種(Chóng)師道(dao)(公元(yuan)1051年(nian)—公元(yuan)1126年(nian)),字(zi)彝叔,漢族,原(yuan)名建中,因為避(bi)諱宋(song)徽(hui)宗建中靖國的年(nian)號,改名為師極,后(hou)被徽(hui)宗御(yu)賜(si)名為師道(dao)。北宋(song)末(mo)年(nian)名將(jiang)。大儒種放從(cong)曾孫(sun)、名將(jiang)種世衡(heng)之(zhi)孫(sun)。
種(zhong)師道(dao)初任文職,因有謀略,后改武(wu)職,抵御西夏有功,成為名將(jiang),被(bei)尊稱為“老種(zhong)”。靖康元年,金(jin)兵南下,他奉詔任京(jing)(jing)畿河北(bei)制置(zhi)使(shi),力主(zhu)抗金(jin),深得(de)百姓擁(yong)戴(dai),京(jing)(jing)師解圍即被(bei)解除兵權。不久(jiu)種(zhong)師道(dao)病逝,時年七十六歲,欽宗(zong)親臨祭(ji)奠,下詔追(zhui)贈開府(fu)儀同三司(si)。種(zhong)師道(dao)死后次年,京(jing)(jing)師失守。建炎中,加贈少(shao)保,謚(shi)曰(yue)忠憲。
種(zhong)師道幼年,拜思想家、哲(zhe)學(xue)家張載為(wei)師。因為(wei)祖上功勛得以補(bu)三班奉職(zhi),經考試后改為(wei)文官(guan),擔任熙(xi)州推(tui)官(guan)、主管同谷縣。有縣吏(li)打田產官(guan)司(si),歷經兩年而不(bu)決。種(zhong)師道翻閱冗長的(de)案卷,從早看到晚都(dou)沒(mei)看完。種(zhong)師道沒(mei)有糾纏于這團理(li)不(bu)清的(de)亂麻(ma),而是發現縣吏(li)告(gao)的(de)只不(bu)過是母親(qin)和(he)哥哥,這在(zai)講孝道的(de)古代不(bu)能立案,縣吏(li)為(wei)了(le)隱瞞這一點故意設置(zhi)文字迷宮。于是種(zhong)師道把(ba)那(nei)個小吏(li)叫來,詰問道:“你(ni)(ni)起訟你(ni)(ni)母親(qin)和(he)兄長,這沒(mei)問題,但(dan)也不(bu)能長期(qi)騷擾鄉里呀!”于是那(nei)小吏(li)叩頭(tou)服罪。
種師道(dao)(dao)(dao)升任原州(zhou)通判(pan)、提(ti)舉秦鳳(feng)常平。他因為(wei)議論(lun)役法忤了蔡(cai)京(jing)旨意,改(gai)任莊宅使、知德(de)順軍。隨即(ji)蔡(cai)京(jing)同(tong)黨誣告(gao)他“詆毀先烈(lie)”,將(jiang)他罷(ba)官并列入“黨籍”。種師道(dao)(dao)(dao)被屏廢十(shi)年后,才以(yi)武功大夫、忠州(zhou)刺史、涇原都鈐轄身(shen)份知懷德(de)軍。西夏(xia)(xia)要求劃分邊(bian)界,西夏(xia)(xia)使者焦(jiao)彥堅一定要得到“故地(di)”,種師道(dao)(dao)(dao)說:“如果(guo)說故地(di),當以(yi)漢(han)、唐為(wei)正(zheng),那貴國(guo)疆土更少了。”焦(jiao)彥堅無(wu)言以(yi)對。
童(tong)貫(guan)掌握(wo)兵權后西(xi)征(zheng),一(yi)路(lu)作威作福,官(guan)(guan)員們見到(dao)他一(yi)齊跪拜,種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)作長(chang)揖而已(yi)。宋(song)徽宗召種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)入京咨詢邊境情(qing)況,種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)說(shuo)(shuo):“先挑起戰爭不(bu)(bu)可勝(sheng),敵(di)人來(lai)侵(qin)則(ze)針鋒相(xiang)對,妄動生(sheng)事不(bu)(bu)是(shi)好主意。”童(tong)貫(guan)打算(suan)遷徙內(nei)地弓(gong)箭(jian)手(shou)(shou)充實邊防,卻(que)說(shuo)(shuo)成是(shi)新邊疆招募(mu)的。宋(song)徽宗又咨詢種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao),種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)說(shuo)(shuo):“臣(chen)恐怕(pa)弓(gong)箭(jian)手(shou)(shou)還(huan)沒有邊疆在立功,內(nei)地已(yi)經(jing)受到(dao)了騷(sao)擾。”宋(song)徽宗贊許他的意見,賜給他襲衣、金帶(dai),任命(ming)他為(wei)提(ti)(ti)舉(ju)秦鳳弓(gong)箭(jian)手(shou)(shou)。當時(shi)五路(lu)都設置此官(guan)(guan),宋(song)徽宗說(shuo)(shuo):“你是(shi)我親自提(ti)(ti)拔的。”童(tong)貫(guan)不(bu)(bu)悅。種師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)因此不(bu)(bu)敢接受任命(ming),經(jing)過(guo)請求得以(yi)提(ti)(ti)舉(ju)崇福宮。很久(jiu)以(yi)后改(gai)知(zhi)西(xi)安州(今寧夏海(hai)原縣(xian)西(xi)安鄉)。
夏人(ren)侵犯定邊,筑佛(fo)口城(cheng),種師道率宋(song)軍前往夷平。宋(song)軍剛(gang)到(dao)時非常口渴,種師道指山的西麓說:“這里應(ying)該(gai)有水(shui)”,命令工兵挖掘,果然泉水(shui)流溢滿谷。
種師(shi)道(dao)屢次升遷至龍神衛四廂都指揮使、洺州(zhou)防御使、渭州(zhou)(今甘肅平涼)知州(zhou)。當時他(ta)統率諸道(dao)宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)修筑(zhu)席葦城(cheng),還沒有竣工,敵(di)(di)人(ren)已經趕到(dao),在葫蘆河筑(zhu)壘。種師(shi)道(dao)在河邊布陣,似乎要(yao)和敵(di)(di)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)決戰(zhan),暗(an)地里派(pai)偏將曲(qu)克徑出橫嶺,揚言(yan)是援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)趕來了。敵(di)(di)人(ren)正震驚注視,楊可世(shi)已經率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)悄(qiao)悄(qiao)繞到(dao)敵(di)(di)人(ren)后(hou)方,姚平仲以精甲(jia)部隊(dui)攻(gong)擊,敵(di)(di)人(ren)大(da)潰。宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)俘獲駱駝、牛(niu)馬數以萬計,敵(di)(di)人(ren)酋(qiu)長(chang)只(zhi)身逃(tao)脫(tuo),宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)最終(zhong)完成筑(zhu)城(cheng)任(ren)務。
朝廷又命令種師(shi)道統(tong)帥陜西、河東七路(lu)兵攻(gong)(gong)打臧底城(cheng)(今陜西志丹縣西北),規定十天(tian)必須(xu)攻(gong)(gong)克。宋軍(jun)(jun)兵臨城(cheng)下(xia)后(hou)發(fa)現敵人守備非常堅(jian)固,幾(ji)天(tian)后(hou)官兵開(kai)始倦怠。有個列校偷懶,自己坐在胡床上休息,種師(shi)道立即(ji)將(jiang)其(qi)斬首于(yu)軍(jun)(jun)門示眾,下(xia)令說:“今日不(bu)攻(gong)(gong)下(xia)此城(cheng),你們都和他一樣!”眾人震動,鼓(gu)噪登城(cheng),城(cheng)防于(yu)是崩潰,宋軍(jun)(jun)八天(tian)就攻(gong)(gong)下(xia)了臧底城(cheng)。宋徽宗得到捷報(bao)后(hou)欣喜不(bu)已(yi),升(sheng)種師(shi)道為侍衛親軍(jun)(jun)馬(ma)軍(jun)(jun)副都指揮使(shi)、應道軍(jun)(jun)承(cheng)宣使(shi)。
種(zhong)師道(dao)又(you)(you)隨(sui)從童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)擔(dan)任都統制,被拜為保(bao)靜(jing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)節度(du)使(shi)。童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)聯金伐遼(liao),讓種(zhong)師道(dao)掩護諸將。種(zhong)師道(dao)進諫說:“今日(ri)(ri)之舉,譬如強盜入鄰家,我們(men)不(bu)能(neng)救(jiu)(jiu),反而(er)又(you)(you)趁(chen)火打劫,與(yu)強盜分(fen)贓,怎么可以(yi)(yi)呢?”童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)不(bu)聽。宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)抵(di)達白溝(gou)后,遼(liao)人(ren)鼓噪(zao)向前,宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)多有傷亡,幸虧(kui)種(zhong)師道(dao)先(xian)令每人(ren)持一巨棍(gun)自防,遼(liao)兵(bing)(bing)盔(kui)甲擋不(bu)住鈍器打擊,宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)才不(bu)至于大(da)敗。遼(liao)國使(shi)者前來懇求:“女(nv)真背叛(pan)本(ben)朝(chao)的行為,南朝(chao)也非常憎惡(指西夏(xia)叛(pan)宋)。如今貴(gui)國為獲一時之利,不(bu)惜棄百年(nian)之好,結豺狼之鄰,釀他(ta)日(ri)(ri)之禍(huo),這(zhe)可謂明智嗎?救(jiu)(jiu)災恤鄰,是古今通義,希(xi)望(wang)大(da)國思量(liang)!”童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)無(wu)言以(yi)(yi)對。種(zhong)師道(dao)又(you)(you)進諫說應該答應遼(liao)使(shi)退(tui)兵(bing)(bing),童(tong)貫(guan)(guan)又(you)(you)不(bu)聽,秘密彈劾種(zhong)師道(dao)助賊。王黼憤(fen)怒,責令種(zhong)師道(dao)以(yi)(yi)右衛將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)身(shen)份致(zhi)仕退(tui)休,而(er)用劉(liu)延慶代替他(ta)。劉(liu)延慶在盧溝(gou)戰(zhan)敗后,宋徽宗又(you)(you)想起種(zhong)師道(dao),起用他(ta)為憲州(zhou)(zhou)刺史、環州(zhou)(zhou)知州(zhou)(zhou)。他(ta)不(bu)久歸任保(bao)靜(jing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)節度(du)使(shi),又(you)(you)致(zhi)仕退(tui)休。
金(jin)(jin)人(ren)南下(xia),宋徽宗急忙召種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)進京(jing),加(jia)封(feng)他檢校少(shao)(shao)保(bao)、靜難軍(jun)(jun)(jun)節度使、京(jing)畿河北(bei)(bei)(bei)制置使,有權自(zi)行征(zheng)兵征(zheng)糧。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)正隱居南山豹(bao)林(lin)谷,得到(dao)命令后立(li)刻東行趕(gan)到(dao)姚平仲處(chu),帶上姚平仲的步騎(qi)七千人(ren)一(yi)齊北(bei)(bei)(bei)行。種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)抵達洛陽后,得知(zhi)斡離不(bu)已經屯兵京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)下(xia),有人(ren)勸他不(bu)要去,說(shuo)(shuo):“賊勢(shi)正銳,愿您駐軍(jun)(jun)(jun)汜水稍微停留(liu),以謀萬全之策。”種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)兵少(shao)(shao),如(ru)果遲疑不(bu)進,暴(bao)露實情,只不(bu)過自(zi)取(qu)其辱。如(ru)今我(wo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)張旗鼓前進,金(jin)(jin)人(ren)怎能測我(wo)虛實?京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)民得知(zhi)我(wo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前來(lai),士(shi)氣自(zi)然振奮,還用怕金(jin)(jin)賊嗎(ma)?”種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在沿路遍貼告(gao)示,宣稱(cheng)種(zhong)少(shao)(shao)保(bao)率領西兵百(bai)萬前來(lai)。宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進抵城(cheng)(cheng)西汴水南岸,直逼敵營(ying)。金(jin)(jin)人(ren)畏懼,拔營(ying)遷(qian)往(wang)稍北(bei)(bei)(bei)處(chu),限制游騎(qi)活動,一(yi)心(xin)一(yi)意在毛駝(tuo)崗(又作(zuo)牟駝(tuo)岡)增筑(zhu)堡壘(lei)自(zi)衛。
當(dang)時種師道(dao)已經高壽,天下(xia)(xia)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“老種”。繼(ji)位的宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)聽說(shuo)種師道(dao)來了,非(fei)常(chang)欣喜(xi),開安上(shang)門(men),命尚書(shu)右丞李綱迎(ying)接(jie)慰勞。種師道(dao)入(ru)見(jian),宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)問:“今(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi),愛(ai)卿(qing)意下(xia)(xia)如(ru)何?”種師道(dao)回答說(shuo):“女真不(bu)(bu)懂兵法(fa),豈有(you)孤軍深入(ru)別人(ren)境內而能(neng)順利撤退的道(dao)理?”宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo):“已經講和(he)了。”種師道(dao)于是(shi)說(shuo):“臣以軍旅之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)(shi)服務(wu)陛下(xia)(xia),其(qi)它事(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)臣敢明白的。”宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)拜(bai)(bai)他(ta)為(wei)(wei)檢校(xiao)少傅、同知樞密院、京畿兩河(he)宣撫使,諸道(dao)兵馬全部(bu)由(you)他(ta)統帥(shuai),以姚(yao)平仲為(wei)(wei)都統制。種師道(dao)當(dang)時患病,宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)叫他(ta)不(bu)(bu)用朝拜(bai)(bai),準他(ta)乘轎子入(ru)朝。金國使者(zhe)王汭在宋(song)廷非(fei)常(chang)強(qiang)硬,見(jian)種師道(dao)來了,才拜(bai)(bai)跪稍稍合乎禮儀。宋(song)欽(qin)(qin)(qin)宗(zong)(zong)笑著對種師道(dao)說(shuo):“他(ta)因為(wei)(wei)你才這樣。”
京城自(zi)從(cong)受圍(wei)后,諸門(men)盡閉,百(bai)姓無柴無菜可(ke)買,種(zhong)師道(dao)請(qing)求開啟西(xi)、南門(men),讓百(bai)姓如同平(ping)常一樣出入。有金(jin)兵(bing)擅過(guo)偏將馬(ma)(ma)忠軍,馬(ma)(ma)忠將其六(liu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)斬首,金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)前來(lai)投訴,種(zhong)師道(dao)發給金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)界(jie)旗,讓金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)仿照自(zi)制,從(cong)此(ci)金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)畫地為牢,無人(ren)(ren)(ren)敢(gan)越界(jie)。種(zhong)師道(dao)又請(qing)求拖延交納賠款,等金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)懈怠思(si)歸(gui)時(shi),扼阻金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)歸(gui)路,在黃河予以殲滅。宰相李邦彥主和,自(zi)然(ran)(ran)不同意,主戰派從(cong)實際行動(dong)看是(shi)準(zhun)備(bei)麻(ma)痹金(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)突然(ran)(ran)襲擊,當(dang)時(shi)也不一定贊成。
種(zhong)(zhong)氏、姚(yao)氏都是山西(xi)大族(zu),姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲父親姚(yao)古這時率(lv)熙河兵入援,宋(song)軍(jun)實(shi)力增強(qiang)。姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲擔(dan)心功名都被種(zhong)(zhong)氏占去,就報告(gao)說(shuo)將士們都摩拳擦掌,種(zhong)(zhong)師道卻不(bu)準打(da)仗(zhang)。李(li)綱(gang)于是命令(ling)城下(xia)兵馬聽姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲指揮,宋(song)欽(qin)宗也不(bu)提(ti)講和(he)了(le),天天派(pai)使(shi)者催促種(zhong)(zhong)師道出戰(zhan)。種(zhong)(zhong)師道準備等弟(di)弟(di)種(zhong)(zhong)師中率(lv)軍(jun)趕到,認(ren)為過(guo)了(le)春分(fen)才能襲擊金人。宋(song)朝君臣約期舉事,當(dang)時離春分(fen)只有八天。可(ke)當(dang)初等不(bu)及要和(he)的宋(song)欽(qin)宗又等不(bu)及要戰(zhan),與姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲秘密(mi)決定(ding)半(ban)夜劫營(ying),想生擒斡(wo)離不(bu),搶回康王。半(ban)夜,太(tai)監緊急(ji)傳旨李(li)綱(gang)說(shuo):“姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲已經舉事,你馬上去支援。”姚(yao)平(ping)(ping)仲劫營(ying)失利后(hou)一走了(le)之,西(xi)兵潰散。史書未提(ti)李(li)綱(gang)的夜間行動,只提(ti)李(li)綱(gang)早晨(chen)率(lv)軍(jun)出城擊退金兵,不(bu)過(guo)金人和(he)主(zhu)和(he)派(pai)認(ren)為李(li)綱(gang)也應對(dui)劫營(ying)負(fu)責。
宋欽宗把責任(ren)推到李綱、姚平仲身(shen)上,李邦(bang)彥重新得勢(shi),又主(zhu)張割地賠款,種師(shi)道力爭無(wu)濟于事。主(zhu)和派罷免李綱討(tao)好(hao)金人,太學生(sheng)們與京(jing)城百(bai)姓(xing)數十萬人擔心主(zhu)戰(zhan)派安危(wei),到皇宮前(qian)請(qing)愿,請(qing)求見種師(shi)道、李綱一面(mian)。宋欽宗一方(fang)面(mian)將李綱復職,一方(fang)面(mian)詔書催促軍(jun)隊鎮壓。種師(shi)道乘車(che)(che)趕來,群眾掀開(kai)車(che)(che)簾(lian)看見了,說:“果然是我的種大人。”一齊(qi)致敬(jing)后散去(qu)。
金(jin)(jin)人(ren)見(jian)(jian)李綱復職(zhi),也不(bu)敢孤軍持久(jiu)深(shen)入,得(de)到(dao)宋(song)(song)朝正式割地(di)承諾并得(de)到(dao)肅王做(zuo)人(ren)質(zhi)后,退兵(bing)(bing)(bing)而去。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)再申前(qian)議,勸宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)乘金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)渡(du)黃河時襲擊,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)不(bu)從,種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)說(shuo):“他日必為國(guo)(guo)患。”宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)隨即將種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)罷免為中太(tai)一宮使(shi),可(ke)能是(shi)幽禁起(qi)來。然(ran)而士民對屈辱和約(yue)感(gan)到(dao)憤怒,李綱叫宋(song)(song)軍以護送(song)名(ming)義追擊,大(da)臣(chen)扣(kou)押前(qian)來索要(yao)金(jin)(jin)幣的金(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)使(shi)者,甚至用(yong)蠟丸(wan)信聯絡(luo)遼(liao)國(guo)(guo)舊臣(chen)耶律余(yu)睹,要(yao)他叛金(jin)(jin)復遼(liao)。金(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)于(yu)是(shi)圍攻(gong)太(tai)原,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)見(jian)(jian)戰事又(you)起(qi),也感(gan)到(dao)和約(yue)不(bu)可(ke)靠,于(yu)是(shi)又(you)傾向主戰。主戰派(pai)御史(shi)中丞(cheng)許(xu)(xu)(xu)翰(han)拜見(jian)(jian)宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong),認為不(bu)宜解(jie)除種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)權,宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)說(shuo):“種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)老了,難(nan)用(yong),我讓你見(jian)(jian)見(jian)(jian)他吧。”讓許(xu)(xu)(xu)翰(han)與種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)在殿門(men)外相見(jian)(jian)。種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)沉默不(bu)語,許(xu)(xu)(xu)翰(han)說(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)家有急,皇上下(xia)詔(zhao)允許(xu)(xu)(xu)我咨(zi)詢(xun)您,您不(bu)要(yao)因為我是(shi)書生的緣故就不(bu)肯談。”種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)才說(shuo):“我眾敵(di)(di)寡,只要(yao)分兵(bing)(bing)(bing)結營(ying),控(kong)守要(yao)地(di),使(shi)敵(di)(di)糧(liang)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)通,坐以持久(jiu),敵(di)(di)人(ren)可(ke)破。”許(xu)(xu)(xu)翰(han)感(gan)嘆其言(yan),上奏說(shuo)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)智(zhi)慮未衰,尚可(ke)用(yong)。宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)于(yu)是(shi)加封(feng)種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)檢校少師(shi)(shi)(shi),進封(feng)太(tai)尉,換節鎮洮軍,擔(dan)任河北、河東宣(xuan)撫使(shi),屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)滑州。其實宋(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)并沒(mei)給種(zhong)(zhong)師(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)一兵(bing)(bing)(bing)一卒(zu)。
種(zhong)師道(dao)請求集中關、河兵力在滄州(zhou)、衛州(zhou)、孟州(zhou)、滑州(zhou)修筑防(fang)(fang)線,以(yi)防(fang)(fang)金兵再至。然而(er)主(zhu)戰(zhan)(zhan)派先主(zhu)張(zhang)窮追東(dong)路撤退(tui)金兵,又主(zhu)張(zhang)反擊西路圍困太(tai)原(yuan)的金兵,主(zhu)和(he)派更是(shi)不問軍事,朝(chao)廷(ting)議論(lun)認(ren)為大(da)敵剛退(tui),不宜興師動眾修防(fang)(fang)御來(lai)示弱。朝(chao)廷(ting)聽(ting)信假情報逼宋軍速戰(zhan)(zhan),援救太(tai)原(yuan)的種(zhong)師中戰(zhan)(zhan)死、姚古戰(zhan)(zhan)敗,朝(chao)廷(ting)震(zhen)悚,召回種(zhong)師道(dao),派李(li)(li)綱前去。李(li)(li)綱聲稱不懂軍事,請求退(tui)休不愿去,但(dan)宋欽宗一定要(yao)李(li)(li)綱去,否則就(jiu)是(shi)抗命(ming)。李(li)(li)綱和(he)士民都認(ren)為這是(shi)借刀(dao)殺人(ren)的手段,因為主(zhu)和(he)派極力推薦李(li)(li)綱去。
援救(jiu)太(tai)原的宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)照(zhao)樣受朝廷(ting)遙控,屢(lv)屢(lv)失(shi)利后,宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)換掉李(li)綱(gang),由種師道接任。種師道在河陽(yang)(今河南(nan)孟州)遇到金國使者王汭,察言觀色判斷金兵一定會大(da)(da)舉南(nan)下,立即上疏請求皇帝臨幸長安躲避敵鋒。大(da)(da)臣認為這是(shi)怕,宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)又召回種師道。因(yin)為戰事屢(lv)敗,宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)又用起主和派。太(tai)原最終(zhong)淪(lun)陷,兩路(lu)金兵大(da)(da)舉南(nan)下,宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)決心(xin)議和,主和派命令地(di)方宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)不許勤(qin)王,專心(xin)專意罷戰講和,李(li)綱(gang)被貶出京(jing)城(cheng)。種師道可能是(shi)悲憤交加,到京(jing)后已經病得無法入(ru)見,于十(shi)月份去世,終(zhong)年七十(shi)六。宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)(qin)宗(zong)親(qin)臨祭(ji)奠,為之慟哭,追贈開府儀(yi)同(tong)三司。
《宋史(shi)》:“種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道宿將(jiang),有重名(ming),二敵所畏(wei)。”“宋懲五季藩鎮之(zhi)弊,稍用(yong)逢掖治邊陲(chui)、領介胄。然兵勢國之(zhi)大事,非素明(ming)習,而(er)欲應變決策于急遽(ju)危難(nan)之(zhi)際,豈不仆(pu)哉。種(zhong)氏自世衡立功(gong)青(qing)澗,撫(fu)循士卒,威動羌、夏,諸(zhu)子俱有將(jiang)材,至(zhi)師(shi)(shi)道、師(shi)(shi)中已三世,號(hao)山(shan)西(xi)名(ming)將(jiang)。徽宗任宦豎起邊釁,師(shi)(shi)道之(zhi)言不售,卒基南北之(zhi)禍。金以(yi)孤軍深入,師(shi)(shi)道請遲西(xi)師(shi)(shi)之(zhi)至(zhi)而(er)擊之(zhi),長(chang)驅上(shang)黨;師(shi)(shi)中欲出其背以(yi)掩之(zhi),可謂至(zhi)計(ji)矣。李綱、許翰(han)顧以(yi)為怯(qie)緩逗撓,動失機會,遂至(zhi)大衄,而(er)國隨以(yi)敗,惜哉!”
劉韐:“師中聞命即行,奮不顧(gu)身(shen),雖古忠臣,不過也。”
黃道(dao)周:“老種師(shi)道(dao),宋(song)末主兵。非貫不悅(yue),即忤蔡京(jing)。帝(di)問邊事(shi),不敗(bai)(bai)為精(jing)。來則(ze)以應(ying),妄動事(shi)生(sheng)。遼功未立,近(jin)擾先驚。揚言援(yuan)至,前擊后(hou)沖。敵(di)漬斬獲(huo),城(cheng)功始成。再征臧(zang)底(di),斬惰先登(deng)。師(shi)才八日,敵(di)已削平。遼乃鄰也,伐(fa)之(zhi)何名。白溝戰(zhan)敗(bai)(bai),轉互相傾。再起河北,或止勿行(xing)。師(shi)道(dao)及(ji)進,直壓(ya)敵(di)營。帝(di)聞(wen)而(er)喜,虜(lu)憚而(er)停。平仲心(xin)忌,戰(zhan)以速爭。種請少緩(huan),帝(di)亦不聽。既(ji)而(er)戰(zhan)敗(bai)(bai),功罪無憑。大都亂世,良將(jiang)空稱。既(ji)病而(er)死,方(fang)痛撫(fu)膺。”
在積極導演的(de)(de)(de)收燕(yan)云之役中,童貫同樣盲目(mu)指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui),造成慘重失敗的(de)(de)(de)后果。據記載,宣和四年童貫統軍(jun)北上至雄(xiong)(xiong)州,惘(wang)顧軍(jun)事(shi)將(jiang)領的(de)(de)(de)意見,分派軍(jun)隊行動。久經(jing)沙場的(de)(de)(de)大(da)將(jiang)種師道(dao)對(dui)草(cao)率用兵提出異議,童貫不予(yu)理睬。將(jiang)官(guan)楊(yang)可世再諫:將(jiang)領事(shi)先(xian)并未參與(yu)作戰計劃便倉促臨(lin)陣(zhen),勢必難以(yi)應(ying)戰。知(zhi)雄(xiong)(xiong)州、文官(guan)和詵(shen)不考慮將(jiang)官(guan)的(de)(de)(de)意見,而配合(he)童貫對(dui)楊(yang)可世加以(yi)威(wei)脅(xie)。楊(yang)氏及其他武(wu)將(jiang)只(zhi)能屈服。于是,在“遵(zun)依(yi)圣旨及宣撫司約束諸(zhu)將(jiang)”的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下,宋軍(jun)繼續(xu)北上。種師道(dao)領兵至白溝,“如貫素(su)約指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)諸(zhu)將(jiang)”,執(zhi)行童貫不得妄殺的(de)(de)(de)命令。
楊可(ke)世領前軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在白溝橋向遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)招(zhao)降,結果(guo)在毫無(wu)戒(jie)備(bei)之下遭到遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的進攻,“矢石如雨,我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)為備(bei),又拘(ju)節制”。面對如此戰(zhan)況(kuang),楊氏只得要求動(dong)武(wu),但宋軍(jun)(jun)(jun)已(yi)陷(xian)入不(bu)利的處(chu)境,“楊可(ke)世與遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)戰(zhan),諸將不(bu)利”。此時(shi),承擔(dan)監督之責的和詵竟(jing)又勸種(zhong)師道(dao)殺楊可(ke)世,“號令諸部(bu)以明宣撫司出旗榜(bang)本(ben)意”,“使虜人知朝(chao)廷無(wu)意用(yong)兵”。
終于,招降遼殘(can)余勢力(li)的(de)幻想破滅(mie),在遼軍(jun)(jun)的(de)追擊下,種(zhong)師道(dao)領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)敗退。這(zhe)次所謂(wei)的(de)北伐的(de)失敗,完全(quan)是(shi)童貫(guan)無能(neng)指揮的(de)結果,所謂(wei)“先是(shi),既以招撫為(wei)(wei)名,貫(guan)下令中軍(jun)(jun)不許妄殺人,及(ji)虜(lu)騎(qi)犯(fan)我(wo)師,皆不敢施放矢石(shi),聽其(qi)殺戮。故(gu)諸將亦憤然”。但童貫(guan)為(wei)(wei)了逃避追究,“于是(shi)貫(guan)以契丹(dan)尚盛未可圖,奏劾種(zhong)師道(dao)”,種(zhong)師道(dao)被迫(po)致仕。
據種(zhong)師(shi)道部下康隨(sui)跋種(zhong)師(shi)道責官謝表指出:“此役,初不(bu)與(yu)謀,中則強委任之,又(you)兵之節制皆(jie)不(bu)得(de)專(zhuan),考(kao)其行事,罪有所歸(gui)矣。”可見無辜的(de)將領種(zhong)師(shi)道成為此役失敗的(de)替(ti)罪羊。
姚平仲(zhong)偷襲金營失敗后。宋欽宗聽信投降派(pai)的話,驚慌(huang)失措,一面(mian)派(pai)使者到金營賠禮(li),一面(mian)把李綱(gang)、種師道撤職。
這(zhe)個(ge)消息一傳(chuan)出(chu)來,東京全城騷動,軍民(min)個(ge)個(ge)氣(qi)憤。特別是太學里的(de)學生,群情激(ji)昂。太學生陳東帶領了幾百名太學生,擁到皇(huang)宮(gong)的(de)宣(xuan)德門(men)外,上書請愿,要求(qiu)朝廷恢(hui)復李綱、種(zhong)師(shi)道(dao)的(de)原職,懲辦李邦(bang)彥、白時中等奸(jian)賊。
東京(jing)城的(de)軍民聽(ting)說太學生請愿,不約而(er)同(tong)地來(lai)到宣(xuan)德門前,一下子(zi)就(jiu)聚集了幾萬人(ren)。這時候(hou),李邦彥(yan)正(zheng)好(hao)從宮里退朝(chao)出來(lai),群眾一見到奸賊,眼都紅了,指著李邦彥(yan)的(de)鼻(bi)子(zi)痛罵(ma),有的(de)還從地上(shang)撿起瓦(wa)片、石頭(tou)(tou)(tou),向李邦彥(yan)劈頭(tou)(tou)(tou)蓋腦地扔去(qu),嚇得(de)李邦彥(yan)抱(bao)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)縮(suo)頸,趕快逃進(jin)宮去(qu)。
禁衛軍將領(ling)一看事情鬧大了沒法(fa)收拾,進宮(gong)勸(quan)宋(song)欽(qin)宗答應大家(jia)的(de)要求。宋(song)欽(qin)宗沒法(fa),只好派(pai)人(ren)召李(li)綱進宮(gong),并且當眾(zhong)派(pai)人(ren)宣布(bu),恢復(fu)李(li)綱、種師(shi)道的(de)職(zhi)務(wu)。群眾(zhong)還不放(fang)心(xin),這時候,種師(shi)道正乘車趕了來。大家(jia)掀開車簾,一看果然(ran)是種老(lao)將軍,爆發出(chu)一陣(zhen)雷(lei)鳴般的(de)歡(huan)呼聲(sheng),才陸續散去(qu)。
十一月金(jin)(jin)兵已經兵臨城下。宋欽宗(zong)既用(yong)(yong)主和派意見(jian)派使者(zhe)出城求和,又用(yong)(yong)主戰派意見(jian)堅守(shou)京城不去,誰知兩樣都(dou)落空。京城失守(shou),宋欽宗(zong)、宋徽宗(zong)被劫(jie)入金(jin)(jin)營,金(jin)(jin)兵以此為(wei)籌碼逼兩河軍(jun)民(min)開城投降(jiang)、宋朝(chao)臣民(min)貢獻金(jin)(jin)銀珍寶美女、并保障金(jin)(jin)兵退兵安全,因(yin)為(wei)金(jin)(jin)兵人數確(que)實不多(duo)。宋欽宗(zong)捶胸(xiong)大(da)哭道:“不用(yong)(yong)種師道言(yan),以至于(yu)此!”
汴梁城(cheng)破之后,金(jin)兵將領入城(cheng),很想(xiang)拜見一下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)師道,惜(xi)乎(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)師道已死,便(bian)找(zhao)到種(zhong)(zhong)師道的侄(zhi)子種(zhong)(zhong)洌,對種(zhong)(zhong)洌說:“我們過去曾在陣前見過你伯父,真是一位好(hao)將軍啊!如能采納他的意見,宋(song)(song)朝不會敗得這樣慘。現在宋(song)(song)朝應(ying)該(gai)知道種(zhong)(zhong)將軍是個(ge)忠義(yi)之人了(le)吧。”宋(song)(song)朝的被俘官(guan)員聽(ting)了(le),皆(jie)仰(yang)天長(chang)嘆。
種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)死后,其侄子(zi)種(zhong)洌(lie)護種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)的靈(ling)(ling)柩(jiu)西歸(gui)時(shi),在路(lu)上碰(peng)到強(qiang)(qiang)盜,強(qiang)(qiang)盜聽說(shuo)是種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道(dao)的靈(ling)(ling)柩(jiu),都下拜致奠,并(bing)且(qie)反贈金錢(qian)以(yi)致意,其得人心如此。
《宋史·卷(juan)三三五(wu)·列傳第九十四》、《東都事(shi)略》卷(juan)一O七有傳。
在《宋史》中,種家(jia)(jia)(jia)軍(jun)比(bi)楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)名氣大,比(bi)楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)作用(yong)大,只(zhi)不過(guo)楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)走上了舞臺(tai),被渲染得出了彩(cai),而種家(jia)(jia)(jia)軍(jun)卻走進了線裝書,被文字湮沒了。北(bei)宋統(tong)治的(de)(de)168年間(jian),種家(jia)(jia)(jia)軍(jun)英雄輩出:種世衡(heng)、種詁、種諤、種診、種誼、種樸(pu)、種師道、種師中皆為將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)才。種家(jia)(jia)(jia)子弟(di)五代從軍(jun),數十人戰(zhan)死沙(sha)場。
種(zhong)師道(dao),從曾祖父是宋初大隱士種(zhong)放,種(zhong)放兄種(zhong)昭衍即種(zhong)師道(dao)之曾祖父,其祖父是種(zhong)家軍的創建者(zhe)種(zhong)世衡(heng),世衡(heng)有八子(古(gu)、診(zhen)、諮、詠、諤、所、記、誼),種(zhong)師道(dao)的父親是種(zhong)記,種(zhong)師道(dao)的弟弟是種(zhong)師中。
種師道妻尹氏。
二子(zi),浩(hao)、溪(xi)。種(zhong)(zhong)浩(hao)官迪功郎,種(zhong)(zhong)溪(xi)為閣門(men)祗(zhi)侯(hou),皆(jie)死于師道之(zhi)前(qian)。孫彥(yan)崇、彥(yan)崧(song),彥(yan)崇死于兵,而(er)彥(yan)崧(song)則早夭。在紹興(xing)年(nian)間,朝(chao)廷令(ling)其(qi)侄種(zhong)(zhong)浤奉(feng)祀(si)。
建炎元年六(liu)月十五日,種師道靈柩(jiu)歸(gui)葬于萬年縣神禾原(yuan)(今(jin)陜西西安(an)長安(an)區香積寺村是種氏的家(jia)族墓地)。