種(zhong)(Chóng)師道(公元1051年—公元1126年),字彝(yi)叔,漢族,原(yuan)名建中,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)避諱宋徽宗(zong)建中靖國的年號,改名為(wei)(wei)師極,后被徽宗(zong)御賜(si)名為(wei)(wei)師道。北宋末(mo)年名將(jiang)。大(da)儒(ru)種(zhong)放從曾孫、名將(jiang)種(zhong)世(shi)衡之孫。
種(zhong)師(shi)道初任文(wen)職,因有謀略,后改武職,抵御西夏有功,成為名將,被尊稱為“老種(zhong)”。靖康(kang)元年,金(jin)兵(bing)南下,他奉詔(zhao)任京(jing)畿(ji)河北制置使,力(li)主抗金(jin),深(shen)得百(bai)姓擁戴,京(jing)師(shi)解圍即被解除兵(bing)權(quan)。不久種(zhong)師(shi)道病逝,時年七十六歲,欽宗親臨祭奠,下詔(zhao)追(zhui)贈開府儀同三司。種(zhong)師(shi)道死后次年,京(jing)師(shi)失守。建炎(yan)中,加(jia)贈少保,謚曰忠憲。
種(zhong)師(shi)道幼(you)年(nian),拜思想(xiang)家、哲學家張載為師(shi)。因為祖(zu)上功(gong)勛得以補三班奉職(zhi),經考試后(hou)改為文(wen)官,擔任熙州推官、主管(guan)同谷縣(xian)(xian)。有縣(xian)(xian)吏打田產官司(si),歷經兩(liang)年(nian)而不(bu)(bu)決。種(zhong)師(shi)道翻閱冗長的(de)案卷,從早看(kan)到晚都沒看(kan)完(wan)。種(zhong)師(shi)道沒有糾纏于這團理不(bu)(bu)清的(de)亂麻(ma),而是發現縣(xian)(xian)吏告的(de)只不(bu)(bu)過(guo)是母親和哥哥,這在(zai)講(jiang)孝道的(de)古(gu)代(dai)不(bu)(bu)能立案,縣(xian)(xian)吏為了隱(yin)瞞這一(yi)點故(gu)意(yi)設置文(wen)字迷宮。于是種(zhong)師(shi)道把那(nei)(nei)個小吏叫來(lai),詰問道:“你(ni)起訟你(ni)母親和兄長,這沒問題,但也不(bu)(bu)能長期騷(sao)擾鄉里呀!”于是那(nei)(nei)小吏叩(kou)頭服罪(zui)。
種師道(dao)升任原州通判、提舉秦鳳常(chang)平。他(ta)因(yin)為議論(lun)役法(fa)忤了(le)蔡(cai)(cai)京旨(zhi)意,改任莊宅使、知(zhi)德(de)順軍。隨即蔡(cai)(cai)京同黨誣告他(ta)“詆毀先烈”,將他(ta)罷官并列入“黨籍”。種師道(dao)被屏廢十年(nian)后,才以武功大夫、忠州刺史(shi)、涇原都鈐轄身(shen)份知(zhi)懷德(de)軍。西(xi)夏要求劃分邊界,西(xi)夏使者焦彥堅(jian)一定要得到“故地(di)”,種師道(dao)說:“如果說故地(di),當以漢、唐為正,那貴國疆土更少了(le)。”焦彥堅(jian)無言以對。
童(tong)貫掌握兵權后(hou)西(xi)征,一路(lu)作威作福(fu),官(guan)員們見到(dao)他一齊跪拜,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道作長揖而已。宋(song)徽宗(zong)召種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道入京咨詢邊(bian)境(jing)情況,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道說:“先挑起戰爭不(bu)可勝(sheng),敵人來侵(qin)則針鋒(feng)相對(dui),妄動生事不(bu)是(shi)好主意(yi)。”童(tong)貫打算遷徙(xi)內(nei)地(di)弓箭手充實(shi)邊(bian)防(fang),卻(que)說成是(shi)新邊(bian)疆(jiang)招募的。宋(song)徽宗(zong)又咨詢種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道說:“臣恐怕弓箭手還沒(mei)有(you)邊(bian)疆(jiang)在立功,內(nei)地(di)已經受到(dao)了騷擾。”宋(song)徽宗(zong)贊(zan)許(xu)他的意(yi)見,賜給他襲衣、金帶(dai),任命他為提舉(ju)秦鳳弓箭手。當時五路(lu)都設置此官(guan),宋(song)徽宗(zong)說:“你是(shi)我親自提拔的。”童(tong)貫不(bu)悅。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道因(yin)此不(bu)敢接受任命,經過(guo)請求得(de)以提舉(ju)崇福(fu)宮。很久以后(hou)改知西(xi)安州(今寧夏(xia)海原縣西(xi)安鄉(xiang))。
夏人侵犯定邊,筑佛口(kou)城,種師道率宋軍前往夷平(ping)。宋軍剛到時非常口(kou)渴,種師道指山的西麓說:“這里應(ying)該有(you)水”,命令(ling)工兵挖掘,果(guo)然(ran)泉水流溢滿谷。
種師道(dao)屢次(ci)升遷至龍神衛(wei)四(si)廂(xiang)都指揮(hui)使(shi)、洺(ming)州防御使(shi)、渭(wei)州(今(jin)甘肅平涼)知州。當時(shi)他統(tong)率諸道(dao)宋軍修筑席葦城(cheng)(cheng),還沒有竣工,敵(di)人(ren)已經趕(gan)到,在葫蘆河筑壘。種師道(dao)在河邊布陣,似乎要和(he)敵(di)軍決(jue)戰,暗地里派(pai)偏(pian)將曲克(ke)徑(jing)出橫嶺,揚言是(shi)援軍趕(gan)來了。敵(di)人(ren)正震驚注視,楊可世已經率軍悄悄繞到敵(di)人(ren)后方,姚(yao)平仲以(yi)精甲部隊攻擊(ji),敵(di)人(ren)大潰。宋軍俘(fu)獲駱駝、牛(niu)馬數以(yi)萬計,敵(di)人(ren)酋長只(zhi)身(shen)逃(tao)脫,宋軍最終完成筑城(cheng)(cheng)任務。
朝(chao)廷又命(ming)令(ling)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)統(tong)帥陜(shan)西、河東七路(lu)兵(bing)攻打臧底(di)城(cheng)(今(jin)陜(shan)西志丹縣西北),規(gui)定(ding)十(shi)天必(bi)須(xu)攻克。宋軍(jun)兵(bing)臨城(cheng)下后(hou)發現敵人守備非常堅固,幾天后(hou)官兵(bing)開始(shi)倦怠。有個列校(xiao)偷懶,自己坐在胡床上休息,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)立即將(jiang)其斬首于(yu)軍(jun)門示眾,下令(ling)說:“今(jin)日不(bu)攻下此城(cheng),你(ni)們都和他一樣!”眾人震動,鼓噪登城(cheng),城(cheng)防于(yu)是(shi)崩潰(kui),宋軍(jun)八天就攻下了臧底(di)城(cheng)。宋徽宗得(de)到捷(jie)報(bao)后(hou)欣(xin)喜不(bu)已,升種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)為侍(shi)衛(wei)親軍(jun)馬軍(jun)副都指(zhi)揮使、應道(dao)(dao)軍(jun)承宣使。
種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)又(you)(you)隨(sui)從童(tong)(tong)(tong)貫擔任都統(tong)制,被(bei)拜為(wei)保靜軍(jun)(jun)節度(du)使(shi)。童(tong)(tong)(tong)貫聯金伐遼(liao)(liao),讓種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)掩(yan)護諸將。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)進諫說:“今(jin)(jin)日(ri)之舉,譬如(ru)強盜入鄰(lin)家(jia),我(wo)們不(bu)(bu)能(neng)救,反而又(you)(you)趁火打劫(jie),與強盜分贓,怎么可以呢?”童(tong)(tong)(tong)貫不(bu)(bu)聽(ting)。宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)抵達白溝后(hou),遼(liao)(liao)人鼓(gu)噪向前,宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)多有傷亡,幸虧種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)先令(ling)每人持一巨(ju)棍自防,遼(liao)(liao)兵盔(kui)甲擋不(bu)(bu)住鈍器(qi)打擊(ji),宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)才不(bu)(bu)至于大敗。遼(liao)(liao)國使(shi)者前來(lai)懇求:“女真背叛本朝的(de)行為(wei),南朝也(ye)非(fei)常憎(zeng)惡(指(zhi)西(xi)夏叛宋(song))。如(ru)今(jin)(jin)貴國為(wei)獲一時之利,不(bu)(bu)惜棄百年之好,結豺狼之鄰(lin),釀他(ta)日(ri)之禍,這可謂(wei)明智(zhi)嗎?救災恤鄰(lin),是古今(jin)(jin)通義,希望大國思(si)量!”童(tong)(tong)(tong)貫無言以對。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)又(you)(you)進諫說應(ying)該答應(ying)遼(liao)(liao)使(shi)退(tui)兵,童(tong)(tong)(tong)貫又(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)聽(ting),秘密彈劾種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)助賊。王黼憤怒(nu),責令(ling)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)以右衛將軍(jun)(jun)身(shen)份致仕(shi)退(tui)休(xiu),而用劉延(yan)慶代替他(ta)。劉延(yan)慶在盧溝戰(zhan)敗后(hou),宋(song)徽宗又(you)(you)想起(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao),起(qi)用他(ta)為(wei)憲州刺史(shi)、環(huan)州知(zhi)州。他(ta)不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)歸(gui)任保靜軍(jun)(jun)節度(du)使(shi),又(you)(you)致仕(shi)退(tui)休(xiu)。
金(jin)人(ren)南下,宋徽宗急忙召(zhao)種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)進(jin)(jin)京,加封他檢校(xiao)少保、靜難軍(jun)(jun)節度使(shi)(shi)、京畿河北(bei)制(zhi)置使(shi)(shi),有權自行征兵征糧。種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)正(zheng)隱居南山(shan)豹(bao)林谷(gu),得到命令(ling)后立刻東行趕到姚平仲處(chu),帶(dai)上姚平仲的步(bu)騎七千人(ren)一(yi)齊北(bei)行。種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)抵達洛陽(yang)后,得知(zhi)斡離不已(yi)經(jing)屯兵京城下,有人(ren)勸他不要去,說:“賊勢正(zheng)銳,愿您駐軍(jun)(jun)汜水稍微停留,以謀萬全之(zhi)策(ce)。”種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)說:“我軍(jun)(jun)兵少,如(ru)果(guo)遲疑不進(jin)(jin),暴露實(shi)情,只不過自取其辱。如(ru)今(jin)我軍(jun)(jun)大張旗鼓前進(jin)(jin),金(jin)人(ren)怎能測(ce)我虛實(shi)?京城軍(jun)(jun)民得知(zhi)我軍(jun)(jun)前來,士氣自然(ran)振奮,還用(yong)怕金(jin)賊嗎?”種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)在(zai)沿路遍貼告示,宣稱種(zhong)(zhong)少保率領西兵百萬前來。宋軍(jun)(jun)進(jin)(jin)抵城西汴(bian)水南岸(an),直逼敵營。金(jin)人(ren)畏懼,拔營遷(qian)往(wang)稍北(bei)處(chu),限制(zhi)游騎活動,一(yi)心一(yi)意在(zai)毛駝崗(又作牟駝岡)增筑堡壘自衛。
當(dang)時種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)已(yi)經高壽,天下稱之為(wei)“老種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。繼位的宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗聽說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)來了,非常欣喜(xi),開(kai)安上門,命尚書右丞李綱迎接(jie)慰勞。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)入見(jian),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗問:“今日之事,愛卿(qing)意(yi)下如(ru)何(he)?”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)回答(da)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“女真不懂兵(bing)法,豈有孤軍深入別人(ren)境內而能(neng)順(shun)利撤退的道(dao)理?”宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“已(yi)經講(jiang)和了。”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)于是(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“臣以軍旅(lv)之事服務陛下,其它事不是(shi)臣敢(gan)明(ming)白的。”宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗拜他為(wei)檢(jian)校少(shao)傅、同知(zhi)樞密院、京畿(ji)兩河宣撫使(shi),諸(zhu)道(dao)兵(bing)馬全部由(you)他統(tong)帥,以姚(yao)平仲(zhong)為(wei)都統(tong)制。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)當(dang)時患病,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗叫他不用朝(chao)拜,準他乘轎子入朝(chao)。金國使(shi)者王汭在宋(song)(song)廷非常強硬,見(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)來了,才(cai)拜跪(gui)稍稍合乎禮(li)儀。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗笑著對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“他因為(wei)你才(cai)這樣。”
京城(cheng)自從(cong)受圍(wei)后,諸門盡閉,百姓無柴(chai)無菜可(ke)買(mai),種(zhong)師(shi)道請求開(kai)啟西、南門,讓百姓如同平常一樣出(chu)入。有金(jin)(jin)兵擅過偏將馬忠軍,馬忠將其(qi)六人(ren)(ren)斬(zhan)首(shou),金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)前來(lai)投訴,種(zhong)師(shi)道發給(gei)金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)界旗(qi),讓金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)仿(fang)照自制,從(cong)此金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)畫地為牢,無人(ren)(ren)敢越(yue)界。種(zhong)師(shi)道又(you)請求拖延(yan)交納賠款,等(deng)金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)懈(xie)怠思歸(gui)時,扼阻金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)歸(gui)路,在黃河予以殲滅(mie)。宰(zai)相李邦彥主和,自然(ran)不同意,主戰派從(cong)實際行(xing)動看是準備(bei)麻痹金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)突(tu)然(ran)襲(xi)擊(ji),當時也(ye)不一定贊成(cheng)。
種(zhong)氏(shi)(shi)、姚(yao)氏(shi)(shi)都(dou)是(shi)山西大(da)族(zu),姚(yao)平仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)父(fu)親姚(yao)古這時率(lv)熙河兵(bing)入援,宋軍實力增強。姚(yao)平仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擔心功名(ming)都(dou)被(bei)種(zhong)氏(shi)(shi)占去,就報(bao)告說(shuo)將士們都(dou)摩拳擦掌,種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)卻不(bu)(bu)(bu)準(zhun)打(da)仗(zhang)。李綱于(yu)是(shi)命令城下兵(bing)馬聽姚(yao)平仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指揮(hui),宋欽(qin)宗也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)提講(jiang)和(he)(he)了(le),天天派(pai)使者催(cui)促(cu)種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)出戰。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)準(zhun)備等(deng)弟弟種(zhong)師(shi)中率(lv)軍趕到(dao),認為(wei)過(guo)(guo)了(le)春分才能襲擊金人(ren)。宋朝君臣約期舉事,當時離春分只(zhi)有八(ba)天。可當初(chu)等(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及要和(he)(he)的宋欽(qin)宗又等(deng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及要戰,與姚(yao)平仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)秘(mi)密決定半夜(ye)劫(jie)營(ying)(ying),想(xiang)生擒斡離不(bu)(bu)(bu),搶回康(kang)王(wang)。半夜(ye),太(tai)監(jian)緊(jin)急傳旨李綱說(shuo):“姚(yao)平仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已經舉事,你馬上(shang)去支援。”姚(yao)平仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劫(jie)營(ying)(ying)失(shi)利后一走了(le)之,西兵(bing)潰散(san)。史(shi)書未提李綱的夜(ye)間行動(dong),只(zhi)提李綱早晨(chen)率(lv)軍出城擊退金兵(bing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)(guo)金人(ren)和(he)(he)主(zhu)和(he)(he)派(pai)認為(wei)李綱也(ye)應對劫(jie)營(ying)(ying)負責。
宋(song)欽宗(zong)把責(ze)任推(tui)到(dao)(dao)李(li)(li)(li)(li)綱(gang)、姚平仲身上,李(li)(li)(li)(li)邦彥(yan)重新得勢(shi),又主張割地賠款,種(zhong)師道力爭無濟于事。主和派罷免李(li)(li)(li)(li)綱(gang)討好金人,太(tai)學生們與京城(cheng)百姓數十萬人擔心(xin)主戰派安危,到(dao)(dao)皇宮(gong)前請愿,請求(qiu)見(jian)種(zhong)師道、李(li)(li)(li)(li)綱(gang)一面。宋(song)欽宗(zong)一方面將(jiang)李(li)(li)(li)(li)綱(gang)復職,一方面詔書催促軍隊鎮壓。種(zhong)師道乘車(che)趕來,群眾掀開車(che)簾看見(jian)了,說:“果然是(shi)我(wo)的種(zhong)大人。”一齊致敬后散(san)去。
金人(ren)見(jian)李(li)綱(gang)復職,也不(bu)(bu)敢孤軍(jun)(jun)持(chi)久(jiu)深入,得(de)到宋朝(chao)正式割地承諾并得(de)到肅王做人(ren)質后,退兵(bing)而(er)去。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)再申前(qian)議,勸宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)乘(cheng)金兵(bing)渡黃河(he)時襲擊(ji),宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)不(bu)(bu)從(cong),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)說:“他(ta)日必為(wei)(wei)國患。”宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)隨即將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)罷免為(wei)(wei)中太一(yi)宮(gong)使,可(ke)(ke)能是幽禁起(qi)來(lai)。然(ran)而(er)士民對屈辱(ru)和約感(gan)到憤怒,李(li)綱(gang)叫宋軍(jun)(jun)以(yi)護送名義追擊(ji),大臣(chen)扣押前(qian)來(lai)索要(yao)金幣的金國使者,甚至用(yong)(yong)蠟丸信聯絡遼國舊臣(chen)耶律余睹,要(yao)他(ta)叛金復遼。金兵(bing)于是圍攻太原,宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)見(jian)戰事又起(qi),也感(gan)到和約不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)靠,于是又傾向(xiang)主戰。主戰派御史中丞許翰(han)拜見(jian)宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong),認為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)宜解(jie)除種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)兵(bing)權,宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)說:“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)老(lao)了,難(nan)用(yong)(yong),我(wo)(wo)讓你見(jian)見(jian)他(ta)吧。”讓許翰(han)與種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)在(zai)殿門外(wai)相見(jian)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)沉默不(bu)(bu)語,許翰(han)說:“國家有急,皇上下詔允許我(wo)(wo)咨詢您,您不(bu)(bu)要(yao)因為(wei)(wei)我(wo)(wo)是書(shu)生的緣故就不(bu)(bu)肯(ken)談。”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)才說:“我(wo)(wo)眾敵寡,只要(yao)分兵(bing)結營,控守要(yao)地,使敵糧道(dao)不(bu)(bu)通,坐以(yi)持(chi)久(jiu),敵人(ren)可(ke)(ke)破。”許翰(han)感(gan)嘆其(qi)言,上奏說種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)智慮未(wei)衰,尚可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)。宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)于是加封(feng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)檢校(xiao)少師(shi)(shi)(shi),進(jin)封(feng)太尉(wei),換節鎮(zhen)洮軍(jun)(jun),擔任(ren)河(he)北(bei)、河(he)東宣撫使,屯兵(bing)滑州。其(qi)實(shi)宋欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)并沒給種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)一(yi)兵(bing)一(yi)卒。
種師道請求集中(zhong)關(guan)、河兵力在滄州(zhou)(zhou)、衛州(zhou)(zhou)、孟州(zhou)(zhou)、滑(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)修筑防線,以(yi)防金(jin)兵再至。然而主(zhu)戰派先主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)窮追東路撤退(tui)金(jin)兵,又主(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)反(fan)擊西(xi)路圍困太(tai)原的金(jin)兵,主(zhu)和派更是(shi)不(bu)問軍(jun)事(shi),朝廷議論認為大敵剛退(tui),不(bu)宜興師動眾修防御來示弱。朝廷聽(ting)信假(jia)情報逼宋(song)軍(jun)速戰,援(yuan)救(jiu)太(tai)原的種師中(zhong)戰死、姚古戰敗(bai),朝廷震悚,召(zhao)回種師道,派李(li)綱前去(qu)。李(li)綱聲(sheng)稱不(bu)懂軍(jun)事(shi),請求退(tui)休不(bu)愿去(qu),但宋(song)欽(qin)宗一定(ding)要李(li)綱去(qu),否則就是(shi)抗命(ming)。李(li)綱和士民都認為這是(shi)借刀殺人的手段,因為主(zhu)和派極力推薦李(li)綱去(qu)。
援救太原(yuan)的宋(song)(song)(song)軍照樣受朝廷(ting)遙控(kong),屢(lv)屢(lv)失(shi)利后,宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)換掉李綱,由種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)接任。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)在河陽(今河南孟(meng)州(zhou))遇到(dao)金國使者王(wang)汭,察言觀色(se)判斷金兵一定會(hui)大(da)舉南下(xia),立即上疏請求皇帝臨幸長安躲避敵(di)鋒(feng)。大(da)臣認為(wei)(wei)這是(shi)怕,宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)又召回種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)。因(yin)為(wei)(wei)戰事屢(lv)敗,宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)又用起主和(he)派。太原(yuan)最終淪陷,兩路金兵大(da)舉南下(xia),宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)決心(xin)議和(he),主和(he)派命令地方宋(song)(song)(song)軍不許(xu)勤王(wang),專(zhuan)心(xin)專(zhuan)意罷戰講和(he),李綱被貶(bian)出京(jing)城。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)可能是(shi)悲憤(fen)交加,到(dao)京(jing)后已經病(bing)得無(wu)法(fa)入見,于十月份去(qu)世,終年七(qi)十六。宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)親臨祭奠,為(wei)(wei)之慟(tong)哭,追贈開府儀同(tong)三司。
《宋史》:“種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道宿將(jiang),有重名,二敵所畏。”“宋懲五季藩(fan)鎮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,稍(shao)用逢掖治(zhi)邊(bian)陲(chui)、領介胄。然兵勢國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大事(shi),非素明習,而欲應變決策于急遽危(wei)難之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,豈不仆(pu)哉。種(zhong)氏自世(shi)衡(heng)立功(gong)青(qing)澗,撫循士卒,威動羌、夏,諸子(zi)俱有將(jiang)材,至(zhi)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道、師(shi)(shi)(shi)中已三(san)世(shi),號山西名將(jiang)。徽(hui)宗任宦豎起邊(bian)釁,師(shi)(shi)(shi)道之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言不售,卒基(ji)南北之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禍。金以(yi)孤軍深入,師(shi)(shi)(shi)道請遲西師(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)而擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),長驅上黨;師(shi)(shi)(shi)中欲出其背以(yi)掩(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可謂至(zhi)計(ji)矣。李(li)綱、許(xu)翰(han)顧(gu)以(yi)為(wei)怯(qie)緩逗撓,動失機會,遂至(zhi)大衄(nv),而國(guo)隨以(yi)敗,惜哉!”
劉韐:“師中聞命即(ji)行,奮(fen)不顧身,雖古(gu)忠臣,不過也。”
黃道周(zhou):“老種(zhong)師道,宋末主兵。非貫不悅,即(ji)忤蔡京。帝(di)問邊事,不敗為精。來則(ze)以應,妄動事生。遼功未(wei)立,近擾先(xian)驚。揚(yang)言援至,前擊后沖(chong)。敵漬斬獲,城功始成。再(zai)(zai)征臧底(di),斬惰(duo)先(xian)登。師才八日,敵已削平。遼乃鄰也,伐之何名(ming)。白(bai)溝戰敗,轉互(hu)相傾(qing)。再(zai)(zai)起河北,或止勿(wu)行。師道及進,直壓敵營。帝(di)聞而喜,虜憚(dan)而停。平仲心(xin)忌,戰以速爭。種(zhong)請少(shao)緩(huan),帝(di)亦不聽。既(ji)而戰敗,功罪無憑。大都亂世(shi),良將空(kong)稱(cheng)。既(ji)病(bing)而死(si),方(fang)痛(tong)撫膺。”
在積極導演的(de)收燕云之役中,童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)同(tong)樣盲目指(zhi)揮,造成慘重失敗的(de)后果。據記載,宣和(he)四(si)年童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)統軍北上(shang)至雄(xiong)州(zhou)(zhou),惘顧(gu)軍事(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)領的(de)意(yi)見,分(fen)派(pai)軍隊行動。久經(jing)沙場的(de)大將(jiang)(jiang)種師道對草(cao)率(lv)用兵提出異(yi)議,童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)不(bu)予(yu)理睬(cai)。將(jiang)(jiang)官(guan)楊可世再諫:將(jiang)(jiang)領事(shi)先并未(wei)參與作戰計劃便倉促(cu)臨(lin)陣,勢必難(nan)以應戰。知雄(xiong)州(zhou)(zhou)、文官(guan)和(he)詵不(bu)考慮將(jiang)(jiang)官(guan)的(de)意(yi)見,而配合童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)對楊可世加以威(wei)脅。楊氏及(ji)其他武將(jiang)(jiang)只能屈服。于是(shi),在“遵(zun)依圣旨及(ji)宣撫司約(yue)束諸將(jiang)(jiang)”的(de)情況下,宋軍繼續北上(shang)。種師道領兵至白溝,“如貫(guan)素約(yue)指(zhi)揮諸將(jiang)(jiang)”,執行童(tong)(tong)貫(guan)不(bu)得(de)妄(wang)殺的(de)命令(ling)。
楊可世(shi)領前軍(jun)在白溝(gou)橋(qiao)向(xiang)遼軍(jun)招(zhao)降,結果在毫無戒備之下(xia)遭到遼軍(jun)的進攻(gong),“矢(shi)石如雨(yu),我軍(jun)不(bu)為備,又(you)拘節制”。面對如此戰況(kuang),楊氏只得要求(qiu)動武,但宋軍(jun)已陷入不(bu)利(li)的處境(jing),“楊可世(shi)與遼軍(jun)戰,諸將不(bu)利(li)”。此時,承擔監(jian)督之責的和詵(shen)竟又(you)勸(quan)種師(shi)道殺楊可世(shi),“號令諸部以明宣撫(fu)司出旗榜(bang)本意”,“使虜(lu)人知朝廷無意用(yong)兵”。
終于(yu),招降遼(liao)殘(can)余勢力的(de)幻想破滅(mie),在遼(liao)軍的(de)追(zhui)擊下,種師(shi)道(dao)領(ling)軍敗退。這次所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)北伐的(de)失敗,完全是童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)無能指(zhi)揮的(de)結果,所(suo)謂(wei)“先是,既以(yi)招撫為名,貫(guan)(guan)(guan)下令中(zhong)軍不許妄殺(sha)人,及虜(lu)騎(qi)犯我師(shi),皆不敢施(shi)放矢石(shi),聽其殺(sha)戮(lu)。故諸將(jiang)亦憤(fen)然”。但(dan)童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)(guan)為了逃避追(zhui)究,“于(yu)是貫(guan)(guan)(guan)以(yi)契(qi)丹(dan)尚盛未可圖,奏劾種師(shi)道(dao)”,種師(shi)道(dao)被迫致仕。
據種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)部(bu)下康隨(sui)跋(ba)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)責官謝表指出:“此役(yi),初不(bu)(bu)與謀,中則強(qiang)委任之(zhi),又兵之(zhi)節制皆不(bu)(bu)得(de)專(zhuan),考其行事,罪有所歸矣。”可見無辜的將領種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)成為(wei)此役(yi)失敗(bai)的替罪羊。
姚平仲(zhong)偷襲金(jin)營失敗后。宋(song)欽宗(zong)聽信投(tou)降派(pai)的話,驚慌失措,一(yi)面(mian)派(pai)使者到金(jin)營賠禮,一(yi)面(mian)把李綱、種師道(dao)撤職。
這個(ge)消(xiao)息一傳出來(lai),東京全城騷動,軍民個(ge)個(ge)氣(qi)憤。特別是太(tai)學(xue)里的(de)(de)學(xue)生(sheng),群情激昂。太(tai)學(xue)生(sheng)陳(chen)東帶領了幾百(bai)名(ming)太(tai)學(xue)生(sheng),擁(yong)到(dao)皇(huang)宮的(de)(de)宣德門(men)外,上(shang)書請愿,要求朝廷恢復李(li)綱、種師(shi)道的(de)(de)原職,懲辦李(li)邦彥、白時中等奸賊。
東京城的(de)軍民聽(ting)說太(tai)學生請(qing)愿,不約而同(tong)地來到(dao)宣德門(men)前,一(yi)下子就聚集了幾萬人。這時候,李(li)(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)正好從宮里退(tui)朝出來,群眾一(yi)見到(dao)奸(jian)賊,眼都(dou)紅了,指著李(li)(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)的(de)鼻子痛罵,有的(de)還從地上撿起瓦片、石(shi)頭,向李(li)(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)劈(pi)頭蓋腦地扔(reng)去,嚇得李(li)(li)邦(bang)(bang)彥(yan)抱(bao)頭縮頸,趕快逃進宮去。
禁衛軍(jun)將領一(yi)看事情(qing)鬧大了(le)沒法收拾,進宮(gong)勸宋欽宗(zong)答應大家(jia)的(de)(de)要求。宋欽宗(zong)沒法,只好(hao)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)召李(li)(li)綱(gang)進宮(gong),并且當眾(zhong)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)宣布,恢復李(li)(li)綱(gang)、種師道的(de)(de)職務(wu)。群眾(zhong)還不放心,這(zhe)時(shi)候,種師道正乘車趕了(le)來。大家(jia)掀開(kai)車簾,一(yi)看果(guo)然是(shi)種老將軍(jun),爆發出一(yi)陣雷鳴般的(de)(de)歡呼聲,才陸(lu)續(xu)散去(qu)。
十一月金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)已(yi)經兵(bing)(bing)(bing)臨(lin)城下。宋欽(qin)宗(zong)既(ji)用(yong)(yong)主和派意(yi)(yi)見(jian)派使者出城求和,又用(yong)(yong)主戰(zhan)派意(yi)(yi)見(jian)堅(jian)守(shou)京城不(bu)去(qu),誰知兩樣(yang)都落(luo)空。京城失守(shou),宋欽(qin)宗(zong)、宋徽宗(zong)被劫入金(jin)(jin)(jin)營,金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)以此為(wei)籌碼逼兩河軍民開城投降、宋朝臣民貢獻金(jin)(jin)(jin)銀珍(zhen)寶美女、并保障金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)退兵(bing)(bing)(bing)安全,因(yin)為(wei)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)數確實不(bu)多。宋欽(qin)宗(zong)捶胸大哭道:“不(bu)用(yong)(yong)種師道言,以至于此!”
汴梁城破之(zhi)后,金兵將領入城,很想拜見(jian)一下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao),惜乎種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)已(yi)死,便找到種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)的(de)侄子種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)洌,對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)洌說:“我們過(guo)去曾在陣前見(jian)過(guo)你伯父,真是一位好將軍(jun)啊!如能采(cai)納他的(de)意見(jian),宋朝不會敗得(de)這樣慘。現在宋朝應該知道(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)將軍(jun)是個(ge)忠義之(zhi)人(ren)了吧。”宋朝的(de)被俘官員聽了,皆(jie)仰(yang)天長(chang)嘆。
種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)死后,其侄子種洌(lie)護(hu)種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)的(de)靈(ling)柩西(xi)歸時,在路上(shang)碰到強盜(dao)(dao),強盜(dao)(dao)聽說是(shi)種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)的(de)靈(ling)柩,都下拜致奠,并且反贈金錢以致意,其得人心如此。
《宋史·卷三(san)三(san)五·列傳第(di)九(jiu)十四》、《東都事略》卷一O七有(you)傳。
在(zai)《宋(song)史》中,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家軍比楊(yang)家將(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)名氣大,比楊(yang)家將(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)作用大,只不過楊(yang)家將(jiang)(jiang)走上(shang)了(le)(le)舞臺,被渲染得出了(le)(le)彩,而種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家軍卻走進了(le)(le)線(xian)裝書,被文字湮沒(mei)了(le)(le)。北(bei)宋(song)統治的(de)(de)168年間,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家軍英(ying)雄輩出:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世衡、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)詁、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)諤、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)診、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)誼、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樸、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)中皆為將(jiang)(jiang)才。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家子弟五代從軍,數十人戰(zhan)死沙場。
種(zhong)師(shi)道,從曾祖(zu)父(fu)是(shi)宋(song)初大隱士種(zhong)放,種(zhong)放兄種(zhong)昭衍即種(zhong)師(shi)道之曾祖(zu)父(fu),其(qi)祖(zu)父(fu)是(shi)種(zhong)家軍的創建者(zhe)種(zhong)世衡(heng)(heng),世衡(heng)(heng)有八子(古(gu)、診(zhen)、諮、詠、諤、所、記、誼),種(zhong)師(shi)道的父(fu)親是(shi)種(zhong)記,種(zhong)師(shi)道的弟(di)弟(di)是(shi)種(zhong)師(shi)中。
種師道妻尹氏。
二子,浩、溪。種(zhong)浩官迪功(gong)郎,種(zhong)溪為閣門祗侯,皆死于(yu)師道(dao)之(zhi)前。孫彥(yan)(yan)崇、彥(yan)(yan)崧,彥(yan)(yan)崇死于(yu)兵,而彥(yan)(yan)崧則早(zao)夭。在紹興(xing)年間(jian),朝廷令其侄種(zhong)浤奉(feng)祀。
建炎元(yuan)年六(liu)月十(shi)五日,種(zhong)師道靈柩歸葬于萬(wan)年縣(xian)神禾原(yuan)(今陜西(xi)西(xi)安(an)長安(an)區香積寺村(cun)是種(zhong)氏(shi)的家族墓地)。