胡應麟,父僖,歷(li)官刑部主(zhu)事、湖廣(guang)參(can)議(yi)、云(yun)南(nan)僉事。5歲(sui)讀書成誦,9歲(sui)從鄉間(jian)塾師習經(jing)學,特愛(ai)古(gu)文辭(ci)。稍長,能(neng)撰各(ge)體詩篇(pian)。16歲(sui)入(ru)庠(xiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)秀才。明萬(wan)歷(li)四(si)年(nian)(1576)鄉試中舉。會試不第。曾隨父北(bei)上(shang)南(nan)下,沿途(tu)吟(yin)詠,見者激賞(shang)。所交皆海(hai)內賢士豪(hao)杰。大(da)司空朱衡(heng)過蘭江(jiang),求與晤面,泊舟三(san)日(ri)以待。應麟感(gan)而見之(zhi),賦(fu)《昆侖行》680言答謝。朱衡(heng)稱之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“天下奇才”。時王世貞(zhen)(zhen)執詞壇牛耳,對(dui)其推崇備至,列為(wei)(wei)(wei)暮年(nian)所交五子之(zhi)一(yi)。世貞(zhen)(zhen)卒,乃(nai)入(ru)戲(xi)曲家(jia)汪道昆主(zhu)持的白榆社。道昆卒,即主(zhu)持詞壇,大(da)江(jiang)以南(nan)皆翕然宗之(zhi)。性孤介,厭薄榮利,自負(fu)甚高(gao)。晚年(nian)益肆力于(yu)學。于(yu)縣城內思親橋畔(pan)筑室號“二酉山房”,藏書4萬(wan)余(yu)卷,專事著述。詩文主(zhu)張復古(gu)模擬,后由(you)重視格調(diao)轉向(xiang)于(yu)神韻(yun)。
胡應(ying)麟最為(wei)(wei)著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)是《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藪》,共20卷(juan),分(fen)內(nei)外兩(liang)編。內(nei)編是分(fen)體(ti)(ti)總論,外編(包括雜編與續編)則是自周(zhou)至(zhi)明(ming),依時代為(wei)(wei)序,對(dui)作(zuo)(zuo)家、作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)進(jin)行評(ping)(ping)論。《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藪》頗為(wei)(wei)完(wan)整(zheng)、系(xi)(xi)統(tong)地表述了作(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學思想,遠遠超越了詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)話發展前期的(de)那種隨(sui)筆、散(san)論的(de)性質(zhi),是集(ji)本體(ti)(ti)建構(gou)和作(zuo)(zuo)家作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)批(pi)評(ping)(ping)為(wei)(wei)一體(ti)(ti)的(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學專論。胡應(ying)麟篤(du)信(xin)嚴(yan)羽之(zhi)主張,卻(que)不墨守嚴(yan)氏針對(dui)”以議(yi)論為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“以文字為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”、“以才(cai)學為(wei)(wei)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”之(zhi)弊(bi)病,而把詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌與禪(chan)宗聯系(xi)(xi)說詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)法(fa),其說詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比較切(qie)實,在于其對(dui)用(yong)事之(zhi)探(tan)討,形獨特(te)且系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)看法(fa)。胡應(ying)麟論詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),從(cong)方(fang)法(fa)論上受嚴(yan)羽之(zhi)影響。運用(yong)此種方(fang)法(fa),糾(jiu)偏黃(huang)庭(ting)堅之(zhi)“脫胎(tai)換骨”、“點鐵成金”,得出全(quan)新之(zhi)結論。綜其《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藪》全(quan)篇,可(ke)見胡應(ying)麟有關“用(yong)事”完(wan)整(zheng)理(li)論體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)由以下三個方(fang)面構(gou)成:
除(chu)以(yi)情景為詩歌(ge)模寫(xie)之對象(xiang),用事亦另一之重(zhong)要手段。
指出宋(song)、明人在用事(shi)上之偏差失誤(wu),將(jiang)情、景、事(shi)三(san)者(zhe)聯系,并統攝(she)在“工”、“巧”下論述,以(yi)”風調”、“神韻(yun)”為用事(shi)之極(ji)致標準(zhun)。
論“用(yong)事”貴(gui)淺顯、易懂(dong),或用(yong)句,或用(yong)意,咸臻化境;或減(jian)字(zi),或添字(zi),并無(wu)礙事。
其(qi)他著作有(you)《少室山房(fang)筆叢正(zheng)集》《少室山房(fang)類稿》等(deng)37種347卷。
詩論核心
胡氏詩論(lun)(lun)不(bu)停(ting)留(liu)在一般的感(gan)悟式(shi)批評上,而是(shi)以此為基礎,以周延的理(li)性思(si)辨來界定詩的本體特征。他的詩學本體理(li)論(lun)(lun)建構中最集中地體現(xian)在“興象風神”之說。
他認為(wei):“作詩(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)要不(bu)過二(er)端,體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)、興(xing)象(xiang)風神而(er)(er)(er)已。”(《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)藪·內編》卷五)此系胡(hu)氏(shi)論(lun)(lun)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)創作本體(ti)(ti)特征(zheng)的(de)(de)根本之(zhi)論(lun)(lun)。在他看(kan)來,詩(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本要素就是“體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)”和“興(xing)象(xiang)風神”,而(er)(er)(er)二(er)者(zhe)的(de)(de)關系則是相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成、缺一(yi)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)。他又說(shuo):“蓋(gai)作詩(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)法,不(bu)過興(xing)象(xiang)風神、格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)律聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)。格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)律卑(bei)陬(zou),音(yin)調(diao)乖(guai)舛,風神興(xing)象(xiang),無一(yi)可(ke)(ke)觀,乃詩(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)大(da)病(bing)。“(《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)藪·外(wai)編》卷一(yi))反復申明(ming)了他的(de)(de)這一(yi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)學主張(zhang)。“體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)”之(zhi)說(shuo),既是對明(ming)代(dai)初期復古(gu)派詩(shi)(shi)(shi)論(lun)(lun)家如(ru)李東(dong)陽(yang)、李夢陽(yang)等(deng)“格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)調(diao)說(shuo)”的(de)(de)繼(ji)承(cheng),同(tong)時,又是融匯宋代(dai)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)論(lun)(lun)家嚴羽等(deng)人(ren)的(de)(de)“辨(bian)(bian)體(ti)(ti)”觀念(nian)而(er)(er)(er)向前(qian)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)命題。“體(ti)(ti)”可(ke)(ke)簡(jian)言(yan)為(wei)體(ti)(ti)裁、體(ti)(ti)式。格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)即(ji)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)調(diao)。聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)即(ji)是指(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)律。“格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)調(diao)”或“體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)”,是明(ming)代(dai)從李東(dong)陽(yang)到“前(qian)后(hou)七子”最(zui)常(chang)用的(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)概念(nian)。而(er)(er)(er)各人(ren)的(de)(de)運(yun)用又多有不(bu)同(tong)之(zhi)處(chu)。歸納而(er)(er)(er)言(yan),則如(ru)袁震宇、劉明(ming)今(jin)先生所(suo)指(zhi)出(chu):“若細加(jia)辨(bian)(bian)析,大(da)致可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)兩類,其一(yi)如(ru)體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、句格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、律調(diao)、聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)等(deng)主要指(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)裁、句法、音(yin)韻、聲(sheng)(sheng)律等(deng)外(wai)在形(xing)式方(fang)面的(de)(de)問題;其二(er)如(ru)骨格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、意格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、氣調(diao)、風調(diao)等(deng)則主要用來形(xing)容詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)內在的(de)(de)氣度、意蘊。”(《明(ming)代(dai)文學批評史(shi)》18頁,上(shang)海古(gu)籍(ji)出(chu)版社1991年(nian)版)主“格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)調(diao)說(shuo)”者(zhe),要求(qiu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)制上(shang)合乎規格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),并強調(diao)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要性。
胡(hu)氏的(de)“體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)聲調”與明(ming)代(dai)前期的(de)主“格(ge)(ge)調”的(de)李東(dong)陽、李夢陽等(deng)頗有一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)之(zhi)處,而(er)(er)又于“辨(bian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”更(geng)多發揮了(le)宋人(ren)嚴(yan)羽(yu)(yu)的(de)精(jing)髓。嚴(yan)羽(yu)(yu)在《滄(cang)(cang)(cang)浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)》中(zhong)主“妙悟”,重“興(xing)趣(qu)”,但又開詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)歌批評(ping)中(zhong)“辨(bian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”之(zhi)先河。《滄(cang)(cang)(cang)浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)》中(zhong)“詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”一(yi)(yi)篇,即是辨(bian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)專論(lun)(lun)。其中(zhong)之(zhi)“體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”,一(yi)(yi)指體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)式,二指風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)。如(ru)其云“風(feng)(feng)雅頌既亡,一(yi)(yi)變(bian)而(er)(er)為(wei)離(li)騷(sao),再變(bian)而(er)(er)為(wei)西漢(han)五言(yan),三(san)變(bian)而(er)(er)歌行雜(za)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti),四(si)變(bian)而(er)(er)為(wei)沈宋律詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。”(《滄(cang)(cang)(cang)浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)·詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)》)此(ci)處當(dang)指體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)式。其后又有“以(yi)(yi)時(shi)而(er)(er)論(lun)(lun)”之(zhi)“建(jian)安體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“正始體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“唐(tang)初(chu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“盛唐(tang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“大(da)歷體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“晚唐(tang)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”等(deng),是謂時(shi)代(dai)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge);又有“以(yi)(yi)人(ren)而(er)(er)論(lun)(lun)”之(zhi)“少陵(ling)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“太白體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“李長吉(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“山谷體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“東(dong)坡體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”、“王荊(jing)公體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”等(deng),是謂作(zuo)家風(feng)(feng)格(ge)(ge)。他(ta)自稱“辨(bian)家數如(ru)辨(bian)蒼(cang)白,方可言(yan)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。”(《滄(cang)(cang)(cang)浪詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)話(hua)·詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法》)嚴(yan)羽(yu)(yu)明(ming)辨(bian)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)精(jing)辟詳審,為(wei)宋元以(yi)(yi)后詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)評(ping)家多所取法。方回、胡(hu)應麟、許(xu)學夷、方東(dong)樹等(deng)都可以(yi)(yi)說受嚴(yan)羽(yu)(yu)之(zhi)啟迪。胡(hu)應麟《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藪》的(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)學頗為(wei)縝密,其內編各卷即論(lun)(lun)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)各體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)興(xing)替及“當(dang)行本色”。如(ru)言(yan)“辨(bian)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)”,《詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藪》可謂典范(fan)之(zhi)作(zuo)。
“興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)(feng)神(shen)(shen)”在(zai)胡(hu)(hu)氏詩(shi)學(xue)中(zhong)亦是(shi)基本命題所(suo)(suo)在(zai)。胡(hu)(hu)應麟屢屢以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)評(ping)價、分析歷代的(de)(de)詩(shi)作(zuo)。“興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”作(zuo)為一(yi)(yi)個(ge)詩(shi)學(xue)范(fan)疇的(de)(de)提(ti)出,當(dang)推唐代詩(shi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)家殷(yin)璠。殷(yin)璠在(zai)其(qi)所(suo)(suo)編(bian)《河(he)岳英靈集》中(zhong)以“興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”為論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)詩(shi)的(de)(de)重要標準。如評(ping)孟浩(hao)然(ran)詩(shi):“無(wu)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),兼復(fu)故實。”評(ping)陶(tao)翰詩(shi)云:“既多興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),復(fu)備風(feng)(feng)骨(gu)”。“興(xing)(xing)(xing)”是(shi)指詩(shi)人(ren)在(zai)外界事(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)觸發下,因(yin)感(gan)生情(qing),所(suo)(suo)謂“觸物(wu)(wu)以起情(qing),謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興(xing)(xing)(xing)。”(宋人(ren)李仲蒙語)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)即詩(shi)的(de)(de)審美意(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。興(xing)(xing)(xing)、象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)合(he)鑄成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)詩(shi)學(xue)概(gai)念,則(ze)是(shi)指詩(shi)歌創作(zuo)中(zhong)以自然(ran)感(gan)發的(de)(de)方式(shi)來創造(zao)的(de)(de)審美意(yi)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。胡(hu)(hu)應麟在(zai)評(ping)漢(han)詩(shi)時屢用(yong)“興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”的(de)(de)概(gai)念,如說(shuo):“《十九首》及諸(zhu)雜詩(shi),隨(sui)語成(cheng)韻,隨(sui)韻成(cheng)趣,辭藻氣骨(gu),略無(wu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)尋。而興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)玲瓏(long),意(yi)致(zhi)深婉,真可(ke)(ke)(ke)以泣(qi)鬼神(shen)(shen)、動天(tian)地(di)(di)。”(《詩(shi)藪.內(nei)編(bian)》卷(juan)三)在(zai)他(ta)看來,漢(han)代古(gu)詩(shi),風(feng)(feng)韻自然(ran),取象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)時常常得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)意(yi),如他(ta)所(suo)(suo)說(shuo):“無(wu)意(yi)于工,而無(wu)不工也,漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詩(shi)也。”(內(nei)編(bian),卷(juan)二(er))“得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)意(yi)”,正是(shi)“興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”的(de)(de)取象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)方式(shi)。“興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,胡(hu)(hu)氏更(geng)重“風(feng)(feng)神(shen)(shen)”。如果說(shuo)興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)更(geng)多地(di)(di)以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品評(ping)漢(han)詩(shi),那么,“風(feng)(feng)神(shen)(shen)”則(ze)更(geng)多地(di)(di)用(yong)來品評(ping)盛唐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詩(shi)。如他(ta)所(suo)(suo)說(shuo):“盛唐絕句,興(xing)(xing)(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)玲瓏(long),句意(yi)深婉,無(wu)工可(ke)(ke)(ke)見,無(wu)跡可(ke)(ke)(ke)尋。中(zhong)唐遽減風(feng)(feng)神(shen)(shen),晚唐大露(lu)筋骨(gu),可(ke)(ke)(ke)并論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)乎?”(內(nei)編(bian),卷(juan)六(liu))“風(feng)(feng)神(shen)(shen)”,指一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)好詩(shi)所(suo)(suo)具有的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)華(hua)神(shen)(shen)韻,類于嚴羽(yu)所(suo)(suo)謂“興(xing)(xing)(xing)趣”。
那么,“體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)”和“興象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)神(shen)”的關系(xi)如何。胡應麟(lin)說(shuo):“體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao),有則可(ke)循;興象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)神(shen),無方可(ke)執。故作(zuo)者但求體(ti)(ti)正格(ge)(ge)高,聲(sheng)(sheng)雄調(diao)鬯,積習之久,矜持盡(jin)化,形(xing)跡俱融,興象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)神(shen),自(zi)(zi)爾(er)超邁。譬則鏡(jing)花(hua)(hua)水月,體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao),水與鏡(jing)也(ye);興象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)神(shen),花(hua)(hua)與月也(ye)。必水澄鏡(jing)明,然(ran)后(hou)花(hua)(hua)月宛然(ran);詎容昏鑒濁流,求睹兩者?故法(fa)所(suo)當先,而悟(wu)不容強(qiang)。”(內編,卷五)大致可(ke)以說(shuo),前(qian)者在(zai)詩中,較(jiao)實;后(hou)者在(zai)詩外,較(jiao)虛,兩者是一種虛實結(jie)合的關系(xi)。“體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)”是“興象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)神(shen)”的基礎,“興象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風(feng)神(shen)”是“體(ti)(ti)格(ge)(ge)聲(sheng)(sheng)調(diao)”的升華。在(zai)前(qian)者為(wei)必然(ran),在(zai)后(hou)者為(wei)自(zi)(zi)由。胡應麟(lin)以從(cong)嚴羽那里秉受的“妙悟(wu)”“興趣”,裨(bi)補(bu)了(le)明代(dai)復古詩論家們(men)“格(ge)(ge)調(diao)說(shuo)”的偏頗(po)。