形態特征
玉竹(zhu)條呈長圓柱形,略扁,少有(you)分(fen)枝,長8至(zhi)20cm,直徑1.2至(zhi)1.6cm,表面(mian)黃白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)、金黃色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)黃棕(zong)色(se)(se)(se),半透(tou)明,具有(you)縱(zong)皺及(ji)微隆起的(de)環節(jie),節(jie)上殘留白(bai)色(se)(se)(se)圓點狀須根痕(hen),一(yi)(yi)端(duan)較疏,一(yi)(yi)端(duan)較密,莖(jing)痕(hen)處較細呈結節(jie)狀,質(zhi)略柔潤,斷(duan)面(mian)黃白(bai)色(se)(se)(se),微透(tou)明,富(fu)糖性,味(wei)甜,香(xiang)味(wei)濃,嚼之(zhi)有(you)粘性。玉竹(zhu)片(pian)肉質(zhi)白(bai)色(se)(se)(se),無外皮,或(huo)有(you)少許外皮,片(pian)寬6mm至(zhi)15mm。
主要價值
玉竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的干燥(zao)肉質呈根狀莖,為黃精(jing)屬多年生草本(ben)植物,是(shi)大宗中(zhong)藥材。玉竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),以根入藥,性平味甘(gan),具(ju)有(you)養陰清熱(re)、生津止咳等功效(xiao)。主(zhu)治口燥(zao)咽干、干咳少痰、風濕咳嗽、發熱(re)血汗(han)、心煩(fan)心悸、熱(re)病(bing)煩(fan)渴等癥。并可(ke)治療尿頻(pin)、遺精(jing)多汗(han)、腰膝痛(tong)疼及糖尿病(bing)等癥。科學研究證明,玉竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)具(ju)有(you)降(jiang)血壓、降(jiang)血脂、改善(shan)心肌缺(que)血、緩解(jie)動脈(mo)粥樣硬化斑(ban)形成的作(zuo)用,而且對中(zhong)風病(bing)有(you)良(liang)好(hao)的預(yu)防和治療作(zuo)用。
生長環境
邵(shao)東(dong)市(shi)(shi)種植(zhi)藥(yao)材(cai)歷史悠久,自(zi)公(gong)元14世(shi)紀明(ming)代開始,已在該(gai)縣廉橋(qiao)鎮、斫曹(cao)鄉、流(liu)澤鎮、雙鳳鄉等(deng)鄉鎮種植(zhi)玉竹。據《邵(shao)東(dong)市(shi)(shi)志》記載,公(gong)元20世(shi)紀初,清末時期,該(gai)縣流(liu)澤、廉橋(qiao)、光(guang)陂、界嶺、雙鳳等(deng)鄉鎮種植(zhi)玉竹達數千畝,年產(chan)量(liang)占全省四分(fen)之(zhi)三。20世(shi)紀初,民(min)國時期,廣東(dong)商人來境收購玉竹,轉運廣州出口港澳、東(dong)南亞(ya)、日、美、韓、加(jia)等(deng)地(di)區和國家,此(ci)時邵(shao)東(dong)市(shi)(shi)的豬屎尾參外(wai)貿出外(wai)商稱(cheng)為“湘玉竹”。
21世紀初,邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)農(nong)業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)結(jie)構調整力度加(jia)大、步伐(fa)加(jia)快,該縣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)的(de)種(zhong)植面(mian)積達到12萬(wan)畝,種(zhong)植品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)達100余種(zhong),年產(chan)值近(jin)3億(yi)元(yuan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)植分布(bu)全縣,各鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、場所,主(zhu)要有斫曹(cao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、廉橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、流(liu)澤(ze)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、雙(shuang)鳳鄉(xiang)(xiang)、界嶺鄉(xiang)(xiang)、黑(hei)田(tian)鋪鄉(xiang)(xiang)、周(zhou)官橋(qiao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、黃陂橋(qiao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、流(liu)光嶺鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、團山(shan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、兩市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、仙槎橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、水東(dong)江鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、魏家(jia)(jia)橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)種(zhong)植面(mian)積達6萬(wan)畝,已成(cheng)為邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)拳(quan)頭(tou)產(chan)品(pin)(pin),從事玉(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)個(ge)體戶達千(qian)戶,玉(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)龍頭(tou)企業(ye)不斷涌現(xian)。2002年又在邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)廉橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興建(jian)(jian)了一家(jia)(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)GMP中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥生產(chan)企業(ye)——湖南(nan)(nan)省松(song)齡堂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)有限公司,年加(jia)工(gong)(gong)玉(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)已出(chu)口創匯80萬(wan)美元(yuan)。同年在邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)流(liu)澤(ze)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興建(jian)(jian)東(dong)陽農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)廠,屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)GMP中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥生產(chan)企業(ye),年加(jia)工(gong)(gong)玉(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)3千(qian)噸(dun),年產(chan)值5000萬(wan)元(yuan)。2002年底(di)完(wan)成(cheng)產(chan)值2200萬(wan)元(yuan)。邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)每年加(jia)工(gong)(gong)玉(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)飲(yin)(yin)片(pian)5萬(wan)噸(dun),年出(chu)口創匯近(jin)1億(yi)美元(yuan),產(chan)品(pin)(pin)出(chu)口遠(yuan)銷東(dong)南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)、日(ri)、韓、美、加(jia)、澳等20多個(ge)國家(jia)(jia)和地(di)區,深受消費者青(qing)睞,產(chan)品(pin)(pin)供不應求。成(cheng)為邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)優勢農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)。邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)產(chan)的(de)豬(zhu)屎尾參(can)產(chan)量大、品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)優,2007年產(chan)量占湖南(nan)(nan)省的(de)3/4,出(chu)口量中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國第一,享譽海內外。邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)為豬(zhu)屎尾參(can)的(de)原產(chan)地(di),已得到國家(jia)(jia)質(zhi)量技術監督局的(de)地(di)域(yu)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)保護辦的(de)認可(ke)。