一.產品介紹
均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)屬于(yu)地(di)(di)方性(xing)淡(dan)色曬黃煙(yan)(yan),采用(yong)繩索串(chuan)曬架晾凋(diao)萎變黃、地(di)(di)曬干燥定色、白曬夜堆上汗、室(shi)外(wai)堆積(ji)發(fa)酵、分級打捆后二次發(fa)酵的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統調(diao)制方法。煙(yan)(yan)葉色澤鮮明純(chun)正,煙(yan)(yan)味純(chun)和(he),香(xiang)氣(qi)濃郁,油(you)分足,彈性(xing)好,燃燒性(xing)強(qiang),有(you)(you)(you)“吃(chi)不過的(de)(de)(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)煙(yan)(yan)”之佳評(丹(dan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)口(kou)市(shi)(shi)志第118頁)。 均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)是我國名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種,屬香(xiang)料型(xing)煙(yan)(yan)葉,是配制混合型(xing)卷煙(yan)(yan)不可缺(que)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)質(zhi)調(diao)料,產(chan)于(yu)丹(dan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)口(kou)市(shi)(shi)(古稱均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou))。據《丹(dan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)口(kou)市(shi)(shi)志》記載,明崇禎三年(nian)(1630年(nian))前后,從美洲(zhou)傳入并種植成功(gong),有(you)(you)(you)“均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)煙(yan)(yan)”之稱。清代被(bei)作為“貢品(pin)(pin)”敬獻皇帝,民國年(nian)間(jian),在巴(ba)拿馬國際博(bo)覽(lan)會上獲得銀質(zhi)獎,由(you)此名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)揚天下,具今有(you)(you)(you)380多年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)歷史。均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)香(xiang)型(xing)獨(du)特,似烤煙(yan)(yan),可廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)烤煙(yan)(yan)型(xing)、混合型(xing)、雪茄型(xing)等各類產(chan)品(pin)(pin)配方中,對于(yu)提高煙(yan)(yan)香(xiang)豐富(fu)性(xing)、增加香(xiang)氣(qi)濃度和(he)“減害降焦”具有(you)(you)(you)積(ji)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。1983年(nian)被(bei)確定為全(quan)國名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)(di),1984年(nian)“均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)”列入《全(quan)國名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)晾曬煙(yan)(yan)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)錄》。其(qi)地(di)(di)域(yu)保護范(fan)圍(wei)為東經(jing)110°08'~111°34'、北(bei)緯32°14'~32°58'之間(jian);產(chan)區(qu)位于(yu)湖北(bei)省丹(dan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)口(kou)市(shi)(shi)所轄(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)均(jun)(jun)縣(xian)鎮、習家店鎮、蒿坪鎮、石鼓鎮4個鎮,共46個行(xing)政村;總種植面積(ji)3.5萬畝。丹(dan)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)口(kou)市(shi)(shi)委(wei)、市(shi)(shi)政府高度重視均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)曬煙(yan)(yan)品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)打造工作,成立了品(pin)(pin)牌(pai)創(chuang)建工作領導小組,以此助推均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)健康和(he)持(chi)續發(fa)展,提升均(jun)(jun)州(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曬煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)知名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)度和(he)美譽度。
二(er).自然生(sheng)態環境和人文歷史因素
1、土壤(rang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌情況:均(jun)州(zhou)名曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處漢江(jiang)(jiang)中上游(you),位(wei)居(ju)南(nan)水(shui)北調中線工程(cheng)核心水(shui)源(yuan)區腹地(di)(di)(di)(di),境內有(you)全國(guo)著名的“一山(shan)一水(shui)”即道(dao)教圣地(di)(di)(di)(di)“武當山(shan)”和(he)亞洲最(zui)大(da)人(ren)工淡水(shui)湖“丹江(jiang)(jiang)口水(shui)庫”。南(nan)有(you)巴山(shan)雄峙,北有(you)秦嶺(ling)余(yu)脈(mo)屏(ping)障,八百里武當居(ju)中,東連(lian)老河口市(shi)和(he)河南(nan)省淅川縣(xian),西接十堰市(shi)和(he)鄖縣(xian)。地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)呈心臟形(xing),地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢西高(gao)東低,漢江(jiang)(jiang)自(zi)西向東貫穿,將全境陸地(di)(di)(di)(di)分(fen)割成(cheng)(cheng)“江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)”、“江(jiang)(jiang)北”兩個自(zi)然(ran)板塊,俗稱江(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)江(jiang)(jiang)北。國(guo)土為“七山(shan)二(er)水(shui)一分(fen)田”自(zi)然(ran)格局。產地(di)(di)(di)(di)山(shan)清水(shui)秀,景(jing)色(se)(se)宜人(ren),平均(jun)海(hai)拔在350m;土壤(rang)以(yi)黃棕(zong)壤(rang)為主,夾(jia)有(you)紫(zi)色(se)(se)土和(he)石灰土。土壤(rang)中性至(zhi)(zhi)酸性,質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)輕(qing)壤(rang)至(zhi)(zhi)中壤(rang),土層(ceng)深厚,保(bao)水(shui)保(bao)肥能力較(jiao)強,改良后活土層(ceng)厚度50cm以(yi)上,地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)位(wei)80㎝以(yi)下;有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量0.52%~2.7%,全氮(dan)0.03%~0.15%,有(you)效磷(lin)0.06%~0.14%,含(han)(han)鉀在0.5%~2.5%,PH值6.4~7.8,養(yang)分(fen)含(han)(han)量較(jiao)高(gao),為均(jun)州(zhou)名曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)的生(sheng)長提(ti)供了天然(ran)的礦(kuang)物(wu)質(zhi)和(he)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)營養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)份,這是形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)均(jun)州(zhou)名曬(shai)(shai)煙(yan)“高(gao)糖、高(gao)蛋白、適煙(yan)堿(jian),油分(fen)足、煙(yan)氣柔和(he)、細膩,”特(te)點的必要(yao)條件。
2、水(shui)(shui)文情況(kuang):均(jun)(jun)州名曬(shai)煙產區主(zhu)要分(fen)布在(zai)丹江(jiang)口庫區沿岸間的(de)山(shan)地(di)丘陵、低山(shan)河谷環境。產地(di)南(nan)北物種交匯,環境優(you)越,植被覆(fu)蓋(gai)率(lv)達(da)64.5%。產地(di)平均(jun)(jun)海拔400m,背山(shan)面水(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)豐(feng)富,境內(nei)的(de)丹江(jiang)口水(shui)(shui)庫是亞洲最(zui)大(da)的(de)人工淡水(shui)(shui)湖(hu),是舉世(shi)矚目(mu)的(de)南(nan)水(shui)(shui)北調(diao)中(zhong)線工程調(diao)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)頭,水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)約有(you)275.46億立方米(mi),絕(jue)大(da)部分(fen)由漢、丹二江(jiang)帶來(lai),加上本地(di)地(di)表徑流(liu)資源(yuan),河川徑流(liu)資源(yuan)為(wei)285.12億立方米(mi)。產地(di)內(nei)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)良好(hao),礦化度(du)低,ph、總硬度(du)適中(zhong),水(shui)(shui)體中(zhong)主(zhu)要離子含量一般都在(zai)正(zheng)常(chang)范圍(wei)內(nei),主(zhu)要水(shui)(shui)系河床落差大(da)、水(shui)(shui)能蘊藏量累計5.5萬千瓦,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)達(da)國家Ⅱ類水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)以上標準。豐(feng)富的(de)水(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)為(wei)均(jun)(jun)州名曬(shai)煙“色澤黃亮、葉片較大(da)、厚薄適中(zhong)”的(de)外觀特(te)征形成,提供了得天獨厚的(de)自(zi)然條件(jian)。
3、氣(qi)侯特點:均(jun)州名(ming)曬(shai)煙產地(di)(di)處于南北(bei)氣(qi)候(hou)過(guo)渡帶(dai),屬(shu)亞熱帶(dai)半濕(shi)潤季風氣(qi)候(hou)區,由(you)于秦嶺山脈的(de)(de)屏(ping)障作(zuo)用,加之丹江口水庫的(de)(de)“湖(hu)泊(bo)熱效應”及(ji)垂直(zhi)地(di)(di)貌影響,構成(cheng)(cheng)了優越的(de)(de)“四季分(fen)明、光(guang)照充(chong)(chong)足、熱量豐(feng)富、雨熱同季,無(wu)(wu)霜期長(chang),相對(dui)濕(shi)度大(da)”的(de)(de)山地(di)(di)氣(qi)候(hou)特點。產地(di)(di)內無(wu)(wu)大(da)型工礦企業(ye),大(da)氣(qi)清新無(wu)(wu)污染,符(fu)合(he)(he)GB3095—2012的(de)(de)Ⅰ級標準;年均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)7.7℃~16℃,>10℃的(de)(de)活動(dong)積溫(wen)為2200℃~5100℃,無(wu)(wu)霜期180~250天,日(ri)照時(shi)數1950小時(shi),年均(jun)日(ri)照率(lv)為44%,年降(jiang)雨量750~900毫米,干、雨季分(fen)明,雨季從5月至6月初(chu)開始,10月結束(shu),降(jiang)水占(zhan)全(quan)年水量的(de)(de)80%~90%,夜雨率(lv)占(zhan)70%~80%,十分(fen)利于均(jun)州名(ming)曬(shai)煙的(de)(de)生長(chang)。種植(zhi)區氣(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)和,夏無(wu)(wu)酷署(shu),冬無(wu)(wu)嚴寒,光(guang)照充(chong)(chong)足,雨水充(chong)(chong)沛,氣(qi)溫(wen)年較(jiao)差(cha)小,日(ri)較(jiao)差(cha)大(da),光(guang)合(he)(he)效率(lv)高,葉片的(de)(de)光(guang)合(he)(he)能(neng)力較(jiao)強,十分(fen)有(you)利煙葉光(guang)合(he)(he)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)高積累,形成(cheng)(cheng)“香氣(qi)充(chong)(chong)足”的(de)(de)優質曬(shai)煙風格特征(zheng)。
三.地域范圍
均(jun)州(zhou)名(ming)曬(shai)煙產(chan)地(di)范(fan)圍(wei)為湖北省丹(dan)江口市所(suo)轄的均(jun)縣鎮(zhen)、習家店鎮(zhen)、蒿坪鎮(zhen)、石鼓鎮(zhen)等4個(ge)鎮(zhen)、計46個(ge)行政村(cun)。其地(di)理位(wei)置位(wei)于東經(jing)110°08'—111°34'、北緯32°14'—32°58'之間(jian)。均(jun)州(zhou)名(ming)曬(shai)煙種植面(mian)積733公頃,年產(chan)量(liang)1000噸(dun),產(chan)值0.18億元。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
1、外觀感官特征:生煙(yan)(yan)外觀:莖葉角度(du)較小,著葉28~34片,葉片較窄(zhai)而厚(hou),筋脈細,呈(cheng)(cheng)闊橢(tuo)圓形(xing);葉柄生毛(mao),露浸不拖頭(tou);易退青(qing)變黃(huang),水分含(han)量(liang)少;顏色(se)深黃(huang),色(se)度(du)飽滿,油(you)分充(chong)足(zu)(zu),組織細致,厚(hou)薄(bo)適(shi)(shi)中(zhong),成(cheng)(cheng)熟度(du)好(hao)(hao),填(tian)充(chong)力強,彈(dan)性(xing)好(hao)(hao),香味(wei)充(chong)足(zu)(zu)。成(cheng)(cheng)品煙(yan)(yan)葉:香氣(qi)濃郁,手揉葉呈(cheng)(cheng)麩片狀(zhuang),燃燒性(xing)好(hao)(hao),燃燒后灰 呈(cheng)(cheng)潔白;吸味(wei)飽滿,勁(jing)頭(tou)足(zu)(zu),刺激性(xing)小;含(han)糖(tang)量(liang)適(shi)(shi)中(zhong),化學成(cheng)(cheng)分協(xie)調(diao);煙(yan)(yan)氣(qi)柔和、細膩,余味(wei)舒適(shi)(shi)純凈(jing),濃勁(jing)比協(xie)調(diao),配伍性(xing)好(hao)(hao),工業可用性(xing)強。
2、內在(zai)品質指標: 煙(yan)葉安全性高,無殘毒(du),無農藥殘留;煙(yan)葉中“高糖(tang)、適煙(yan)堿(jian)、富鉀(jia)、蛋白(bai)質”是形(xing)成均州名曬煙(yan)的重(zhong)要(yao)化學物(wu)質基礎。蛋白(bai)質6%~8%,總糖(tang)12%~16%,總氮2.2%~2.8%,煙(yan)堿(jian)3%~3.8%,鉀(jia)1.2%~1.7%,氯0.6%~1.2%。
3、安全要求:產地環境要求執(zhi)行NY/T852煙草(cao)產地環境技術條件;農(nong)藥使(shi)用符(fu)合《煙草(cao)農(nong)藥使(shi)用推薦(jian)意見》(中(zhong)國煙葉公司發布(bu));質(zhi)量(liang)要求按DB42/T225—2002《均縣名曬煙》標準執(zhi)行。