1.形態特征
常綠小喬木(mu),高(gao)約3~3.5米(mi)。枝條粗壯斜生(sheng)(sheng),幼枝被(bei)濃密柔毛,并(bing)有(you)微(wei)小針(zhen)刺。葉互生(sheng)(sheng);葉柄的葉翼倒(dao)心(xin)(xin)臟形(xing)(xing);有(you)毛,主(zhu)脈(mo)及葉翼邊緣尤多(duo);葉片長(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)8~13厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)3~6厘(li)(li)米(mi),先(xian)端(duan)渾(hun)圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)微(wei)凹入,基(ji)部圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,邊緣淺(qian)波狀(zhuang),兩(liang)面主(zhu)脈(mo)上(shang)均有(you)柔毛;葉質肥(fei)厚柔軟。花極(ji)(ji)香,單生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)腋生(sheng)(sheng)花序;萼(e)4淺(qian)裂;花瓣白色(se),矩(ju)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing);雄蕊(rui)20~25;子(zi)房圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),花柱(zhu)柱(zhu)狀(zhuang),柱(zhu)頭極(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)。果(guo)實圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)略(lve)扁,一般(ban)高(gao)10~15厘(li)(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)11~13厘(li)(li)米(mi),檸(ning)檬(meng)黃(huang)色(se),油室大(da)(da)而明顯,幼果(guo)密被(bei)白色(se)絨毛;果(guo)頂圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,頂端(duan)內(nei)凹,果(guo)蒂(di)四周略(lve)有(you)棱起;果(guo)皮不易剝離,厚約2厘(li)(li)米(mi);瓤囊16瓣,中心(xin)(xin)柱(zhu)充實,果(guo)肉(rou)淺(qian)黃(huang)色(se),汁胞長(chang)大(da)(da)似紡錘形(xing)(xing),味被(bei)酸。種子(zi)80粒(li)以(yi)上(shang),扁圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),合點淺(qian)紫色(se)。花期3月(yue)。果(guo)期8~9月(yue)。
2.植物形態
常綠喬木(mu),高(gao)5~10m。小板(ban)扁,幼枝(zhi)、新葉(xie)被短柔毛(mao)。單(dan)生(sheng)復葉(xie)互生(sheng),長(chang)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)或闊卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊(bian)緣淺波(bo)狀(zhuang),葉(xie)翅倒心形(xing)(xing)(xing)。花(hua)單(dan)生(sheng)或為(wei)總狀(zhuang)花(hua)序,腋(ye)生(sheng);花(hua)瓣白色;雄(xiong)蕊(rui)25~45;子房長(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)。柑果梨(li)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑10~15cm,檸檬黃色,油(you)室(shi)大;瓤(rang)囊10~18瓣。花(hua)期4~5月,果熟期9~11月。
3.藥用功效
【化痰止(zhi)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)、風寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽】橘紅(hong)(hong)首要功效(xiao),無論(lun)寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)或(huo)干咳(ke)(ke)(ke),服用(yong)橘紅(hong)(hong)均可見效(xiao),咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽分為熱(re)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)和寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)兩(liang)種:熱(re)咳(ke)(ke)(ke),是由肺熱(re)造(zao)成的反復咳(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽,例(li)如(ru)過量食(shi)用(yong)上火食(shi)品(pin),如(ru)煎(jian)炸、燒烤類等食(shi)品(pin),表現為喉嚨干癢(yang)、干咳(ke)(ke)(ke)少痰或(huo)痰色黃(huang)質黏稠;寒(han)(han)咳(ke)(ke)(ke),多由受寒(han)(han)引起(qi),表現為咽癢(yang)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)頻,痰液稀薄如(ru)泡沫狀。
【久咳、氣(qi)管(guan)炎、哮喘】中老年人長年久咳或(huo)哮喘服用橘紅為首選。對久咳、哮喘者(zhe)必須(xu)堅持服用并逐漸適應方(fang)可起效。一般建議使(shi)用2-3個月以上。
【食積傷酒(jiu)(jiu)、化(hua)普理氣(qi)】抽煙喝酒(jiu)(jiu)人士之佳品,煙酒(jiu)(jiu)對(dui)肺胃肝及喉嚨(long)損(sun)傷最(zui)大,同時居(ju)(ju)住在城市汽車(che)及工(gong)業廢(fei)氣(qi)居(ju)(ju)多,長久吸(xi)入過量后容易導(dao)致習慣(guan)性(xing)呼吸(xi)道(dao)感(gan)染發炎(yan)。常服用化(hua)橘紅(hong)便能(neng)減輕酒(jiu)(jiu)精及廢(fei)氣(qi)對(dui)這些人體(ti)器官的損(sun)害(hai)。
【嘔吐(tu)呃逆(ni)、飲食(shi)積滯】經常飯局(ju)應(ying)酬等人士應(ying)常服用(yong)化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅,化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅對腸胃的消(xiao)滯有良好(hao)功效,飯后服用(yong)可(ke)令緩解胃中消(xiao)化(hua)(hua)壓力。
4.地理環境
化(hua)橘(ju)紅具有(you)(you)的(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)特色取決(jue)于化(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)內特定(ding)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)條(tiao)件和氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)環境(jing)。化(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)位于廣(guang)東(dong)省西部(bu),東(dong)經110°20'~110°45',北(bei)(bei)緯21°29'~22°13',全市(shi)(shi)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)2324.5平(ping)方公里(li),為近(jin)海低丘陵山(shan)(shan)區,其(qi)中山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)占51%,丘陵占39%,谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)和平(ping)原10%。該市(shi)(shi)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)有(you)(you)云(yun)開山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)作屏障,西有(you)(you)天(tian)堂嶂以擋烈金之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),南(nan)面(mian)(mian)相臨(lin)南(nan)海,中有(you)(you)滔(tao)滔(tao)羅江貫穿(chuan)南(nan)北(bei)(bei),有(you)(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)調節著(zhu)全市(shi)(shi)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)。化(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai),氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)和,熱(re)量豐富(fu),平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)21℃,全年光(guang)照達2500小時以上(shang)(shang),雨(yu)量充沛(pei),年均降雨(yu)量1900毫米,土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)肥沃(wo),原始植(zhi)被(bei)屬自然生態(tai)群落亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)磚紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang),發育于石、砂頁巖。化(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)種植(zhi)化(hua)橘(ju)紅的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)屬偏酸性(xing)赤(chi)紅土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang),pH在(zai)5.5-6.5之(zhi)間, 土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)結構良好,有(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)≥2%,富(fu)含礞(meng)脫石、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等微量元素(su),山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)淋溶(rong)作用(yong)較為強烈,地(di)(di)(di)(di)理環境(jing)條(tiao)件優越。在(zai)這樣的(de)環境(jing)條(tiao)件下,加上(shang)(shang)悠久種植(zhi)形成(cheng)的(de)科學栽(zai)培(pei)技術,使化(hua)橘(ju)紅具有(you)(you)藥(yao)物有(you)(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)高、止咳化(hua)痰等獨特的(de)功效(xiao)。對化(hua)橘(ju)紅的(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)特色,前人也認為除了(le)它本身(shen)的(de)藥(yao)物成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)和得天(tian)獨厚的(de)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件外,更主要是化(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)所致,故(gu)州(zhou)志記(ji)載:“化(hua)州(zhou)城(cheng)內寶山(shan)(shan)及署(shu)內有(you)(you)礞(meng)石土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)” “礞(meng)石能(neng)化(hua)痰,橘(ju)紅得礞(meng)石之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),故(gu)化(hua)痰力(li)更勝。”因此,化(hua)橘(ju)紅的(de)品質(zhi)(zhi),功效(xiao)都強于異地(di)(di)(di)(di)產的(de)任(ren)何橘(ju)紅。