大興(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)里(li)(li)(li)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)略(lve)小,坊(fang)(fang)(fang)內(nei)辟十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)字形街道。由(you)(you)于里(li)(li)(li)坊(fang)(fang)(fang)小街道窄,臨街開(kai)門(men)的(de)住宅(zhai)隨(sui)之增多,這樣就使城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)各部(bu)分(fen)的(de)關系顯得(de)比較緊湊。
城(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)都(dou)很寬(kuan)(kuan)。通向城(cheng)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)之寬(kuan)(kuan)度都(dou)在(zai)百米以(yi)上(shang);最(zui)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)是界于(yu)宮城(cheng)和皇城(cheng)之間的(de)(de)橫街(jie)(jie),寬(kuan)(kuan)達220米以(yi)上(shang);位于(yu)南北(bei)中(zhong)軸線上(shang)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)朱(zhu)雀大(da)街(jie)(jie)寬(kuan)(kuan)150 米;不通城(cheng)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)寬(kuan)(kuan)42—68米;最(zui)窄的(de)(de)是四(si)(si)周沿城(cheng)墻內側的(de)(de)順城(cheng)街(jie)(jie),寬(kuan)(kuan)25米。里坊(fang)都(dou)筑有坊(fang)墻,坊(fang)中(zhong)也有街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。大(da)的(de)(de)里坊(fang)四(si)(si)面開四(si)(si)個(ge)坊(fang)門(men)(men),中(zhong)辟十字街(jie)(jie);小的(de)(de)里坊(fang)開東西二門(men)(men),有一(yi)條橫街(jie)(jie)。這(zhe)些縱橫相交的(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)形成一(yi)個(ge)交通網絡,井然有序(xu)。各大(da)街(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)兩側都(dou)開有排水溝,街(jie)(jie)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩旁植(zhi)以(yi)榆、槐為主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)行(xing)道(dao)(dao)(dao)樹,株(zhu)行(xing)距整齊劃(hua)一(yi),使道(dao)(dao)(dao)路成為寬(kuan)(kuan)廣筆直(zhi)的(de)(de)林蔭(yin)大(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao),為城(cheng)市(shi)增添了風(feng)采。
大興宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建造(zao)布局天(tian)人合一,從(cong)(cong)六(liu)坡(po)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度看,地勢從(cong)(cong)北(bei)到(dao)南漸次降(jiang)低。那么宮(gong)城所(suo)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)則相對較低。不把宮(gong)城設置(zhi)在(zai)最高處(chu)另有原委(wei)。根據天(tian)上(shang)星宿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi),最為(wei)(wei)尊(zun)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紫薇宮(gong)居于(yu)北(bei)天(tian)中央,它以(yi)北(bei)極為(wei)(wei)中樞(shu),東、西兩藩(fan)共有十(shi)五顆(ke)星環抱(bao)著(zhu)它。紫薇宮(gong)即皇宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思,皇帝(di)貴(gui)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)子,地上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主和(he)天(tian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星宿應(ying)該相對應(ying),應(ying)此,只能把皇宮(gong)布置(zhi)在(zai)北(bei)邊中央位(wei)置(zhi)。而且(qie)北(bei)有渭河相倚,從(cong)(cong)防衛角(jiao)度看,也(ye)具安(an)全性。
但是這種(zhong)追求理念的(de)(de)(de)設計似乎(hu)也有缺陷。隋代的(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)宮(gong)(gong)——大(da)興宮(gong)(gong)到唐(tang)(tang)朝繼續沿用,只是改名太(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)。而太(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)很(hen)快(kuai)就(jiu)被大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)所取代,究其原因,就(jiu)是應為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)地(di)勢較(jiao)低,而長安城盛夏(xia)氣溫(wen)很(hen)高(gao),使得住在太(tai)(tai)極宮(gong)(gong)有“湫濕感”。為(wei)(wei)此從秦至唐(tang)(tang),每(mei)逢(feng)夏(xia)季,統治(zhi)者(zhe)都要(yao)到夏(xia)宮(gong)(gong)去避暑。唐(tang)(tang)太(tai)(tai)宗選定長安城北禁苑(yuan)中龍首高(gao)地(di),營造大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong),為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)上皇(huang)消夏(xia)的(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)宮(gong)(gong)。后來唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)宗李治(zhi)又接著以為(wei)(wei)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)基礎,進行大(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)再建工程(cheng)。大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)正殿(dian)含元殿(dian)建成(cheng)后,唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)宗便正式(shi)在大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)聽政。此后二百余年,大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)都是唐(tang)(tang)代主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)朝會之(zhi)所,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)唐(tang)(tang)王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)統治(zhi)中心和國家象(xiang)征。
宇(yu)文愷(kai)的一(yi)生(sheng),主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)擔任營造(zao)(zao)方面(mian)的高級官員,主持過許多(duo)大型的建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),起著相(xiang)當于(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總指揮、總設計師(shi)和(he)總工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師(shi)的作用。他在建筑(zhu)(zhu)方面(mian)取得了許多(duo)重大的成(cheng)就,有(you)些成(cheng)就甚至(zhi)具有(you)劃時代的意義(yi)。但也應該指出的是(shi)(shi),在他設計和(he)主持的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中,除了開鑿廣(guang)通渠,客觀上有(you)利于(yu)國(guo)計民生(sheng)外,其(qi)余大多(duo)是(shi)(shi)為了滿足統治者(zhe)(zhe)的統治需要(yao),尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)宮殿(dian)建筑(zhu)(zhu),不(bu)顧勞民傷財,取悅帝王。如營造(zao)(zao)仁(ren)壽宮時,“役(yi)(yi)使嚴急,丁(ding)夫(fu)(fu)多(duo)死(si)(si),疲頓顛仆(pu),推(tui)填坑(keng)坎(kan),覆以土(tu)石,因而筑(zhu)(zhu)為平地。死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)以萬數”,“時天暑,役(yi)(yi)夫(fu)(fu)死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)相(xiang)次于(yu)道,楊素悉焚除之”。營建東京時,他“揣帝心在宏侈,于(yu)是(shi)(shi)東京制度窮極壯麗(li)”。“東京官吏督役(yi)(yi)嚴急,役(yi)(yi)丁(ding)死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)什(shen)四五,所(suo)司以車載死(si)(si)丁(ding),東至(zhi)城皋(今河南(nan)滎陽(yang)),北至(zhi)河陽(yang)(今河南(nan)孟縣南(nan)),相(xiang)望于(yu)道”。長城之役(yi)(yi),“死(si)(si)者(zhe)(zhe)十五六”。建仁(ren)壽宮和(he)東京的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),宇(yu)文愷(kai)雖掛的是(shi)(shi)副職,但他是(shi)(shi)實(shi)際的負(fu)責者(zhe)(zhe),因此功過與他都有(you)直接的關系(xi)。