一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地貌情況:中寧縣(xian)區(qu)域地形(xing)地貌是清(qing)水河沖(chong)積(ji)平原(yuan)淤(yu)(yu)灌(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和黃(huang)河沖(chong)積(ji)平原(yuan)淤(yu)(yu)灌(guan)土(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型為綠(lv)洲土(tu)(tu)(tu),質地以(yi)中壤(rang)為主(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)pH值7.3~8.5之間,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有機(ji)質含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)8.3~14.6g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)全(quan)氮含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)0.7~1.11g/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)堿(jian)解氮含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)37~68.4mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)速(su)效磷含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)25~73.7mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)速(su)效鉀含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)136~326mg/kg。同時,在黃(huang)河沿岸,由(you)于(yu)發源于(yu)青藏高原(yuan)的黃(huang)河泥沙也(ye)帶有大量(liang)(liang)礦(kuang)物質,淤(yu)(yu)積(ji)又形(xing)成了大量(liang)(liang)的河灘沖(chong)積(ji)區(qu),良好的土(tu)(tu)(tu)質條件,為中寧枸杞的生(sheng)長提供良好的生(sheng)存(cun)環境,從(cong)而(er)造就了中寧優(you)質的枸杞。
(2)水(shui)文情況(kuang):黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)寧(ning)(ning)夏境內的(de)主要河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu),中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)位于黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)兩岸,所用水(shui)源均來自(zi)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)。黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)出黑山(shan)峽入(ru)衛寧(ning)(ning)灌(guan)區,至(zhi)勝金關入(ru)中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境,東(dong)流(liu)68km至(zhi)青銅(tong)峽二道(dao)溝出縣(xian)(xian)(xian)境。黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)過境客水(shui)24年年平均徑流(liu)量為315億立方(fang)米(1955-1979年,下河(he)(he)(he)(he)沿測站),平均流(liu)量993立方(fang)米/秒。 黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)量豐沛(pei),水(shui)質優良,是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)農業(ye)灌(guan)溉水(shui)源。清水(shui)河(he)(he)(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)一(yi)級支流(liu),發源于固(gu)原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)南開城鄉,由南向北經固(gu)原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、海原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、同心縣(xian)(xian)(xian)至(zhi)中(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)泉眼(yan)山(shan)西入(ru)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:中(zhong)寧(ning)縣地(di)處西北(bei)內陸,屬典型(xing)的大(da)陸性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),海拔1184米(mi)。總(zong)的特點是(shi):春(chun)(chun)暖遲,夏熱短,秋涼早(zao)(zao)(zao),冬(dong)寒長,日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)照時間(jian)長,晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da),光能資源豐富,干旱少雨多(duo)風,蒸發量大(da),無霜期(qi)(qi)短。年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)9.1℃,7月(yue)份(fen)(fen)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)23.4℃,1月(yue)份(fen)(fen)平均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-7.4℃,年(nian)際相差(cha)30.8℃,絕(jue)對最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)38.5℃,絕(jue)對最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-26.7℃,有(you)效(xiao)積溫(wen)(wen)3349℃。其初(chu)終霜日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)數為175d,初(chu)霜期(qi)(qi)為10月(yue)上(shang)旬,最(zui)早(zao)(zao)(zao)在(zai)9月(yue)15日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)發生; 平均(jun)(jun)終霜期(qi)(qi)在(zai)4月(yue)下(xia)旬,最(zui)早(zao)(zao)(zao)在(zai)3月(yue)4日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),最(zui)晚在(zai)5月(yue)21日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),無霜期(qi)(qi)165d。每年(nian)3-5月(yue)份(fen)(fen)是(shi)風季,8級以(yi)上(shang)大(da)風日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)數年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)18.6d, 風向(xiang)多(duo)西北(bei)和偏南兩個方向(xiang),最(zui)大(da)瞬間(jian)風速(su)38m/s/秒。冬(dong)春(chun)(chun)季風沙頻繁,有(you)時出現沙塵暴。土壤在(zai)11月(yue)底以(yi)后封凍,3月(yue)上(shang)中(zhong)旬解(jie)凍。年(nian)均(jun)(jun)降水量221.6毫米(mi),年(nian)太陽輻射(she)總(zong)量59245924兆焦耳/米(mi)2。從而有(you)利于(yu)枸杞果實營養成份(fen)(fen)的積累。
(4)人文歷(li)(li)史(shi)情況: 寧夏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧縣(xian)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”,是寧夏枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)精品(pin)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本名(ming)寧安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),因其原產(chan)地(di)(di)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧縣(xian)寧安(an)(an)堡(bao)一(yi)帶(dai)而得(de)名(ming)。當(dang)寧安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形成(cheng)(cheng)商品(pin),走向全(quan)國(guo)(guo)藥材(cai)市場時(shi)(shi),由(you)于寧安(an)(an)堡(bao)屬于當(dang)時(shi)(shi)甘肅省中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛縣(xian)管轄,故又有(you)“甘杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)"的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)呼。1934年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧設縣(xian)時(shi)(shi),以寧安(an)(an)堡(bao)為縣(xian)城,從(cong)(cong)此又稱(cheng)為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從(cong)(cong)列入朝廷貢(gong)品(pin)到占(zhan)領(ling)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)市場,大約(yue)經歷(li)(li)了(le)250年(nian)時(shi)(shi)間。在隨后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)二百多年(nian)時(shi)(shi)間里,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逐漸形成(cheng)(cheng)優良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),長期囿于寧安(an)(an)堡(bao)一(yi)帶(dai),尤以清水河(he)(he)與(yu)黃(huang)河(he)(he)交(jiao)匯(hui)的(de)(de)(de)洪泛區(qu)(qu)所產(chan)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最為優質(zhi)。清乾(qian)隆二十年(nian)(1755年(nian)),寧夏《銀(yin)川小志》的(de)(de)(de)作者(zhe)汪繹(yi)辰在藥材(cai)類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)評注歌頌了(le)寧安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),文日(ri):“枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),寧安(an)(an)堡(bao)產(chan)者(zhe)極佳,紅(hong)大肉厚,家家種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛知縣(xian)黃(huang)恩錫有(you)詩為證“六(liu)月杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)園樹(shu)樹(shu)紅(hong),寧安(an)(an)藥果擅寰(huan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。千錢一(yi)斗矜時(shi)(shi)價(jia),絕勝腴田歲早豐。”寧夏黃(huang)河(he)(he)灌(guan)區(qu)(qu)與(yu)南部(bu)(bu)山區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)匯(hui)地(di)(di)帶(dai),四(si)周群山環繞,黃(huang)河(he)(he)從(cong)(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間流過,兩(liang)岸地(di)(di)勢平坦,晝夜(ye)溫差(cha)大,有(you)利于枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)營養成(cheng)(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)積累。在我國(guo)(guo)2002年(nian)自然科(ke)學(xue)資金項目(編(bian)號39960036)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),劉(liu)靜等在《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)北方地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣候適宜(yi)性區(qu)(qu)劃(hua)》的(de)(de)(de)研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),把寧夏黃(huang)河(he)(he)灌(guan)區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南部(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)劃(hua)為我國(guo)(guo)北方地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)最適宜(yi)區(qu)(qu)。
二.地域范圍
中(zhong)寧枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)地域保護(hu)范圍(wei)是中(zhong)衛(wei)市中(zhong)寧縣寧安鎮(zhen)(zhen)、恩和(he)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、鳴沙鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新堡鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大戰場鎮(zhen)(zhen)、石空(kong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、舟塔鄉(xiang)、余丁鄉(xiang)、白馬(ma)鄉(xiang)、喊(han)叫水(shui)鄉(xiang)、徐套鄉(xiang)11個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),120個行政村。保護(hu)范圍(wei)位東經105°16′04~106°04′11,北(bei)緯36°54′09~37°44′19之(zhi)間(jian),南北(bei)長約60公(gong)里,東西寬約50公(gong)里。中(zhong)寧枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)生產(chan)(chan)規模為20000公(gong)頃,年(nian)產(chan)(chan)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)干(gan)果8萬噸。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)外觀(guan)感(gan)官特征(zheng):中寧枸杞是(shi)長(chang)果形呈(cheng)橢圓且(qie)扁長(chang),肉質飽滿、外觀(guan)光亮、柔潤;其干果色(se)澤(ze)紅重,果臍顯(xian)白色(se),先端有(you)小尖,包裝(zhuang)不結塊(kuai),味甘甜微帶(dai)苦澀(se)。
(2)內在的品質特征:枸(gou)杞多糖(tang)含量范(fan)圍(wei)為3.17-5.45%;枸(gou)杞總糖(tang)含量范(fan)圍(wei)為39.79-62.58%。
(3)安全要求:
①產(chan)地(di)(di)及(ji)環(huan)境(jing):產(chan)地(di)(di)環(huan)境(jing)必須符合NY/T391-2013《綠(lv)色食品產(chan)地(di)(di)環(huan)境(jing)質量》的規定。
②生產技術(shu)規程“中寧枸(gou)杞(qi)”地理標志證明(ming)商標的(de)枸(gou)杞(qi)原料生產技術(shu)規程符合GB/T19116-2003《枸(gou)杞(qi)栽培(pei)技術(shu)規程》等技術(shu)規程的(de)規定。
③包裝(zhuang)、運輸(shu)和(he)貯存條件使用(yong)“中寧枸杞”地(di)理標(biao)志證明商(shang)標(biao)商(shang)品的包裝(zhuang)、運輸(shu)、貯存應符合GB7718-2011《食品安全國家標(biao)準預包裝(zhuang)食品標(biao)簽(qian)通則(ze)》要求。
四.特定生產方式
(1)產(chan)地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇與特殊內(nei)容規定(ding):生產(chan)地(di)(di)域內(nei)無工礦企(qi)業,無環境污(wu)染源, 大氣土(tu)壞均符(fu)合(he)國(guo)家有(you)關標(biao)準(zhun)。田地(di)(di)選(xuan)擇:選(xuan)擇地(di)(di)勢(shi)平坦、有(you)排(pai)灌條件、地(di)(di)下水位1.0m 以下、較肥沃的(de)沙壤、輕(qing)壤或中(zhong)壤地(di)(di)塊,土(tu)壤含鹽量 3‰以下,pH7.5~8.3左右,土(tu)層厚度(du)1m以上。田地(di)(di)規劃:為了(le)便(bian)于枸杞園的(de)灌溉、施肥、噴(pen)藥及運輸等管理(li)工作,新建(jian)枸杞園必須(xu)進行規劃。
(2)品種選擇(ze)與特定要求:以(yi)寧夏枸杞的優良品種“寧杞1號(hao)、5號(hao)”為主。苗(miao)(miao)木一級規格(ge)為苗(miao)(miao)株高(gao)50cm以(yi)上、地徑0.7cm以(yi)上,根(gen)系完整(zheng); 二(er)級為苗(miao)(miao)株高(gao)40~50cm、地徑0.5~0.7cm,根(gen)系完整(zheng)。
(3)生產(chan)過程管理:
①播種時間及方(fang)式:中(zhong)(zhong)寧枸(gou)杞育(yu)苗一般采(cai)用(yong)無性繁(fan)殖主要有硬(ying)枝(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)插(cha)和嫩枝(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)插(cha)。a、硬(ying)枝(zhi)(zhi)扦(qian)插(cha),3月中(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)~4月上(shang)旬(xun),日平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)穩定通過(guo)6℃以(yi)上(shang)即可進行(xing)(xing),冬季和早春可以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)大棚育(yu)苗。以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)寧枸(gou)杞為(wei)母條,剪取0.4~0.6cm粗的(de)枝(zhi)(zhi)條,截(jie)成l0~15cm長,用(yong)15~20mg/kg的(de)a~萘(nai)乙酸水溶液(ye)浸(jin)(jin)插(cha)條下端24h,或用(yong)l00mg/kg的(de)a~萘(nai)乙酸溶液(ye)浸(jin)(jin)插(cha)條下端2h~3h,浸(jin)(jin)深3cm。按(an)(an)40cm行(xing)(xing)距開溝(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)深l0~13cm,將插(cha)條按(an)(an)l00cm株距擺在溝(gou)(gou)壁一側(ce),覆濕潤土踏實,插(cha)條上(shang)端露出地面約1cm,插(cha)后(hou)覆地膜。
b、嫩枝(zhi)扦插 日平(ping)均氣溫穩定在18℃以上(shang)(shang)的(de)5~8月可進行(xing)。剪取(qu)半木質化枝(zhi)條,截成(cheng)5~8cm的(de)插條,去除下端1~2個節(jie)上(shang)(shang)的(de)葉片。將(jiang)插條下端速沾400mg/kg的(de)a-萘乙酸和滑石粉調制成(cheng)的(de)生(sheng)根劑,按(an)5×l0cm的(de)株(zhu)行(xing)距,插入準備好(hao)的(de)沙床(chuang)上(shang)(shang),插入深度(du)1.0~1.5cm,插后噴殺菌劑,蓋塑(su)料(liao)拱棚(peng)保濕。
②適時(shi)(shi)移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai):中(zhong)寧枸杞移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)分春季和秋季兩種,春季移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的占絕大多數。春季移(yi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)般在3月下旬至4月上旬,株(zhu)行距1×3m,畝栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)222株(zhu)。按株(zhu)行距在定(ding)植前劃行定(ding)點挖(wa)穴(xue)。定(ding)植穴(xue)挖(wa)出的表土和心土各放一(yi)邊,穴(xue)內先(xian)施入(ru)有(you)機肥2~3kg,加復合(he)肥100g,將(jiang)心土填入(ru),混合(he)均勻后蓋表土5cm,然后放入(ru)枸杞苗(miao),扶直,填入(ru)少半坑土,提苗(miao),踏實(shi),再(zai)填土至苗(miao)木根頸處踏實(shi),再(zai)踏實(shi)覆土略高于地面。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植后及時(shi)(shi)整園(yuan)灌(guan)水1次。
③病(bing)(bing)蟲害防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):主要(yao)病(bing)(bing)蟲害有蚜蟲、木虱、薊馬、癭螨、銹螨、紅(hong)癭蚊、黑果病(bing)(bing)等(deng)。防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原則(ze):以防(fang)(fang)為主,綜合防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),優先采取(qu)農(nong)(nong)業措施(shi)、物(wu)理防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)。允許使(shi)用(yong)(yong)植物(wu)源、動(dong)物(wu)源、微生(sheng)物(wu)源農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)及礦物(wu)源農(nong)(nong)藥(yao),可選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)高效、低毒、低殘留化(hua)學農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)。防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方法:一是 農(nong)(nong)業防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):加強中(zhong)耕鋤草(cao),深翻(fan)曬土;清潔枸(gou)杞(qi)園(yuan)及周圍,將枯枝爛葉、病(bing)(bing)蟲枝、雜草(cao)集中(zhong)燒毀;枸(gou)杞(qi)園(yuan)及時排(pai)灌,防(fang)(fang)止積(ji)水;合理施(shi)肥、修剪,促進樹體健康生(sheng)長(chang)。二是物(wu)理防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):采用(yong)(yong)燈光、色彩誘(you)殺害蟲,如(ru)用(yong)(yong)銀灰膜避蚜或黃(huang)板(柱)誘(you)殺蚜蟲。三(san)是生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):保護天(tian)敵,創造有利于天(tian)敵繁衍生(sheng)長(chang)的環(huan)境(jing)條件(jian),投放寄生(sheng)性、捕食性天(tian)敵;使(shi)用(yong)(yong)昆蟲性外激素誘(you)殺或干擾成蟲交(jiao)配。四是藥(yao)劑防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):枸(gou)杞(qi)病(bing)(bing)蟲種類多,以統(tong)防(fang)(fang)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主,交(jiao)叉用(yong)(yong)藥(yao),防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)病(bing)(bing)蟲兼(jian)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其它(ta)次要(yao)病(bing)(bing)蟲。在生(sheng)產中(zhong),要(yao)根據病(bing)(bing)蟲發生(sheng)的具體情況確定防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對象(xiang)和方法。
④整形修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian):修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)按季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)劃(hua)分(fen)為三(san)次(ci),即春(chun)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)、夏(xia)(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(又叫(jiao)休眠期修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)),修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點在夏(xia)(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian), 在冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)枸(gou)杞(qi)落葉以后之(zhi)春(chun)芽(ya)(ya)萌(meng)動(dong)前進(jin)行。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)原則是(shi)“修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)橫(heng)不修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)順(shun),去舊要(yao)(yao)留新。密處來修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian),缺處留壯枝(zhi)。清膛截(jie)底(di)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)好(hao),樹冠(guan)(guan)圓滿產量高(gao)”。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)序是(shi):清基 、剪(jian)(jian)(jian)頂 、清膛 。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)后要(yao)(yao)求各層(ceng)分(fen)明,每一(yi)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)冠(guan)(guan)幅(fu)枝(zhi)條(tiao)疏密分(fen)布均勻有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)距離,通風透光良好(hao)。春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian), 在萌(meng)芽(ya)(ya)后到展葉前進(jin)行,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)彌補冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)不足和(he)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)除果枝(zhi)干尖(jian)與(yu)針刺。夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(生長(chang)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)),夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)由于時(shi)間跨春(chun)、夏(xia)(xia)、秋三(san)季(ji)(ji)(ji)。一(yi)般(ban)相(xiang)隔8~10天進(jin)行一(yi)次(ci),充(chong)分(fen)利(li)用有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)空間,增加(jia)結(jie)果枝(zhi)條(tiao),拉(la)長(chang)采(cai)果時(shi)間,實現剪(jian)(jian)(jian)去無用枝(zhi),改(gai)造中間枝(zhi),增加(jia)結(jie)果枝(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)夏(xia)(xia)季(ji)(ji)(ji)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)目的(de)(de)(de)。
(4)產品收獲(huo)及產后處理規定(ding):枸杞生產加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝流程:人工(gong)采摘鮮果枸杞-→自然晾(liang)曬或機(ji)(ji)械(xie)制干-→機(ji)(ji)械(xie)篩選(xuan)分(fen)等定(ding)級-→機(ji)(ji)械(xie)揀(jian)選(xuan)或人工(gong)揀(jian)選(xuan)-→消(xiao)毒殺菌-→包裝-→銷售。
① 收(shou)獲時間(jian)(jian):第(di)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi)在(zai)夏季, 7月(yue)上旬至(zhi)8月(yue)初;第(di)二個(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu)期(qi),在(zai)9月(yue)下旬至(zhi)10月(yue)中(zhong)旬。采收(shou)時間(jian)(jian)7月(yue)中(zhong)下旬至(zhi)10月(yue)中(zhong)旬,夏果(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)般4~6d采一(yi)(yi)次(ci);秋果(guo)(guo)(guo)7~l0d采一(yi)(yi)次(ci)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu)8成(cheng)~9成(cheng),果(guo)(guo)(guo)色鮮(xian)紅,果(guo)(guo)(guo)蒂松動即可(ke)采收(shou)。②產后處理:枸杞鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)干的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)分為(wei)自(zi)然晾(liang)曬(shai)(shai)、機(ji)械(xie)設施制(zhi)干和利用(yong)太陽能(neng)制(zhi)干等方(fang)法(fa)。自(zi)然制(zhi)干法(fa),需要準備長1.8-2米(mi),寬(kuan)0.9-1米(mi)的(de)(de)木框,中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)夾竹(zhu)簾,再用(yong)鐵釘(ding)釘(ding)制(zhi)而成(cheng)。將脫臘(la)后的(de)(de)鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)鋪(pu)在(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)棧(zhan)上,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)鋪(pu)開的(de)(de)厚(hou)度(du)為(wei)2-3厘米(mi),要求厚(hou)薄均勻(yun),氣溫(wen)高,晾(liang)曬(shai)(shai)時間(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)4-5天;氣溫(wen)低,晾(liang)曬(shai)(shai)時間(jian)(jian)為(wei)7-10天。機(ji)械(xie)設施制(zhi)干法(fa)主要有烘道烘干以及各種(zhong)熱風烘干設備與太陽能(neng)烘干相結合。
③產品初加工:
a、枸杞二次烘干(gan)(gan) 枸杞干(gan)(gan)果初加(jia)工時,含水量要求是否達到13%以(yi)下(xia),如(ru)達不到標準(zhun),就要采取二次制干(gan)(gan)。
b、分(fen)級去雜(za):按照(zhao)果(guo)實(shi)大小、色澤、破粒等外(wai)觀條件(jian),將枸(gou)杞果(guo)實(shi)分(fen)為(wei)四級:特優、特級、甲級和乙(yi)級;分(fen)級方法 用分(fen)級篩(shai)篩(shai)選,精分(fen)等級,并篩(shai)除雜(za)質、細碎(sui)、損粒;
C、揀(jian)選(xuan):通過機(ji)械(xie)揀(jian)選(xuan),將霉果(guo)、黑果(guo)、油果(guo)、青(qing)果(guo)等分選(xuan)出來。
d、殺(sha)菌(jun):分級揀選后的枸杞干(gan)果(guo)須經殺(sha)菌(jun)處理,才能包裝入(ru)庫。殺(sha)菌(jun)方法有(you)紫(zi)外(wai)線燈照(zhao)射殺(sha)菌(jun)、輻照(zhao)殺(sha)菌(jun)等。
e、包(bao)裝(zhuang):定量裝(zhuang)袋,打印(yin)生產日期,裝(zhuang)箱(xiang)、入庫、銷售。
五.包裝標識相關規定
(1)符合下列條件的單位和(he)個人,可(ke)以向登記證書持有人申請使用(yong)地理標(biao)志:
A、生產(chan)經營的農(nong)產(chan)品產(chan)自登記確(que)定的地域范圍;
B、已取得登記農產品相關的(de)生產經(jing)營資質(zhi);
C、能夠(gou)嚴(yan)格按照規(gui)定的質(zhi)量(liang)技(ji)術規(gui)范組(zu)織開展生(sheng)產經營活動;
D、具有地理(li)標志(zhi)農產品(pin)市場開發經營能力;使用農產品(pin)地理(li)標志(zhi),應當(dang)按照生(sheng)產經營年(nian)度與登記(ji)證書持有人產品(pin)地理(li)標志(zhi)使用協(xie)議(yi),在協(xie)議(yi)中載明使用數量、范圍及相關的責任人。
(2)農產品(pin)地理標志(zhi)使用(yong)人享有以下(xia)權利;
A、可以(yi)在產(chan)品及其包裝上統一使用農產(chan)品地(di)理(li)標志;
B、可以使用登記的農(nong)產(chan)品地理標志,進(jin)行宣傳(chuan)和參加展(zhan)覽(lan)、展(zhan)示。
(3)自覺接(jie)受登(deng)記證書使用人應當履行(xing)以下義務:
A、自覺接受登記(ji)證(zheng)書持有人的(de)監督檢查;
B、保(bao)證地理(li)標志農產品(pin)(pin)的品(pin)(pin)質和信譽;
C、正確規范的使用農產品地理標志(zhi);
(4)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)經營者,應當建(jian)立質量控制追溯體系,地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)持(chi)有人(ren)和(he)標(biao)志(zhi)使用(yong)人(ren),對(dui)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的質量和(he)信(xin)譽(yu)負責;任何單(dan)位(wei)和(he)個(ge)人(ren)不得偽造(zao)、冒用(yong)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)和(he)登(deng)記證書;鼓勵單(dan)位(wei)和(he)個(ge)人(ren)對(dui)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)對(dui)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)進行社(she)會監督。標(biao)志(zhi)使用(yong)人(ren)在(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)或產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)包裝(zhuang)上統(tong)一使用(yong)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)志(zhi)公共標(biao)識(shi)和(he)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱組合型式字(zi)樣,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱為申(shen)請登(deng)記產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱。