1.形態特征
常綠(lv)小(xiao)喬(qiao)木,高約3~3.5米(mi)(mi)。枝(zhi)條粗壯斜生(sheng),幼枝(zhi)被(bei)濃密柔(rou)毛,并有(you)微小(xiao)針刺。葉互生(sheng);葉柄的(de)葉翼倒心臟形(xing);有(you)毛,主脈(mo)及葉翼邊(bian)緣尤多;葉片長橢圓形(xing),長8~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬3~6厘(li)米(mi)(mi),先(xian)端渾圓或微凹入,基部圓鈍,邊(bian)緣淺波狀(zhuang),兩面主脈(mo)上均有(you)柔(rou)毛;葉質(zhi)肥厚(hou)柔(rou)軟。花極香,單生(sheng)或腋生(sheng)花序;萼4淺裂(lie);花瓣白(bai)色(se)(se),矩圓形(xing);雄蕊(rui)20~25;子(zi)房圓形(xing),花柱柱狀(zhuang),柱頭(tou)極大(da)。果(guo)實(shi)圓形(xing)或略扁(bian),一般高10~15厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬11~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi),檸檬黃色(se)(se),油室(shi)大(da)而明顯,幼果(guo)密被(bei)白(bai)色(se)(se)絨毛;果(guo)頂(ding)圓鈍,頂(ding)端內(nei)凹,果(guo)蒂四(si)周略有(you)棱起;果(guo)皮(pi)不易(yi)剝離,厚(hou)約2厘(li)米(mi)(mi);瓤(rang)囊16瓣,中心柱充實(shi),果(guo)肉淺黃色(se)(se),汁胞長大(da)似紡錘形(xing),味被(bei)酸(suan)。種子(zi)80粒以(yi)上,扁(bian)圓形(xing),合點淺紫色(se)(se)。花期3月。果(guo)期8~9月。
2.植物形態
常綠喬木,高5~10m。小板扁,幼枝、新葉被短柔毛。單生(sheng)復葉互生(sheng),長(chang)橢圓形(xing)(xing)、卵狀橢圓形(xing)(xing)或闊卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊(bian)緣淺波狀,葉翅倒(dao)心形(xing)(xing)。花(hua)單生(sheng)或為(wei)總狀花(hua)序,腋生(sheng);花(hua)瓣(ban)白色(se)(se);雄(xiong)蕊25~45;子房(fang)長(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)。柑果梨形(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)卵形(xing)(xing)或圓形(xing)(xing),直徑10~15cm,檸檬黃(huang)色(se)(se),油室(shi)大;瓤囊10~18瓣(ban)。花(hua)期4~5月,果熟期9~11月。
3.藥用功效
【化痰止咳、風寒(han)(han)咳嗽】橘紅首要(yao)功(gong)效,無論寒(han)(han)咳或干(gan)(gan)咳,服用(yong)(yong)橘紅均可見(jian)效,咳嗽分為(wei)熱咳和寒(han)(han)咳兩種:熱咳,是由肺熱造成的反復(fu)咳嗽,例如過量食用(yong)(yong)上火(huo)食品,如煎炸(zha)、燒烤類等(deng)食品,表(biao)現為(wei)喉嚨干(gan)(gan)癢(yang)、干(gan)(gan)咳少痰或痰色黃質黏(nian)稠(chou);寒(han)(han)咳,多由受(shou)寒(han)(han)引(yin)起,表(biao)現為(wei)咽癢(yang)咳頻(pin),痰液稀(xi)薄(bo)如泡沫狀。
【久咳、氣管炎(yan)、哮喘(chuan)(chuan)】中老年人長年久咳或哮喘(chuan)(chuan)服用橘紅(hong)為首選。對久咳、哮喘(chuan)(chuan)者必須堅(jian)持服用并逐(zhu)漸(jian)適應方可(ke)起效。一般(ban)建議使用2-3個月(yue)以上。
【食積傷酒(jiu)(jiu)、化(hua)普理氣(qi)】抽(chou)煙喝酒(jiu)(jiu)人士(shi)之佳品,煙酒(jiu)(jiu)對(dui)肺(fei)胃(wei)肝及喉嚨損傷最大,同時(shi)居住在城市(shi)汽車(che)及工業廢氣(qi)居多,長久吸入過(guo)量后容易導(dao)致習慣性呼(hu)吸道感(gan)染(ran)發炎(yan)。常服用化(hua)橘紅便能減輕(qing)酒(jiu)(jiu)精及廢氣(qi)對(dui)這些人體(ti)器官(guan)的損害。
【嘔吐(tu)呃逆、飲(yin)食積滯(zhi)】經常飯(fan)局應酬等人士(shi)應常服用化橘紅,化橘紅對腸胃(wei)的消(xiao)滯(zhi)有良(liang)好功效,飯(fan)后服用可令緩解胃(wei)中消(xiao)化壓力。
4.地理環境
化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)具有(you)(you)(you)的(de)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特色取決于化(hua)(hua)州市內特定的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條件和氣(qi)候(hou)環境(jing)。化(hua)(hua)州市位于廣東(dong)省西部(bu)(bu),東(dong)經110°20'~110°45',北緯(wei)21°29'~22°13',全市面積2324.5平(ping)方公里(li),為近(jin)海(hai)(hai)低丘陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu),其(qi)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)占51%,丘陵(ling)占39%,谷(gu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)和平(ping)原10%。該市東(dong)北有(you)(you)(you)云(yun)開山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)作(zuo)屏障,西有(you)(you)(you)天堂嶂以(yi)擋烈金之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi),南面相臨南海(hai)(hai),中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)滔滔羅江(jiang)貫穿南北,有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)調節著(zhu)全市的(de)氣(qi)候(hou)。化(hua)(hua)州市地(di)(di)(di)(di)處亞熱(re)(re)帶,氣(qi)候(hou)溫和,熱(re)(re)量(liang)豐(feng)富,平(ping)均氣(qi)溫21℃,全年(nian)光照達2500小(xiao)時(shi)以(yi)上,雨(yu)量(liang)充沛,年(nian)均降(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)1900毫米,土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)肥沃(wo),原始植被(bei)屬(shu)自然生態群落亞熱(re)(re)帶山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)磚紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang),發育于石(shi)(shi)、砂頁巖。化(hua)(hua)州市種(zhong)植化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)屬(shu)偏(pian)酸(suan)性(xing)赤紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang),pH在5.5-6.5之(zhi)(zhi)間, 土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)結構良好,有(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)≥2%,富含礞(meng)脫石(shi)(shi)、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等微量(liang)元素,山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)淋溶作(zuo)用較為強(qiang)烈,地(di)(di)(di)(di)理環境(jing)條件優越。在這樣的(de)環境(jing)條件下,加上悠久(jiu)種(zhong)植形成的(de)科(ke)學栽培(pei)技術,使化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)具有(you)(you)(you)藥(yao)物有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)成分(fen)高、止咳化(hua)(hua)痰(tan)等獨特的(de)功效(xiao)。對化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特色,前(qian)人也認為除了它本身的(de)藥(yao)物成分(fen)和得天獨厚的(de)氣(qi)候(hou)條件外,更主要是化(hua)(hua)州市部(bu)(bu)分(fen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)致,故州志記(ji)載:“化(hua)(hua)州城內寶山(shan)(shan)(shan)及署內有(you)(you)(you)礞(meng)石(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)” “礞(meng)石(shi)(shi)能(neng)化(hua)(hua)痰(tan),橘(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)得礞(meng)石(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi),故化(hua)(hua)痰(tan)力(li)更勝。”因此,化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),功效(xiao)都強(qiang)于異(yi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)產的(de)任何橘(ju)(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)。