種(Chóng)師道(dao)(公元1051年(nian)—公元1126年(nian)),字彝叔,漢族,原名(ming)建(jian)中,因為(wei)避諱宋徽(hui)宗建(jian)中靖國的年(nian)號,改名(ming)為(wei)師極,后被徽(hui)宗御賜名(ming)為(wei)師道(dao)。北宋末年(nian)名(ming)將。大儒種放從曾(ceng)孫、名(ming)將種世(shi)衡(heng)之孫。
種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道初任(ren)文職,因有(you)(you)謀略(lve),后改武職,抵御西夏(xia)有(you)(you)功(gong),成為名將,被尊(zun)稱為“老種”。靖康元年,金兵南下,他(ta)奉詔任(ren)京畿(ji)河北制置(zhi)使,力主抗(kang)金,深(shen)得百(bai)姓(xing)擁戴,京師(shi)(shi)(shi)解(jie)圍即被解(jie)除兵權。不久種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道病逝(shi),時年七十六歲,欽宗親臨祭奠(dian),下詔追贈(zeng)開府儀同三司。種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道死(si)后次年,京師(shi)(shi)(shi)失守。建炎中,加贈(zeng)少(shao)保,謚曰忠(zhong)憲(xian)。
種師道幼年,拜思想家、哲學家張載為師。因(yin)為祖上(shang)功勛(xun)得以補(bu)三班奉職,經(jing)(jing)考試(shi)后(hou)改為文官,擔任(ren)熙(xi)州推官、主管同谷縣。有(you)縣吏打田產(chan)官司(si),歷(li)經(jing)(jing)兩年而(er)不(bu)決。種師道翻(fan)閱(yue)冗長的(de)案卷,從早看(kan)到晚(wan)都沒看(kan)完。種師道沒有(you)糾(jiu)纏(chan)于(yu)這(zhe)團(tuan)理不(bu)清的(de)亂(luan)麻,而(er)是發現(xian)縣吏告的(de)只不(bu)過是母親和哥哥,這(zhe)在講孝(xiao)道的(de)古(gu)代(dai)不(bu)能立案,縣吏為了(le)隱瞞(man)這(zhe)一點(dian)故(gu)意(yi)設置文字(zi)迷宮。于(yu)是種師道把那個(ge)小吏叫來(lai),詰(jie)問道:“你起(qi)訟你母親和兄長,這(zhe)沒問題,但(dan)也不(bu)能長期騷擾(rao)鄉(xiang)里(li)呀(ya)!”于(yu)是那小吏叩頭服(fu)罪。
種師(shi)(shi)道升(sheng)任(ren)原(yuan)(yuan)州通判、提舉秦鳳常平。他(ta)因為議論役法(fa)忤了(le)(le)蔡京旨(zhi)意,改任(ren)莊(zhuang)宅(zhai)使、知德(de)順軍(jun)。隨即蔡京同(tong)黨誣告他(ta)“詆(di)毀先(xian)烈(lie)”,將(jiang)他(ta)罷官并(bing)列入(ru)“黨籍”。種師(shi)(shi)道被屏廢十年后,才以(yi)武(wu)功大夫、忠(zhong)州刺史、涇原(yuan)(yuan)都鈐轄身份知懷德(de)軍(jun)。西夏(xia)要(yao)求劃分(fen)邊界,西夏(xia)使者焦彥堅一(yi)定要(yao)得到(dao)“故地(di)(di)”,種師(shi)(shi)道說(shuo):“如果(guo)說(shuo)故地(di)(di),當以(yi)漢、唐為正,那貴國疆土更少了(le)(le)。”焦彥堅無言以(yi)對(dui)。
童貫掌(zhang)握兵權后(hou)(hou)西征,一路作威作福(fu),官員們見到(dao)他一齊跪(gui)拜,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)作長(chang)揖而已(yi)。宋(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)召種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)入京咨詢邊(bian)境情況,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)說:“先挑(tiao)起戰爭不(bu)(bu)(bu)可勝,敵人來侵則(ze)針(zhen)鋒相對,妄動(dong)生事(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是好主意。”童貫打算遷徙內地弓箭(jian)手充實邊(bian)防(fang),卻(que)說成(cheng)是新邊(bian)疆招(zhao)募的(de)。宋(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)又咨詢種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao),種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)說:“臣(chen)恐怕弓箭(jian)手還沒有(you)邊(bian)疆在(zai)立(li)功,內地已(yi)經受到(dao)了騷擾。”宋(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)贊(zan)許他的(de)意見,賜給他襲衣、金帶,任命他為提舉(ju)秦鳳弓箭(jian)手。當時五路都設置此官,宋(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)說:“你是我親自提拔(ba)的(de)。”童貫不(bu)(bu)(bu)悅。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)因此不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢接受任命,經過(guo)請(qing)求得以提舉(ju)崇福(fu)宮(gong)。很久以后(hou)(hou)改知(zhi)西安州(今寧夏海原(yuan)縣西安鄉)。
夏人侵犯定邊,筑佛口(kou)城,種(zhong)師(shi)道率宋軍前往(wang)夷平。宋軍剛到時非常口(kou)渴(ke),種(zhong)師(shi)道指(zhi)山(shan)的西麓說:“這里應該有(you)水(shui)”,命令工(gong)兵挖掘,果然泉(quan)水(shui)流溢滿谷。
種師道(dao)屢次升遷至龍神衛四廂都指揮使(shi)、洺州防御使(shi)、渭州(今甘肅平涼)知(zhi)州。當時他(ta)統(tong)率諸道(dao)宋(song)(song)軍(jun)修筑席葦城,還沒有竣工,敵(di)人(ren)已經趕到,在葫蘆河筑壘。種師道(dao)在河邊布陣,似(si)乎(hu)要和敵(di)軍(jun)決戰,暗地(di)里(li)派偏將(jiang)曲克徑出橫嶺(ling),揚(yang)言(yan)是援軍(jun)趕來了(le)。敵(di)人(ren)正(zheng)震驚注視,楊可(ke)世已經率軍(jun)悄(qiao)悄(qiao)繞到敵(di)人(ren)后方,姚平仲(zhong)以精(jing)甲部隊攻擊,敵(di)人(ren)大潰。宋(song)(song)軍(jun)俘獲駱駝、牛馬(ma)數(shu)以萬計,敵(di)人(ren)酋長只(zhi)身逃脫,宋(song)(song)軍(jun)最終完(wan)成筑城任務。
朝廷(ting)又命令種師道(dao)統帥陜(shan)西、河東(dong)七路兵攻打(da)臧(zang)底城(cheng)(今(jin)陜(shan)西志丹縣西北),規定(ding)十天必須(xu)攻克。宋軍(jun)(jun)兵臨城(cheng)下后發現(xian)敵人(ren)守備非(fei)常堅固(gu),幾天后官兵開始(shi)倦怠(dai)。有個(ge)列校偷懶,自己(ji)坐在胡床上休(xiu)息,種師道(dao)立即將(jiang)其斬首于(yu)軍(jun)(jun)門示(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong),下令說:“今(jin)日不攻下此城(cheng),你們都(dou)和他一樣!”眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)震動,鼓噪登(deng)城(cheng),城(cheng)防于(yu)是(shi)崩(beng)潰,宋軍(jun)(jun)八(ba)天就攻下了臧(zang)底城(cheng)。宋徽宗(zong)得到捷報后欣喜(xi)不已,升種師道(dao)為侍衛親(qin)軍(jun)(jun)馬軍(jun)(jun)副都(dou)指(zhi)揮(hui)使、應道(dao)軍(jun)(jun)承宣(xuan)使。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)又(you)(you)(you)隨從童(tong)貫擔任(ren)都統制,被(bei)拜(bai)為(wei)保(bao)靜軍(jun)(jun)節度(du)(du)使(shi)。童(tong)貫聯金伐遼(liao)(liao),讓(rang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)掩護諸將。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)進(jin)(jin)諫說:“今日之(zhi)舉(ju),譬如強盜(dao)入鄰(lin)家,我們不(bu)能救,反(fan)而(er)又(you)(you)(you)趁火打劫,與強盜(dao)分贓,怎么可以(yi)呢?”童(tong)貫不(bu)聽(ting)。宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)抵達白溝后(hou),遼(liao)(liao)人鼓噪向前(qian),宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)多(duo)有(you)傷亡,幸(xing)虧種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)先令每人持一(yi)巨(ju)棍(gun)自防,遼(liao)(liao)兵(bing)盔甲(jia)擋不(bu)住鈍器打擊,宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)才不(bu)至于大(da)敗。遼(liao)(liao)國(guo)使(shi)者前(qian)來(lai)懇求:“女真背叛(pan)(pan)本朝(chao)的行(xing)為(wei),南朝(chao)也非(fei)常憎惡(指西(xi)夏叛(pan)(pan)宋(song))。如今貴國(guo)為(wei)獲一(yi)時之(zhi)利,不(bu)惜棄百(bai)年之(zhi)好,結豺狼之(zhi)鄰(lin),釀他日之(zhi)禍(huo),這可謂明智嗎?救災恤鄰(lin),是古今通(tong)義,希(xi)望(wang)大(da)國(guo)思量!”童(tong)貫無言(yan)以(yi)對。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)又(you)(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)諫說應該答應遼(liao)(liao)使(shi)退兵(bing),童(tong)貫又(you)(you)(you)不(bu)聽(ting),秘密彈劾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)助賊。王黼憤怒,責令種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)以(yi)右衛將軍(jun)(jun)身份(fen)致仕(shi)(shi)退休,而(er)用劉(liu)延慶(qing)代替他。劉(liu)延慶(qing)在盧溝戰敗后(hou),宋(song)徽宗(zong)又(you)(you)(you)想起種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao),起用他為(wei)憲州刺史、環州知州。他不(bu)久歸(gui)任(ren)保(bao)靜軍(jun)(jun)節度(du)(du)使(shi),又(you)(you)(you)致仕(shi)(shi)退休。
金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)南(nan)下,宋徽宗急忙召種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)進京(jing)(jing)(jing),加封他檢校少(shao)保(bao)、靜難(nan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)節度使、京(jing)(jing)(jing)畿河北(bei)(bei)制(zhi)置使,有權自(zi)行(xing)征(zheng)兵征(zheng)糧。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)正(zheng)(zheng)隱居南(nan)山豹(bao)林谷,得到(dao)命令后立刻東行(xing)趕到(dao)姚(yao)平仲(zhong)處,帶(dai)上姚(yao)平仲(zhong)的步(bu)騎七千人(ren)(ren)一(yi)齊北(bei)(bei)行(xing)。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)抵達洛陽后,得知斡(wo)離不已經屯兵京(jing)(jing)(jing)城(cheng)下,有人(ren)(ren)勸他不要去(qu),說(shuo):“賊(zei)勢正(zheng)(zheng)銳,愿您駐軍(jun)(jun)(jun)汜水(shui)(shui)稍微停(ting)留,以謀萬全之策(ce)。”種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)說(shuo):“我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)兵少(shao),如果遲疑(yi)不進,暴露(lu)實情,只不過自(zi)取其(qi)辱。如今我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大張旗鼓(gu)前(qian)進,金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)怎(zen)能測我虛實?京(jing)(jing)(jing)城(cheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)民得知我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前(qian)來,士氣自(zi)然振奮,還(huan)用怕金(jin)(jin)賊(zei)嗎(ma)?”種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)在沿路(lu)遍貼(tie)告(gao)示,宣稱種(zhong)(zhong)少(shao)保(bao)率(lv)領西兵百(bai)萬前(qian)來。宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進抵城(cheng)西汴水(shui)(shui)南(nan)岸,直(zhi)逼(bi)敵營(ying)(ying)。金(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)畏懼,拔營(ying)(ying)遷往稍北(bei)(bei)處,限(xian)制(zhi)游騎活動,一(yi)心一(yi)意在毛(mao)駝崗(gang)(又作牟駝岡)增筑堡壘(lei)自(zi)衛。
當(dang)時種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)已經高壽,天下(xia)(xia)稱之為(wei)“老種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。繼位的宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)聽說(shuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)來了,非常(chang)欣喜,開安上門,命尚書右丞李(li)綱迎(ying)接(jie)慰勞。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)入見,宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)問(wen):“今日之事(shi)(shi),愛卿意(yi)下(xia)(xia)如何(he)?”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)回(hui)答說(shuo):“女真不懂兵(bing)法(fa),豈有孤軍(jun)深入別(bie)人境(jing)內而(er)能(neng)順(shun)利撤退的道(dao)(dao)理?”宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)說(shuo):“已經講和(he)了。”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)于是說(shuo):“臣以軍(jun)旅之事(shi)(shi)服務陛(bi)下(xia)(xia),其(qi)它事(shi)(shi)不是臣敢明白的。”宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)拜他為(wei)檢校少傅、同(tong)知樞密院、京(jing)畿兩(liang)河(he)宣撫使,諸道(dao)(dao)兵(bing)馬全部由他統(tong)帥,以姚平仲為(wei)都統(tong)制。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)當(dang)時患病,宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)叫他不用朝拜,準他乘轎(jiao)子入朝。金(jin)國(guo)使者王汭在(zai)宋(song)廷(ting)非常(chang)強硬,見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)來了,才拜跪稍稍合(he)乎禮儀(yi)。宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)笑著對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)說(shuo):“他因為(wei)你才這樣。”
京(jing)城(cheng)自(zi)從(cong)受圍后,諸(zhu)門(men)盡閉,百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)無柴(chai)無菜可買,種師道(dao)(dao)請求(qiu)開啟西、南門(men),讓百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)如同平(ping)常一(yi)(yi)樣出入。有金(jin)兵擅(shan)過偏將(jiang)(jiang)馬(ma)(ma)忠軍,馬(ma)(ma)忠將(jiang)(jiang)其六人(ren)斬首,金(jin)人(ren)前(qian)來投(tou)訴,種師道(dao)(dao)發給金(jin)人(ren)界旗,讓金(jin)人(ren)仿照自(zi)制,從(cong)此金(jin)人(ren)畫地為牢,無人(ren)敢越(yue)界。種師道(dao)(dao)又請求(qiu)拖延交納賠(pei)款,等金(jin)人(ren)懈怠思(si)歸時,扼阻(zu)金(jin)人(ren)歸路,在黃河予以殲滅。宰(zai)相李邦彥(yan)主(zhu)和,自(zi)然(ran)不同意,主(zhu)戰派(pai)從(cong)實(shi)際行(xing)動看是準備麻痹金(jin)人(ren)突然(ran)襲擊(ji),當時也不一(yi)(yi)定贊成。
種(zhong)(zhong)氏(shi)、姚氏(shi)都是山西(xi)大族(zu),姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)父親姚古這時(shi)率熙河兵(bing)入援,宋(song)軍實(shi)力增(zeng)強(qiang)。姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擔(dan)心功名(ming)都被種(zhong)(zhong)氏(shi)占去(qu),就報(bao)告說(shuo)將(jiang)士(shi)們(men)都摩拳擦掌,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)卻不(bu)準打仗。李(li)綱(gang)于(yu)是命(ming)令城下兵(bing)馬(ma)聽(ting)姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)指揮,宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)也(ye)不(bu)提講和(he)了,天天派(pai)使(shi)者催促種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)出戰(zhan)。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)準備等弟弟種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)中率軍趕到,認(ren)為(wei)過(guo)了春分(fen)才能襲擊金(jin)人。宋(song)朝君臣約期舉事(shi),當時(shi)離春分(fen)只(zhi)有八天。可當初等不(bu)及(ji)要(yao)(yao)和(he)的(de)宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)又(you)等不(bu)及(ji)要(yao)(yao)戰(zhan),與姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)秘(mi)密決定半夜劫營,想生(sheng)擒斡離不(bu),搶回康(kang)王。半夜,太監(jian)緊急傳旨李(li)綱(gang)說(shuo):“姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)經舉事(shi),你馬(ma)上去(qu)支援。”姚平(ping)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)劫營失利后一走了之,西(xi)兵(bing)潰散(san)。史書未提李(li)綱(gang)的(de)夜間行動,只(zhi)提李(li)綱(gang)早晨率軍出城擊退金(jin)兵(bing),不(bu)過(guo)金(jin)人和(he)主(zhu)和(he)派(pai)認(ren)為(wei)李(li)綱(gang)也(ye)應對劫營負責。
宋欽宗(zong)(zong)把責任推到李綱(gang)、姚平仲(zhong)身上,李邦彥重新得勢,又主(zhu)張割(ge)地賠款(kuan),種師(shi)道力爭無濟于事。主(zhu)和(he)派罷免李綱(gang)討好金人(ren),太學生們(men)與京城百姓數十萬人(ren)擔心主(zhu)戰(zhan)派安危,到皇宮前請愿,請求見(jian)種師(shi)道、李綱(gang)一面。宋欽宗(zong)(zong)一方面將李綱(gang)復職,一方面詔書(shu)催促軍隊(dui)鎮壓。種師(shi)道乘車(che)趕(gan)來,群眾掀開車(che)簾看見(jian)了,說(shuo):“果然是(shi)我的(de)種大人(ren)。”一齊致敬(jing)后散去。
金(jin)(jin)人(ren)見李綱復職(zhi),也不(bu)敢孤軍持久(jiu)深(shen)入,得(de)到(dao)(dao)宋(song)(song)朝正(zheng)式割(ge)地承諾并得(de)到(dao)(dao)肅王做人(ren)質后,退(tui)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)而(er)去(qu)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)再申前議(yi),勸宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)乘金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)渡(du)黃河時(shi)襲擊,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)不(bu)從,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)說(shuo)(shuo):“他日(ri)必為國(guo)(guo)患(huan)。”宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)隨即將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)罷免為中太一宮(gong)使(shi),可(ke)(ke)能是幽禁起來。然而(er)士民(min)對(dui)屈辱和約感(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)憤怒,李綱叫宋(song)(song)軍以護送(song)名義追擊,大臣(chen)扣押前來索要(yao)(yao)金(jin)(jin)幣(bi)的(de)金(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)使(shi)者(zhe),甚至用蠟丸(wan)信聯絡遼國(guo)(guo)舊臣(chen)耶(ye)律余睹(du),要(yao)(yao)他叛(pan)金(jin)(jin)復遼。金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)于(yu)是圍攻太原,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)見戰(zhan)事又起,也感(gan)(gan)到(dao)(dao)和約不(bu)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao),于(yu)是又傾(qing)向主戰(zhan)。主戰(zhan)派御史中丞許翰(han)(han)拜見宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong),認為不(bu)宜(yi)解除(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)權,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)說(shuo)(shuo):“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)老了,難用,我讓你見見他吧。”讓許翰(han)(han)與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在殿門外相見。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)沉(chen)默不(bu)語,許翰(han)(han)說(shuo)(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)家有急,皇上下詔允許我咨(zi)詢您,您不(bu)要(yao)(yao)因為我是書生(sheng)的(de)緣故就不(bu)肯(ken)談。”種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)才說(shuo)(shuo):“我眾敵(di)寡,只要(yao)(yao)分兵(bing)(bing)(bing)結營,控守要(yao)(yao)地,使(shi)敵(di)糧道(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)通,坐以持久(jiu),敵(di)人(ren)可(ke)(ke)破。”許翰(han)(han)感(gan)(gan)嘆其言,上奏說(shuo)(shuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)智慮未衰,尚可(ke)(ke)用。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)于(yu)是加封(feng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)檢(jian)校少師(shi),進(jin)封(feng)太尉,換節鎮洮軍,擔任(ren)河北、河東宣(xuan)撫使(shi),屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)滑州。其實宋(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)并沒(mei)給種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)一兵(bing)(bing)(bing)一卒(zu)。
種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道請求集中關(guan)、河兵力在滄州、衛州、孟州、滑州修筑防線(xian),以防金兵再至。然(ran)而(er)主(zhu)(zhu)戰派(pai)先(xian)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)窮追東路撤退(tui)(tui)金兵,又主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)反擊西路圍困太(tai)原(yuan)的金兵,主(zhu)(zhu)和(he)派(pai)更是(shi)不(bu)問軍(jun)事,朝(chao)廷議論認為(wei)大敵剛(gang)退(tui)(tui),不(bu)宜(yi)興(xing)師(shi)(shi)動(dong)眾修防御(yu)來示(shi)弱。朝(chao)廷聽信(xin)假情報(bao)逼宋(song)軍(jun)速(su)戰,援(yuan)救太(tai)原(yuan)的種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)中戰死(si)、姚古(gu)戰敗(bai),朝(chao)廷震(zhen)悚,召(zhao)回種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道,派(pai)李(li)綱(gang)(gang)前(qian)去。李(li)綱(gang)(gang)聲(sheng)稱不(bu)懂(dong)軍(jun)事,請求退(tui)(tui)休不(bu)愿去,但宋(song)欽宗一(yi)定要李(li)綱(gang)(gang)去,否則就是(shi)抗命。李(li)綱(gang)(gang)和(he)士(shi)民(min)都(dou)認為(wei)這是(shi)借刀殺人(ren)的手(shou)段,因為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)和(he)派(pai)極(ji)力推薦李(li)綱(gang)(gang)去。
援救太(tai)原的宋(song)(song)軍(jun)照樣(yang)受朝廷(ting)遙控,屢屢失利后(hou),宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)換掉(diao)李綱(gang),由種師(shi)道(dao)(dao)接任(ren)。種師(shi)道(dao)(dao)在河陽(今河南孟州)遇(yu)到金(jin)國使者(zhe)王汭,察(cha)言觀色判斷金(jin)兵一定會大舉南下,立即上疏請求皇(huang)帝臨(lin)幸長(chang)安躲避敵鋒。大臣(chen)認為(wei)這是怕,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)又召(zhao)回種師(shi)道(dao)(dao)。因為(wei)戰事屢敗,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)又用(yong)起主和派(pai)(pai)。太(tai)原最終(zhong)淪(lun)陷,兩路金(jin)兵大舉南下,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)決心議和,主和派(pai)(pai)命令地方(fang)宋(song)(song)軍(jun)不(bu)許勤王,專心專意罷(ba)戰講和,李綱(gang)被貶出京城。種師(shi)道(dao)(dao)可能是悲憤(fen)交加,到京后(hou)已經病得無法入見,于十(shi)月份去世,終(zhong)年七十(shi)六。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)親臨(lin)祭奠,為(wei)之(zhi)慟(tong)哭,追贈開府儀(yi)同三(san)司。
《宋(song)史》:“種(zhong)(zhong)師道宿將,有重(zhong)名,二(er)敵所(suo)畏。”“宋(song)懲五季藩鎮(zhen)之弊,稍用逢掖治(zhi)邊(bian)陲(chui)、領介胄。然兵(bing)勢國(guo)之大事,非素明習,而欲(yu)應變決策于急遽危難之際,豈不仆哉。種(zhong)(zhong)氏自世(shi)衡(heng)立功青澗,撫(fu)循士卒,威動羌、夏,諸子(zi)俱(ju)有將材(cai),至(zhi)(zhi)師道、師中已三世(shi),號山西名將。徽宗任宦豎起(qi)邊(bian)釁,師道之言(yan)不售,卒基南北之禍(huo)。金以孤軍(jun)深入,師道請遲(chi)西師之至(zhi)(zhi)而擊之,長驅上黨;師中欲(yu)出其背以掩之,可(ke)謂至(zhi)(zhi)計矣(yi)。李綱、許(xu)翰顧以為怯緩逗(dou)撓,動失機會,遂(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)大衄,而國(guo)隨以敗,惜哉!”
劉韐:“師中聞命即行(xing),奮不顧身,雖(sui)古忠臣,不過也。”
黃道周(zhou):“老種(zhong)師(shi)道,宋末主(zhu)兵。非貫不悅,即忤蔡京。帝(di)問(wen)邊事(shi)(shi),不敗(bai)(bai)為精(jing)。來則(ze)以應,妄(wang)動事(shi)(shi)生。遼(liao)(liao)功(gong)未立,近(jin)擾(rao)先驚。揚(yang)言援至,前擊后沖。敵(di)(di)漬(zi)斬獲,城功(gong)始成(cheng)。再征臧底,斬惰先登。師(shi)才八日,敵(di)(di)已削平。遼(liao)(liao)乃鄰(lin)也,伐之何名。白溝戰敗(bai)(bai),轉(zhuan)互相傾。再起河北(bei),或止勿(wu)行。師(shi)道及進,直壓敵(di)(di)營(ying)。帝(di)聞(wen)而喜,虜憚(dan)而停。平仲(zhong)心忌,戰以速爭。種(zhong)請(qing)少緩(huan),帝(di)亦不聽。既而戰敗(bai)(bai),功(gong)罪(zui)無憑。大(da)都(dou)亂世,良將空(kong)稱。既病而死,方痛(tong)撫膺(ying)。”
在積極導演的(de)(de)(de)收燕(yan)云之役中,童貫(guan)(guan)同樣盲目指揮,造成慘(can)重失敗的(de)(de)(de)后果。據記載,宣和四年童貫(guan)(guan)統(tong)軍(jun)北上至雄州,惘顧軍(jun)事將(jiang)領的(de)(de)(de)意見(jian),分(fen)派軍(jun)隊行動。久經沙(sha)場的(de)(de)(de)大將(jiang)種師(shi)道對草率用兵(bing)提出異議,童貫(guan)(guan)不予理睬。將(jiang)官楊(yang)(yang)可(ke)(ke)世再諫:將(jiang)領事先并未(wei)參與作戰計(ji)劃便(bian)倉促(cu)臨陣,勢必難(nan)以應(ying)戰。知雄州、文(wen)官和詵不考慮(lv)將(jiang)官的(de)(de)(de)意見(jian),而配合(he)童貫(guan)(guan)對楊(yang)(yang)可(ke)(ke)世加(jia)以威脅。楊(yang)(yang)氏及(ji)其他武將(jiang)只(zhi)能(neng)屈(qu)服。于是,在“遵依(yi)圣旨及(ji)宣撫司(si)約束諸(zhu)將(jiang)”的(de)(de)(de)情況下,宋(song)軍(jun)繼(ji)續北上。種師(shi)道領兵(bing)至白溝,“如貫(guan)(guan)素約指揮諸(zhu)將(jiang)”,執行童貫(guan)(guan)不得妄殺的(de)(de)(de)命令。
楊(yang)(yang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)世領(ling)前軍在(zai)白溝橋(qiao)向遼軍招降,結果在(zai)毫無戒備(bei)之下遭到遼軍的(de)進攻(gong),“矢石如雨(yu),我軍不為備(bei),又拘節(jie)制(zhi)”。面(mian)對如此戰況,楊(yang)(yang)氏只得(de)要求(qiu)動武,但宋(song)軍已陷入不利(li)的(de)處(chu)境(jing),“楊(yang)(yang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)世與(yu)遼軍戰,諸將不利(li)”。此時,承擔監(jian)督之責的(de)和(he)詵竟(jing)又勸種(zhong)師道殺楊(yang)(yang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)世,“號令諸部(bu)以明宣撫司(si)出旗榜(bang)本(ben)意(yi)”,“使(shi)虜人知(zhi)朝(chao)廷無意(yi)用(yong)兵”。
終(zhong)于,招降遼殘余勢力的(de)(de)幻(huan)想(xiang)破滅,在遼軍的(de)(de)追擊下(xia),種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)領軍敗退。這次所(suo)謂的(de)(de)北伐(fa)的(de)(de)失(shi)敗,完全是童貫無能(neng)指(zhi)揮的(de)(de)結果,所(suo)謂“先是,既以招撫為名(ming),貫下(xia)令中軍不許妄殺人(ren),及虜騎犯(fan)我(wo)師(shi)(shi),皆不敢施放矢石,聽其殺戮。故諸將(jiang)亦憤然”。但童貫為了(le)逃避追究(jiu),“于是貫以契丹(dan)尚盛未可圖,奏劾種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)”,種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)被迫(po)致(zhi)仕。
據(ju)種師(shi)道部下康隨(sui)跋種師(shi)道責官(guan)謝表指出(chu):“此役,初不與(yu)謀,中則強委任之,又兵(bing)之節制(zhi)皆不得(de)專,考其行事,罪有所歸矣。”可見(jian)無辜的將領種師(shi)道成為此役失敗的替罪羊。
姚(yao)平仲(zhong)偷(tou)襲金(jin)(jin)營(ying)失敗后。宋欽宗聽信(xin)投降派的話(hua),驚慌失措(cuo),一面派使者到金(jin)(jin)營(ying)賠禮,一面把李綱、種(zhong)師道撤職(zhi)。
這個消(xiao)息一傳出來,東(dong)京全城騷(sao)動(dong),軍民(min)個個氣憤(fen)。特別是太(tai)(tai)學(xue)里的學(xue)生(sheng),群情激昂。太(tai)(tai)學(xue)生(sheng)陳東(dong)帶領(ling)了幾(ji)百名太(tai)(tai)學(xue)生(sheng),擁到皇宮的宣德門外,上(shang)書請(qing)愿,要求朝廷(ting)恢復李綱、種師道的原職,懲辦李邦彥(yan)、白(bai)時(shi)中等奸賊。
東京城(cheng)的(de)軍民聽說太學(xue)生請愿,不約而同地(di)來到(dao)宣(xuan)德門前,一(yi)(yi)下(xia)子就聚(ju)集(ji)了幾(ji)萬人(ren)。這時(shi)候,李邦(bang)(bang)彥正(zheng)好從宮里退朝出來,群眾(zhong)一(yi)(yi)見到(dao)奸賊(zei),眼都紅(hong)了,指著李邦(bang)(bang)彥的(de)鼻子痛罵,有的(de)還從地(di)上撿起瓦(wa)片、石頭,向(xiang)李邦(bang)(bang)彥劈頭蓋腦地(di)扔去,嚇(xia)得李邦(bang)(bang)彥抱頭縮頸(jing),趕快逃進宮去。
禁衛軍(jun)將領一看事情鬧大了沒(mei)(mei)法收(shou)拾(shi),進宮勸宋欽宗答應大家的要求(qiu)。宋欽宗沒(mei)(mei)法,只好派人召李綱進宮,并且當眾派人宣布,恢(hui)復(fu)李綱、種師(shi)道的職務。群(qun)眾還(huan)不放心,這時候,種師(shi)道正乘車(che)趕(gan)了來。大家掀(xian)開車(che)簾,一看果然是種老將軍(jun),爆發出(chu)一陣雷鳴般的歡呼(hu)聲(sheng),才陸續(xu)散去。
十(shi)一月金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)已(yi)經(jing)兵(bing)臨(lin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)。宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)既用主和派(pai)(pai)(pai)意(yi)見派(pai)(pai)(pai)使者(zhe)出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)求和,又用主戰派(pai)(pai)(pai)意(yi)見堅(jian)守(shou)京城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)去,誰知兩(liang)樣都落空。京城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)失守(shou),宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)、宋(song)徽宗(zong)被劫(jie)入金(jin)(jin)營,金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)以此(ci)(ci)為籌(chou)碼逼兩(liang)河軍(jun)民(min)開城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降、宋(song)朝臣民(min)貢獻金(jin)(jin)銀珍寶美女、并保障(zhang)金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)退兵(bing)安(an)全,因為金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)人數確實不(bu)(bu)多。宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)捶(chui)胸大哭(ku)道:“不(bu)(bu)用種師道言,以至于此(ci)(ci)!”
汴梁(liang)城破之(zhi)后(hou),金兵將(jiang)領入城,很想拜見(jian)(jian)一下種師道(dao),惜乎(hu)種師道(dao)已死(si),便找到種師道(dao)的侄(zhi)子種洌,對種洌說:“我(wo)們過(guo)去曾在陣前見(jian)(jian)過(guo)你伯父,真(zhen)是一位好將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)啊(a)!如能采納他的意(yi)見(jian)(jian),宋(song)朝不會敗得(de)這樣慘(can)。現在宋(song)朝應該知(zhi)道(dao)種將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)是個忠義之(zhi)人了吧。”宋(song)朝的被俘官員聽了,皆仰天長嘆(tan)。
種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)死(si)后(hou),其侄子種(zhong)洌護種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)的(de)靈柩西歸時,在(zai)路上碰(peng)到強盜,強盜聽說是(shi)種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)的(de)靈柩,都下拜(bai)致奠,并且反贈金錢以致意,其得人心如此。
《宋史·卷(juan)三三五(wu)·列傳第九(jiu)十(shi)四》、《東都事略》卷(juan)一O七有傳。
在《宋(song)史(shi)》中,種(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)軍比(bi)楊(yang)家(jia)(jia)將的(de)(de)名氣大,比(bi)楊(yang)家(jia)(jia)將的(de)(de)作用大,只不過楊(yang)家(jia)(jia)將走上(shang)了(le)舞臺,被(bei)渲(xuan)染得出了(le)彩,而種(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)軍卻走進了(le)線裝書,被(bei)文字湮(yin)沒了(le)。北宋(song)統治的(de)(de)168年間,種(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)軍英(ying)雄輩出:種(zhong)(zhong)世(shi)衡、種(zhong)(zhong)詁、種(zhong)(zhong)諤、種(zhong)(zhong)診、種(zhong)(zhong)誼、種(zhong)(zhong)樸、種(zhong)(zhong)師道(dao)、種(zhong)(zhong)師中皆為將才。種(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)(jia)子弟五代(dai)從軍,數十人(ren)戰(zhan)死(si)沙場。
種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道,從曾祖父(fu)是(shi)宋初大隱(yin)士種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)放(fang),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)放(fang)兄(xiong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)昭衍即(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道之曾祖父(fu),其祖父(fu)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家軍的(de)(de)創建者種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)世衡,世衡有八子(古、診、諮、詠、諤、所(suo)、記(ji)、誼),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道的(de)(de)父(fu)親是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記(ji),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)道的(de)(de)弟弟是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)中。
種師道妻尹氏。
二子,浩、溪(xi)。種浩官迪功郎,種溪(xi)為閣門祗侯,皆死于師道之前。孫彥(yan)(yan)崇、彥(yan)(yan)崧,彥(yan)(yan)崇死于兵,而彥(yan)(yan)崧則早夭。在紹興年間(jian),朝廷令其侄種浤(hong)奉祀。
建炎元年(nian)六月十五(wu)日,種師道(dao)靈柩歸葬于萬年(nian)縣神禾原(今(jin)陜西(xi)西(xi)安長安區香(xiang)積寺村是(shi)種氏的家族墓地)。