一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)地貌(mao)情(qing)況:中(zhong)寧縣區域地形地貌(mao)是(shi)清(qing)水河沖(chong)積平(ping)原淤灌土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)黃河沖(chong)積平(ping)原淤灌土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)類型為綠洲土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),質(zhi)地以中(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)為主。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)pH值(zhi)7.3~8.5之間,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)有機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量8.3~14.6g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)全氮含(han)(han)量0.7~1.11g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)堿解氮含(han)(han)量37~68.4mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)速效磷含(han)(han)量25~73.7mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)速效鉀含(han)(han)量136~326mg/kg。同時,在黃河沿(yan)岸,由于發源(yuan)于青(qing)藏高原的黃河泥沙也帶(dai)有大量礦物質(zhi),淤積又形成了大量的河灘(tan)沖(chong)積區,良好的土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)條件,為中(zhong)寧枸杞的生長提(ti)供(gong)良好的生存環境,從而造(zao)就了中(zhong)寧優質(zhi)的枸杞。
(2)水(shui)(shui)文(wen)情況(kuang):黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)是寧(ning)夏境(jing)(jing)(jing)內的(de)主(zhu)要河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),中寧(ning)縣(xian)位(wei)于黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)兩岸,所用(yong)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)均來(lai)自黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)出黑山峽入衛寧(ning)灌區(qu),至(zhi)勝金關(guan)入中寧(ning)縣(xian)境(jing)(jing)(jing),東流(liu)(liu)68km至(zhi)青銅(tong)峽二道(dao)溝出縣(xian)境(jing)(jing)(jing)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)過境(jing)(jing)(jing)客(ke)水(shui)(shui)24年年平(ping)均徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)為(wei)315億(yi)立方米(1955-1979年,下河(he)(he)(he)沿測站),平(ping)均流(liu)(liu)量(liang)993立方米/秒。 黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)豐沛,水(shui)(shui)質優(you)良(liang),是中寧(ning)縣(xian)農業灌溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)。清(qing)水(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)是黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)的(de)一級支流(liu)(liu),發源(yuan)于固原(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)南開城鄉,由南向北(bei)經(jing)固原(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)、海原(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)、同心縣(xian)至(zhi)中寧(ning)縣(xian)泉眼山西入黃(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候情況:中寧縣地處(chu)西(xi)北內陸,屬典型的大(da)陸性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候,海(hai)拔1184米。總的特點(dian)是:春(chun)暖遲,夏熱短,秋涼早(zao),冬寒(han)長,日(ri)照時間(jian)長,晝夜(ye)溫差(cha)大(da),光能資(zi)源豐富(fu),干旱少雨(yu)多風(feng),蒸發量(liang)大(da),無(wu)霜期短。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫9.1℃,7月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫23.4℃,1月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫-7.4℃,年(nian)(nian)際相(xiang)差(cha)30.8℃,絕(jue)對(dui)最(zui)(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫38.5℃,絕(jue)對(dui)最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫-26.7℃,有(you)效(xiao)積溫3349℃。其初終霜日(ri)數(shu)為175d,初霜期為10月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)旬,最(zui)(zui)早(zao)在9月(yue)(yue)(yue)15日(ri)發生; 平(ping)均(jun)終霜期在4月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)旬,最(zui)(zui)早(zao)在3月(yue)(yue)(yue)4日(ri),最(zui)(zui)晚在5月(yue)(yue)(yue)21日(ri),無(wu)霜期165d。每年(nian)(nian)3-5月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)是風(feng)季,8級以(yi)上(shang)大(da)風(feng)日(ri)數(shu)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)18.6d, 風(feng)向多西(xi)北和偏南兩個方向,最(zui)(zui)大(da)瞬間(jian)風(feng)速38m/s/秒。冬春(chun)季風(feng)沙(sha)(sha)頻繁,有(you)時出現沙(sha)(sha)塵暴。土壤在11月(yue)(yue)(yue)底以(yi)后封凍(dong),3月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)中旬解凍(dong)。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)降(jiang)水量(liang)221.6毫米,年(nian)(nian)太陽輻(fu)射總量(liang)59245924兆焦耳/米2。從而有(you)利于枸杞果實營養成份(fen)的積累。
(4)人文歷史情況: 寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)生產(chan)的(de)“中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)”,是寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)精(jing)品(pin)。中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)本名(ming)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi),因(yin)其原(yuan)產(chan)地在中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡一(yi)帶而(er)得名(ming)。當寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)形成(cheng)商(shang)品(pin),走向全國藥材(cai)市場(chang)時(shi),由于(yu)(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡屬于(yu)(yu)當時(shi)甘肅省中(zhong)衛縣(xian)(xian)管轄,故又(you)有“甘杞(qi)(qi)(qi)"的(de)稱(cheng)呼(hu)。1934年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)設縣(xian)(xian)時(shi),以(yi)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡為(wei)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng),從此又(you)稱(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)。中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)從列入朝廷(ting)貢品(pin)到占(zhan)領(ling)全國市場(chang),大約(yue)經歷了250年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間(jian)。在隨(sui)后的(de)二(er)(er)百多年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間(jian)里,中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)逐(zhu)漸形成(cheng)優(you)良品(pin)種,長期(qi)囿于(yu)(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡一(yi)帶,尤以(yi)清水河與黃(huang)河交(jiao)匯的(de)洪泛區(qu)(qu)所產(chan)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)最為(wei)優(you)質。清乾隆二(er)(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1755年(nian)(nian)),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏《銀川(chuan)小(xiao)志》的(de)作者汪繹辰(chen)在藥材(cai)類中(zhong)以(yi)唯一(yi)的(de)評注歌頌了寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi),文日:“枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安堡產(chan)者極佳,紅(hong)大肉厚,家(jia)家(jia)種植(zhi)。中(zhong)衛知縣(xian)(xian)黃(huang)恩錫(xi)有詩為(wei)證“六月(yue)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)園樹(shu)樹(shu)紅(hong),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安藥果擅寰中(zhong)。千錢一(yi)斗矜時(shi)價,絕勝腴田歲早豐。”寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏黃(huang)河灌(guan)區(qu)(qu)與南部山(shan)區(qu)(qu)的(de)交(jiao)匯地帶,四(si)周群山(shan)環繞,黃(huang)河從中(zhong)間(jian)流過,兩岸(an)地勢平坦,晝夜溫差大,有利于(yu)(yu)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)營養成(cheng)分(fen)的(de)積累。在我國2002年(nian)(nian)自然科學資金項目(mu)(編(bian)號39960036)中(zhong),劉靜等在《中(zhong)國北(bei)方地區(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)候適宜性(xing)區(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)》的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong),把寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏黃(huang)河灌(guan)區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)南部區(qu)(qu)劃(hua)(hua)為(wei)我國北(bei)方地區(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)種植(zhi)最適宜區(qu)(qu)。
二.地域范圍
中(zhong)寧(ning)枸杞(qi)農產(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)志地域保護(hu)范圍是中(zhong)衛市中(zhong)寧(ning)縣寧(ning)安鎮(zhen)、恩(en)和鎮(zhen)、鳴沙(sha)鎮(zhen)、新堡(bao)鎮(zhen)、大戰場鎮(zhen)、石空鎮(zhen)、舟塔鄉(xiang)、余(yu)丁鄉(xiang)、白馬(ma)鄉(xiang)、喊叫水(shui)鄉(xiang)、徐(xu)套鄉(xiang)11個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen),120個(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)村(cun)。保護(hu)范圍位(wei)東經105°16′04~106°04′11,北(bei)緯36°54′09~37°44′19之間,南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)約60公里,東西(xi)寬約50公里。中(zhong)寧(ning)枸杞(qi)農產(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)志生產(chan)規模為20000公頃,年(nian)產(chan)枸杞(qi)干果8萬噸(dun)。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)外觀感官特征:中寧(ning)枸杞是長(chang)(chang)果(guo)形呈橢圓(yuan)且扁長(chang)(chang),肉質飽滿、外觀光亮、柔潤;其干果(guo)色澤(ze)紅重,果(guo)臍顯白(bai)色,先端有(you)小(xiao)尖,包裝不結塊,味甘甜微帶苦(ku)澀(se)。
(2)內在的品質特征:枸杞(qi)多糖(tang)含(han)量(liang)范圍(wei)為(wei)3.17-5.45%;枸杞(qi)總(zong)糖(tang)含(han)量(liang)范圍(wei)為(wei)39.79-62.58%。
(3)安全要求:
①產(chan)地及(ji)環境:產(chan)地環境必須符(fu)合NY/T391-2013《綠色食品產(chan)地環境質(zhi)量》的規定。
②生(sheng)產技術規程(cheng)(cheng)“中寧枸(gou)杞(qi)”地理標(biao)志證明商標(biao)的(de)(de)枸(gou)杞(qi)原(yuan)料生(sheng)產技術規程(cheng)(cheng)符合(he)GB/T19116-2003《枸(gou)杞(qi)栽培技術規程(cheng)(cheng)》等技術規程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)規定。
③包裝(zhuang)、運輸和(he)貯存條件使用“中寧枸杞”地理標(biao)志證明商(shang)標(biao)商(shang)品的包裝(zhuang)、運輸、貯存應符(fu)合GB7718-2011《食品安(an)全國家(jia)標(biao)準預包裝(zhuang)食品標(biao)簽通(tong)則(ze)》要求(qiu)。
四.特定生產方式
(1)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)選擇與(yu)特殊內(nei)容規定:生產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)域內(nei)無工(gong)礦(kuang)企(qi)業,無環(huan)境污染源, 大氣土壞均符(fu)合國家有(you)關標(biao)準。田地(di)(di)(di)選擇:選擇地(di)(di)(di)勢平坦、有(you)排灌(guan)條件、地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水位1.0m 以下(xia)、較肥沃的(de)沙(sha)壤、輕壤或中(zhong)壤地(di)(di)(di)塊,土壤含鹽量 3‰以下(xia),pH7.5~8.3左右(you),土層厚度(du)1m以上。田地(di)(di)(di)規劃:為了便于枸(gou)杞園(yuan)的(de)灌(guan)溉、施肥、噴藥及運輸等(deng)管(guan)理工(gong)作,新建(jian)枸(gou)杞園(yuan)必須進行規劃。
(2)品(pin)種(zhong)選擇與特(te)定要(yao)求:以(yi)寧(ning)夏枸杞的(de)優良品(pin)種(zhong)“寧(ning)杞1號、5號”為主。苗木一級(ji)規格為苗株(zhu)(zhu)高50cm以(yi)上(shang)、地(di)徑0.7cm以(yi)上(shang),根系(xi)完整; 二級(ji)為苗株(zhu)(zhu)高40~50cm、地(di)徑0.5~0.7cm,根系(xi)完整。
(3)生產過程管理:
①播(bo)種時間及方式:中(zhong)寧(ning)枸杞(qi)(qi)育苗一般(ban)采用無性繁殖主要有(you)硬枝扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)和嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)。a、硬枝扦插(cha)(cha)(cha),3月中(zhong)旬(xun)~4月上(shang)旬(xun),日平均氣溫(wen)穩定通過6℃以(yi)(yi)上(shang)即可進行(xing)(xing),冬季和早春可以(yi)(yi)采用大棚(peng)育苗。以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)寧(ning)枸杞(qi)(qi)為母條(tiao)(tiao),剪取0.4~0.6cm粗的枝條(tiao)(tiao),截成l0~15cm長,用15~20mg/kg的a~萘乙(yi)酸(suan)水溶(rong)液浸插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)下端24h,或用l00mg/kg的a~萘乙(yi)酸(suan)溶(rong)液浸插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)下端2h~3h,浸深3cm。按40cm行(xing)(xing)距開溝(gou),溝(gou)深l0~13cm,將插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)按l00cm株距擺(bai)在溝(gou)壁一側,覆濕潤(run)土(tu)踏實,插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)端露出地面約(yue)1cm,插(cha)(cha)(cha)后覆地膜。
b、嫩枝扦插(cha)(cha) 日平均氣溫穩定(ding)在18℃以上(shang)的(de)5~8月可進(jin)行。剪取半木質化枝條(tiao)(tiao),截成5~8cm的(de)插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao),去除(chu)下端1~2個(ge)節上(shang)的(de)葉片(pian)。將插(cha)(cha)條(tiao)(tiao)下端速沾400mg/kg的(de)a-萘乙酸(suan)和滑石(shi)粉調制成的(de)生根劑(ji),按5×l0cm的(de)株行距,插(cha)(cha)入準備好的(de)沙(sha)床上(shang),插(cha)(cha)入深度1.0~1.5cm,插(cha)(cha)后噴殺菌劑(ji),蓋塑料拱棚保濕(shi)。
②適時移(yi)栽:中寧(ning)枸杞(qi)移(yi)栽時間(jian)分春季和(he)秋季兩種,春季移(yi)栽的占絕大多數。春季移(yi)栽一(yi)(yi)般在3月(yue)下旬至4月(yue)上旬,株行(xing)距1×3m,畝栽222株。按(an)株行(xing)距在定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)前劃行(xing)定(ding)點(dian)挖(wa)穴(xue)。定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)挖(wa)出(chu)的表土(tu)和(he)心土(tu)各放一(yi)(yi)邊,穴(xue)內先施入(ru)有機肥2~3kg,加復合(he)肥100g,將(jiang)心土(tu)填(tian)入(ru),混合(he)均勻(yun)后蓋表土(tu)5cm,然后放入(ru)枸杞(qi)苗,扶直(zhi),填(tian)入(ru)少半坑土(tu),提(ti)苗,踏實(shi),再(zai)填(tian)土(tu)至苗木根頸處踏實(shi),再(zai)踏實(shi)覆土(tu)略(lve)高(gao)于地面。栽植(zhi)(zhi)后及時整(zheng)園灌水1次(ci)。
③病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):主(zhu)(zhu)要病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)有蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)、木虱、薊馬(ma)、癭螨、銹螨、紅(hong)癭蚊、黑果(guo)病(bing)(bing)等。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)原則(ze):以(yi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為主(zhu)(zhu),綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),優先采取農(nong)業措(cuo)施(shi)、物(wu)(wu)(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)。允許使用(yong)(yong)(yong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)源(yuan)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)源(yuan)、微(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)藥(yao)及(ji)礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)藥(yao),可選用(yong)(yong)(yong)高效、低毒、低殘留化學農(nong)藥(yao)。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方法:一是(shi) 農(nong)業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):加強(qiang)中耕鋤草,深(shen)翻曬土;清潔枸杞園及(ji)周圍,將枯枝(zhi)爛葉(xie)、病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)枝(zhi)、雜(za)草集中燒毀(hui);枸杞園及(ji)時排(pai)灌(guan),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止積水(shui);合(he)理施(shi)肥(fei)、修(xiu)剪,促進樹體(ti)(ti)健(jian)康生(sheng)長。二是(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):采用(yong)(yong)(yong)燈光、色彩誘(you)殺(sha)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong),如用(yong)(yong)(yong)銀灰(hui)膜避(bi)蚜(ya)(ya)或黃板(柱)誘(you)殺(sha)蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)。三是(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):保護(hu)天(tian)敵,創造(zao)有利于天(tian)敵繁衍生(sheng)長的環(huan)境(jing)條件,投放寄生(sheng)性(xing)、捕食性(xing)天(tian)敵;使用(yong)(yong)(yong)昆蟲(chong)(chong)性(xing)外激素誘(you)殺(sha)或干擾成蟲(chong)(chong)交配。四是(shi)藥(yao)劑防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):枸杞病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)種類多,以(yi)統(tong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)(zhu),交叉(cha)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)兼治(zhi)(zhi)其它次要病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)。在(zai)生(sheng)產中,要根據病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)的具體(ti)(ti)情況確定防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)對象和方法。
④整形修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)按季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)劃分為三(san)次(ci)(ci),即(ji)春剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、夏剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(又叫休眠期修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)重點在(zai)夏剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian), 在(zai)冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)枸杞落葉(xie)以(yi)后之(zhi)春芽(ya)萌動前進(jin)行(xing)。冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)原則是“修(xiu)橫不修(xiu)順,去舊要留(liu)新。密處來修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),缺處留(liu)壯枝。清膛截(jie)底修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)好,樹(shu)冠圓滿產量高(gao)”。冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順序是:清基 、剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)頂 、清膛 。修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后要求各層分明,每一(yi)層的(de)(de)(de)冠幅(fu)枝條疏密分布均勻有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離,通(tong)風透(tou)光良好。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian), 在(zai)萌芽(ya)后到展葉(xie)前進(jin)行(xing),主要是彌(mi)補冬(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不足(zu)和剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)除(chu)果(guo)枝干(gan)尖與針刺。夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(生長季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)由于時(shi)(shi)間跨(kua)春、夏、秋(qiu)三(san)季(ji)(ji)(ji)。一(yi)般相隔8~10天進(jin)行(xing)一(yi)次(ci)(ci),充(chong)分利用有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)空間,增加(jia)結果(guo)枝條,拉長采果(guo)時(shi)(shi)間,實現剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)去無用枝,改(gai)造中(zhong)間枝,增加(jia)結果(guo)枝的(de)(de)(de)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)目的(de)(de)(de)。
(4)產品收獲及產后處理規(gui)定:枸(gou)杞生產加工工藝流程(cheng):人工采摘(zhai)鮮果(guo)枸(gou)杞-→自然晾曬或(huo)機械制(zhi)干-→機械篩(shai)選分等定級-→機械揀選或(huo)人工揀選-→消毒殺(sha)菌(jun)-→包裝-→銷(xiao)售。
① 收(shou)獲時間(jian):第一(yi)個(ge)果(guo)(guo)實成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi)在夏季, 7月(yue)上旬(xun)至(zhi)8月(yue)初;第二個(ge)果(guo)(guo)實成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi),在9月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)至(zhi)10月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)。采(cai)收(shou)時間(jian)7月(yue)中(zhong)下(xia)旬(xun)至(zhi)10月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun),夏果(guo)(guo)一(yi)般(ban)4~6d采(cai)一(yi)次;秋果(guo)(guo)7~l0d采(cai)一(yi)次。果(guo)(guo)實成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)8成(cheng)(cheng)~9成(cheng)(cheng),果(guo)(guo)色鮮紅,果(guo)(guo)蒂松(song)動即可采(cai)收(shou)。②產后處理:枸杞(qi)鮮果(guo)(guo)制干(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)方法分為(wei)(wei)自(zi)然晾(liang)曬(shai)、機械設施(shi)制干(gan)(gan)(gan)和(he)利(li)用太陽能(neng)(neng)制干(gan)(gan)(gan)等方法。自(zi)然制干(gan)(gan)(gan)法,需要(yao)準(zhun)備長1.8-2米(mi),寬0.9-1米(mi)的(de)木框,中(zhong)間(jian)夾竹簾,再用鐵釘(ding)釘(ding)制而成(cheng)(cheng)。將(jiang)脫臘后的(de)鮮果(guo)(guo)鋪在果(guo)(guo)棧上,果(guo)(guo)實鋪開的(de)厚度為(wei)(wei)2-3厘米(mi),要(yao)求厚薄(bo)均(jun)勻,氣(qi)溫高,晾(liang)曬(shai)時間(jian)一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)4-5天;氣(qi)溫低,晾(liang)曬(shai)時間(jian)為(wei)(wei)7-10天。機械設施(shi)制干(gan)(gan)(gan)法主要(yao)有烘道烘干(gan)(gan)(gan)以及各種熱風(feng)烘干(gan)(gan)(gan)設備與(yu)太陽能(neng)(neng)烘干(gan)(gan)(gan)相結合。
③產品初加工:
a、枸杞(qi)二次烘干 枸杞(qi)干果初加工時,含水量要求(qiu)是否達(da)到13%以下,如達(da)不(bu)到標準,就(jiu)要采取(qu)二次制(zhi)干。
b、分(fen)級(ji)去(qu)雜:按(an)照(zhao)果(guo)實大小、色澤、破(po)粒(li)(li)等外觀(guan)條件,將枸杞果(guo)實分(fen)為四級(ji):特優、特級(ji)、甲級(ji)和(he)乙級(ji);分(fen)級(ji)方法 用(yong)分(fen)級(ji)篩篩選,精(jing)分(fen)等級(ji),并篩除雜質、細碎、損粒(li)(li);
C、揀選:通過機械揀選,將霉(mei)果(guo)、黑果(guo)、油果(guo)、青果(guo)等分(fen)選出來。
d、殺菌:分級揀選后的枸杞干(gan)果須經殺菌處理,才(cai)能包(bao)裝入庫(ku)。殺菌方法(fa)有紫外線燈照(zhao)射殺菌、輻照(zhao)殺菌等(deng)。
e、包裝:定量裝袋(dai),打印生產日期(qi),裝箱(xiang)、入(ru)庫、銷售。
五.包裝標識相關規定
(1)符合下列條件的(de)單位和個人,可以向登(deng)記證書持有人申請使用地理標志:
A、生產(chan)經營的農(nong)產(chan)品產(chan)自(zi)登記(ji)確(que)定(ding)的地域范圍;
B、已取得(de)登記農產(chan)品(pin)相關的生產(chan)經營資質;
C、能夠(gou)嚴(yan)格按(an)照規(gui)定的質量技術規(gui)范(fan)組(zu)織開展(zhan)生產經營活動;
D、具有地(di)理標志農產(chan)(chan)品市(shi)場開發經(jing)營(ying)能力;使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理標志,應當按照生產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營(ying)年度與(yu)登(deng)記證書持有人產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理標志使(shi)用(yong)(yong)協(xie)議,在協(xie)議中(zhong)載明使(shi)用(yong)(yong)數量、范圍及(ji)相關的責任人。
(2)農產品(pin)地理標志使用(yong)人享(xiang)有(you)以下權利(li);
A、可以在(zai)產品(pin)及其包裝上統一(yi)使用農產品(pin)地理標志;
B、可(ke)以(yi)使用登記的農產品地理標志,進(jin)行宣傳(chuan)和參(can)加展(zhan)覽(lan)、展(zhan)示。
(3)自覺接受登記證書使用人應當(dang)履行以下義(yi)務:
A、自覺接受(shou)登記證(zheng)書持有人的監(jian)督檢查;
B、保證(zheng)地理標志農產(chan)品(pin)的品(pin)質和信(xin)譽;
C、正(zheng)確(que)規范的使(shi)用農產品地(di)理標志;
(4)地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)經營者,應當建立質量控制追溯體(ti)系,地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)持(chi)有人(ren)和(he)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使用人(ren),對(dui)地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的質量和(he)信譽負(fu)責(ze);任(ren)何單(dan)位和(he)個人(ren)不得偽(wei)造、冒用農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)和(he)登(deng)記證書;鼓勵單(dan)位和(he)個人(ren)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)對(dui)地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)社會監督。標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使用人(ren)在產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)或產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)包裝上統一使用農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)理標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)公(gong)共(gong)標(biao)(biao)識和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱組合型式字(zi)樣,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱為申請登(deng)記產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱。