一.產品介紹
陵(ling)川縣(xian)位于山(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)東(dong)南端(duan),保護范(fan)圍是:坐標北緯35°30′~35°52.5′之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),東(dong)經113°15′~113°36′之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),保護地域:陵(ling)川縣(xian)東(dong)部(bu)古郊鄉(xiang)(xiang)、六泉鄉(xiang)(xiang)、馬圪當(dang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、奪火(huo)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、潞城鎮(zhen)5個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen),總面(mian)積(ji)1097.2平方。陵(ling)川黑山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)吃的(de)是中草(cao)藥(yao)、喝(he)的(de)是礦泉水,優質的(de)牧(mu)草(cao)資源和山(shan)間(jian)溪(xi)流成就了(le)黑山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)味(wei)道(dao)鮮美(mei)、膻味(wei)極(ji)小的(de)特質。陵(ling)川黑山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肌(ji)纖維(wei)細,肉(rou)質細嫩,味(wei)道(dao)鮮美(mei),膻味(wei)極(ji)小,營(ying)養價值高,15種氨基(ji)酸含量齊全,被(bei)譽為人(ren)間(jian)“肉(rou)食珍(zhen)品”。 羊(yang)(yang)(yang)也(ye)代表了(le)一種文化(hua),它開啟了(le)人(ren)性的(de)善良(liang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)門,據《春秋繁露》記(ji)述,羊(yang)(yang)(yang)最能觸動人(ren)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處就在于“羊(yang)(yang)(yang)有角(jiao)而(er)(er)不(bu)任,設備(bei)而(er)(er)不(bu)用,類好仁者(zhe);執之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)鳴,殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)啼,類死義者(zhe);羔(gao)食于母(mu),跪(gui)而(er)(er)受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),類知禮者(zhe),古羊(yang)(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為言猶祥(xiang)與,故卿以為贊。”
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和(he)人文歷(li)史因素
1.土(tu)壤地貌情況陵(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)縣依據地形差異(yi),全縣劃(hua)分為(wei)(wei)東南部(bu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)、中(zhong)部(bu)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)、西(xi)部(bu)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丘陵(ling)平川(chuan)(chuan)區(qu)三(san)大自然(ran)區(qu)域。東南部(bu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)占(zhan)全縣總面(mian)積的49.1%,境(jing)內山(shan)(shan)(shan)體陡峻,谷(gu)窄溝深,地勢險要,海拔(ba)高低(di)(di)懸殊(shu),最(zui)高峰在(zai)六泉鄉的板山(shan)(shan)(shan),海拔(ba)1791.7米,是(shi)(shi)(shi)全縣的最(zui)高點,最(zui)低(di)(di)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)馬圪(ge)當鄉甘河破屋,海拔(ba)僅有628米,為(wei)(wei)全縣最(zui)低(di)(di)點;中(zhong)部(bu)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)占(zhan)全縣總面(mian)積的26.1%,境(jing)內嶺梁連(lian)綿(mian),溝谷(gu)縱(zong)橫(heng),土(tu)少石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多(duo);西(xi)部(bu)土(tu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)丘陵(ling)平川(chuan)(chuan)區(qu),占(zhan)全縣總面(mian)積的24.8%,本區(qu)多(duo)呈低(di)(di)山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘陵(ling),由于沖刷(shua)和(he)風(feng)(feng)蝕(shi)作用,以黃土(tu)原(yuan)、梁、嶺、坪、柱、墻為(wei)(wei)特色,水土(tu)流失極為(wei)(wei)嚴重(zhong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)本縣地肥(fei)、水足、路(lu)平、煤香(xiang)、五谷(gu)豐登(deng)的富(fu)饒地方。全縣地勢隨太行(xing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈走向由東北向西(xi)南逐漸(jian)傾斜(xie)南北長52.8公里,東西(xi)寬53.2公里,平均海拔(ba)1300米,縣城(cheng)海拔(ba)1290米,相對高差達1163.7米。陵(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊保護區(qu)內有豐富(fu)的牧草資源,如紫花苜蓿、無芒雀麥(mai)、籽粒莧、紅豆草等(deng);還(huan)有可供山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊食用的灌木,如針(zhen)楓、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)榆(yu)、黃花條、刺(ci)槐、黃刺(ci)槐、狼牙(ya)刺(ci)、白草、百(bai)里香(xiang)、鼠曲草、藍蓬花。此外,還(huan)有地榆(yu)、野黨參、黃芩、胡(hu)麻等(deng)野生藥(yao)材。豐富(fu)的牧草和(he)灌木資源為(wei)(wei)陵(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊提供了種類繁(fan)多(duo)的食物來源,再加上大量的野生藥(yao)材,成就了陵(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊的獨特風(feng)(feng)味(wei)。
2.水(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況陵(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)(xian)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)可利用總(zong)量(liang)(liang)0.35億m3,其(qi)中衛河(he)流域多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)可利用總(zong)量(liang)(liang)0.24億m3,各(ge)支(zhi)流則均(jun)處于陵(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)(xian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)大溝深、人口較少的的東(dong)南部石灰巖地區(qu),其(qi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)(liang)占到陵(ling)川(chuan)縣(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)的80%。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為600—700毫(hao)米(mi)。全縣(xian)(xian)主要有四大河(he)流,即(ji)廖東(dong)河(he)、武家灣河(he)、北召(zhao)河(he)和(he)香磨河(he)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)上有豐富的泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui),為陵(ling)川(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊提(ti)供了充足和(he)優質(zhi)的飲用水(shui)(shui)(shui),可以說陵(ling)川(chuan)黑山(shan)(shan)(shan)羊是喝著礦泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)長大的。
3.氣(qi)候情(qing)況:陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)縣(xian)年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)7.9℃,≥10℃的年(nian)積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)2755℃。1月(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)冷,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)-5.2℃,極(ji)端最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)可(ke)降(jiang)至-23.7℃,7月(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)(zui)熱,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)21.3℃,極(ji)端最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)34.3℃,最(zui)(zui)熱月(yue)(yue)與最(zui)(zui)冷月(yue)(yue)相差(cha)26.5℃。氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的年(nian)變化規律是:1至7月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)(wei)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)上升階段(duan),7至12月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)(wei)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)下降(jiang)階段(duan),2月(yue)(yue)份(fen)至5月(yue)(yue)份(fen),每月(yue)(yue)以(yi)5—7℃增溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),為(wei)(wei)增溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)高(gao)峰期,10—12月(yue)(yue),每月(yue)(yue)又以(yi)5—6℃降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),屬降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)高(gao)峰期。無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)(shuang)期平(ping)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)135天,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)初霜(shuang)(shuang)期在10月(yue)(yue)上旬,終(zhong)霜(shuang)(shuang)期在次(ci)年(nian)4月(yue)(yue)下旬,東(dong)部山(shan)區(qu)無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)(shuang)期較短,西部平(ping)川(chuan)(chuan)區(qu)無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)(shuang)期較長(chang),東(dong)西相差(cha)15天左右,一(yi)般背陰坡(po)比向陽坡(po)初霜(shuang)(shuang)來的早。陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)黑山(shan)羊保護(hu)范圍內沒有工礦企業,為(wei)(wei)陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)黑山(shan)羊提供(gong)了優質(zhi)空氣(qi),使陵(ling)(ling)川(chuan)(chuan)黑山(shan)羊羊肉具備了味(wei)道鮮美、膻味(wei)極(ji)小的特(te)質(zhi)。
三.地域范圍
陵(ling)川(chuan)縣位于山(shan)西(xi)省東南端,北靠(kao)壺(hu)關、長治,西(xi)連(lian)高(gao)平、澤州,東南與河南輝縣、修武接壤,為山(shan)西(xi)省東南之(zhi)門戶。全縣總(zong)面積1751平方公里,大部分地(di)(di)區海(hai)拔(ba)在1200—1600米之(zhi)間,最高(gao)海(hai)拔(ba)達1791.9米,最低海(hai)拔(ba)628米。全縣共轄(xia)7鎮(zhen)5鄉378個(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)村(cun),總(zong)人口(kou)25萬人,其中(zhong)農業人口(kou)22.6萬人。陵(ling)川(chuan)黑(hei)山(shan)羊(yang)地(di)(di)理(li)(li)標志產(chan)品保(bao)護范圍為山(shan)西(xi)省晉城市陵(ling)川(chuan)縣古(gu)郊(jiao)鄉、六泉鄉、馬圪當鄉、奪火鄉和潞城鎮(zhen)五個(ge)鄉鎮(zhen)的274個(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)村(cun),總(zong)面積109700公頃,地(di)(di)理(li)(li)坐標東經113°15′—113°36′,北緯35°30′—35°52.5′之(zhi)間。保(bao)護范圍內現存欄陵(ling)川(chuan)黑(hei)山(shan)羊(yang)9.5萬只(zhi),年生產(chan)總(zong)量4萬余(yu)只(zhi)。
四.產品品質特(te)(te)性(xing)特(te)(te)征(zheng)
1.外在感官特征:陵(ling)川黑山羊(yang)體(ti)(ti)軀(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)等,頭(tou)部大小(xiao)(xiao)適中(zhong)(zhong),眼大微(wei)凸,鼻梁(liang)凹陷,耳(er)小(xiao)(xiao),向左(zuo)右(you)平(ping)(ping)伸,公(gong)(gong)(gong)母羊(yang)多(duo)具有(you)粗大的(de)“八”字型(xing)角,也有(you)少數羊(yang)無(wu)角。背腰寬廣(guang)肥圓,四肢粗壯,蹄堅實。被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)修長(chang)光(guang)(guang)亮(liang),多(duo)為褐色,外層毛(mao)(mao)(mao)粗硬而長(chang),有(you)光(guang)(guang)澤。成年(nian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)50公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤左(zuo)右(you),體(ti)(ti)高(gao)58.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),體(ti)(ti)長(chang)63.9厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),胸(xiong)圍(wei)76.3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),管圍(wei)8.9厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。成年(nian)母羊(yang)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)35公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤左(zuo)右(you),體(ti)(ti)高(gao)53.1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),體(ti)(ti)長(chang) 59.9厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),胸(xiong)圍(wei)69.6厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you),管圍(wei)6.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。陵(ling)川黑山羊(yang)屠宰率(lv)平(ping)(ping)均為35%,產(chan)仔率(lv)120%,外層毛(mao)(mao)(mao)12個月毛(mao)(mao)(mao)長(chang)度(du)可達(da)(da)20厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)以上,平(ping)(ping)均每年(nian)可剪毛(mao)(mao)(mao)7.5兩。內層毛(mao)(mao)(mao)年(nian)抓絨公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)可達(da)(da)5兩以上,母羊(yang)可達(da)(da)3兩以上。性成熟1歲(sui)左(zuo)右(you)、體(ti)(ti)成熟1.5歲(sui)左(zuo)右(you),產(chan)肉(rou)性好,蛋白質高(gao)脂(zhi)肪少,味香而美。每活重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2.2-2.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤即可產(chan)凈肉(rou)1公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤。
2.內在(zai)品(pin)質指標陵(ling)川黑山羊(yang)肌纖維細,肉(rou)質細嫩,味道鮮美,膻味極小,營養(yang)價值(zhi)高,15種氨(an)基酸含量齊(qi)全,特(te)別是人(ren)體必須氨(an)基酸尤為豐富,被譽為人(ren)間“肉(rou)食珍品(pin)”。滋(zi)補作(zuo)用(yong)極強,長期(qi)食用(yong),可補虛(xu)、強體,特(te)別適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)年老(lao)、體弱、多(duo)病者(zhe),常(chang)食用(yong)黑山羊(yang)或(huo)配以(yi)適(shi)宜的滋(zi)補藥(yao)品(pin),以(yi)達到補虛(xu)、健康、延年的作(zuo)用(yong)。
3.安全要求飲(yin)用水(shui)符(fu)合《NY5027-2001無(wu)公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)畜(chu)禽(qin)飲(yin)用水(shui)水(shui)質》標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),投入品(pin)(pin)符(fu)合《NY5030-2001無(wu)公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)畜(chu)禽(qin)飼(si)(si)(si)養獸(shou)藥使用準(zhun)(zhun)則》和(he)(he)《NY5032-2001無(wu)公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)畜(chu)禽(qin)飼(si)(si)(si)料和(he)(he)飼(si)(si)(si)料添加劑使用準(zhun)(zhun)則》標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),肉(rou)羊飼(si)(si)(si)養管理(li)符(fu)合《NY5151-2002無(wu)公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)肉(rou)羊飼(si)(si)(si)養管理(li)準(zhun)(zhun)則》和(he)(he)《NY5149-2002無(wu)公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)肉(rou)羊飼(si)(si)(si)養獸(shou)醫防疫準(zhun)(zhun)則》標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。羊肉(rou)符(fu)合《NY5149-2002無(wu)公害(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)羊肉(rou)》標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。
五(wu).特定生產方式
1.放牧管理要(yao)點春季(ji)(ji)放牧先放枯草坡或(huo)喂一些干(gan)草,然后再放青(qing)草坡,要(yao)防(fang)止羊(yang)跑青(qing)和臌(gu)氣,早上(shang)天冷,不能讓羊(yang)吃露水草,否則易(yi)引(yin)起拉稀(xi);夏季(ji)(ji)應做好(hao)防(fang)暑降溫(wen)工作,中(zhong)午炎熱時(shi)應讓羊(yang)群(qun)(qun)到(dao)通風、陰涼處休息,同時(shi)要(yao)多給羊(yang)群(qun)(qun)飲水和補鹽;秋季(ji)(ji)是羊(yang)群(qun)(qun)抓膘配種季(ji)(ji)節,要(yao)將(jiang)羊(yang)放飽、放好(hao);冬季(ji)(ji)注意防(fang)寒、保(bao)暖、保(bao)膘、保(bao)羔。
2.舍飼(si)(si)(si)技(ji)術(shu)舍飼(si)(si)(si)應(ying)配有專用(yong)的(de)(de)羊舍和運動(dong)場,并設有飼(si)(si)(si)槽和水槽。飼(si)(si)(si)養要(yao)注意定(ding)(ding)時、定(ding)(ding)量(liang)、定(ding)(ding)質(zhi)、定(ding)(ding)人。根據不(bu)同羊只(zhi),確定(ding)(ding)喂量(liang),既能吃飽,又不(bu)浪(lang)費。飼(si)(si)(si)草(cao)、飼(si)(si)(si)料、飲(yin)水要(yao)清潔,不(bu)喂霉變草(cao)料,冬天最(zui)好(hao)飲(yin)用(yong)溫(wen)水,保持羊舍清潔、干燥,做(zuo)到(dao)冬暖(nuan)夏涼,糞便要(yao)經常打(da)掃(sao)。要(yao)搞好(hao)春秋兩次防疫和經常性的(de)(de)驅(qu)蟲。平時做(zuo)好(hao)衛生、消毒工作,羊糞要(yao)堆積發酵(jiao)處理(li)后使用(yong),同時增加羊只(zhi)運動(dong),保持羊體衛生。
3.種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)的(de)飼(si)(si)養管(guan)理(li)種(zhong)公羊(yang)(yang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)保持中上等膘(biao)情,性(xing)欲旺(wang)盛。飼(si)(si)料(liao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求營(ying)(ying)養價值高(gao),有足量的(de)蛋白質、維生(sheng)素(su)及無機鹽等,且易消(xiao)化(hua),適(shi)口性(xing)好。要(yao)(yao)(yao)單圈飼(si)(si)養,單獨組群(qun)(qun)放牧(mu)、運動和(he)補飼(si)(si),不(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)混群(qun)(qun)。母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)配種(zhong)前要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)好抓膘(biao)復壯,瘦(shou)弱母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)適(shi)當增(zeng)加(jia)營(ying)(ying)養。青、粗飼(si)(si)料(liao)自由(you)采食(shi),精料(liao)每(mei)天(tian)每(mei)只補飼(si)(si)0.2公斤左右。孕期(qi)應(ying)加(jia)強管(guan)理(li),防擁擠、跳(tiao)溝、驚(jing)群(qun)(qun)、滑倒,日常活動要(yao)(yao)(yao)慢、穩,不(bu)喂(wei)霉(mei)變飼(si)(si)料(liao)和(he)冰凍(dong)飼(si)(si)料(liao),以防流產。妊(ren)娠后期(qi)由(you)于胎兒發育快(kuai),應(ying)增(zeng)加(jia)精料(liao)喂(wei)量。產前10天(tian)左右應(ying)多(duo)喂(wei)一些(xie)多(duo)汁飼(si)(si)料(liao),哺乳期(qi)應(ying)加(jia)強營(ying)(ying)養,以保證奶水(shui)充足。
4.羔羊的管理初生羔羊要盡(jin)量早(zao)吃(chi)(chi)、多吃(chi)(chi)初乳(ru),吃(chi)(chi)得(de)越早(zao),吃(chi)(chi)得(de)越多,增(zeng)重越快,體質越強,發病少,成活(huo)率高。從10日齡后(hou)開始給草,20天開始訓(xun)練吃(chi)(chi)料,以促(cu)使羔羊正常發育,對于不作(zuo)種用的公(gong)羔羊可用結扎(zha)法或手術法進(jin)行(xing)去勢。
5.育(yu)成羊(yang)的管理半放牧半舍飼(si)是培(pei)育(yu)青(qing)年(nian)羊(yang)最理想的飼(si)養方式(shi),斷奶后至8月齡,每日在吃足優質干草的基礎上,補喂含可消化粗蛋白15%的精料(liao)0.2公斤,如(ru)果草質優良(liang)也可以少給精料(liao)。