【保護范圍】
廣東省(sheng)肇慶現轄(xia)行政區(qu)域
【地理環境】
端硯之(zhi)所(suo)以(yi)稱雄于世一(yi)千(qian)余年,乃至今(jin)滿譽天下(xia),主要(yao)是它具有質(zhi)剛而柔的(de)優(you)良石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)和豐富多彩的(de)天然石(shi)(shi)品花紋而使(shi)歷(li)代無數人為此陶醉、癡迷。端硯石(shi)(shi)的(de)原始(shi)母巖(yan)形(xing)成(cheng)于距今(jin)4億年前的(de)泥盆(pen)紀中期。在地(di)球演化史上,4億年前,肇慶這(zhe)個位置是一(yi)條沿東北方向(xiang)延伸的(de)濱岸(an)潮(chao)坪,廣(guang)(guang)州一(yi)帶(dai)為古陸(lu)(lu),當時的(de)大(da)海在廣(guang)(guang)西方向(xiang),海水(shui)從西部進入(ru)肇慶地(di)區。肇慶位于古陸(lu)(lu)與半(ban)島(dao)之(zhi)間的(de)海陸(lu)(lu)交(jiao)替處,兩側的(de)古陸(lu)(lu)為沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)提供(gong)了物源。古陸(lu)(lu)風化剝蝕(shi)下(xia)來的(de)大(da)量泥沙被海水(shui)帶(dai)到(dao)濱岸(an)停下(xia)來,按比(bi)重和粒級的(de)大(da)小依次(ci)沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)堆積(ji)(ji)成(cheng)層(ceng),較輕的(de)漂浮(fu)物被水(shui)水(shui)解后停留在潮(chao)坪較低洼的(de)湖區,緩慢沉(chen)降,最(zui)(zui)后沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)成(cheng)層(ceng)。這(zhe)就是端石(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)初的(de)物質(zhi)聚集。
【品質特色】
端(duan)硯為“中國(guo)四大名(ming)硯”之首,致密堅實(shi)幼(you)嫩、細膩,溫潤如玉(yu)的(de)(de)石質(zhi),獨特(te)(te)而(er)豐(feng)富多彩的(de)(de)石品(pin)花(hua)紋以及(ji)(ji)巧奪天工的(de)(de)雕刻藝術(shu)而(er)聞名(ming)于(yu)世。并具有質(zhi)柔而(er)剛按之如小兒肌膚,摩之寂(ji)寂(ji)無聲響,以及(ji)(ji)貯水不凅,呵氣研墨、不損毫(hao),發墨快等特(te)(te)點。
【文化背景】
自(zi)唐以來(lai),端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)一直(zhi)被(bei)歷(li)(li)代文(wen)(wen)(wen)武將相名人(ren)學(xue)士所鐘愛。他們(men)通(tong)過使用端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)的(de)感(gan)受,寫(xie)下(xia)了大(da)量(liang)的(de)論文(wen)(wen)(wen)著(zhu)述,成為研究端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)歷(li)(li)史(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)寶貴(gui)資料,他們(men)在使用端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)時,總會自(zi)然靈感(gan)頓生(sheng)、筆下(xia)生(sheng)花。宋代是端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)發展最(zui)鼎盛時期(qi),舉國上(shang)下(xia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)風四起、不少政治(zhi)家(jia)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)家(jia)和書畫(hua)藝(yi)術(shu)家(jia)們(men)對端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)如(ru)癡如(ru)醉真正把(ba)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)推向了最(zui)高(gao)巔峰(feng)。如(ru)歐陽修(xiu)、王安之(zhi)、蘇東(dong)坡等人(ren)。說(shuo)到(dao)清代不能不提(ti)的(de)是清高(gao)宗(zong)乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝(di),對端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)特(te)別(bie)喜愛,在宮內所藏(zang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan),據《西(xi)清硯(yan)(yan)譜》記載(zai)有62方,每方端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)都有它(ta)的(de)刻銘,并對端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)大(da)加(jia)贊賞(shang),視(shi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)為珍(zhen)稀之(zhi)寶。
【文化積淀】
端硯被歷代(dai)帝王將(jiang)相、文人墨客(ke)及鑒賞收藏(zang)人士(shi)譽為“文房寶(bao)中寶(bao)”“天下(xia)第(di)一硯”之美名。千百年(nian)來它以“歷劫萬年(nian)而不朽”的(de)堅(jian)固特性和巧奪(duo)天工的(de)硯雕藝術而被歷代(dai)帝王將(jiang)相和文人墨客(ke)所推(tui)崇(chong)。尋找端州(zhou)制(zhi)硯歷史(shi)溯源而上,或許能(neng)更為清晰地(di)傾聽到(dao)端州(zhou)深(shen)遠文明根脈(mo)跳動的(de)聲音。
【知識鏈接】
端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)、保(bao)(bao)養(yang)與珍藏。我國歷(li)代的(de)(de)(de)文人雅士十分重視端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)、保(bao)(bao)養(yang)與珍藏,在實踐中(zhong)積累了許多行之有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)經驗(yan)。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)和保(bao)(bao)養(yang)端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),不(bu)僅是保(bao)(bao)護硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)臺(tai)本身不(bu)受破損,更(geng)重要的(de)(de)(de)是保(bao)(bao)持端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體完美和研(yan)墨(mo)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)質細(xi)膩、幼嫩、滋(zi)潤(run)(run),首(shou)先與水有(you)著非(fei)常(chang)密(mi)切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)關系,特別是老坑石(shi)(shi),洞內終(zhong)年積水,硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)常(chang)年浸泡在水中(zhong),使(shi)之幼嫩滋(zi)潤(run)(run),故此古人提出了“以(yi)水養(yang)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”結論,即以(yi)清(qing)水注于硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)池(chi),加以(yi)保(bao)(bao)養(yang)。端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是研(yan)墨(mo)之器具,如果硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堂中(zhong)經常(chang)沾滿殘留(liu)著用(yong)(yong)剩的(de)(de)(de)宿(su)墨(mo),就(jiu)會(hui)影響端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)實用(yong)(yong)效果,久(jiu)(jiu)而久(jiu)(jiu)之,端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)質就(jiu)會(hui)出現干(gan)燥、粗(cu)糙。此外,新啟用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)(duan)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),如偶遇發(fa)(fa)墨(mo)不(bu)好,可用(yong)(yong)杉(shan)木燒成木炭粉(fen)末沾水,以(yi)毛(mao)刷磨(mo)(mo)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)臺(tai)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堂數遍,然(ran)后用(yong)(yong)清(qing)水洗(xi)滌乾凈,即可發(fa)(fa)墨(mo)。至于研(yan)墨(mo),一(yi)(yi)般有(you)兩種方法(fa),一(yi)(yi)是習慣(guan)性自左(zuo)而右打圈研(yan)磨(mo)(mo);二是“拉鋸式(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)磨(mo)(mo),即將墨(mo)條在硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堂中(zhong)來(lai)回推動。要注意(yi):研(yan)墨(mo)時墨(mo)條應(ying)該垂直(zhi),心平氣和,重按輕(qing)轉,先慢后逐漸加快,但不(bu)能急于求成。研(yan)墨(mo)時一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要用(yong)(yong)清(qing)水,切(qie)忌(ji)用(yong)(yong)開水更(geng)不(bu)可用(yong)(yong)茶或污水。加水研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)時,應(ying)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)滴。更(geng)不(bu)能將墨(mo)條浸在墨(mo)堂中(zhong)待其(qi)發(fa)(fa)軟才(cai)研(yan)磨(mo)(mo),這樣既損墨(mo)又(you)傷硯(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)研(yan)出的(de)(de)(de)墨(mo)汁不(bu)僅色無光澤,且(qie)濃(nong)淡不(bu)勻。