一.產品介紹
霞浦(pu)(pu)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)栽培歷史悠(you)久,1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)由蜀籍駐軍介紹牽線(xian),首次從當時的(de)重慶市(shi)巴(ba)縣木桐區(qu)清溪公(gong)社(she)新龍大(da)隊引種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),上(shang)世紀六十(shi)、七十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代逐步擴大(da)。1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)推廣至沙江、長春、溪南等縣域(yu)南部鄉(xiang)鎮,當時年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)2000多畝(mu)、年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)2000多噸(dun)、加工(gong)成(cheng)品(pin)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)1000多噸(dun)。改革開放后(hou),面積(ji)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)擴大(da),全縣除海島鄉(xiang)外,均有一定的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)。二(er)十(shi)世紀八十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代列入農業(ye)(ye)部《中國(guo)蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)資源(yuan)目錄》。1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou),霞浦(pu)(pu)縣副食品(pin)廠專業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)(chan)方便榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),注冊東吾商標,1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)該產(chan)(chan)品(pin)獲(huo)省優產(chan)(chan)品(pin)后(hou),面積(ji)擴大(da)迅速(su),常(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)保(bao)持在1.5-2.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)之(zhi)間(jian),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)1.3-1.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)。 霞浦(pu)(pu)縣氣候、生態條件適(shi)宜(yi)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)生長發育,所產(chan)(chan)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)質優高產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)為(wei)全省最大(da)的(de)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)地(di)(di),我(wo)縣適(shi)宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)有20萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)田地(di)(di)、園地(di)(di),除常(chang)規(gui)冬種(zhong)(zhong)各類蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、糧油作物在12萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)左右,尚(shang)有8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)左右空(kong)閑,榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)區(qu)人口密集,其(qi)市(shi)場因素(su)與資源(yuan)因素(su)有利于(yu)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan),霞浦(pu)(pu)縣可以(yi)為(wei)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)龍頭企業(ye)(ye)提(ti)供(gong)7-9萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)原料(liao)基(ji)地(di)(di),10萬(wan)(wan)(wan)多噸(dun)原料(liao),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)可加工(gong)2億袋(dai)方便榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)。 霞浦(pu)(pu)榨(zha)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)個大(da),平均縱徑14.5cm、平均橫徑12.4cm,平均單莖瘤(liu)重550g,莖瘤(liu)呈近紡綞形(xing)或蓮(lian)花形(xing),皮色淺綠光滑,肉瘤(liu)較大(da)而(er)鈍圓、間(jian)溝較深,皮下肉質色白而(er)肥厚(hou),質地(di)(di)脆嫩、形(xing)狀美(mei)觀,其(qi)腌制品(pin)脆嫩、鮮爽,具有明顯(xian)的(de)特征香氣。
二.自然生態環境和人(ren)文歷(li)史因(yin)素
霞浦屬(shu)中(zhong)亞熱帶季風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)性濕潤(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)暖,年平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)16~19℃,月均(jun)(jun)最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(7月)25.5-28.5℃、最(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(1月)6.9-9.6℃,歷史極(ji)端最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)40℃、最(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-7.7℃。年日(ri)照時數1899.2小(xiao)時,降雨(yu)量(liang)1100-1800毫米(mi),無(wu)霜期(qi)北部(bu)243天、南部(bu)300天。霞浦氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)可概括為(wei)(wei)“春多雨(yu)水(shui)(shui),夏多臺風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),冬暖夏涼,霜雪少見”。春夏秋冬持續時間平均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)89、127、81、68天,春夏季降雨(yu)量(liang)占全年總量(liang)的(de)(de)83%。全年以東(dong)南風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)導風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向,沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)以東(dong)北風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、西(xi)南風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)居多,具有明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)季風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)特點。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)要(yao)素(su)垂直差異(yi)明(ming)顯(xian)(xian),區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內(nei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)岳地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶隨海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔高度每上升100米(mi),年平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)約降低(di)0.56℃。域(yu)(yu)內(nei)冬無(wu)嚴寒,滿足榨(zha)菜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產要(yao)求。 霞浦縣(xian)屬(shu)亞熱帶海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)洋性季風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),在(zai)霜凍上較浙江(jiang)產區(qu)為(wei)(wei)佳(表(biao)略),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)富含(han)磷、鉀、鈣與(yu)涪陵(ling)相(xiang)似,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)多為(wei)(wei)最(zui)適榨(zha)菜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)砂壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。表(biao)略境內(nei)依山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由(you)西(xi)北向東(dong)南呈(cheng)三(san)級階梯狀下降,東(dong)南部(bu)的(de)(de)東(dong)沖半島拱衛(wei)內(nei)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai),組成了(le)中(zhong)低(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)、濱海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)等不同氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區(qu)。區(qu)內(nei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)紅壤(rang)、紫(zi)色土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、鹽(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、水(shui)(shui)稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。紅壤(rang)廣泛分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)和(he)(he)北部(bu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔950米(mi)以下低(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶;紫(zi)色土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)零星分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)春鎮大(da)(da)京等地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),母(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)紫(zi)色頁巖,風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)化強烈,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚度65厘米(mi),質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)壤(rang),呈(cheng)粒狀結構;潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)流(liu)兩岸,母(mu)質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)流(liu)沖積物(wu)或老河(he)道沉(chen)積物(wu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深(shen)厚,沖積層(ceng)理明(ming)顯(xian)(xian),各(ge)層(ceng)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)色澤均(jun)(jun)一;風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)春等地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)濱海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶;濱海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)鹽(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)灘涂,經人工(gong)墾殖脫(tuo)鹽(yan)后成為(wei)(wei)旱作(zuo)咸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang),由(you)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)發育(yu)而成,質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)粘(zhan)重;咸沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)由(you)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)積泥沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)發育(yu)而成,分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)塘田隆起部(bu),表(biao)層(ceng)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)輕壤(rang),底層(ceng)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)重壤(rang),已完全脫(tuo)鹽(yan);水(shui)(shui)稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)是縣(xian)內(nei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)耕(geng)作(zuo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang),廣泛分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于(yu)各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)坡、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)壟、丘(qiu)(qiu)間谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)河(he)谷、海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)積小(xiao)平原。 全縣(xian)林(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積156.38萬畝(mu)(mu),其中(zhong)有林(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)128.4萬畝(mu)(mu)(生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態林(lin)(lin)49萬畝(mu)(mu)、商品林(lin)(lin)35萬畝(mu)(mu)、兼(jian)用林(lin)(lin)43萬畝(mu)(mu)),森林(lin)(lin)覆蓋率56.8%。境內(nei)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)流(liu)密布(bu)(bu),境內(nei)水(shui)(shui)系呈(cheng)樹枝狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu),干(gan)流(liu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1公(gong)里以上的(de)(de)河(he)流(liu)24條,大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)源(yuan)短流(liu)急,單(dan)獨(du)入海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河(he)流(liu)有杯溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、羅漢(han)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、七都溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)三(san)河(he),總流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積635.2平方公(gong)里,干(gan)流(liu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)134.5公(gong)里。水(shui)(shui)域(yu)(yu)環境現狀良好(hao),周邊沒有工(gong)礦企業(ye),無(wu)工(gong)業(ye)污染(ran),空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)良好(hao),可以作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)綠色食品基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)發展。
三.地域范圍
霞(xia)浦縣位于福建省東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)沿海臺灣海峽(xia)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)岸(an),北(bei)(bei)(bei)緯26°25′-27°07′,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)經119°46′-120°28′之間,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)瀕東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)海,西接福安,北(bei)(bei)(bei)鄰福鼎、柘榮縣,西南(nan)與(yu)寧德(de)、羅源兩(liang)江隔(ge)海相(xiang)望。全縣陸(lu)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)1489.6平方公里,均(jun)列為地域覆蓋范圍(wei)。保(bao)護面(mian)(mian)積(ji)分布在松城街道(dao)、松港(gang)街道(dao)、長春鎮(zhen)、牙城鎮(zhen)、溪(xi)南(nan)鎮(zhen)、沙江鎮(zhen)、下滸鎮(zhen)、三沙鎮(zhen)、鹽田畬族(zu)鄉(xiang)、水門畬族(zu)鄉(xiang)、崇(chong)儒畬族(zu)鄉(xiang)、柏洋鄉(xiang)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)壁鄉(xiang)20萬(wan)畝(mu)適宜耕地。現(xian)有榨菜(cai)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)3.05萬(wan)畝(mu),年產8萬(wan)多(duo)噸鮮(xian)菜(cai)。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性(xing)特征
1、外在感官特征:霞(xia)浦榨菜(cai)(cai)與川、浙(zhe)菜(cai)(cai)相比最(zui)顯著的特點是個大(da),平(ping)均(jun)縱徑(jing)14.5cm、橫徑(jing)12.4cm,平(ping)均(jun)單莖瘤(liu)重550g,莖瘤(liu)近紡綞形(xing)或蓮花形(xing),皮(pi)色淺綠,肉(rou)瘤(liu)較大(da)而鈍圓、間溝較深,莖瘤(liu)質地脆嫩、個大(da)、形(xing)狀美觀,其加工品鮮、爽、嫩、脆、香(xiang)氣(qi)足。
2、內(nei)在品質指標:蛋白質≥0.15%,粗纖維≥0.70%。
3、安全(quan)要求:嚴格執行NY 5299-2005無公害食品芥菜(cai)類蔬菜(cai)標準(zhun)。
五.特定生產方式
霞(xia)(xia)浦(pu)縣榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)產區(qu)普(pu)遍采取水稻-水稻-榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)、番薯(shu)-榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)、水稻-菜(cai)(cai)-榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)等種植模(mo)式。提高了土(tu)(tu)地利用率與復種指數,推動了水旱輪作耕(geng)作模(mo)式推廣(guang),增加土(tu)(tu)壤的(de)有機質等營養含量,極大改(gai)善(shan)了土(tu)(tu)壤理(li)化性狀。 霞(xia)(xia)浦(pu)榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)農產品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志生(sheng)產方式應嚴格執行NY 5299-2005無公害食(shi)品(pin)芥菜(cai)(cai)類蔬菜(cai)(cai)標(biao)準(zhun),具(ju)體按霞(xia)(xia)浦(pu)縣農業標(biao)準(zhun)規范《莖瘤芥(榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai))栽培技術規范》(NXP/TNY002.5-2000,2000年(nian)6月(yue)霞(xia)(xia)浦(pu)縣質監局(ju)發布)進(jin)行操作。
1、栽培品(pin)種(zhong)與季節 霞浦榨(zha)菜主栽品(pin)種(zhong)有(you)霞圓榨(zha)1號(hao)等,播(bo)種(zhong)季節10月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)到11月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun),定植11月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)至12月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun),收獲期(qi)翌年1月(yue)底(di)-3月(yue)份,全生育(yu)期(qi)140天。
2、播種與育苗
(1)播種(zhong):用80℃燙水(shui)(shui)傾(qing)入盛種(zhong)子的容器內,去除上浮(fu)的嫩(nen)種(zhong)、癟粒(li)及(ji)其它夾(jia)雜物(wu),再用50℃-55℃溫水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)泡10分鐘,濾出、晾干(gan)、準備播種(zhong)。
(2)育苗(miao):選富含(han)有機(ji)質、保水(shui)(shui)保肥(fei)好的(de)土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)或輕壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土。苗(miao)床深耕曬土,熟化土壤(rang)(rang)(rang)。作畦(qi)寬1.1m-1.2m、溝(gou)寬30cm-35cm、溝(gou)深25cm-30cm,每667㎡施腐熟廄(jiu)肥(fei)2000kg,過(guo)磷(lin)酸鈣20kg。將畦(qi)面整平耙細,施足底水(shui)(shui),將準備好的(de)種子均勻撒于(yu)畦(qi)面,床面上蓋(gai)土,每667㎡用種0.4-0.5kg,可供(gong)10畝大田(tian)幼苗(miao)定植(zhi)需要(yao)。
(3)苗(miao)(miao)期管理:出(chu)現(xian)第一片真葉(xie)時(shi),第一次(ci)間苗(miao)(miao),保(bao)持(chi)苗(miao)(miao)距(ju)3cm,出(chu)現(xian)三片真葉(xie)時(shi),第二次(ci)間苗(miao)(miao),保(bao)持(chi)苗(miao)(miao)距(ju)7cm,間苗(miao)(miao)主(zhu)要(yao)去除弱、劣、病(bing)、雜及高(gao)腳苗(miao)(miao)。?
3、田間管理
(1)選地整(zheng)畦(qi):榨(zha)菜宜選擇排(pai)灌良好、土層深厚、質地疏松、富含有機質的中壤或砂(sha)壤土。宜深耕至25cm左右,每畝(mu)用石灰(hui)20公斤(jin)撒施土壤爾后(hou)翻曬(shai)土壤,作(zuo)畦(qi)寬110cm-130cm、高(gao)25cm左右,利于排(pai)水。
(2)定(ding)(ding)植:選擇陰天或晴天下午進行,定(ding)(ding)植時苗床澆水,帶土定(ding)(ding)植,減少根(gen)系損傷,提高(gao)成(cheng)活率,株行距40cm,每畝定(ding)(ding)植4000株左(zuo)右。
(3)肥(fei)水管理(li):在定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)前每667㎡用(yong)1500kg腐熟廄肥(fei)撒(sa)入大(da)田,犁翻耙勻,做(zuo)為基(ji)肥(fei),在定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)后40天左右(you)至封行前每667㎡用(yong)腐熟人畜(chu)糞尿(niao)500kg與尿(niao)素8kg、磷酸(suan)二氫鉀3kg分二次做(zuo)追肥(fei)。水分管理(li)遇旱灌水,遇澇(lao)排(pai)水。
(4)病蟲害防治 嚴格執行NY5299-2005無公害食(shi)品芥菜(cai)類蔬菜(cai)標準(zhun)。具體按霞浦縣農業標準(zhun)規(gui)范(fan)《莖(jing)瘤芥(榨(zha)菜(cai))栽培技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(NXP/TNY002.5-2000)進(jin)行操(cao)作(zuo)。?
4、榨菜的采收?
(1)采收(shou)標準:在(zai)1月下旬(xun)開始及時(shi)采收(shou),掌握在(zai)分開頂端2-3片芯(xin)葉見苔(tai)高2-3cm便可收(shou)割(ge)。?
(2)莖瘤(liu)芥等(deng)級規格應符(fu)合下表的(de)要求。