1.形態特征
常綠小喬(qiao)木,高(gao)約3~3.5米(mi)(mi)。枝(zhi)條粗壯斜(xie)生,幼枝(zhi)被(bei)濃密(mi)(mi)柔毛(mao),并有(you)微小針(zhen)刺。葉(xie)互生;葉(xie)柄(bing)的葉(xie)翼(yi)倒心(xin)(xin)臟(zang)形;有(you)毛(mao),主脈(mo)及(ji)葉(xie)翼(yi)邊緣尤多;葉(xie)片長橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形,長8~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬3~6厘(li)米(mi)(mi),先端(duan)渾圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)微凹入,基部(bu)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),邊緣淺波狀(zhuang)(zhuang),兩面主脈(mo)上(shang)均有(you)柔毛(mao);葉(xie)質肥厚(hou)柔軟。花極香,單生或(huo)腋生花序(xu);萼(e)4淺裂(lie);花瓣白(bai)色(se),矩圓(yuan)(yuan)形;雄蕊20~25;子(zi)房圓(yuan)(yuan)形,花柱(zhu)柱(zhu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),柱(zhu)頭(tou)極大(da)(da)。果(guo)實圓(yuan)(yuan)形或(huo)略(lve)扁(bian),一般高(gao)10~15厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬11~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi),檸檬黃色(se),油室大(da)(da)而明顯,幼果(guo)密(mi)(mi)被(bei)白(bai)色(se)絨毛(mao);果(guo)頂(ding)圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍(dun),頂(ding)端(duan)內(nei)凹,果(guo)蒂四周略(lve)有(you)棱起;果(guo)皮不(bu)易剝離(li),厚(hou)約2厘(li)米(mi)(mi);瓤囊(nang)16瓣,中心(xin)(xin)柱(zhu)充實,果(guo)肉(rou)淺黃色(se),汁胞長大(da)(da)似紡(fang)錘(chui)形,味被(bei)酸。種子(zi)80粒以上(shang),扁(bian)圓(yuan)(yuan)形,合點淺紫(zi)色(se)。花期(qi)(qi)3月。果(guo)期(qi)(qi)8~9月。
2.植物形態
常綠喬木,高5~10m。小(xiao)板扁(bian),幼枝、新葉被短柔(rou)毛(mao)。單生(sheng)復葉互生(sheng),長橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或闊卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing),長6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊緣(yuan)淺波(bo)狀(zhuang),葉翅倒(dao)心形(xing)(xing)。花單生(sheng)或為總狀(zhuang)花序,腋生(sheng);花瓣(ban)白色(se);雄(xiong)蕊25~45;子房長圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)。柑果梨(li)形(xing)(xing)、倒(dao)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)或圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)10~15cm,檸檬黃(huang)色(se),油室大;瓤囊10~18瓣(ban)。花期4~5月(yue),果熟(shu)期9~11月(yue)。
3.藥用功效
【化痰止咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、風寒(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽】橘紅(hong)(hong)首要功效,無論寒(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)或(huo)干咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),服用(yong)(yong)橘紅(hong)(hong)均可見效,咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽分(fen)為熱咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)寒(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)兩種:熱咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),是(shi)由(you)肺(fei)熱造成的反(fan)復咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽,例(li)如(ru)(ru)(ru)過量食用(yong)(yong)上火食品,如(ru)(ru)(ru)煎炸、燒(shao)烤類(lei)等食品,表現為喉(hou)嚨干癢(yang)、干咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)少痰或(huo)痰色黃(huang)質黏稠;寒(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),多由(you)受寒(han)引起,表現為咽癢(yang)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)頻,痰液稀薄(bo)如(ru)(ru)(ru)泡沫狀。
【久咳(ke)(ke)、氣管炎、哮喘(chuan)】中老年人長年久咳(ke)(ke)或哮喘(chuan)服用橘紅為首選(xuan)。對久咳(ke)(ke)、哮喘(chuan)者必須堅持服用并逐(zhu)漸適應方可起效。一(yi)般建議使用2-3個月以上。
【食積傷酒(jiu)、化普(pu)理氣】抽煙喝(he)酒(jiu)人(ren)士之佳(jia)品,煙酒(jiu)對肺胃(wei)肝及喉嚨損傷最大,同時居(ju)住在城(cheng)市汽車及工業廢氣居(ju)多(duo),長久吸(xi)入過量后(hou)容易導致(zhi)習慣性呼吸(xi)道感染發炎。常服用化橘紅便能減(jian)輕酒(jiu)精及廢氣對這些(xie)人(ren)體器官(guan)的損害。
【嘔吐(tu)呃逆、飲(yin)食積滯】經常飯局(ju)應酬(chou)等人士應常服(fu)用(yong)化橘(ju)紅(hong),化橘(ju)紅(hong)對腸胃的(de)消滯有良好(hao)功(gong)效(xiao),飯后服(fu)用(yong)可(ke)令(ling)緩解胃中(zhong)消化壓力。
4.地(di)理環(huan)境
化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)特色(se)取決于(yu)(yu)化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)內特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤條件(jian)(jian)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)環境(jing)。化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)位于(yu)(yu)廣東省西部(bu)(bu),東經110°20'~110°45',北緯21°29'~22°13',全市(shi)面積(ji)2324.5平方公里,為(wei)近海低丘(qiu)陵(ling)山(shan)區,其中山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)占(zhan)51%,丘(qiu)陵(ling)占(zhan)39%,谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)平原(yuan)10%。該市(shi)東北有(you)云開(kai)山(shan)脈作屏障,西有(you)天堂嶂(zhang)以(yi)擋烈(lie)金(jin)之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),南面相臨南海,中有(you)滔滔羅江貫穿南北,有(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)調節(jie)著(zhu)全市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)。化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處亞熱帶,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫和(he),熱量豐富,平均氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫21℃,全年(nian)光照達2500小時以(yi)上,雨量充沛,年(nian)均降雨量1900毫米,土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)肥沃,原(yuan)始植被屬(shu)自然生(sheng)態群落亞熱帶山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)磚紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤,發育于(yu)(yu)石、砂頁(ye)巖。化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)種植化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤屬(shu)偏酸性赤紅(hong)(hong)(hong)土(tu)壤,pH在(zai)5.5-6.5之(zhi)間, 土(tu)壤結構良(liang)好,有(you)機質(zhi)≥2%,富含礞脫石、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等(deng)(deng)微量元(yuan)素,山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)壤淋(lin)溶作用較為(wei)強(qiang)烈(lie),地(di)(di)(di)(di)理環境(jing)條件(jian)(jian)優(you)越。在(zai)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)條件(jian)(jian)下,加上悠久種植形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學栽培技術,使化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)具(ju)有(you)藥物(wu)有(you)效(xiao)成分高、止(zhi)咳化(hua)(hua)痰等(deng)(deng)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)。對化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)特色(se),前人(ren)也認為(wei)除了它本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥物(wu)成分和(he)得(de)(de)天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)條件(jian)(jian)外(wai),更主要是化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)質(zhi)所致(zhi),故州(zhou)(zhou)志記(ji)載(zai):“化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)(zhou)城內寶山(shan)及署(shu)內有(you)礞石土(tu)質(zhi)” “礞石能化(hua)(hua)痰,橘(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)得(de)(de)礞石之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),故化(hua)(hua)痰力更勝。”因此,化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi),功(gong)效(xiao)都強(qiang)于(yu)(yu)異地(di)(di)(di)(di)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任何橘(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)。