鄧文原(yuan)(yuan)(1258年(nian)—1328年(nian)),字善之,一字匪(fei)石,人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)素履(lv)先生,綿州(今四川綿陽)人(ren)(ren),又因(yin)綿州古(gu)屬巴西郡,人(ren)(ren)稱(cheng)鄧文原(yuan)(yuan)為“鄧巴西”。其(qi)父早年(nian)避兵入杭(hang),遂遷(qian)寓浙(zhe)江杭(hang)州,或稱(cheng)杭(hang)州人(ren)(ren)。
歷官江浙(zhe)儒學(xue)提舉(ju)、江南浙(zhe)西道肅政廉訪司事、集(ji)賢直(zhi)學(xue)士兼國子監祭酒(jiu)、翰林侍講學(xue)士,卒謚文肅。其政績卓著,為一(yi)代廉吏,其文章出眾,也堪(kan)稱元(yuan)初文壇泰斗,《元(yuan)史(shi)》有(you)傳。著述(shu)有(you)《巴西文集(ji)》《內制集(ji)》《素(su)履齋稿》等。
鄧(deng)文原(yuan)擅(shan)行(xing)、草書(shu)。傳世書(shu)跡有《臨(lin)急就章卷》等。與趙(zhao)孟(meng)頫、鮮于(yu)樞(shu)齊名,號稱(cheng)“元初三(san)大書(shu)法(fa)家”,尤以擅(shan)章草而聞名。
鄧(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)青年(nian)時就與趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫(fu)定交(jiao),被趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫(fu)稱為(wei)(wei)自己(ji)的“畏友(you)”,兩人感情至深。大(da)德二(er)(er)年(nian),成宗(zong)召(zhao)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫(fu)入大(da)都書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)金字《藏經》,許舉能書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)者自隨,鄧(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)為(wei)(wei)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)所(suo)薦,共同入京(jing),使他的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)大(da)顯(xian)于世。在鄧(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)傳世不多的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)作中(zhong),可以明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)地(di)看出(chu)他受(shou)(shou)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫(fu)的影響要比鮮于樞深,他的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)風格頗似(si)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)氏,如《黃庭堅松風閣詩卷跋(ba)》、《瞻近漢(han)時二(er)(er)帖跋(ba)》等。陶(tao)宗(zong)儀(yi)《書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)史(shi)會要》評(ping)曰(yue):“鄧(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)正(zheng)、行、草書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),早(zao)法(fa)二(er)(er)王,后法(fa)李(li)北(bei)海(hai)。”宗(zong)法(fa)晉人的書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)觀和學(xue)(xue)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之路正(zheng)和趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)孟頫(fu)一致,兩人在書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)活動中(zhong)接觸頻繁(fan),且(qie)手(shou)札(zha)往還,自然受(shou)(shou)到感染。鄧(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)除了擅長(chang)寫正(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、行書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、今草外,對章草也出(chu)于刻帖又兼(jian)行楷(kai)流(liu)美筆意,明(ming)(ming)人袁華跋(ba)日:“觀其運筆,若神出(chu)海(hai),飛翔白如。”
鄧文(wen)原(yuan)《家書(shu)帖》頁,元,鄧文(wen)原(yuan)書(shu),紙本,縱24.2cm,橫29.1cm,行(xing)書(shu)。
釋文:
連(lian)收慶長書,知吾(wu)妻一向(xiang)平安,甚喜。我客中幸無(wu)恙,但終日勞(lao)于(yu)酬應,而老陸雖(sui)無(wu)他過,其蠢不(bu)可(ke)言(yan),飲食起居,多不(bu)如意,無(wu)奈何也(ye)。若還司后未有脫身(shen)之計,不(bu)知吾(wu)妻可(ke)同(tong)穩(wen)兒暫到宣州,伺八月分司卻還杭(hang)如何?若不(bu)可(ke)來(lai),則止。此行皆未有脫暖之衣,又無(wu)便(bian)可(ke)寄(ji),茲因饒州令史鋪馬(ma)便(bian),作此。文原書寄(ji)賢妻縣君。
鈐“素履齋”印。鑒(jian)藏印有“友古(gu)軒”、“樂葊”。
此封(feng)家書敘述了作(zuo)者當時的境況。宣(xuan)州在元(yuan)代屬(shu)(shu)江(jiang)東(dong)建康道(dao),現為(wei)安徽(hui)屬(shu)(shu)地。考《元(yuan)史(shi)·鄧(deng)(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)本傳》:“延祐(you)四年(nian)(nian)升(sheng)翰林(lin)待制,五年(nian)(nian)出(chu)僉江(jiang)南浙(zhe)西(xi)道(dao)肅政廉訪使。……六年(nian)(nian)移江(jiang)東(dong)道(dao)。……至治二(er)年(nian)(nian),召為(wei)集賢直(zhi)學(xue)士。”固知此信為(wei)鄧(deng)(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)任江(jiang)東(dong)建康道(dao)肅政廉訪司時所寫(xie),即元(yuan)延祐(you)六年(nian)(nian)至至治二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1319年(nian)(nian)-1322年(nian)(nian))間(jian),鄧(deng)(deng)文(wen)原(yuan)60余歲時所作(zuo)。文(wen)中“慶(qing)長(chang)”名鄧(deng)(deng)衍,《元(yuan)史(shi)》附名鄧(deng)(deng)氏本傳后,“陰授江(jiang)浙(zhe)等處伊學(xue)副提舉,未(wei)任卒。”
此(ci)書行筆(bi)連綿,韻意清閑(xian),筆(bi)勢(shi)放縱,任(ren)興所適(shi),頗有“任(ren)天然而(er)自逸,若眾山之(zhi)連峰”之(zhi)態。
右側拓片(pian)為(wei)鄧(deng)文原跋米南宮(米芾)真跡后:
鄧文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan),字善之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),一字匪石,綿州(zhou)人。父漳,徙(xi)錢塘(tang)。文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十五(wu),通《春秋》。在宋時,以(yi)(yi)(yi)流寓試(shi)浙西(xi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運(yun)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),魁四川士(shi)(shi)。至(zhi)元(yuan)二十七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),行中書省辟為(wei)杭州(zhou)路儒學(xue)正(zheng)。大德(de)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),調崇德(de)州(zhou)教授。五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),擢應奉翰(han)林(lin)文(wen)(wen)字。九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),升修(xiu)撰(zhuan),謁告還(huan)江南。至(zhi)大元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),復為(wei)修(xiu)撰(zhuan),預修(xiu)《成宗實錄》。三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),授江浙儒學(xue)提舉。皇慶元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),召(zhao)為(wei)國(guo)子司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)業。至(zhi)官(guan)(guan),首建白(bai)更學(xue)校之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng),當(dang)路因循,重于改作,論(lun)不(bu)(bu)合,移(yi)病去(qu)。科舉制行,文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)校文(wen)(wen)江浙,慮士(shi)(shi)守舊習,大書朱熹《貢舉私議》,揭(jie)于門。延(yan)祐(you)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),升翰(han)林(lin)待(dai)制。五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),出僉江南浙西(xi)道(dao)肅政(zheng)廉訪司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)事,平(ping)江僧有(you)憾其(qi)府(fu)判官(guan)(guan)理(li)熙者(zhe),賄其(qi)徒,告熙贓,熙誣(wu)(wu)服(fu)。文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)行部,按問得實,杖(zhang)僧而(er)(er)釋(shi)熙。吳興民夜歸(gui),巡邏(luo)者(zhe)執之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),系亭下(xia)。其(qi)人遁(dun)去(qu),有(you)追及之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe),刺其(qi)脅(xie),仆地。明旦,家人得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)歸(gui),比死(si),其(qi)兄(xiong)問殺(sha)汝(ru)(ru)者(zhe)何如人,曰:“白(bai)帽、青衣、長身(shen)者(zhe)也(ye)。”其(qi)兄(xiong)訴于官(guan)(guan),有(you)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)問直(zhi)初更者(zhe)曰張(zhang)福(fu)兒,執之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使服(fu)焉。械系三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:“福(fu)兒身(shen)不(bu)(bu)滿六(liu)尺,未見其(qi)長也(ye);刃(ren)傷右脅(xie),而(er)(er)福(fu)兒素用左(zuo)手(shou),傷宜在左(zuo),何右傷也(ye)!”鞫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),果得真殺(sha)人者(zhe),而(er)(er)釋(shi)福(fu)兒。桐廬人戴汝(ru)(ru)惟(wei)家被盜,有(you)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)得盜,獄成送郡(jun)(jun)。夜有(you)焚戴氏廬者(zhe),而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)知汝(ru)(ru)惟(wei)所(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)曰:“此必有(you)故(gu)也(ye)。”乃(nai)得其(qi)妻葉(xie)氏與其(qi)弟(di)謀(mou)殺(sha)汝(ru)(ru)惟(wei)狀,而(er)(er)于水(shui)涯樹下(xia)得尸(shi),與漬血(xue)斧俱在焉,人以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)神(shen)。六(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),移(yi)江東道(dao)。徽、寧國(guo)、廣德(de)三郡(jun)(jun),歲(sui)(sui)入茶課(ke)鈔三千錠(ding)(ding),后增至(zhi)十八(ba)萬錠(ding)(ding),竭山谷所(suo)產,不(bu)(bu)能充其(qi)半(ban),余皆鑿空取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民間,歲(sui)(sui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)常。時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運(yun)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)官(guan)(guan)聽(ting)用鄉里(li)嘩狡(jiao),動以(yi)(yi)(yi)犯法誣(wu)(wu)民,而(er)(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運(yun)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)得專制有(you)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),凡五(wu)品(pin)官(guan)(guan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)皆杖(zhang)決(jue),州(zhou)縣莫敢如何。文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)請罷(ba)其(qi)專司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),俾郡(jun)(jun)縣領之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)報。徽民謝蘭家僮汪(wang)姓者(zhe)死(si),蘭侄回(hui)賂汪(wang)族人誣(wu)(wu)蘭殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),蘭誣(wu)(wu)服(fu)。文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)錄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),得其(qi)情,釋(shi)蘭而(er)(er)坐(zuo)回(hui)。時久旱不(bu)(bu)雨(yu)(yu),決(jue)獄乃(nai)雨(yu)(yu)。至(zhi)治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),召(zhao)為(wei)集(ji)賢(xian)直(zhi)學(xue)士(shi)(shi),地震,詔議弭災(zai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)。文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)請決(jue)滯囚,置倉廩河北,儲(chu)羨粟以(yi)(yi)(yi)賑饑;復申前議,請罷(ba)榷茶轉(zhuan)(zhuan)運(yun)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si),又(you)不(bu)(bu)報。明年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),兼國(guo)子祭酒。江浙省臣趙簡請開經(jing)筵,泰定元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)兼經(jing)筵官(guan)(guan),以(yi)(yi)(yi)疾(ji)乞致仕歸(gui)。二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),召(zhao)拜(bai)翰(han)林(lin)侍講學(xue)士(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)疾(ji)辭。四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),拜(bai)嶺北湖南道(dao)肅政(zheng)廉訪使,以(yi)(yi)(yi)疾(ji)不(bu)(bu)赴(fu)。天(tian)歷元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)卒,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)七十一。
文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)內嚴而(er)(er)外恕,家貧而(er)(er)行廉。初客京師,有一書生病篤,取(qu)橐(tuo)中金(jin),囑(zhu)文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)以歸(gui)其親;既(ji)死,而(er)(er)同舍生竊金(jin)去,文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)買金(jin)償(chang)死者(zhe)家,終身不以語人。有文(wen)(wen)集若干卷,內制集若干卷,藏于家。子衍,廕授江浙(zhe)等處儒學(xue)副提舉(ju),未任,卒。至順五年,制贈文(wen)(wen)原(yuan)(yuan)江浙(zhe)行省參知政事(shi),謚文(wen)(wen)肅。
鄧(deng)(deng)(deng)文原和鮮(xian)于樞(shu)同在趙(zhao)(zhao)孟頫(fu)復古(gu)的(de)大旗下,成(cheng)為元代復古(gu)潮(chao)流(liu)中(zhong)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)缺少的(de)干(gan)將(jiang)。鮮(xian)于的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)不(bu)如趙(zhao)(zhao),而鄧(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)不(bu)及鮮(xian)于,如果將(jiang)鮮(xian)于歸于英年(nian)早逝的(de)話(hua),那么鄧(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)原因則是其晚年(nian)疏于翰事,書(shu)名漸隱。有張雨(yu)跋《臨急就章》文為證:“(鄧(deng)(deng)(deng))早歲大合作。中(zhong)歲以往,爵位日(ri)高,而書(shu)學益廢。與之(zhi)交筆(bi)硯,始以余(yu)言不(bu)妄(wang)。殆暮(mu)年(nian)章草,如隔(ge)事矣(yi)。信(xin)為學不(bu)可(ke)(ke)止(zhi)如此。”,可(ke)(ke)見鄧(deng)(deng)(deng)氏因多涉(she)政事,翰墨(mo)日(ri)疏,以至未能在其后半生再將(jiang)自己的(de)風格拓展得更加鮮(xian)明(ming)。