一.產品介紹
霞(xia)浦(pu)榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)栽培歷史悠久,1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)由蜀籍駐軍介紹牽線,首次從當時(shi)(shi)的重慶市巴縣(xian)(xian)(xian)木桐區清溪公社新龍大(da)(da)隊引(yin)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),上(shang)世(shi)紀六(liu)十、七(qi)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代逐步擴大(da)(da)。1974年(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)推廣(guang)至沙江、長春、溪南等縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域南部鄉鎮,當時(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)2000多畝、年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)2000多噸、加(jia)(jia)工(gong)成品(pin)菜(cai)(cai)1000多噸。改革開放后(hou),面(mian)積(ji)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)擴大(da)(da),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)除海島鄉外,均(jun)有(you)一定(ding)的種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)。二十世(shi)紀八十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代列(lie)入農業部《中國蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)目錄(lu)》。1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou),霞(xia)浦(pu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)副食品(pin)廠專(zhuan)業生產(chan)(chan)方便榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai),注冊東吾商標(biao),1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)該(gai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)獲省優產(chan)(chan)品(pin)后(hou),面(mian)積(ji)擴大(da)(da)迅速,常年(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)保持在1.5-2.1萬(wan)畝之間,年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)1.3-1.8萬(wan)噸。 霞(xia)浦(pu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)氣候、生態條件(jian)適宜(yi)榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)生長發(fa)育(yu),所產(chan)(chan)榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)質優高產(chan)(chan)成為全(quan)省最(zui)大(da)(da)的榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)業基(ji)地(di),我縣(xian)(xian)(xian)適宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)有(you)20萬(wan)畝田地(di)、園地(di),除常規冬種(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)類蔬(shu)菜(cai)(cai)、糧油(you)作(zuo)物在12萬(wan)畝左(zuo)(zuo)右,尚有(you)8萬(wan)畝左(zuo)(zuo)右空閑,榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)區人口密集,其(qi)市場因素與資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)因素有(you)利于榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)業發(fa)展,霞(xia)浦(pu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)以為榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)龍頭企業提供7-9萬(wan)畝榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)原(yuan)料基(ji)地(di),10萬(wan)多噸原(yuan)料,年(nian)(nian)(nian)可(ke)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)2億袋方便榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)。 霞(xia)浦(pu)榨(zha)(zha)菜(cai)(cai)個大(da)(da),平(ping)均(jun)縱徑14.5cm、平(ping)均(jun)橫(heng)徑12.4cm,平(ping)均(jun)單(dan)莖瘤重550g,莖瘤呈近(jin)紡綞形或蓮花形,皮(pi)(pi)色淺綠光滑,肉瘤較大(da)(da)而鈍圓、間溝較深,皮(pi)(pi)下肉質色白而肥厚,質地(di)脆嫩(nen)、形狀美觀,其(qi)腌制(zhi)品(pin)脆嫩(nen)、鮮爽(shuang),具有(you)明顯的特(te)征(zheng)香氣。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和人文(wen)歷史因(yin)素
霞浦屬中(zhong)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)季(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)性(xing)濕潤(run)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)區,氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)溫暖,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫16~19℃,月均(jun)(jun)(jun)最(zui)高氣(qi)溫(7月)25.5-28.5℃、最(zui)低氣(qi)溫(1月)6.9-9.6℃,歷(li)史極端(duan)最(zui)高氣(qi)溫40℃、最(zui)低氣(qi)溫-7.7℃。年(nian)日(ri)照時(shi)數1899.2小(xiao)時(shi),降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量1100-1800毫(hao)米,無霜(shuang)期北(bei)部(bu)243天、南(nan)部(bu)300天。霞浦氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)可概(gai)括為(wei)(wei)“春(chun)(chun)多(duo)(duo)雨(yu)水,夏(xia)(xia)多(duo)(duo)臺風(feng)(feng)(feng),冬(dong)暖夏(xia)(xia)涼,霜(shuang)雪少見”。春(chun)(chun)夏(xia)(xia)秋冬(dong)持(chi)續時(shi)間平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)89、127、81、68天,春(chun)(chun)夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量占全年(nian)總量的(de)(de)(de)83%。全年(nian)以東南(nan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)導(dao)風(feng)(feng)(feng)向,沿海(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區以東北(bei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)、西(xi)(xi)南(nan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)居多(duo)(duo),具(ju)有明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)季(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)特(te)點。氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)要(yao)素垂直差(cha)異明(ming)(ming)顯(xian),區域內(nei)山岳地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)隨海(hai)(hai)拔高度每(mei)上升100米,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫約降(jiang)(jiang)低0.56℃。域內(nei)冬(dong)無嚴寒,滿(man)足榨菜生產要(yao)求。 霞浦縣(xian)屬亞(ya)熱帶(dai)海(hai)(hai)洋性(xing)季(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou),在霜(shuang)凍上較浙江產區為(wei)(wei)佳(jia)(表略),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)表富含磷、鉀、鈣(gai)與涪陵相似(si),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)多(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)最(zui)適榨菜生長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和砂(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)。表略境內(nei)依(yi)山面(mian)海(hai)(hai),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢由(you)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)向東南(nan)呈(cheng)三級階梯狀下降(jiang)(jiang),東南(nan)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)東沖(chong)半島拱(gong)衛內(nei)海(hai)(hai),組(zu)成(cheng)了中(zhong)低山地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、丘陵、濱海(hai)(hai)等不同(tong)氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)區。區內(nei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)、紫(zi)色(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、水稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)。紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)廣泛(fan)分布(bu)于(yu)沿海(hai)(hai)丘陵和北(bei)部(bu)海(hai)(hai)拔950米以下低山地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai);紫(zi)色(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)零星分布(bu)于(yu)長(chang)春(chun)(chun)鎮大京等地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),母質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)紫(zi)色(se)頁(ye)巖,風(feng)(feng)(feng)化(hua)強(qiang)烈,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層厚度65厘米,質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang),呈(cheng)粒狀結構;潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)類土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分布(bu)在溪(xi)(xi)流(liu)(liu)兩岸,母質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)溪(xi)(xi)流(liu)(liu)沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)物或老河(he)道(dao)沉積(ji)(ji)物,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層深厚,沖(chong)積(ji)(ji)層理明(ming)(ming)顯(xian),各層的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和色(se)澤均(jun)(jun)(jun)一;風(feng)(feng)(feng)沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)類土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)分布(bu)于(yu)長(chang)春(chun)(chun)等地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)濱海(hai)(hai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai);濱海(hai)(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)分布(bu)于(yu)沿海(hai)(hai)灘(tan)涂,經人工墾殖脫鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)后成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)旱作(zuo)咸土(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang),由(you)海(hai)(hai)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、海(hai)(hai)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)發育而成(cheng),質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)粘重(zhong);咸沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)由(you)海(hai)(hai)積(ji)(ji)泥(ni)沙(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)發育而成(cheng),分布(bu)在塘田隆(long)起(qi)部(bu),表層質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)輕壤(rang)(rang)(rang),底層質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)重(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang),已完全脫鹽(yan)(yan)(yan);水稻(dao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)是縣(xian)內(nei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)耕作(zuo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang),廣泛(fan)分布(bu)于(yu)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)有水源的(de)(de)(de)山坡、山壟、丘間谷(gu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和河(he)谷(gu)、海(hai)(hai)積(ji)(ji)小(xiao)平(ping)原。 全縣(xian)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)156.38萬(wan)畝,其中(zhong)有林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)128.4萬(wan)畝(生態林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)49萬(wan)畝、商品(pin)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)35萬(wan)畝、兼用(yong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)43萬(wan)畝),森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)覆蓋率56.8%。境內(nei)溪(xi)(xi)流(liu)(liu)密布(bu),境內(nei)水系呈(cheng)樹枝狀分布(bu),干流(liu)(liu)長(chang)1公(gong)里以上的(de)(de)(de)河(he)流(liu)(liu)24條(tiao),大部(bu)分源短流(liu)(liu)急,單(dan)獨入(ru)海(hai)(hai)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河(he)流(liu)(liu)有杯溪(xi)(xi)、羅漢溪(xi)(xi)、七都溪(xi)(xi)、長(chang)溪(xi)(xi)三河(he),總流(liu)(liu)域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)635.2平(ping)方公(gong)里,干流(liu)(liu)長(chang)134.5公(gong)里。水域環境現(xian)狀良好,周(zhou)邊沒有工礦企業,無工業污染,空氣(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)量良好,可以作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)綠色(se)食品(pin)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)發展(zhan)。
三.地域范圍
霞浦縣位于福建省(sheng)東北(bei)沿(yan)海臺(tai)灣海峽(xia)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)岸,北(bei)緯26°25′-27°07′,東經(jing)119°46′-120°28′之間,東瀕東海,西(xi)(xi)接福安,北(bei)鄰福鼎、柘(zhe)榮縣,西(xi)(xi)南與寧(ning)德、羅(luo)源兩江隔海相望。全(quan)縣陸地面積1489.6平方公里,均列(lie)為地域覆蓋范(fan)圍。保護(hu)面積分(fen)布在松城(cheng)街道(dao)、松港街道(dao)、長(chang)春鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、牙(ya)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、溪南鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、沙江鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、下滸鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、三(san)沙鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、鹽田畬(yu)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、水門畬(yu)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、崇儒畬(yu)族(zu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、柏洋鄉(xiang)(xiang)、北(bei)壁鄉(xiang)(xiang)20萬畝適宜耕(geng)地。現有榨菜(cai)面積3.05萬畝,年(nian)產8萬多噸鮮菜(cai)。
四.產品(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)質特(te)性(xing)特(te)征
1、外在感官特征:霞(xia)浦(pu)榨菜與川、浙菜相比(bi)最(zui)顯著的特點是個大(da),平均縱徑(jing)14.5cm、橫徑(jing)12.4cm,平均單莖(jing)瘤重550g,莖(jing)瘤近紡綞形(xing)或(huo)蓮花形(xing),皮色(se)淺綠,肉瘤較大(da)而(er)鈍圓、間溝較深(shen),莖(jing)瘤質地脆(cui)嫩、個大(da)、形(xing)狀美觀,其加工品鮮、爽、嫩、脆(cui)、香氣(qi)足。
2、內在品質(zhi)指標(biao):蛋白(bai)質(zhi)≥0.15%,粗纖(xian)維≥0.70%。
3、安全要求:嚴格執(zhi)行NY 5299-2005無公(gong)害食品芥(jie)菜類蔬菜標準。
五.特定生產方(fang)式
霞(xia)浦(pu)縣榨(zha)菜(cai)產(chan)(chan)區普遍采取水(shui)稻(dao)-水(shui)稻(dao)-榨(zha)菜(cai)、番(fan)薯-榨(zha)菜(cai)、水(shui)稻(dao)-菜(cai)-榨(zha)菜(cai)等種(zhong)植(zhi)模式。提(ti)高了(le)土(tu)地利用(yong)率(lv)與復種(zhong)指數,推動了(le)水(shui)旱輪作耕作模式推廣,增加(jia)土(tu)壤的有機質等營(ying)養含(han)量,極大改善(shan)了(le)土(tu)壤理化性狀。 霞(xia)浦(pu)榨(zha)菜(cai)農產(chan)(chan)品地理標志(zhi)生產(chan)(chan)方式應嚴格執行NY 5299-2005無公害(hai)食(shi)品芥菜(cai)類(lei)蔬菜(cai)標準,具體按(an)霞(xia)浦(pu)縣農業(ye)標準規范《莖瘤芥(榨(zha)菜(cai))栽(zai)培技術(shu)規范》(NXP/TNY002.5-2000,2000年6月霞(xia)浦(pu)縣質監局發布)進(jin)行操(cao)作。
1、栽培品種與季(ji)節 霞(xia)浦榨菜主(zhu)栽品種有(you)霞(xia)圓榨1號等,播種季(ji)節10月(yue)下(xia)旬到11月(yue)上旬,定植11月(yue)下(xia)旬至12月(yue)上旬,收(shou)獲期(qi)翌年1月(yue)底-3月(yue)份,全生(sheng)育期(qi)140天。
2、播種與育苗
(1)播種(zhong)(zhong):用80℃燙水傾入(ru)盛種(zhong)(zhong)子的容器內(nei),去除上浮的嫩種(zhong)(zhong)、癟(bie)粒及其它夾雜物(wu),再用50℃-55℃溫(wen)水浸泡10分鐘,濾出、晾干、準備播種(zhong)(zhong)。
(2)育(yu)苗(miao):選(xuan)富(fu)含有(you)機質、保(bao)水(shui)(shui)保(bao)肥好的土(tu)壤或輕(qing)壤土(tu)。苗(miao)床深(shen)耕(geng)曬土(tu),熟化土(tu)壤。作畦寬1.1m-1.2m、溝寬30cm-35cm、溝深(shen)25cm-30cm,每(mei)667㎡施(shi)腐熟廄肥2000kg,過磷酸鈣20kg。將畦面(mian)整平耙細,施(shi)足底水(shui)(shui),將準備好的種子均勻撒于畦面(mian),床面(mian)上蓋土(tu),每(mei)667㎡用種0.4-0.5kg,可供(gong)10畝大田幼苗(miao)定(ding)植需要。
(3)苗(miao)期管理:出現第(di)一片真(zhen)葉(xie)時,第(di)一次間(jian)苗(miao),保持(chi)苗(miao)距(ju)3cm,出現三(san)片真(zhen)葉(xie)時,第(di)二次間(jian)苗(miao),保持(chi)苗(miao)距(ju)7cm,間(jian)苗(miao)主(zhu)要去(qu)除弱、劣、病、雜及高(gao)腳苗(miao)。?
3、田間管理
(1)選地整畦:榨菜宜選擇排灌(guan)良好(hao)、土(tu)層深(shen)厚、質地疏松(song)、富(fu)含有機質的中壤或砂(sha)壤土(tu)。宜深(shen)耕至25cm左(zuo)右(you),每畝用石(shi)灰20公斤撒(sa)施(shi)土(tu)壤爾后翻曬土(tu)壤,作(zuo)畦寬110cm-130cm、高25cm左(zuo)右(you),利于排水。
(2)定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):選(xuan)擇(ze)陰天(tian)或(huo)晴天(tian)下午進行,定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時苗床(chuang)澆水,帶土(tu)定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),減少根系損(sun)傷,提高成活率,株(zhu)行距40cm,每(mei)畝定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)4000株(zhu)左右。
(3)肥水管(guan)(guan)理(li):在定(ding)植(zhi)前(qian)每(mei)667㎡用(yong)1500kg腐熟廄(jiu)肥撒(sa)入大田(tian),犁翻耙勻,做(zuo)為基肥,在定(ding)植(zhi)后(hou)40天左右至封(feng)行前(qian)每(mei)667㎡用(yong)腐熟人畜糞尿500kg與尿素8kg、磷酸二(er)(er)氫鉀3kg分二(er)(er)次做(zuo)追肥。水分管(guan)(guan)理(li)遇旱灌(guan)水,遇澇排水。
(4)病蟲害(hai)(hai)防治 嚴格執行(xing)NY5299-2005無公(gong)害(hai)(hai)食品芥(jie)菜(cai)(cai)類蔬菜(cai)(cai)標(biao)準。具體按霞浦縣(xian)農業標(biao)準規范(fan)《莖瘤芥(jie)(榨菜(cai)(cai))栽培技(ji)術規范(fan)》(NXP/TNY002.5-2000)進行(xing)操作。?
4、榨菜的(de)采收?
(1)采(cai)收(shou)標準(zhun):在1月下(xia)旬開始(shi)及時采(cai)收(shou),掌握在分開頂端2-3片芯(xin)葉見苔高2-3cm便(bian)可收(shou)割。?
(2)莖瘤(liu)芥等級規格應符合下表的要求。