1.形態特征
常綠小(xiao)喬木,高約3~3.5米(mi)(mi)。枝(zhi)條粗壯斜生,幼枝(zhi)被(bei)濃密(mi)柔(rou)毛,并(bing)有(you)微小(xiao)針刺。葉(xie)(xie)互(hu)生;葉(xie)(xie)柄的(de)葉(xie)(xie)翼(yi)倒心(xin)(xin)臟形(xing)(xing);有(you)毛,主脈及葉(xie)(xie)翼(yi)邊緣(yuan)尤(you)多;葉(xie)(xie)片(pian)長(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)8~13厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3~6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),先(xian)端渾(hun)圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)微凹入,基部圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,邊緣(yuan)淺(qian)波狀(zhuang),兩面主脈上均有(you)柔(rou)毛;葉(xie)(xie)質肥厚柔(rou)軟。花(hua)極(ji)香,單生或(huo)腋生花(hua)序(xu);萼4淺(qian)裂;花(hua)瓣白色,矩圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing);雄蕊20~25;子房圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),花(hua)柱(zhu)柱(zhu)狀(zhuang),柱(zhu)頭極(ji)大。果(guo)實圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)略扁,一般高10~15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)11~13厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),檸檬(meng)黃色,油室大而明顯(xian),幼果(guo)密(mi)被(bei)白色絨毛;果(guo)頂圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,頂端內(nei)凹,果(guo)蒂四周略有(you)棱(leng)起;果(guo)皮不易(yi)剝離,厚約2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);瓤囊16瓣,中心(xin)(xin)柱(zhu)充實,果(guo)肉(rou)淺(qian)黃色,汁胞長(chang)大似紡錘(chui)形(xing)(xing),味被(bei)酸。種子80粒以上,扁圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing),合點淺(qian)紫色。花(hua)期3月。果(guo)期8~9月。
2.植物形態
常綠喬木,高(gao)5~10m。小板扁,幼(you)枝、新葉被短柔毛。單生(sheng)復(fu)葉互生(sheng),長(chang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)闊卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊緣淺(qian)波狀(zhuang)(zhuang),葉翅倒心形(xing)(xing)(xing)。花(hua)單生(sheng)或(huo)為總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)序,腋生(sheng);花(hua)瓣(ban)白色;雄(xiong)蕊(rui)25~45;子房長(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。柑果梨形(xing)(xing)(xing)、倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑10~15cm,檸檬黃色,油(you)室大;瓤囊10~18瓣(ban)。花(hua)期(qi)4~5月,果熟(shu)期(qi)9~11月。
3.藥用功效
【化(hua)痰止咳(ke)(ke)、風寒(han)咳(ke)(ke)嗽】橘紅首(shou)要(yao)功效,無論寒(han)咳(ke)(ke)或干咳(ke)(ke),服用(yong)橘紅均可(ke)見效,咳(ke)(ke)嗽分為(wei)熱咳(ke)(ke)和(he)寒(han)咳(ke)(ke)兩(liang)種:熱咳(ke)(ke),是由肺熱造成的反復(fu)咳(ke)(ke)嗽,例如過(guo)量食用(yong)上火食品,如煎炸、燒烤類等食品,表現(xian)為(wei)喉嚨干癢(yang)、干咳(ke)(ke)少痰或痰色黃(huang)質黏稠;寒(han)咳(ke)(ke),多由受(shou)寒(han)引(yin)起,表現(xian)為(wei)咽癢(yang)咳(ke)(ke)頻(pin),痰液稀(xi)薄如泡沫狀。
【久咳(ke)、氣管炎(yan)、哮(xiao)喘】中老年人長(chang)年久咳(ke)或(huo)哮(xiao)喘服用(yong)橘紅為首選。對久咳(ke)、哮(xiao)喘者必須堅持服用(yong)并逐(zhu)漸適(shi)應方可起效。一般建議(yi)使(shi)用(yong)2-3個月以(yi)上。
【食(shi)積傷酒(jiu)、化普理氣(qi)(qi)】抽煙喝酒(jiu)人士之佳品,煙酒(jiu)對肺(fei)胃肝(gan)及(ji)喉嚨損(sun)傷最大,同時居住在城市汽(qi)車及(ji)工(gong)業廢氣(qi)(qi)居多(duo),長久(jiu)吸(xi)入過量后容易導致習慣性呼吸(xi)道感染(ran)發炎。常服用(yong)化橘紅便(bian)能減輕酒(jiu)精及(ji)廢氣(qi)(qi)對這些人體器官的損(sun)害。
【嘔吐(tu)呃逆、飲食積滯】經(jing)常飯局應(ying)酬等(deng)人(ren)士應(ying)常服用化(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong),化(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)對腸胃(wei)的(de)消滯有良好功效,飯后(hou)服用可令緩解胃(wei)中(zhong)消化(hua)壓力。
4.地理(li)環境(jing)
化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)具有(you)的(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)特色取決于(yu)(yu)(yu)化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)內特定的(de)(de)土壤(rang)(rang)條(tiao)件(jian)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候環境(jing)。化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)廣(guang)東省西部(bu),東經110°20'~110°45',北緯21°29'~22°13',全市(shi)面(mian)積2324.5平方公里(li),為(wei)近海低丘陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)區,其中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)地占51%,丘陵(ling)占39%,谷地和平原10%。該市(shi)東北有(you)云開(kai)山(shan)(shan)脈作屏障,西有(you)天堂嶂(zhang)以擋(dang)烈金(jin)之氣(qi)(qi)(qi),南(nan)面(mian)相臨(lin)南(nan)海,中(zhong)有(you)滔(tao)滔(tao)羅江貫穿(chuan)南(nan)北,有(you)效(xiao)地調節著全市(shi)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候。化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)地處亞熱(re)帶(dai),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候溫和,熱(re)量(liang)豐(feng)富,平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫21℃,全年(nian)光照達2500小時以上,雨(yu)量(liang)充沛,年(nian)均(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)1900毫米,土地肥沃,原始植被屬自然生態群落亞熱(re)帶(dai)山(shan)(shan)地磚紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤(rang)(rang),發育(yu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)、砂(sha)頁巖。化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)種植化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)土壤(rang)(rang)屬偏酸性赤紅(hong)(hong)(hong)土壤(rang)(rang),pH在5.5-6.5之間, 土壤(rang)(rang)結構良好,有(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)≥2%,富含礞脫石(shi)、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等微量(liang)元素(su),山(shan)(shan)地土壤(rang)(rang)淋溶(rong)作用較為(wei)強烈,地理環境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)優越。在這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)環境(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)下,加上悠久種植形成(cheng)的(de)(de)科學栽培技術,使化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)具有(you)藥物(wu)有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)分高、止咳化(hua)(hua)痰(tan)等獨特的(de)(de)功(gong)效(xiao)。對化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)特色,前人也認(ren)為(wei)除了它本身的(de)(de)藥物(wu)成(cheng)分和得(de)天獨厚的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條(tiao)件(jian)外,更主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)部(bu)分地區的(de)(de)土質(zhi)(zhi)所致(zhi),故州(zhou)志(zhi)記載:“化(hua)(hua)州(zhou)城內寶(bao)山(shan)(shan)及(ji)署內有(you)礞石(shi)土質(zhi)(zhi)” “礞石(shi)能化(hua)(hua)痰(tan),橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)得(de)礞石(shi)之氣(qi)(qi)(qi),故化(hua)(hua)痰(tan)力更勝。”因此,化(hua)(hua)橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)的(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi),功(gong)效(xiao)都強于(yu)(yu)(yu)異地產的(de)(de)任(ren)何橘(ju)(ju)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)。