種(Chóng)師(shi)道(公(gong)元(yuan)1051年—公(gong)元(yuan)1126年),字彝叔(shu),漢族,原名(ming)建中,因為(wei)避諱(hui)宋徽(hui)宗建中靖國的年號,改名(ming)為(wei)師(shi)極(ji),后被(bei)徽(hui)宗御賜名(ming)為(wei)師(shi)道。北宋末年名(ming)將(jiang)。大儒種放從曾孫、名(ming)將(jiang)種世衡之孫。
種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道初(chu)任文職(zhi),因有(you)謀略,后改武職(zhi),抵御西(xi)夏有(you)功,成為名將(jiang),被(bei)尊稱為“老種(zhong)”。靖(jing)康元(yuan)年,金兵(bing)南下,他奉詔任京畿河北制置使,力主抗(kang)金,深得百姓(xing)擁戴,京師(shi)(shi)解圍即被(bei)解除(chu)兵(bing)權(quan)。不久種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道病逝,時年七十六歲,欽宗親(qin)臨(lin)祭(ji)奠(dian),下詔追贈(zeng)開(kai)府(fu)儀同三司。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道死(si)后次年,京師(shi)(shi)失守。建炎中(zhong),加贈(zeng)少保(bao),謚曰忠憲。
種師道(dao)幼(you)年,拜思想家(jia)、哲學家(jia)張載為師。因為祖上功勛得(de)以補(bu)三班奉職,經考試(shi)后改為文官,擔任熙州推(tui)官、主管同谷縣。有(you)縣吏打田產(chan)官司,歷經兩年而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)決(jue)。種師道(dao)翻(fan)閱冗長(chang)(chang)的(de)案卷(juan),從(cong)早(zao)看(kan)到晚都沒看(kan)完。種師道(dao)沒有(you)糾纏于(yu)這團理不(bu)(bu)清的(de)亂(luan)麻,而(er)(er)是(shi)發現(xian)縣吏告的(de)只不(bu)(bu)過是(shi)母親和哥(ge)哥(ge),這在講孝道(dao)的(de)古代不(bu)(bu)能(neng)立(li)案,縣吏為了隱瞞這一(yi)點故意(yi)設置文字(zi)迷宮。于(yu)是(shi)種師道(dao)把那(nei)個小吏叫來,詰問道(dao):“你起訟你母親和兄長(chang)(chang),這沒問題,但也不(bu)(bu)能(neng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)騷(sao)擾鄉里呀!”于(yu)是(shi)那(nei)小吏叩頭(tou)服(fu)罪。
種師道(dao)升(sheng)任(ren)原州通判、提舉秦鳳常平。他(ta)(ta)(ta)因(yin)為議論(lun)役法忤了蔡(cai)京旨意,改任(ren)莊宅使(shi)(shi)、知德(de)順軍。隨即蔡(cai)京同黨誣告他(ta)(ta)(ta)“詆毀先(xian)烈”,將他(ta)(ta)(ta)罷官(guan)并(bing)列入(ru)“黨籍”。種師道(dao)被屏廢(fei)十年后,才以武功(gong)大夫(fu)、忠州刺史、涇原都(dou)鈐(qian)轄身份知懷德(de)軍。西夏要求劃分邊界,西夏使(shi)(shi)者焦彥(yan)堅一(yi)定要得到“故地(di)”,種師道(dao)說:“如果(guo)說故地(di),當(dang)以漢(han)、唐為正,那貴國疆(jiang)土更少了。”焦彥(yan)堅無言以對(dui)。
童(tong)貫掌握兵權后西(xi)征,一(yi)路作威作福,官員們見(jian)到他一(yi)齊跪拜,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道作長揖(yi)而已。宋徽宗(zong)(zong)召種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道入京咨詢邊境情況,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道說:“先挑起(qi)戰爭不可勝,敵人來侵(qin)則針鋒相對,妄動生事(shi)不是好主意。”童(tong)貫打算遷徙內地弓(gong)箭手(shou)充實邊防(fang),卻說成(cheng)是新邊疆(jiang)(jiang)招募(mu)的(de)。宋徽宗(zong)(zong)又咨詢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道說:“臣(chen)恐怕弓(gong)箭手(shou)還(huan)沒有邊疆(jiang)(jiang)在立功,內地已經(jing)受(shou)(shou)到了騷擾。”宋徽宗(zong)(zong)贊許他的(de)意見(jian),賜給他襲衣、金(jin)帶,任命(ming)他為提(ti)舉(ju)秦鳳弓(gong)箭手(shou)。當時五路都設置此(ci)官,宋徽宗(zong)(zong)說:“你(ni)是我親(qin)自(zi)提(ti)拔的(de)。”童(tong)貫不悅。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師道因此(ci)不敢(gan)接受(shou)(shou)任命(ming),經(jing)過請求得以提(ti)舉(ju)崇(chong)福宮。很久(jiu)以后改知西(xi)安州(今寧夏海原(yuan)縣(xian)西(xi)安鄉)。
夏(xia)人(ren)侵犯定邊,筑佛口(kou)城,種師道率宋軍(jun)前往夷平。宋軍(jun)剛到(dao)時非常口(kou)渴,種師道指山的西麓(lu)說(shuo):“這里應(ying)該(gai)有(you)水(shui)”,命令工(gong)兵挖掘(jue),果然泉水(shui)流溢滿谷(gu)。
種師道屢次升遷(qian)至龍神衛四廂都指(zhi)揮(hui)使、洺州(zhou)防御使、渭州(zhou)(今甘肅平涼)知州(zhou)。當時他統率(lv)諸道宋軍修筑席葦城(cheng),還沒有(you)竣工,敵(di)人(ren)已經(jing)趕(gan)到,在葫(hu)蘆(lu)河(he)筑壘。種師道在河(he)邊布陣,似(si)乎要和敵(di)軍決戰,暗地(di)里派偏將(jiang)曲克徑出橫(heng)嶺,揚言是援軍趕(gan)來(lai)了。敵(di)人(ren)正震驚(jing)注視,楊可世已經(jing)率(lv)軍悄悄繞到敵(di)人(ren)后方,姚(yao)平仲以(yi)精甲部隊攻擊,敵(di)人(ren)大潰(kui)。宋軍俘(fu)獲駱駝(tuo)、牛馬(ma)數以(yi)萬計,敵(di)人(ren)酋(qiu)長只(zhi)身逃脫,宋軍最終完(wan)成筑城(cheng)任務。
朝(chao)廷又命令(ling)種師(shi)道統帥陜西(xi)、河(he)東七(qi)路兵(bing)攻(gong)打臧(zang)底城(今陜西(xi)志丹縣西(xi)北),規定十(shi)天必須(xu)攻(gong)克。宋(song)(song)軍(jun)兵(bing)臨城下(xia)后發現敵人守備非(fei)常堅固,幾天后官兵(bing)開始倦怠。有(you)個列校偷懶,自己坐在胡床上(shang)休息,種師(shi)道立即將(jiang)其斬(zhan)首于軍(jun)門示眾(zhong),下(xia)令(ling)說:“今日不攻(gong)下(xia)此城,你們都和他一樣!”眾(zhong)人震動,鼓噪登城,城防(fang)于是崩潰,宋(song)(song)軍(jun)八天就攻(gong)下(xia)了臧(zang)底城。宋(song)(song)徽宗得到捷報后欣喜不已(yi),升種師(shi)道為(wei)侍衛親軍(jun)馬軍(jun)副都指揮使、應道軍(jun)承宣使。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)又(you)隨從(cong)童貫(guan)擔(dan)任(ren)都統制,被拜為(wei)保(bao)靜軍(jun)(jun)節度使(shi)。童貫(guan)聯金(jin)伐(fa)遼,讓(rang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)掩護諸將。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)進(jin)(jin)諫(jian)說:“今(jin)日之舉,譬如強盜(dao)入(ru)鄰(lin)家(jia),我(wo)們(men)不能救,反而又(you)趁火打(da)劫,與強盜(dao)分贓,怎(zen)么可以(yi)呢?”童貫(guan)不聽(ting)(ting)。宋軍(jun)(jun)抵達(da)白溝后(hou),遼人(ren)鼓噪向(xiang)前,宋軍(jun)(jun)多有傷亡,幸虧種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)先令每(mei)人(ren)持一(yi)巨棍自(zi)防,遼兵盔甲擋不住鈍器打(da)擊,宋軍(jun)(jun)才不至于大敗。遼國(guo)使(shi)者前來懇(ken)求(qiu):“女真(zhen)背(bei)叛(pan)(pan)本朝的行為(wei),南朝也非常憎惡(指西(xi)夏叛(pan)(pan)宋)。如今(jin)貴國(guo)為(wei)獲一(yi)時之利(li),不惜棄百年之好,結豺狼之鄰(lin),釀他(ta)(ta)(ta)日之禍,這可謂明智嗎?救災恤鄰(lin),是古今(jin)通義,希望大國(guo)思量!”童貫(guan)無言(yan)以(yi)對(dui)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)又(you)進(jin)(jin)諫(jian)說應該答應遼使(shi)退兵,童貫(guan)又(you)不聽(ting)(ting),秘(mi)密彈劾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)助賊。王黼憤怒,責令種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)以(yi)右(you)衛(wei)將軍(jun)(jun)身(shen)份致(zhi)仕退休,而用劉(liu)延慶代替他(ta)(ta)(ta)。劉(liu)延慶在盧(lu)溝戰敗后(hou),宋徽宗又(you)想(xiang)起(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao),起(qi)用他(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)憲(xian)州刺史、環州知州。他(ta)(ta)(ta)不久歸任(ren)保(bao)靜軍(jun)(jun)節度使(shi),又(you)致(zhi)仕退休。
金人(ren)(ren)南(nan)(nan)下(xia),宋徽宗急(ji)忙召種(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)京,加(jia)封他(ta)檢校少(shao)(shao)保(bao)、靜難軍節度(du)使(shi)、京畿(ji)河北制(zhi)置使(shi),有權(quan)自行(xing)征兵征糧。種(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)正隱(yin)居(ju)南(nan)(nan)山豹林(lin)谷,得(de)到命令后立刻東行(xing)趕到姚平仲(zhong)處(chu),帶上姚平仲(zhong)的步(bu)騎七千(qian)人(ren)(ren)一(yi)齊北行(xing)。種(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)抵達洛陽后,得(de)知(zhi)斡離不(bu)(bu)已經屯兵京城下(xia),有人(ren)(ren)勸他(ta)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)去,說:“賊勢(shi)正銳(rui),愿(yuan)您駐軍汜水(shui)稍(shao)微(wei)停(ting)留(liu),以謀萬全(quan)之策(ce)。”種(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)說:“我(wo)(wo)軍兵少(shao)(shao),如(ru)果遲(chi)疑不(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)(jin),暴露實情,只(zhi)不(bu)(bu)過自取其辱。如(ru)今我(wo)(wo)軍大張旗鼓前進(jin)(jin)(jin),金人(ren)(ren)怎能測我(wo)(wo)虛實?京城軍民(min)得(de)知(zhi)我(wo)(wo)軍前來,士氣自然振奮,還(huan)用怕金賊嗎?”種(zhong)師道(dao)(dao)在沿路遍貼告示,宣稱種(zhong)少(shao)(shao)保(bao)率領西兵百萬前來。宋軍進(jin)(jin)(jin)抵城西汴(bian)水(shui)南(nan)(nan)岸(an),直逼敵(di)營。金人(ren)(ren)畏懼(ju),拔(ba)營遷(qian)往稍(shao)北處(chu),限制(zhi)游騎活動(dong),一(yi)心一(yi)意在毛駝崗(又作(zuo)牟駝岡)增筑堡壘自衛。
當(dang)(dang)時種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)已經高(gao)壽,天下(xia)稱之(zhi)為(wei)“老種”。繼位(wei)的(de)宋(song)欽宗(zong)聽說種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)來了(le),非常(chang)欣喜(xi),開安上(shang)門,命(ming)尚(shang)書右丞李綱(gang)迎接慰勞。種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)入見(jian),宋(song)欽宗(zong)問(wen):“今日之(zhi)事,愛卿意下(xia)如何?”種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)回答說:“女真不(bu)懂兵(bing)法,豈有孤軍(jun)深(shen)入別人(ren)境內而能順利(li)撤(che)退的(de)道(dao)(dao)理?”宋(song)欽宗(zong)說:“已經講和了(le)。”種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)于是(shi)說:“臣以(yi)軍(jun)旅之(zhi)事服務陛下(xia),其它事不(bu)是(shi)臣敢明白的(de)。”宋(song)欽宗(zong)拜他為(wei)檢(jian)校(xiao)少傅(fu)、同(tong)知樞密院(yuan)、京畿(ji)兩河宣撫使,諸道(dao)(dao)兵(bing)馬全(quan)部由(you)他統(tong)帥(shuai),以(yi)姚(yao)平仲(zhong)為(wei)都(dou)統(tong)制(zhi)。種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)當(dang)(dang)時患(huan)病,宋(song)欽宗(zong)叫他不(bu)用朝拜,準他乘轎子入朝。金國使者王汭(rui)在宋(song)廷非常(chang)強硬,見(jian)種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)來了(le),才拜跪稍稍合乎禮儀。宋(song)欽宗(zong)笑著對種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)說:“他因(yin)為(wei)你(ni)才這樣。”
京城自從(cong)(cong)受圍后,諸門盡閉,百姓無柴無菜可買(mai),種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)請(qing)求開啟(qi)西、南(nan)門,讓百姓如同(tong)平常一樣(yang)出入。有金(jin)兵擅(shan)過偏將馬忠(zhong)軍,馬忠(zhong)將其(qi)六人(ren)(ren)(ren)斬首,金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)前來投(tou)訴,種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)發(fa)給金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)界(jie)旗(qi),讓金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)仿(fang)照自制,從(cong)(cong)此金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)畫地為牢,無人(ren)(ren)(ren)敢越界(jie)。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)又請(qing)求拖延交納賠(pei)款,等金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)懈(xie)怠(dai)思歸時,扼阻金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)歸路,在黃河予以殲滅。宰相李邦彥主和,自然不同(tong)意(yi),主戰派(pai)從(cong)(cong)實(shi)際行動看是準備麻痹金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)突然襲擊,當(dang)時也不一定(ding)贊成。
種(zhong)(zhong)氏、姚氏都是(shi)山西大族,姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)父親姚古這時(shi)率熙(xi)河兵入援(yuan),宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)實力增強。姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)擔(dan)心功名都被(bei)種(zhong)(zhong)氏占去(qu),就報告說將(jiang)士們都摩拳擦(ca)掌,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道卻不(bu)(bu)準打仗。李(li)綱于(yu)是(shi)命令(ling)城(cheng)下兵馬聽姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)指揮,宋(song)(song)(song)欽宗也不(bu)(bu)提(ti)講(jiang)和了,天(tian)天(tian)派使者催促種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道出(chu)戰。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道準備(bei)等弟(di)弟(di)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)中(zhong)率軍(jun)趕(gan)到,認為過(guo)了春分才能襲擊(ji)金(jin)人(ren)。宋(song)(song)(song)朝君臣約(yue)期舉事,當時(shi)離(li)春分只(zhi)有八天(tian)。可當初等不(bu)(bu)及要和的(de)(de)宋(song)(song)(song)欽宗又等不(bu)(bu)及要戰,與姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)秘(mi)密決定(ding)半夜(ye)劫營,想(xiang)生(sheng)擒(qin)斡離(li)不(bu)(bu),搶(qiang)回康王(wang)。半夜(ye),太監緊急(ji)傳旨李(li)綱說:“姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)已經舉事,你馬上(shang)去(qu)支援(yuan)。”姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)劫營失利(li)后一走了之,西兵潰散。史(shi)書未提(ti)李(li)綱的(de)(de)夜(ye)間行動(dong),只(zhi)提(ti)李(li)綱早(zao)晨率軍(jun)出(chu)城(cheng)擊(ji)退金(jin)兵,不(bu)(bu)過(guo)金(jin)人(ren)和主和派認為李(li)綱也應對劫營負(fu)責(ze)。
宋欽宗把責任推到(dao)李綱(gang)、姚平仲身上,李邦彥重新得勢(shi),又(you)主(zhu)張割地賠款,種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)力爭無濟于事。主(zhu)和派罷免李綱(gang)討好金人(ren),太學(xue)生們與京城百姓數十萬人(ren)擔心(xin)主(zhu)戰派安危(wei),到(dao)皇宮前(qian)請(qing)愿,請(qing)求見種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)、李綱(gang)一(yi)面。宋欽宗一(yi)方(fang)面將李綱(gang)復職(zhi),一(yi)方(fang)面詔書催促軍(jun)隊鎮(zhen)壓。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)乘車趕來,群眾掀開車簾看見了,說(shuo):“果然是我的(de)種(zhong)大人(ren)。”一(yi)齊致敬(jing)后(hou)散去(qu)。
金(jin)人(ren)見(jian)(jian)李(li)綱復職,也(ye)不(bu)(bu)敢孤軍持久深入,得到(dao)宋(song)(song)朝(chao)正式割地承(cheng)諾并得到(dao)肅王(wang)做人(ren)質(zhi)后,退兵(bing)(bing)而(er)去。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)再申前議,勸宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)乘金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)渡黃河(he)時(shi)襲(xi)擊,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)不(bu)(bu)從,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)說(shuo)(shuo):“他日必為(wei)國患。”宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)隨即將種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)罷免為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)太一宮使(shi)(shi),可(ke)能是幽禁(jin)起來(lai)。然而(er)士民(min)對屈辱和(he)約感到(dao)憤怒(nu),李(li)綱叫宋(song)(song)軍以護送(song)名義追擊,大臣扣押(ya)前來(lai)索要金(jin)幣的(de)金(jin)國使(shi)(shi)者,甚至用蠟丸信聯絡遼(liao)國舊臣耶律余睹,要他叛金(jin)復遼(liao)。金(jin)兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)是圍(wei)攻太原,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)見(jian)(jian)戰事又起,也(ye)感到(dao)和(he)約不(bu)(bu)可(ke)靠(kao),于(yu)是又傾(qing)向主戰。主戰派御史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)丞(cheng)許(xu)(xu)翰拜見(jian)(jian)宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong),認為(wei)不(bu)(bu)宜解除(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)兵(bing)(bing)權(quan),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)老了,難(nan)用,我(wo)讓你見(jian)(jian)見(jian)(jian)他吧。”讓許(xu)(xu)翰與種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)在殿(dian)門外相見(jian)(jian)。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)沉默不(bu)(bu)語,許(xu)(xu)翰說(shuo)(shuo):“國家(jia)有急,皇上(shang)下詔允(yun)許(xu)(xu)我(wo)咨詢您(nin),您(nin)不(bu)(bu)要因為(wei)我(wo)是書生的(de)緣(yuan)故就不(bu)(bu)肯談(tan)。”種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)才說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)眾敵寡,只要分兵(bing)(bing)結(jie)營,控守要地,使(shi)(shi)敵糧(liang)道(dao)不(bu)(bu)通,坐以持久,敵人(ren)可(ke)破(po)。”許(xu)(xu)翰感嘆其(qi)言,上(shang)奏說(shuo)(shuo)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)智慮未衰,尚可(ke)用。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)是加封種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)檢(jian)校少師(shi)(shi),進封太尉,換節(jie)鎮洮軍,擔(dan)任(ren)河(he)北(bei)、河(he)東宣撫使(shi)(shi),屯兵(bing)(bing)滑州。其(qi)實宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)并沒給種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)一兵(bing)(bing)一卒。
種師(shi)(shi)道請求集中關、河兵(bing)力(li)在(zai)滄州(zhou)、衛(wei)州(zhou)、孟州(zhou)、滑州(zhou)修筑防(fang)線,以防(fang)金(jin)兵(bing)再至。然而主戰派(pai)(pai)先主張窮追東路撤(che)退(tui)金(jin)兵(bing),又主張反擊西路圍困太(tai)原的(de)(de)金(jin)兵(bing),主和派(pai)(pai)更是(shi)不(bu)問(wen)軍(jun)事,朝廷(ting)議論認為大敵剛退(tui),不(bu)宜(yi)興師(shi)(shi)動眾修防(fang)御來示弱。朝廷(ting)聽信假情報逼宋軍(jun)速戰,援救太(tai)原的(de)(de)種師(shi)(shi)中戰死(si)、姚古戰敗,朝廷(ting)震悚,召回種師(shi)(shi)道,派(pai)(pai)李(li)綱(gang)前去(qu)(qu)(qu)。李(li)綱(gang)聲稱不(bu)懂軍(jun)事,請求退(tui)休不(bu)愿去(qu)(qu)(qu),但宋欽宗一定要李(li)綱(gang)去(qu)(qu)(qu),否則(ze)就(jiu)是(shi)抗命。李(li)綱(gang)和士民都認為這(zhe)是(shi)借刀殺人的(de)(de)手(shou)段(duan),因(yin)為主和派(pai)(pai)極力(li)推(tui)薦李(li)綱(gang)去(qu)(qu)(qu)。
援救太(tai)原的宋(song)(song)軍照樣受朝(chao)廷(ting)遙控,屢屢失利后,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗換掉李綱(gang),由(you)種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道接任。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道在河陽(今(jin)河南(nan)孟州(zhou))遇到金國使者(zhe)王汭(rui),察言(yan)觀色(se)判斷金兵(bing)一定會大(da)舉南(nan)下,立即上(shang)疏(shu)請求皇帝(di)臨幸長安躲避敵鋒。大(da)臣認為這(zhe)是(shi)怕,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗又(you)召回種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道。因為戰(zhan)(zhan)事屢敗(bai),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗又(you)用起(qi)主(zhu)和(he)(he)派。太(tai)原最終淪陷(xian),兩路金兵(bing)大(da)舉南(nan)下,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗決心議(yi)和(he)(he),主(zhu)和(he)(he)派命令地方宋(song)(song)軍不許(xu)勤王,專(zhuan)心專(zhuan)意罷(ba)戰(zhan)(zhan)講和(he)(he),李綱(gang)被貶出(chu)京城。種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道可能是(shi)悲憤交加,到京后已經病得無法入見,于(yu)十(shi)月(yue)份去世,終年(nian)七(qi)十(shi)六。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗親臨祭奠(dian),為之(zhi)慟哭,追贈開府儀同(tong)三司。
《宋(song)史》:“種師(shi)(shi)道(dao)宿將(jiang),有(you)重名(ming),二敵所畏。”“宋(song)懲五季藩鎮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊,稍用逢掖治邊(bian)陲(chui)、領介胄。然兵勢(shi)國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)事,非素明習,而欲應變決策于急遽危難之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji),豈不仆哉(zai)。種氏自世衡立功青澗(jian),撫循士(shi)卒,威(wei)動(dong)羌、夏(xia),諸子俱有(you)將(jiang)材,至師(shi)(shi)道(dao)、師(shi)(shi)中(zhong)已(yi)三世,號(hao)山(shan)西名(ming)將(jiang)。徽宗(zong)任宦豎(shu)起邊(bian)釁,師(shi)(shi)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言不售,卒基南(nan)北之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禍。金以孤軍深(shen)入(ru),師(shi)(shi)道(dao)請遲(chi)西師(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至而擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),長驅上黨;師(shi)(shi)中(zhong)欲出其背以掩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),可謂至計(ji)矣。李綱、許翰顧以為怯緩(huan)逗撓,動(dong)失機會(hui),遂至大(da)衄(nv),而國隨以敗(bai),惜哉(zai)!”
劉韐:“師中聞命即(ji)行,奮不顧身(shen),雖古忠臣(chen),不過也。”
黃道周:“老種(zhong)師道,宋末主兵(bing)。非貫(guan)不(bu)悅,即忤(wu)蔡京。帝問邊事,不(bu)敗(bai)為精(jing)。來則(ze)以應,妄(wang)動事生。遼(liao)功未立,近擾先驚。揚言援至,前擊(ji)后沖。敵漬(zi)斬(zhan)獲,城功始成(cheng)。再征臧底,斬(zhan)惰先登(deng)。師才(cai)八日,敵已削平(ping)。遼(liao)乃(nai)鄰(lin)也,伐之何名。白(bai)溝戰(zhan)敗(bai),轉(zhuan)互相傾。再起河北,或(huo)止勿行。師道及進,直壓敵營。帝聞而喜,虜憚而停。平(ping)仲(zhong)心忌(ji),戰(zhan)以速爭(zheng)。種(zhong)請少緩(huan),帝亦(yi)不(bu)聽。既而戰(zhan)敗(bai),功罪無憑。大都亂世,良(liang)將(jiang)空稱(cheng)。既病而死,方痛(tong)撫(fu)膺。”
在積極(ji)導(dao)演的(de)收燕(yan)云之役中,童(tong)貫同樣盲目指(zhi)揮,造(zao)成(cheng)慘重失(shi)敗的(de)后果。據記載,宣和四年(nian)童(tong)貫統軍(jun)北上(shang)至(zhi)(zhi)雄州(zhou),惘顧軍(jun)事將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)(ling)的(de)意(yi)見,分派軍(jun)隊行(xing)動。久經沙場的(de)大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)師道(dao)對草率用兵提出異議,童(tong)貫不予理睬。將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)官(guan)(guan)(guan)楊(yang)可世再諫:將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)(ling)事先并未參(can)與(yu)作戰(zhan)計劃(hua)便倉促(cu)臨陣(zhen),勢必難(nan)以應戰(zhan)。知雄州(zhou)、文官(guan)(guan)(guan)和詵(shen)不考(kao)慮將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)官(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)意(yi)見,而配合童(tong)貫對楊(yang)可世加以威脅。楊(yang)氏及其他武將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)只(zhi)能屈服(fu)。于是,在“遵依圣旨及宣撫(fu)司約束諸將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),宋軍(jun)繼續北上(shang)。種(zhong)師道(dao)領(ling)(ling)兵至(zhi)(zhi)白(bai)溝,“如貫素約指(zhi)揮諸將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)”,執行(xing)童(tong)貫不得妄殺的(de)命令(ling)。
楊(yang)可(ke)世領前軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在白溝橋向遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)招(zhao)降,結果在毫無戒備之下遭到(dao)遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)進攻,“矢(shi)石如雨(yu),我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)不為備,又(you)拘(ju)節制”。面對(dui)如此戰況,楊(yang)氏只(zhi)得要求動武,但宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)已陷入不利(li)的(de)處境,“楊(yang)可(ke)世與遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)戰,諸將不利(li)”。此時(shi),承擔監督之責的(de)和詵竟又(you)勸種師道(dao)殺楊(yang)可(ke)世,“號令(ling)諸部以明宣撫司(si)出旗榜(bang)本意”,“使虜人知朝廷無意用兵”。
終于(yu),招降遼(liao)殘余勢力(li)的幻想(xiang)破滅,在遼(liao)軍(jun)的追(zhui)擊下,種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)領軍(jun)敗(bai)(bai)退。這次(ci)所謂的北伐(fa)的失敗(bai)(bai),完全是(shi)(shi)童(tong)貫(guan)無(wu)能(neng)指(zhi)揮(hui)的結果,所謂“先是(shi)(shi),既以招撫為名,貫(guan)下令中軍(jun)不(bu)許(xu)妄殺人(ren),及虜騎犯我(wo)師(shi),皆不(bu)敢施放矢石,聽其殺戮。故諸(zhu)將亦憤然”。但童(tong)貫(guan)為了(le)逃避追(zhui)究,“于(yu)是(shi)(shi)貫(guan)以契丹尚(shang)盛未可(ke)圖,奏劾種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)”,種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)被迫致仕。
據種師(shi)道部(bu)下康隨跋種師(shi)道責官(guan)謝表指出(chu):“此(ci)役,初不與(yu)謀,中(zhong)則強委任之,又兵之節制皆不得專,考其行事,罪有(you)所歸(gui)矣。”可見無(wu)辜的將領(ling)種師(shi)道成(cheng)為此(ci)役失敗的替罪羊(yang)。
姚(yao)平仲偷襲金(jin)營(ying)失敗后(hou)。宋欽宗聽信(xin)投(tou)降派的話(hua),驚慌失措,一面(mian)派使者到金(jin)營(ying)賠禮,一面(mian)把(ba)李綱、種師道撤(che)職。
這個消息一傳出來,東京(jing)全城騷(sao)動,軍民個個氣憤。特別(bie)是太學里的(de)學生(sheng)(sheng),群情激昂。太學生(sheng)(sheng)陳東帶(dai)領(ling)了幾百名太學生(sheng)(sheng),擁到皇宮的(de)宣德門外(wai),上書請愿,要求朝廷恢復李綱、種師道(dao)的(de)原職,懲辦李邦彥、白時(shi)中等奸賊。
東京城的(de)(de)(de)軍民聽說太學(xue)生請愿,不約而同地(di)來(lai)到(dao)宣德(de)門前,一下子就(jiu)聚集了(le)幾萬人(ren)。這時候,李(li)(li)(li)邦(bang)彥(yan)(yan)正好從(cong)宮里(li)退(tui)朝出來(lai),群眾一見到(dao)奸賊,眼都紅了(le),指(zhi)著李(li)(li)(li)邦(bang)彥(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)鼻子痛罵,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)還從(cong)地(di)上撿起瓦片、石頭,向(xiang)李(li)(li)(li)邦(bang)彥(yan)(yan)劈頭蓋腦地(di)扔去,嚇得李(li)(li)(li)邦(bang)彥(yan)(yan)抱頭縮頸,趕快(kuai)逃(tao)進宮去。
禁衛(wei)軍將領一看(kan)事情鬧(nao)大(da)了(le)沒(mei)法收(shou)拾,進宮勸(quan)宋欽(qin)(qin)宗答應大(da)家(jia)的(de)要求。宋欽(qin)(qin)宗沒(mei)法,只好派人召李(li)綱進宮,并(bing)且當眾(zhong)派人宣(xuan)布,恢復李(li)綱、種師道的(de)職務。群眾(zhong)還不放心,這(zhe)時候,種師道正(zheng)乘(cheng)車(che)趕了(le)來。大(da)家(jia)掀(xian)開車(che)簾,一看(kan)果然是種老將軍,爆發出一陣雷鳴般的(de)歡呼聲,才陸續散去(qu)。
十一月金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)已經兵(bing)(bing)臨城下。宋欽宗既用主和派意(yi)見派使者出城求和,又(you)用主戰派意(yi)見堅守京城不去,誰(shui)知兩(liang)(liang)樣都落空(kong)。京城失守,宋欽宗、宋徽(hui)宗被劫入金(jin)(jin)(jin)營(ying),金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)以此為籌碼逼兩(liang)(liang)河軍民開(kai)城投降、宋朝臣民貢獻(xian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)銀珍寶美女、并保障金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)退(tui)兵(bing)(bing)安(an)全(quan),因為金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)人(ren)數確實不多。宋欽宗捶胸(xiong)大哭道:“不用種師道言(yan),以至于此!”
汴梁城破之后(hou),金(jin)兵將(jiang)領入城,很想拜(bai)見一(yi)下種(zhong)師道(dao),惜乎種(zhong)師道(dao)已死,便(bian)找到(dao)種(zhong)師道(dao)的侄子種(zhong)洌(lie),對(dui)種(zhong)洌(lie)說(shuo):“我(wo)們過(guo)去曾在陣前見過(guo)你伯父(fu),真是(shi)一(yi)位好將(jiang)軍啊!如(ru)能(neng)采納他的意(yi)見,宋(song)朝不會敗(bai)得這樣(yang)慘。現在宋(song)朝應(ying)該知道(dao)種(zhong)將(jiang)軍是(shi)個忠義之人了(le)吧。”宋(song)朝的被俘官(guan)員聽了(le),皆(jie)仰天長嘆(tan)。
種師(shi)道死后,其(qi)(qi)侄子種洌護種師(shi)道的靈柩(jiu)西歸時,在路上碰到強盜,強盜聽說是種師(shi)道的靈柩(jiu),都下(xia)拜致(zhi)奠,并且反贈(zeng)金錢以致(zhi)意(yi),其(qi)(qi)得人心如此(ci)。
《宋史·卷三(san)三(san)五·列傳第九(jiu)十四》、《東都事略》卷一O七有傳。
在《宋(song)史》中,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)軍比楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)的(de)名氣大,比楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)的(de)作用大,只不過楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)走(zou)上了舞臺,被渲染得出了彩,而種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)軍卻走(zou)進了線裝書,被文字湮沒了。北宋(song)統治的(de)168年間,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)軍英雄輩出:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世衡、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)詁(gu)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)諤、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)診、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)誼、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樸、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)中皆為將(jiang)(jiang)才。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)子弟五代從(cong)軍,數十人戰死(si)沙場。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao),從曾(ceng)祖(zu)父(fu)是宋初大隱(yin)士(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)放(fang),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)放(fang)兄種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)昭衍即種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)之(zhi)曾(ceng)祖(zu)父(fu),其祖(zu)父(fu)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家軍(jun)的(de)創(chuang)建者種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世衡,世衡有(you)八子(古、診、諮、詠、諤、所(suo)、記、誼),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)的(de)父(fu)親(qin)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)的(de)弟(di)弟(di)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)中。
種師道妻尹氏。
二子,浩(hao)、溪。種浩(hao)官迪功郎,種溪為閣(ge)門祗(zhi)侯(hou),皆死(si)于(yu)師道(dao)之前(qian)。孫(sun)彥(yan)崇、彥(yan)崧,彥(yan)崇死(si)于(yu)兵,而彥(yan)崧則早(zao)夭。在紹興年間,朝(chao)廷令(ling)其侄種浤(hong)奉(feng)祀(si)。
建炎元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)六月十(shi)五日,種師道靈柩歸葬于萬年(nian)(nian)縣神禾(he)原(今(jin)陜西西安長安區(qu)香(xiang)積寺村是種氏的家族墓(mu)地)。