跑旱船是(shi)一種民俗(su)文化。跑時,表演者(zhe)中有一名“艄公”劃(hua)槳(jiang)引(yin)船,在(zai)前(qian)(qian)頭帶路(lu),做出(chu)各(ge)種各(ge)樣的劃(hua)船動(dong)作。而乘(cheng)船者(zhe)在(zai)表演中,往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)走快速碎步,這樣能(neng)使船身保(bao)持平穩(wen)的狀態前(qian)(qian)進,猶如在(zai)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)上漂(piao)動(dong)的船那(nei)樣,頗(po)為形象地(di)塑(su)造出(chu)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)行船的情(qing)景。
旱船(chuan)多(duo)在(zai)(zai)鄉(xiang)村農民家中演(yan)(yan)出,每逢農歷春節,它要(yao)從(cong)農歷正月初一活動到(dao)農歷二月初二(龍抬頭節),它表(biao)演(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是祈求來年(nian)風調(diao)雨(yu)順、大(da)吉大(da)利。旱船(chuan)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數一般有6-7人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),一位女演(yan)(yan)員(yuan)立(li)于旱船(chuan)中,稱為“船(chuan)娘(niang)子”,兩(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)手拿(na)“連響”,相當(dang)于撐舵人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan),還(huan)有一人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)飾演(yan)(yan)小(xiao)丑,右(you)手拿(na)一把破蒲扇,左手拿(na)一把槳,鼻子被抹上(shang)白(bai)色的(de)(de)粉,在(zai)(zai)旱船(chuan)周圍來回扇動蒲扇,從(cong)而引發觀眾的(de)(de)笑聲,其余人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)上(shang)敲鑼(luo)打鼓(gu),伴奏(zou)(zou)樂器有:大(da)鑼(luo)、小(xiao)鑼(luo)、鼓(gu)、镲等,旱船(chuan)便根據(ju)節奏(zou)(zou)的(de)(de)變化進行(xing)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)。開場(chang)的(de)(de)一陣鑼(luo)鼓(gu)音樂結束后,拿(na)連響的(de)(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)者會穿(chuan)插表(biao)演(yan)(yan)唱(chang),在(zai)(zai)旁的(de)(de)伴奏(zou)(zou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)也會在(zai)(zai)每一段內(nei)容結束后的(de)(de)最后一個唱(chang)詞(ci)附和(he)著伴唱(chang),但鑼(luo)鼓(gu)聲仍不停止。
乘船(chuan)者不止一只船(chuan),三、五成群,一線兒排開,與(yu)“船(chuan)公(gong)”默契配(pei)合,時起時伏(fu),隨著“波浪”旋轉、顛簸(bo),猶如是(shi)水上跑船(chuan)時的生動畫(hua)卷。
在表演中,一(yi)般是一(yi)個艄翁引多只(zhi)船前(qian)進,也有的是雙公(gong)劃(hua)一(yi)只(zhi)船前(qian)進,還有的是多船沒有“艄公(gong)”而由一(yi)只(zhi)船在前(qian)邊(bian)領(ling)頭前(qian)進。在前(qian)進中,要跑出各種平時訓練好(hao)的套路,起伏(fu)波(bo)動(dong)、生動(dong)活潑,吸引著看“紅火”和視節慶的人們。
近幾年來,跑(pao)旱(han)(han)船(chuan)在(zai)原(yuan)有(you)基(ji)礎上又有(you)發(fa)展。一(yi)些農村(cun)里,將現代(dai)化的交通工具摩托(tuo)車裝飾成(cheng)“旱(han)(han)船(chuan)”,也有(you)的將自(zi)行車裝飾成(cheng)“旱(han)(han)船(chuan)”,由人駕車,結隊前進,在(zai)前進中跑(pao)出、表演出各種各樣的活動圖案,形成(cheng)各種各樣的套路,也十分吸(xi)引觀眾。
跑“旱(han)船”時(shi),一(yi)股使(shi)用(yong)的(de)伴奏樂(le)器是鑼、鼓、鈸等打擊(ji)樂(le)器,也有的(de)地(di)方(fang)加上一(yi)至兩支噴吶(na)伴奏、氣氛熱烈,情緒活躍,具有濃郁的(de)地(di)方(fang)風情和(he)民(min)族(zu)色彩。
旱船是(shi)山西(xi)清徐地面活動(dong)較(jiao)為普遍的民間文藝形式。因為它的表演(yan)技藝簡單,道(dao)具制作經濟(ji),是(shi)一項(xiang)群體表演(yan)形式的節目。據傳(chuan)說旱船是(shi)根據水(shui)鄉漁民在(zai)水(shui)上用船打魚的生(sheng)活情節,構思創意出來的。它的表演(yan)和道(dao)具人物都簡潔(jie)、明(ming)快(kuai)、樸實,生(sheng)活氣(qi)息濃(nong)厚(hou),是(shi)群眾特別喜歡的一種民間文藝。
旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)是由若干個(ge)旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)組織成一支表(biao)演(yan)隊伍(wu),前面有(you)一個(ge)老翁拿(na)槳(劃船(chuan)(chuan)的工具)劃行領航,前行后退地(di)表(biao)演(yan)。旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)隊的表(biao)演(yan)者(zhe)是碎步隨領航人(ren)前進。領航人(ren)拿(na)著(zhu)漿,亮著(zhu)劃船(chuan)(chuan)姿態,弓步前行,他在左行右行和轉彎時還要作些亮相動(dong)作表(biao)演(yan)。船(chuan)(chuan)隊的表(biao)演(yan)路線全(quan)靠他指揮來行進。
制作(zuo)旱船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)是用細竹竿綁(bang)成(cheng)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)型的(de)(de)架子,旱船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)大小不等,隨人意而定。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)形骨架的(de)(de)中間用竹竿綁(bang)個(ge)(ge)“井"字架,“井口”既是船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)艙的(de)(de)部位,也是表(biao)演(yan)(yan)者的(de)(de)部位,順(shun)著船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)艙的(de)(de)四角(jiao)豎4根(gen)竹竿,為船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)艙的(de)(de)4個(ge)(ge)柱子,然后在上(shang)面綁(bang)制船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)艙的(de)(de)頂(ding)部。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)艙的(de)(de)頂(ding)有(you)平(ping)頂(ding)的(de)(de),三角(jiao)形頂(ding)的(de)(de),較復雜(za)的(de)(de)歇山頂(ding)式(shi)的(de)(de)瓦棱4出水的(de)(de)古(gu)建(jian)筑造型。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)骨架綁(bang)好后,用彩綢(chou)(chou)(chou)布(bu)(bu)(bu)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)好各個(ge)(ge)部位。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)頂(ding)用紅(hong)和黃的(de)(de)彩綢(chou)(chou)(chou)布(bu)(bu)(bu)裹好,船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)板(ban)用土黃色布(bu)(bu)(bu)繃面,船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)幫周圍(wei)(wei)(wei)用綠(lv)色彩綢(chou)(chou)(chou)布(bu)(bu)(bu)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)起,船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)艙內用一根(gen)紅(hong)布(bu)(bu)(bu)條拴在倉的(de)(de)兩邊(bian)沿,演(yan)(yan)出時’表(biao)演(yan)(yan)者將(jiang)紅(hong)布(bu)(bu)(bu)條架在肩膀(bang)上(shang),撐(cheng)起旱船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),兩手握(wo)住(zhu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)倉的(de)(de)兩邊(bian),表(biao)演(yan)(yan)時擺動(dong)旱船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)行進。
坐船姑娘(即表演者)的(de)服(fu)飾(shi)是古典(dian)的(de)服(fu)飾(shi),頭(tou)部(bu)將發盤起大搶頭(tou)插花(hua)即可,劃(hua)船老翁是頭(tou)戴(dai)氈帽(mao)或草帽(mao)圈(quan),身穿(chuan)老生古裝,臉部(bu)淡彩(cai)掛白色長髯口(戲(xi)劇里用的(de)胡子(zi))。
旱船的(de)表演步伐簡單(dan),但表演的(de)形式不(bu)少,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)采用:“水溜(liu)溜(liu)”、“繞八字”、“蛇脫皮”、“跑圓(yuan)場”、“二(er)龍出水”、“雙進門”等10余種。它的(de)音樂(le)伴(ban)奏,隨大隊的(de)表演隊伍,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是鑼(luo)鼓(gu)樂(le)隊伴(ban)奏。
旱(han)船(chuan)歷史悠久(jiu),在唐代已經(jing)流行(見《太(tai)平廣記》)。不僅(jin)在民(min)間表演(yan),還經(jing)過(guo)改造成為宮(gong)廷(ting)舞(wu)(wu)蹈。據宋(song)朝田況(kuang)《儒林公議》上說,五代時(shi)前蜀皇帝王衍曾做蓬(peng)萊(lai)山,以綠(lv)羅畫(hua)水紋鋪在地上,上置(zhi)蓮(lian)(lian)花,讓跳(tiao)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)人乘彩船(chuan)在綠(lv)羅上轉動。宋(song)朝時(shi)仿效這(zhe)種方式(shi),宮(gong)廷(ting)舞(wu)(wu)隊(dui)中有采蓮(lian)(lian)隊(dui),跳(tiao)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)人身乘彩船(chuan),手(shou)執蓮(lian)(lian)花而(er)舞(wu)(wu),名稱叫做“采蓮(lian)(lian)隊(dui)舞(wu)(wu)“。與此同時(shi),民(min)間劃(hua)(hua)旱(han)船(chuan)也很(hen)盛行,不少記敘宋(song)代風(feng)俗(su)的(de)(de)著作,都寫(xie)到節日街頭(tou)民(min)間舞(wu)(wu)隊(dui)中有劃(hua)(hua)旱(han)船(chuan)演(yan)出。
浙江省(sheng)長興(xing)(xing)縣(xian)虹星(xing)橋鎮西南村旱(han)(han)船(chuan)一(yi)般在喜(xi)慶節日(ri)(ri)中演出。當(dang)地農村有一(yi)個關于(yu)旱(han)(han)船(chuan)形(xing)成(cheng)的傳(chuan)說:相傳(chuan)農歷二月初(chu)二,正值王母娘娘生日(ri)(ri),眾神仙扎了一(yi)條花旱(han)(han)船(chuan)為她祝壽,之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),八大(da)神仙之(zhi)一(yi)張(zhang)果老將(jiang)此(ci)船(chuan)借下凡間,由此(ci)形(xing)成(cheng)了調(diao)旱(han)(han)船(chuan)鬧新春(chun)、慶豐收(shou)的習(xi)俗。最早(zao)的調(diao)旱(han)(han)船(chuan)表(biao)演可追溯到(dao)漢(han)武帝(di)時(shi)期(qi),之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)在徐文(wen)(wen)帝(di)百歲(sui)誕辰時(shi)也(ye)曾(ceng)表(biao)演過(guo)。到(dao)了唐朝,經(jing)濟文(wen)(wen)化(hua)一(yi)度(du)繁榮,唐太(tai)宗曾(ceng)邀本地旱(han)(han)船(chuan)上(shang)京城(cheng)調(diao)演,后(hou)(hou)(hou)來將(jiang)軍程咬金(jin)百歲(sui)生日(ri)(ri),也(ye)請旱(han)(han)船(chuan)前去助(zhu)興(xing)(xing),之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代代流(liu)傳(chuan)。1949年(nian)(nian)解放初(chu)期(qi),當(dang)地旱(han)(han)船(chuan)曾(ceng)到(dao)安(an)吉、安(an)徽廣德等(deng)省(sheng)內(nei)外多個地區表(biao)演,20世(shi)紀六(liu)、七十(shi)年(nian)(nian)代文(wen)(wen)革時(shi)曾(ceng)一(yi)度(du)被禁(jin)演,20世(shi)紀80年(nian)(nian)代后(hou)(hou)(hou)始又恢復,在2001年(nian)(nian)長興(xing)(xing)縣(xian)鄉鎮文(wen)(wen)藝調(diao)演上(shang),本地旱(han)(han)船(chuan)表(biao)演取得了良好的成(cheng)績。
旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)多在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)喜慶節日(ri)中(zhong)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)出,表(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)數有(you)6-7人(ren)(ren)(ren)。演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)出時,一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)立于(yu)(yu)(yu)旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong),另一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)手拿“連(lian)響”,相當于(yu)(yu)(yu)掌舵(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員,其余人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)邊(bian)上(shang)敲鑼打鼓(伴(ban)奏(zou)樂器(qi):板兒、鑼、鼓等),旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)便(bian)根(gen)(gen)據節奏(zou)的(de)變(bian)化進(jin)行表(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),一(yi)定(ding)時間后(大概幾(ji)分(fen)鐘(zhong))拿“連(lian)響”的(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)會穿(chuan)插表(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)唱(chang)(chang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)旁的(de)伴(ban)奏(zou)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員也會在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)時刻加(jia)入伴(ban)唱(chang)(chang),但(dan)鑼鼓聲(sheng)不(bu)停止。演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員所唱(chang)(chang)曲調為花(hua)鼓調,其唱(chang)(chang)詞在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)早些年(nian)代(dai)都有(you)傳統的(de)唱(chang)(chang)本參考(kao),內容多為古代(dai)傳說(shuo)、神話等,近幾(ji)年(nian)來,唱(chang)(chang)詞內容多是歌頌祖國(guo)、歌頌改革開(kai)放以來的(de)美好生(sheng)活,歌唱(chang)(chang)語言(yan)都是河南方(fang)言(yan)。旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)下半部(bu)分(fen)是船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)形(xing),上(shang)半部(bu)分(fen)有(you)四根(gen)(gen)棍(gun)子,支撐起一(yi)個頂,形(xing)狀猶(you)如轎頂,裝(zhuang)飾(shi)以紅綢、紙花(hua),有(you)的(de)地方(fang)還(huan)裝(zhuang)有(you)彩燈、明鏡和其它裝(zhuang)飾(shi)物,把這只或者(zhe)十幾(ji)只船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)得艷麗不(bu)凡。旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)表(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)為女性,演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員腰上(shang)系(xi)有(you)一(yi)根(gen)(gen)綢帶,用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)吊住(zhu)旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)兩(liang)邊(bian)的(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舷,以便(bian)使旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)跟隨身體的(de)擺動而舞動。女演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)員兩(liang)手握住(zhu)前面(mian)兩(liang)根(gen)(gen)棍(gun)子,用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)控制船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動的(de)幅度(du)。整個旱(han)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)調演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)跟著掌舵(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren),主要有(you)駕船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、圓場(chang)步、碎步、橫步、自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)、正反葫蘆、晃(huang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)步、平碾步(轉(zhuan)(zhuan)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan))等動作。整個表(biao)演(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)圍繞“快、穩、漂、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)”的(de)風格(ge),極具特地域(yu)色。