1.形態特征
常(chang)綠小喬木,高(gao)約3~3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)。枝條粗壯(zhuang)斜生(sheng)(sheng),幼枝被濃密(mi)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),并(bing)有(you)微小針刺。葉互生(sheng)(sheng);葉柄(bing)的葉翼倒心臟(zang)形(xing);有(you)毛(mao)(mao),主脈及葉翼邊(bian)緣(yuan)尤多;葉片長(chang)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),長(chang)8~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3~6厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先端渾圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)微凹(ao)入,基部圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,邊(bian)緣(yuan)淺(qian)波狀(zhuang)(zhuang),兩面主脈上均有(you)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao);葉質肥厚(hou)柔(rou)軟。花極(ji)香,單(dan)生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)(huo)腋生(sheng)(sheng)花序;萼4淺(qian)裂(lie);花瓣白色(se)(se),矩(ju)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing);雄(xiong)蕊20~25;子房圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),花柱(zhu)柱(zhu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),柱(zhu)頭極(ji)大(da)。果實(shi)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)(huo)略扁(bian),一般(ban)高(gao)10~15厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)11~13厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),檸檬黃(huang)色(se)(se),油室大(da)而明顯,幼果密(mi)被白色(se)(se)絨(rong)毛(mao)(mao);果頂圓(yuan)(yuan)鈍,頂端內凹(ao),果蒂四周(zhou)略有(you)棱起;果皮不易剝離,厚(hou)約2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);瓤囊16瓣,中心柱(zhu)充實(shi),果肉淺(qian)黃(huang)色(se)(se),汁胞長(chang)大(da)似紡錘形(xing),味被酸。種子80粒以上,扁(bian)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),合(he)點淺(qian)紫色(se)(se)。花期(qi)3月。果期(qi)8~9月。
2.植物形態
常綠(lv)喬木(mu),高5~10m。小(xiao)板扁,幼枝、新葉被短柔毛。單生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)復(fu)葉互生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),長(chang)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)、卵狀橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)闊(kuo)卵形(xing),長(chang)6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊(bian)緣淺波(bo)狀,葉翅倒心(xin)形(xing)。花(hua)單生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)為總狀花(hua)序,腋生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);花(hua)瓣白色(se);雄(xiong)蕊25~45;子房長(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)。柑果(guo)梨(li)形(xing)、倒卵形(xing)或(huo)圓(yuan)形(xing),直徑10~15cm,檸檬黃色(se),油室大;瓤囊10~18瓣。花(hua)期4~5月,果(guo)熟(shu)期9~11月。
3.藥用功效
【化痰(tan)止咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、風寒咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽】橘紅首要(yao)功效,無論寒咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)或(huo)(huo)干咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),服用(yong)橘紅均可見效,咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽分為(wei)熱(re)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)寒咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)兩種:熱(re)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),是(shi)由(you)肺(fei)熱(re)造成的反復(fu)咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)嗽,例如過量食用(yong)上火食品,如煎(jian)炸、燒烤類等食品,表現為(wei)喉嚨干癢、干咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)少(shao)痰(tan)或(huo)(huo)痰(tan)色黃質(zhi)黏稠;寒咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),多由(you)受寒引起,表現為(wei)咽癢咳(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)頻,痰(tan)液(ye)稀(xi)薄如泡(pao)沫狀。
【久咳、氣管炎(yan)、哮喘】中老(lao)年(nian)人(ren)長年(nian)久咳或哮喘服用橘紅為首(shou)選。對久咳、哮喘者必須堅持服用并(bing)逐漸適(shi)應(ying)方(fang)可起效。一般建議使(shi)用2-3個(ge)月(yue)以上。
【食積傷酒、化普理氣(qi)】抽煙喝酒人(ren)(ren)士之佳品(pin),煙酒對肺胃肝及喉嚨損傷最大,同時居(ju)住在城市(shi)汽車(che)及工業廢(fei)氣(qi)居(ju)多,長久吸入過量后(hou)容易導致(zhi)習慣性呼吸道感染發炎。常服用化橘紅便能減輕(qing)酒精(jing)及廢(fei)氣(qi)對這些(xie)人(ren)(ren)體器(qi)官(guan)的(de)損害。
【嘔吐呃逆、飲食積滯(zhi)】經常(chang)飯(fan)局應酬等人士應常(chang)服用化橘(ju)紅,化橘(ju)紅對腸胃的消滯(zhi)有良好功效,飯(fan)后服用可令(ling)緩解胃中消化壓力。
4.地理環境(jing)
化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)具有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)特(te)色取(qu)決(jue)于化(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)內特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)環境。化(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)位于廣東省(sheng)西部(bu),東經110°20'~110°45',北緯21°29'~22°13',全市(shi)(shi)(shi)面(mian)積2324.5平方公里,為(wei)近海低丘(qiu)陵山區,其中山地(di)占51%,丘(qiu)陵占39%,谷(gu)地(di)和(he)平原10%。該市(shi)(shi)(shi)東北有(you)(you)云開山脈作(zuo)屏障,西有(you)(you)天堂嶂以擋烈金(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),南面(mian)相臨南海,中有(you)(you)滔滔羅江貫(guan)穿南北,有(you)(you)效地(di)調(diao)節著(zhu)全市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)。化(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)處亞熱(re)帶,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)溫和(he),熱(re)量(liang)豐富(fu)(fu),平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫21℃,全年(nian)光(guang)照達(da)2500小(xiao)時以上,雨(yu)量(liang)充沛,年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)1900毫(hao)米(mi),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)肥沃,原始(shi)植(zhi)被(bei)屬(shu)自(zi)然生態(tai)群落亞熱(re)帶山地(di)磚紅(hong)壤,發育(yu)于石(shi)(shi)(shi)、砂(sha)頁(ye)巖。化(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤屬(shu)偏酸性赤紅(hong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤,pH在(zai)5.5-6.5之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian), 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤結構良(liang)好,有(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)≥2%,富(fu)(fu)含(han)礞(meng)(meng)脫(tuo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等(deng)微(wei)量(liang)元素,山地(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤淋溶作(zuo)用較為(wei)強(qiang)烈,地(di)理環境條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)優越(yue)。在(zai)這樣的(de)(de)(de)環境條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下,加上悠久種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)栽培(pei)技(ji)術,使(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)具有(you)(you)藥物有(you)(you)效成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)高(gao)、止咳化(hua)(hua)(hua)痰等(deng)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)效。對(dui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)的(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)特(te)色,前(qian)人也認為(wei)除了它本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)藥物成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)和(he)得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)外,更主要是(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)致,故(gu)州(zhou)志記載:“化(hua)(hua)(hua)州(zhou)城(cheng)內寶山及署內有(you)(you)礞(meng)(meng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)” “礞(meng)(meng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)痰,橘(ju)紅(hong)得礞(meng)(meng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi),故(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)痰力更勝。”因此,化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)的(de)(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi),功(gong)效都強(qiang)于異地(di)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)任何(he)橘(ju)紅(hong)。