耿恭的(de)父親耿廣很早(zao)便(bian)已去世,耿恭年少時就成(cheng)為了孤兒。耿恭為人慷慨多謀略,有(you)將帥(shuai)的(de)才(cai)能。
永平(ping)十(shi)七年(74年)十(shi)一月(yue),騎都(dou)尉(wei)劉張(zhang)出兵攻打車(che)師,請(qing)耿恭(gong)(gong)擔任(ren)司馬(ma),和(he)奉車(che)都(dou)尉(wei)竇固以(yi)(yi)及(ji)耿恭(gong)(gong)堂弟駙馬(ma)都(dou)尉(wei)耿秉(bing)打敗并使(shi)車(che)師投降。東(dong)漢(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)開始在西(xi)(xi)域設(she)(she)置西(xi)(xi)域都(dou)護(hu)、戊(wu)己(ji)校尉(wei),于(yu)是(shi)任(ren)命耿恭(gong)(gong)為戊(wu)己(ji)校尉(wei)。屯(tun)兵后王(wang)(wang)部金(jin)蒲(pu)城(cheng)(今新疆(jiang)奇臺(tai)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)),任(ren)命謁者(zhe)關寵也為戊(wu)己(ji)校尉(wei),屯(tun)守(shou)前(qian)王(wang)(wang)柳中城(cheng)(今新疆(jiang)艾(ai)丁湖(hu)東(dong)北(bei)),每個駐屯(tun)地各設(she)(she)幾百(bai)人(ren)。耿恭(gong)(gong)到達任(ren)所(suo),送文書到烏孫(sun)國,顯(xian)示東(dong)漢(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)的威望(wang)恩德,烏孫(sun)國王(wang)(wang)以(yi)(yi)下的人(ren)都(dou)非常(chang)高興,派(pai)使(shi)者(zhe)向東(dong)漢(han)(han)朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)進貢名(ming)馬(ma),并獻上漢(han)(han)宣帝時賜給(gei)公主的賭具,希望(wang)派(pai)烏孫(sun)王(wang)(wang)子(zi)入朝(chao)(chao)侍奉。耿恭(gong)(gong)于(yu)是(shi)派(pai)使(shi)者(zhe)贈(zeng)送金(jin)子(zi)、織(zhi)物(wu),迎接烏孫(sun)王(wang)(wang)子(zi)入朝(chao)(chao)侍奉。
永平十(shi)八年(nian)(75年(nian))三月,北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)單(dan)于派左鹿蠡王率領兩萬騎兵(bing)攻打(da)(da)車師(shi)。耿恭派司馬(ma)領兵(bing)三百(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)前往(wang)援(yuan)救車師(shi),途中(zhong)遭遇北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)大軍(jun)(jun),因寡不敵眾,全軍(jun)(jun)覆沒。于是(shi)北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)打(da)(da)敗并殺死(si)車師(shi)后王安得,繼而(er)攻打(da)(da)金蒲城(cheng)(cheng)。由于城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)兵(bing)少,形勢(shi)危急,耿恭便親自登(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)與北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)交戰。耿恭把毒藥涂在(zai)箭(jian)(jian)上,傳話給(gei)北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)說(shuo)(shuo):“這(zhe)是(shi)漢朝神(shen)箭(jian)(jian),中(zhong)箭(jian)(jian)者(zhe)必出怪事。”于是(shi)用硬弓(gong)射箭(jian)(jian)。中(zhong)箭(jian)(jian)的北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),看(kan)到傷(shang)口處血水沸涌,大為驚慌。當時正好出現(xian)狂風暴雨,耿恭軍(jun)(jun)乘(cheng)雨攻打(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu),殺傷(shang)眾多(duo)北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)十(shi)分震恐,相(xiang)互(hu)說(shuo)(shuo)道(dao):“漢軍(jun)(jun)有神(shen)力,真可怕啊!”于是(shi)解圍撤(che)退。
永平十八年五月(yue)(《資治(zhi)通鑒》作六月(yue)),耿(geng)(geng)(geng)恭因疏勒城(cheng)邊有溪流可以(yi)固守,便率(lv)軍占(zhan)據該城(cheng)。七月(yue),北匈(xiong)奴再次前來(lai)進攻(gong)耿(geng)(geng)(geng)恭,耿(geng)(geng)(geng)恭招募(mu)先鋒幾千人(ren)直(zhi)奔北匈(xiong)奴,北匈(xiong)奴騎(qi)兵(bing)逃散,在城(cheng)下堵絕溪流。耿(geng)(geng)(geng)恭在城(cheng)中掘井(jing)十五丈,仍不(bu)出(chu)(chu)水。官(guan)兵(bing)焦渴困乏,甚至擠榨馬(ma)糞(fen)汁來(lai)飲用。耿(geng)(geng)(geng)恭親自帶領士兵(bing)挖井(jing)運土,不(bu)久,泉水涌出(chu)(chu),眾人(ren)齊呼萬歲(sui)。耿(geng)(geng)(geng)恭便命官(guan)兵(bing)在城(cheng)上潑水給北匈(xiong)奴人(ren)看。北匈(xiong)奴人(ren)感(gan)到(dao)意(yi)外,以(yi)為有神明在幫助漢軍,于是領兵(bing)撤退。
主(zhu)詞條:十三將(jiang)士歸玉門
永平十八年(nian)(75年(nian))六月,西域的焉耆和龜(gui)茲兩國攻(gong)打(da)西域都(dou)護(hu)陳睦,陳睦全軍(jun)覆沒。北(bei)匈奴的軍(jun)隊則在柳(liu)中城包圍關寵。
永平十(shi)八年(nian)八月,漢(han)(han)(han)明帝(di)去世,朝廷(ting)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)大喪之機,沒有派(pai)出救兵(bing)(bing)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)車(che)師再度反(fan)叛,和北匈奴一道(dao)進攻耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong)。耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong)激勵士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)進行(xing)抵抗(kang)。車(che)師后王(wang)夫人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)是(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)(han)人(ren)(ren),經常(chang)暗中把敵情告(gao)訴(su)耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong),又(you)供給(gei)他糧(liang)食軍餉。幾個月后,漢(han)(han)(han)軍糧(liang)食耗盡,便(bian)用水煮鎧(kai)甲弓(gong)弩,吃上面的(de)(de)(de)獸筋(jin)皮革。耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong)和士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)以(yi)誠相待,同生共(gong)死(si)(si),所以(yi)眾人(ren)(ren)全無(wu)二(er)心,但死(si)(si)者日漸增多(duo)(duo),只剩下了數十(shi)人(ren)(ren)。北匈奴單于(yu)知道(dao)耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong)已身陷(xian)絕境,定要讓他投降(jiang),便(bian)派(pai)使(shi)者去招降(jiang)耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong)說:“你如果(guo)投降(jiang),單于(yu)就封你做白屋王(wang),給(gei)你女子為妻。”耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong)引誘使(shi)者登城,親(qin)手(shou)將他殺死(si)(si),在城頭(tou)用火(huo)炙烤北匈奴使(shi)者尸體。北匈奴單于(yu)大為憤怒(nu),又(you)增派(pai)援(yuan)(yuan)兵(bing)(bing)圍困耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)(gong),但仍不(bu)能(neng)攻破(po)城池。當(dang)時(shi),關(guan)寵上書朝廷(ting)請求救援(yuan)(yuan),漢(han)(han)(han)章帝(di)采(cai)納司徒(tu)鮑昱的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議(yi),派(pai)征(zheng)(zheng)西將軍耿(geng)(geng)秉屯(tun)守酒(jiu)(jiu)泉(quan),派(pai)酒(jiu)(jiu)泉(quan)太守秦彭(一作(zuo)段(duan)彭)、謁者王(wang)蒙(meng)、皇甫援(yuan)(yuan)征(zheng)(zheng)發張掖、酒(jiu)(jiu)泉(quan)、敦煌三郡以(yi)及鄯善部隊(dui),共(gong)七千多(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren),前(qian)往救援(yuan)(yuan)。
建初(chu)元年(nian)(76年(nian))正月(yue),秦(qin)彭(peng)等人率軍(jun)在柳(liu)中集結,進擊車師,攻打(da)交河城,斬殺三千(qian)八百(bai)人,俘(fu)虜(lu)三千(qian)余人。北匈奴驚(jing)慌(huang)而逃,車師再度(du)投降東漢。
這時,關寵已經去世,王蒙等(deng)人(ren)(ren)打算引(yin)兵東歸(gui)。耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)一(yi)位軍(jun)(jun)吏(li)范(fan)羌(qiang)當時正(zheng)在(zai)王蒙軍(jun)(jun)中(zhong),他(ta)堅持要求去援救(jiu)耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)。將(jiang)領們(men)不(bu)敢前往,便分出兩(liang)千(qian)救(jiu)兵交給范(fan)羌(qiang)。范(fan)羌(qiang)經由(you)山(shan)(shan)北之(zhi)(zhi)路去接耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong),途中(zhong)曾遇(yu)到一(yi)丈多深的(de)(de)積(ji)雪。援軍(jun)(jun)精疲(pi)力盡(jin),僅能(neng)勉強到達(da)(da)。耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)等(deng)人(ren)(ren)夜間在(zai)城(cheng)中(zhong)聽到兵馬之(zhi)(zhi)聲,以(yi)為(wei)北匈奴(nu)來(lai)(lai)了援軍(jun)(jun),大為(wei)震驚(jing)。范(fan)羌(qiang)從(cong)遠處喊道:“我是(shi)范(fan)羌(qiang)。朝廷派部隊迎接校尉(wei)了!”城(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)齊呼萬歲。于(yu)是(shi)打開城(cheng)門(men),眾(zhong)人(ren)(ren)互(hu)相擁抱,痛哭流涕。次(ci)日,他(ta)們(men)便同救(jiu)兵一(yi)道返回。北匈奴(nu)派兵追擊,漢軍(jun)(jun)邊(bian)(bian)戰邊(bian)(bian)走。官(guan)兵饑餓已久,從(cong)疏勒(le)城(cheng)出發(fa)時,還有(you)二(er)十(shi)六人(ren)(ren),沿途不(bu)斷(duan)死亡(wang),到三月抵達(da)(da)玉門(men)時,只剩(sheng)下了十(shi)三人(ren)(ren)。這十(shi)三人(ren)(ren)衣衫襤褸,鞋(xie)履洞穿,面容憔悴,形(xing)銷(xiao)骨立(li)。中(zhong)郎將(jiang)鄭眾(zhong)為(wei)耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)及其部下安排洗浴(yu),更換衣帽。并上(shang)書朝廷說:“耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)以(yi)微弱的(de)(de)兵力固守孤城(cheng),抵抗(kang)匈奴(nu)數(shu)萬大軍(jun)(jun),經年累月,耗盡(jin)了全部心力,鑿山(shan)(shan)打井(jing),煮食弓弩,先后殺(sha)傷敵人(ren)(ren)數(shu)以(yi)千(qian)計,忠勇(yong)俱全,沒有(you)使漢朝蒙羞。應當賜給他(ta)榮耀(yao)的(de)(de)官(guan)爵(jue),以(yi)激(ji)勵將(jiang)帥。”耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)到達(da)(da)洛陽(yang)后,鮑昱上(shang)奏(zou)稱耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)節操超過蘇武,應當封(feng)爵(jue)受賞。于(yu)是(shi)任(ren)命耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)為(wei)騎(qi)都尉(wei),任(ren)命耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)司馬石(shi)修為(wei)洛陽(yang)市丞,張封(feng)為(wei)雍營司馬,軍(jun)(jun)吏(li)范(fan)羌(qiang)為(wei)共縣丞,剩(sheng)下九(jiu)人(ren)(ren)都授予(yu)羽林之(zhi)(zhi)職。耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)母親在(zai)此之(zhi)(zhi)前就已去世,等(deng)耿(geng)(geng)恭(gong)(gong)回來(lai)(lai),補(bu)行喪(sang)禮,漢章(zhang)帝下詔派五(wu)宮中(zhong)郎將(jiang)饋贈牛和酒解除(chu)喪(sang)服。
建初二年(77年),耿(geng)恭升(sheng)任(ren)長(chang)水校尉(wei)。同年八月(yue),金(jin)城(cheng)和(he)隴(long)西的羌(qiang)(qiang)人反叛。耿(geng)恭上書談論對付羌(qiang)(qiang)人的策略(lve),漢(han)章(zhang)帝召耿(geng)恭進(jin)宮詢問(wen)詳情。漢(han)章(zhang)帝于是派代理(li)車(che)騎(qi)(qi)將(jiang)軍馬防和(he)耿(geng)恭率領(ling)北(bei)軍的越騎(qi)(qi)、屯(tun)騎(qi)(qi)、步兵(bing)、長(chang)水、射(she)聲等五校兵(bing)以及各郡的弓(gong)弩(nu)射(she)手,共三萬人,討伐羌(qiang)(qiang)人。耿(geng)恭屯(tun)守枹罕,屢次和(he)羌(qiang)(qiang)人交戰(zhan)。
建(jian)初三年(78年)秋天(tian)(《資治通鑒》作正月),馬防(fang)(fang)進攻羌人(ren)燒(shao)當部(bu)(bu)(bu)落首(shou)領布橋(qiao),布橋(qiao)大敗,率領部(bu)(bu)(bu)眾一(yi)萬余人(ren)投(tou)降。漢章帝下詔,命令(ling)馬防(fang)(fang)回朝。耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)留下來(lai)攻打各處沒(mei)有(you)投(tou)降的(de)(de)羌人(ren)部(bu)(bu)(bu)落,斬殺、俘虜一(yi)千多人(ren)。于(yu)是,羌人(ren)勒姐(jie)部(bu)(bu)(bu)落、燒(shao)何部(bu)(bu)(bu)落等十(shi)三個部(bu)(bu)(bu)落共數萬羌人(ren),全(quan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)向耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)投(tou)降。耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)曾因上書奏事冒犯過馬防(fang)(fang),監軍謁者便秉(bing)承馬防(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)意思,彈(dan)劾耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)不(bu)留意軍事,接受詔書時心懷不(bu)滿。耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)因此獲罪而被召回朝廷,逮捕入獄,并罷免其官職遣送原籍,耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)最終(zhong)老死家中。
鄭眾(zhong):“恭之節義,古今(jin)未有。”
鮑昱:“恭(gong)節過蘇武”
范曄(ye)《后(hou)漢書》:①“慷慨多大略(lve),有將帥才。”;②“后(hou)覽耿恭疏勒之事,喟然不覺涕之無從。”
杜牧(mu):“周(zhou)有(you)(you)齊(qi)太公(gong),秦有(you)(you)王(wang)翦,兩漢(han)有(you)(you)韓信、趙充國(guo)(guo)、耿恭(gong)、虞詡、段颎,魏(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)司馬(ma)懿(yi),吳(wu)有(you)(you)周(zhou)瑜,蜀有(you)(you)諸(zhu)葛武侯,晉有(you)(you)羊(yang)祜(hu)、杜公(gong)元凱,梁有(you)(you)韋(wei)(wei)睿,元魏(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)崔(cui)浩,周(zhou)有(you)(you)韋(wei)(wei)孝寬,隋有(you)(you)楊(yang)素,國(guo)(guo)朝有(you)(you)李(li)靖、李(li)勣、裴行儉(jian)、郭元振。如此(ci)人者(zhe),當此(ci)一時(shi),其所出計畫(hua),皆考古校今,奇(qi)秘(mi)長遠(yuan),策先定於內,功后(hou)成(cheng)於外。”
《十七史百將傳》:“孫子曰:‘兵以詐立。’恭以毒(du)藥傅矢(shi),而(er)謂(wei)漢家箭神(shen)。又曰:‘出(chu)其不意(yi)。’恭揚(yang)水以示虜而(er)圍解(jie)是也。”
黃道周《廣名將傳》:“恭(gong)為司馬,破降(jiang)車(che)師。初置校尉,以恭(gong)為之。示(shi)漢威德,降(jiang)及昆彌(mi)。匈(xiong)奴(nu)爭國,攻城(cheng)甚危(wei)。毒箭射中,以為神奇。既解(jie)復(fu)至,據水絕(jue)資。笮糞解(jie)渴(ke),死亡莫辭。耿恭(gong)拜天,清泉忽滋。揚水示(shi)敵(di),敵(di)方解(jie)圍。招降(jiang)不(bu)(bu)降(jiang),殺使陳尸。怒(nu)而圍城(cheng),食盡煮(zhu)皮。范(fan)姜力救,方得迎歸(gui)。歸(gui)受一命,忤人復(fu)追(zhui)。忠烈(lie)苦(ku)節(jie),真不(bu)(bu)可為。”
永平十八年(75年),北匈奴在(zai)疏勒城(今新疆昌吉回(hui)族自(zi)治州(zhou)奇(qi)臺縣城南64公里處的半截溝鎮麻溝梁村)攻打耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong),并(bing)堵絕漢(han)軍的水(shui)源(yuan)。耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)在(zai)城中掘(jue)井(jing)十五(wu)丈(zhang),仍(reng)然沒有(you)出水(shui)。官兵(bing)焦渴困乏,甚至擠榨馬(ma)糞(fen)汁來(lai)飲用。耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)仰頭(tou)嘆息(xi)說(shuo):“聽說(shuo)從(cong)前(qian)貳師(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍李(li)廣利(li)拔佩刀刺山,飛泉從(cong)山中噴(pen)(pen)出;如今漢(han)室(shi)恩(en)德神(shen)圣,怎么可能走投無路呢?”于(yu)是(shi)整(zheng)理衣服(fu)向井(jing)拜(bai)(bai)了兩拜(bai)(bai),替將(jiang)(jiang)士祈禱。過了一(yi)會(hui)兒(er),水(shui)柱噴(pen)(pen)出,眾人(ren)齊呼萬歲。耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)命人(ren)在(zai)城上潑水(shui)給北匈奴人(ren)看。北匈奴人(ren)感到(dao)意外,以為有(you)神(shen)明在(zai)幫助漢(han)軍,于(yu)是(shi)領兵(bing)撤退。象棋的“耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)拜(bai)(bai)井(jing)”,即(ji)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)此。