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基本介紹

波塞(sai)東龍(long)(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)(neng)是已知(zhi)的(de)(de)最高的(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。在美(mei)國俄克拉荷(he)馬州【oklahoma, usa】發現(xian)。波塞(sai)東龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是一種(zhong)類(lei)似于腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，但更大(da)。波塞(sai)東龍(long)(long)(long)(long)大(da)約有30米長，但可能(neng)(neng)高達18米，比最大(da)的(de)(de)腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)還高4-5米，體重達50-60噸。波塞(sai)東龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)脖子可能(neng)(neng)比馬門溪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)還長，達到12米左右。他的(de)(de)一截頸椎就有1.5米長。

波(bo)塞東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石包含(han)：四(si)個天然狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)(jing)(jing)椎(zhui)(zhui)（中(zhong)間第(di)(di)五到第(di)(di)八個）、以及頸(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)肋(lei)骨(gu)。波(bo)塞東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)脊椎(zhui)(zhui)骨(gu)非常地長(chang)(chang)(chang)，最大的(de)(de)(de)一個脊椎(zhui)(zhui)骨(gu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度約(yue)1.4米，是紀錄中(zhong)最長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)。對于這些骨(gu)頭的(de)(de)(de)檢驗，顯示出它們是由蜂窩狀(zhuang)骨(gu)細胞(bao)所構成，而且骨(gu)細胞(bao)非常細，類似雞或鴕鳥(niao)的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)細胞(bao)，使得波(bo)塞東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)較輕，且較容易舉起。波(bo)塞東(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)(bu)肋(lei)骨(gu)極長(chang)(chang)(chang)，第(di)(di)六節(jie)頸(jing)(jing)(jing)肋(lei)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度為3.42米，比長(chang)(chang)(chang)頸(jing)(jing)(jing)巨龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)最長(chang)(chang)(chang)頸(jing)(jing)(jing)肋(lei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)18%，也超越馬門溪龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)(jing)(jing)肋(lei)。

波(bo)(bo)塞東龍(long)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)型估計(ji)，是(shi)根據波(bo)(bo)塞東龍(long)的(de)(de)四個頸椎，與柏林(lin)亨波(bo)(bo)特(te)博物館的(de)(de)長頸巨龍(long)標(biao)本（編號HM SII）比(bi)較(jiao)得來的(de)(de)數據。編號HM SII標(biao)本是(shi)已知(zhi)最完(wan)整的(de)(de)腕(wan)龍(long)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)，但該標(biao)本被認為由不同(tong)個體(ti)(ti)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)拼湊(cou)而成(cheng)，因(yin)此數據可能不完(wan)全(quan)正確。波(bo)(bo)塞東龍(long)與其他腕(wan)龍(long)科近親的(de)(de)比(bi)較(jiao)是(shi)困難的(de)(de)，因(yin)為有限的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)紀錄。

波塞(sai)東(dong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)部長度(du)被(bei)估計為(wei)11.25到12米，而編號HM SII的(de)(de)(de)腕(wan)龍(long)(long)標本頸(jing)部長度(du)為(wei)9米。這個(ge)(ge)數據(ju)是(shi)假設(she)(she)波塞(sai)東(dong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)部其它(ta)部分比(bi)例與長頸(jing)巨龍(long)(long)頸(jing)部比(bi)例是(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)，這是(shi)個(ge)(ge)非(fei)常合理的(de)(de)(de)假設(she)(she)方式。

波(bo)塞東龍(long)(long)可(ke)能可(ke)以將頭(tou)部(bu)高舉過地面(mian)達(da)17米(mi)，大(da)約(yue)(yue)是六(liu)層樓高。腕(wan)龍(long)(long)科恐龍(long)(long)的(de)長(chang)(chang)頸(jing)部(bu)與(yu)高肩膀(bang)，使得它(ta)(ta)們是已知最高的(de)一(yi)群恐龍(long)(long)。在某些層面(mian)，波(bo)塞東龍(long)(long)的(de)體(ti)格類似現(xian)代長(chang)(chang)頸(jing)鹿，它(ta)(ta)們同樣(yang)擁有(you)短(duan)身體(ti)與(yu)長(chang)(chang)頸(jing)部(bu)。相(xiang)較而言，長(chang)(chang)頸(jing)巨龍(long)(long)可(ke)將頭(tou)部(bu)高舉到離地面(mian)13.5米(mi)。波(bo)塞東龍(long)(long)的(de)肩膀(bang)可(ke)能有(you)6或7米(mi)高，而身長(chang)(chang)被估(gu)計約(yue)(yue)為30米(mi)或是34米(mi)長(chang)(chang)。

波(bo)(bo)塞(sai)東龍(long)的(de)(de)體(ti)重被估(gu)(gu)計(ji)為50到(dao)60公噸之間。波(bo)(bo)塞(sai)東龍(long)的(de)(de)脊椎骨比(bi)(bi)長(chang)頸巨(ju)(ju)龍(long)的(de)(de)脊椎骨還(huan)長(chang)約25%到(dao)33%，但(dan)直徑僅大(da)了10%到(dao)15%。這(zhe)些(xie)數據(ju)意味者波(bo)(bo)塞(sai)東龍(long)的(de)(de)身體(ti)可能比(bi)(bi)長(chang)頸巨(ju)(ju)龍(long)還(huan)巨(ju)(ju)大(da)，但(dan)就比(bi)(bi)例而言頸部較小。長(chang)頸巨(ju)(ju)龍(long)的(de)(de)體(ti)重為40到(dao)44公噸，這(zhe)個數據(ju)是將(jiang)不同(tong)測量的(de)(de)結果平均得到(dao)的(de)(de)數據(ju)。然而，任何(he)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)都是某(mou)些(xie)科(ke)學家的(de)(de)一家之言，就已(yi)經發現的(de)(de)恐龍(long)木乃伊就較其骨骼(ge)判斷要大(da)1/4來分(fen)析，基于(yu)4節(jie)頸骨的(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)塞(sai)東龍(long)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)估(gu)(gu)計(ji)值為肩高8.5米，臀高6.75米，頭部可以達(da)(da)到(dao)18.3米高，體(ti)重在55噸以上或達(da)(da)到(dao)80噸。

然而，相較于長頸巨龍(long)(long)，波(bo)塞(sai)東(dong)龍(long)(long)擁有(you)相對細長的頸部。如(ru)果波(bo)塞(sai)東(dong)龍(long)(long)的身(shen)體(ti)也是較為(wei)細長，那之前所估計(ji)的數(shu)據(ju)將會過高。舉例而言，體(ti)型(xing)(xing)較粗壯的迷惑龍(long)(long)，體(ti)重比身(shen)體(ti)較長、但(dan)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)修長的梁龍(long)(long)還重。此外，波(bo)塞(sai)東(dong)龍(long)(long)可(ke)能(neng)擁有(you)氣(qi)囊(nang)系(xi)統，類(lei)(lei)似鳥類(lei)(lei)，氣(qi)囊(nang)系(xi)統可(ke)減低蜥腳類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)的體(ti)重約20%以上。

生長與分布

波塞東龍(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)是北(bei)美洲最后的(de)(de)巨大蜥腳類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)。蜥腳類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)包(bao)含陸地上出現過最大的(de)(de)動物，是群分布(bu)廣(guang)泛且成功的(de)(de)演化(hua)支。它們首次出現于早侏羅紀，并且很(hen)快(kuai)地散(san)布(bu)到(dao)(dao)(dao)全世界。到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)晚(wan)侏羅紀，梁(liang)龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)與(yu)腕龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)北(bei)美洲與(yu)非洲等地占優勢(shi)，到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)晚(wan)白(bai)(bai)堊紀，泰坦巨龍(long)(long)(long)科(ke)廣(guang)泛分布(bu)于南半球(qiu)。在(zai)晚(wan)侏羅紀到(dao)(dao)(dao)晚(wan)白(bai)(bai)堊紀期間(jian)，蜥腳類的(de)(de)化(hua)石紀錄(lu)很(hen)稀少(shao)。這(zhe)段期間(jian)的(de)(de)北(bei)美洲很(hen)少(shao)發現標本，所發現的(de)(de)標本也通常(chang)是破碎(sui)骨(gu)頭，或是幼年個(ge)體。而白(bai)(bai)堊紀存活的(de)(de)蜥腳類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)體型上縮(suo)減（身(shen)長減到(dao)(dao)(dao)15米左(zuo)右，而體重為(wei)10到(dao)(dao)(dao)15公(gong)噸），因此波塞東龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)發現相當不(bu)尋常(chang)。

波(bo)塞(sai)東龍(long)(long)生存于墨西(xi)哥(ge)灣的(de)(de)海岸(an)，墨西(xi)哥(ge)灣的(de)(de)海岸(an)在當(dang)時侵入到奧克拉荷馬州一帶，形成(cheng)巨大的(de)(de)三角(jiao)(jiao)洲(zhou)，類似今日的(de)(de)密西(xi)西(xi)比(bi)河三角(jiao)(jiao)洲(zhou)。這個(ge)(ge)地區在當(dang)時可(ke)能(neng)沒有掠食(shi)(shi)動(dong)物可(ke)以攻擊完全成(cheng)長的(de)(de)波(bo)塞(sai)東龍(long)(long)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)，但(dan)肉食(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)下目的(de)(de)高棘龍(long)(long)（體(ti)型較小于暴(bao)龍(long)(long)）與以群體(ti)行動(dong)的(de)(de)恐爪龍(long)(long)可(ke)能(neng)以幼年波(bo)塞(sai)東龍(long)(long)個(ge)(ge)體(ti)為獵物。

在2004年，德(de)恩·奈(nai)許（Darren Naish）與(yu)他的同(tong)事敘述了一只巨(ju)大(da)腕(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，該恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)發現于(yu)早白堊(e)紀(ji)的英格蘭，并類似(si)(si)于(yu)波(bo)塞東龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。該腕(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)僅發現兩個頸椎，在某(mou)些細節(jie)明顯地(di)類似(si)(si)波(bo)塞東龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，而它們(men)可能在體型上(shang)相(xiang)似(si)(si)。該腕(wan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的發現突顯了早白堊(e)紀(ji)時期(qi)北美洲與(yu)歐洲恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的相(xiang)似(si)(si)。