一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)地貌(mao)情(qing)況:中(zhong)寧縣區域地形地貌(mao)是清(qing)水河沖積(ji)平(ping)原淤灌(guan)土(tu)(tu)和黃河沖積(ji)平(ping)原淤灌(guan)土(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)類型(xing)為(wei)綠洲土(tu)(tu),質(zhi)地以中(zhong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)為(wei)主(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)pH值(zhi)7.3~8.5之間(jian),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量8.3~14.6g/kg,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)全氮含(han)(han)量0.7~1.11g/kg,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)堿解氮含(han)(han)量37~68.4mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)速(su)效(xiao)磷(lin)含(han)(han)量25~73.7mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)速(su)效(xiao)鉀含(han)(han)量136~326mg/kg。同(tong)時,在黃河沿岸,由于(yu)發源(yuan)于(yu)青藏高原的(de)(de)黃河泥沙也(ye)帶有(you)大(da)量礦物(wu)質(zhi),淤積(ji)又(you)形成了大(da)量的(de)(de)河灘沖積(ji)區,良好(hao)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)條件,為(wei)中(zhong)寧枸杞的(de)(de)生長提供(gong)良好(hao)的(de)(de)生存環境,從(cong)而造就了中(zhong)寧優質(zhi)的(de)(de)枸杞。
(2)水(shui)(shui)文(wen)情況:黃河(he)(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)寧夏境(jing)內的(de)主要河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu),中寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)位于(yu)黃河(he)(he)(he)兩岸,所用水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)均來(lai)自黃河(he)(he)(he)。黃河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)出(chu)黑山峽(xia)(xia)入衛寧灌(guan)區,至勝金(jin)關入中寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)境(jing),東流(liu)(liu)(liu)68km至青(qing)銅峽(xia)(xia)二道溝出(chu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)境(jing)。黃河(he)(he)(he)過境(jing)客水(shui)(shui)24年年平均徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)為315億立(li)方米(1955-1979年,下河(he)(he)(he)沿(yan)測站(zhan)),平均流(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)993立(li)方米/秒。 黃河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)豐沛,水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)優(you)良(liang),是(shi)(shi)中寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)業灌(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)。清水(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)是(shi)(shi)黃河(he)(he)(he)的(de)一級支流(liu)(liu)(liu),發(fa)源(yuan)于(yu)固原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)南開城鄉,由南向北經固原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、海原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、同心縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)至中寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)泉眼山西入黃河(he)(he)(he)。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況:中寧(ning)縣地處西北內陸(lu)(lu),屬典型的(de)大陸(lu)(lu)性氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),海拔1184米(mi)。總(zong)(zong)的(de)特點是:春暖遲,夏熱短(duan),秋涼(liang)早,冬寒長(chang),日照時間長(chang),晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大,光(guang)能資源豐富,干(gan)旱(han)少雨多(duo)風,蒸發量大,無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)期短(duan)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)9.1℃,7月(yue)份平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)23.4℃,1月(yue)份平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-7.4℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)際相差(cha)30.8℃,絕對(dui)最(zui)(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)38.5℃,絕對(dui)最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-26.7℃,有效(xiao)積溫(wen)(wen)3349℃。其(qi)初終霜(shuang)日數為175d,初霜(shuang)期為10月(yue)上旬(xun)(xun),最(zui)(zui)早在(zai)(zai)9月(yue)15日發生; 平均終霜(shuang)期在(zai)(zai)4月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)(xun),最(zui)(zui)早在(zai)(zai)3月(yue)4日,最(zui)(zui)晚(wan)在(zai)(zai)5月(yue)21日,無(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)期165d。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)3-5月(yue)份是風季,8級以上大風日數年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均18.6d, 風向多(duo)西北和偏(pian)南兩個方向,最(zui)(zui)大瞬間風速(su)38m/s/秒。冬春季風沙頻繁(fan),有時出(chu)現沙塵(chen)暴。土壤在(zai)(zai)11月(yue)底以后封凍(dong),3月(yue)上中旬(xun)(xun)解(jie)凍(dong)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)均降水量221.6毫米(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)太陽(yang)輻射總(zong)(zong)量59245924兆焦(jiao)耳/米(mi)2。從而有利于枸杞果實營養成份的(de)積累。
(4)人文歷(li)史情況: 寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)生產的(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”,是寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)精品。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本名寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),因其原產地(di)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)縣(xian)(xian)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡一帶而得名。當寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形成(cheng)(cheng)商品,走(zou)向(xiang)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)藥材市場時(shi),由于(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡屬于(yu)當時(shi)甘肅省中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛縣(xian)(xian)管(guan)轄(xia),故又有“甘杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)"的(de)(de)(de)稱呼。1934年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)設(she)縣(xian)(xian)時(shi),以寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡為(wei)(wei)縣(xian)(xian)城,從此又稱為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從列入朝廷貢品到占(zhan)領全(quan)(quan)國(guo)市場,大(da)約經歷(li)了(le)250年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間。在(zai)隨后的(de)(de)(de)二百多年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間里,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)逐漸形成(cheng)(cheng)優(you)(you)良品種(zhong),長期(qi)囿于(yu)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡一帶,尤以清水河(he)(he)與黃(huang)河(he)(he)交(jiao)匯的(de)(de)(de)洪泛區(qu)(qu)所產枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)最為(wei)(wei)優(you)(you)質。清乾隆二十年(nian)(nian)(1755年(nian)(nian)),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏《銀川小志》的(de)(de)(de)作者(zhe)汪繹辰在(zai)藥材類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以唯一的(de)(de)(de)評注(zhu)歌頌了(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),文日(ri):“枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)堡產者(zhe)極(ji)佳,紅大(da)肉厚,家家種(zhong)植。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)衛知縣(xian)(xian)黃(huang)恩錫有詩為(wei)(wei)證“六月杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)園樹(shu)樹(shu)紅,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)安(an)(an)藥果擅(shan)寰(huan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。千錢一斗矜(jin)時(shi)價,絕(jue)勝(sheng)腴(yu)田(tian)歲早豐。”寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏黃(huang)河(he)(he)灌區(qu)(qu)與南(nan)(nan)部山(shan)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)匯地(di)帶,四周群山(shan)環(huan)繞,黃(huang)河(he)(he)從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間流(liu)過,兩(liang)岸地(di)勢平(ping)坦,晝(zhou)夜溫差大(da),有利于(yu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)營養成(cheng)(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)積累。在(zai)我國(guo)2002年(nian)(nian)自然科(ke)學資金項目(編號39960036)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),劉靜等在(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)北方地(di)區(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)候(hou)適宜性區(qu)(qu)劃》的(de)(de)(de)研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),把寧(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)夏黃(huang)河(he)(he)灌區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)(nan)部區(qu)(qu)劃為(wei)(wei)我國(guo)北方地(di)區(qu)(qu)枸(gou)(gou)杞(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)種(zhong)植最適宜區(qu)(qu)。
二.地域范圍
中(zhong)寧枸杞農產(chan)品地(di)理標(biao)志地(di)域保(bao)護范圍(wei)是中(zhong)衛市中(zhong)寧縣(xian)寧安鎮(zhen)(zhen)、恩和鎮(zhen)(zhen)、鳴沙鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新(xin)堡鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大戰(zhan)場鎮(zhen)(zhen)、石(shi)空鎮(zhen)(zhen)、舟塔(ta)鄉(xiang)、余丁鄉(xiang)、白(bai)馬(ma)鄉(xiang)、喊(han)叫水(shui)鄉(xiang)、徐(xu)套鄉(xiang)11個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),120個行政村。保(bao)護范圍(wei)位東經105°16′04~106°04′11,北緯36°54′09~37°44′19之間(jian),南北長約60公里(li),東西寬約50公里(li)。中(zhong)寧枸杞農產(chan)品地(di)理標(biao)志生產(chan)規模為(wei)20000公頃,年產(chan)枸杞干(gan)果8萬(wan)噸。
三.產品品質特性特征
(1)外觀(guan)感官特征:中寧枸杞(qi)是長果形呈(cheng)橢圓(yuan)且扁(bian)長,肉質飽滿、外觀(guan)光亮、柔潤(run);其干果色(se)澤紅重,果臍(qi)顯(xian)白色(se),先端有小(xiao)尖,包裝不結塊(kuai),味甘甜微帶苦澀。
(2)內在的(de)品質特征:枸(gou)(gou)杞多糖(tang)含量范圍(wei)為(wei)3.17-5.45%;枸(gou)(gou)杞總糖(tang)含量范圍(wei)為(wei)39.79-62.58%。
(3)安全要求:
①產地(di)及(ji)環境:產地(di)環境必須符合NY/T391-2013《綠色(se)食品(pin)產地(di)環境質量》的(de)規定。
②生產技術規(gui)(gui)程“中寧枸杞(qi)”地理標志證(zheng)明商(shang)標的枸杞(qi)原料生產技術規(gui)(gui)程符(fu)合GB/T19116-2003《枸杞(qi)栽培(pei)技術規(gui)(gui)程》等技術規(gui)(gui)程的規(gui)(gui)定。
③包裝(zhuang)、運輸(shu)和貯(zhu)存(cun)條件使(shi)用“中寧枸杞(qi)”地理標志證明商標商品的包裝(zhuang)、運輸(shu)、貯(zhu)存(cun)應(ying)符合GB7718-2011《食品安(an)全國(guo)家標準預包裝(zhuang)食品標簽通則》要求。
四.特定生產方式
(1)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)選擇(ze)與特(te)殊內容(rong)規定:生產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)域內無(wu)工(gong)礦企業(ye),無(wu)環境污染源, 大氣土壞均符(fu)合(he)國家(jia)有(you)關標準。田地(di)(di)(di)選擇(ze):選擇(ze)地(di)(di)(di)勢平坦、有(you)排灌條件、地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水位1.0m 以(yi)下(xia)、較肥沃(wo)的沙壤、輕壤或(huo)中壤地(di)(di)(di)塊,土壤含鹽量(liang) 3‰以(yi)下(xia),pH7.5~8.3左右,土層厚(hou)度1m以(yi)上。田地(di)(di)(di)規劃(hua):為了便于枸杞園(yuan)的灌溉、施肥、噴(pen)藥及(ji)運輸(shu)等管理工(gong)作,新建枸杞園(yuan)必須進(jin)行規劃(hua)。
(2)品(pin)種(zhong)選擇(ze)與(yu)特定要(yao)求:以寧夏(xia)枸杞(qi)的優良品(pin)種(zhong)“寧杞(qi)1號、5號”為(wei)主(zhu)。苗木一級(ji)規格為(wei)苗株(zhu)高50cm以上(shang)、地徑0.7cm以上(shang),根系完(wan)整; 二級(ji)為(wei)苗株(zhu)高40~50cm、地徑0.5~0.7cm,根系完(wan)整。
(3)生產(chan)過程管理:
①播種時間及方式(shi):中寧枸(gou)杞育苗一般采用無性繁(fan)殖主要有硬枝(zhi)(zhi)扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)和嫩枝(zhi)(zhi)扦插(cha)(cha)(cha)。a、硬枝(zhi)(zhi)扦插(cha)(cha)(cha),3月中旬~4月上旬,日平(ping)均氣溫(wen)穩定通過6℃以(yi)上即(ji)可進行(xing),冬季和早(zao)春可以(yi)采用大棚育苗。以(yi)中寧枸(gou)杞為母條(tiao),剪取0.4~0.6cm粗的枝(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao),截成l0~15cm長,用15~20mg/kg的a~萘(nai)乙(yi)酸水溶液浸插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)下(xia)端24h,或用l00mg/kg的a~萘(nai)乙(yi)酸溶液浸插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)下(xia)端2h~3h,浸深(shen)3cm。按40cm行(xing)距開溝,溝深(shen)l0~13cm,將插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)按l00cm株距擺在溝壁(bi)一側,覆濕潤土踏實(shi),插(cha)(cha)(cha)條(tiao)上端露出地面約1cm,插(cha)(cha)(cha)后覆地膜。
b、嫩枝(zhi)扦插 日平均氣溫穩定在18℃以上的(de)(de)5~8月可進行。剪取半木質化枝(zhi)條(tiao),截成5~8cm的(de)(de)插條(tiao),去除下端1~2個節上的(de)(de)葉片。將(jiang)插條(tiao)下端速沾400mg/kg的(de)(de)a-萘乙酸和(he)滑石粉(fen)調制成的(de)(de)生根劑,按5×l0cm的(de)(de)株行距,插入(ru)準(zhun)備好的(de)(de)沙(sha)床上,插入(ru)深度1.0~1.5cm,插后噴殺菌劑,蓋塑(su)料拱棚保濕。
②適時(shi)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai):中(zhong)寧(ning)枸(gou)杞(qi)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)時(shi)間分春(chun)季(ji)(ji)和(he)秋季(ji)(ji)兩種,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)的占絕大多數(shu)。春(chun)季(ji)(ji)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)3月(yue)下旬至(zhi)(zhi)4月(yue)上旬,株行距1×3m,畝栽(zai)222株。按株行距在(zai)(zai)定植前(qian)劃行定點挖穴。定植穴挖出(chu)的表(biao)(biao)土(tu)(tu)和(he)心土(tu)(tu)各(ge)放一邊,穴內先施入有機肥2~3kg,加復合(he)肥100g,將心土(tu)(tu)填(tian)(tian)(tian)入,混合(he)均勻后蓋表(biao)(biao)土(tu)(tu)5cm,然后放入枸(gou)杞(qi)苗,扶直,填(tian)(tian)(tian)入少半坑土(tu)(tu),提苗,踏(ta)實,再填(tian)(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)至(zhi)(zhi)苗木根頸處踏(ta)實,再踏(ta)實覆土(tu)(tu)略高于地面。栽(zai)植后及時(shi)整園灌水(shui)1次。
③病蟲害防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):主(zhu)要病蟲害有蚜蟲、木虱、薊馬(ma)、癭螨、銹螨、紅癭蚊(wen)、黑果病等。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)原則:以防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為主(zhu),綜合防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi),優先(xian)采取農(nong)業措(cuo)施、物(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施。允許使用植(zhi)物(wu)源(yuan)、動物(wu)源(yuan)、微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)藥及礦物(wu)源(yuan)農(nong)藥,可(ke)選用高(gao)效(xiao)、低毒、低殘留化學農(nong)藥。防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法:一是(shi)(shi) 農(nong)業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):加(jia)強中耕(geng)鋤草(cao),深翻曬土;清(qing)潔枸杞(qi)(qi)園(yuan)及周圍,將枯枝(zhi)爛(lan)葉、病蟲枝(zhi)、雜草(cao)集中燒毀;枸杞(qi)(qi)園(yuan)及時排(pai)灌,防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止積水;合理施肥、修剪,促進樹體健康生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長。二是(shi)(shi)物(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):采用燈光、色彩(cai)誘(you)殺害蟲,如(ru)用銀灰(hui)膜(mo)避蚜或黃板(柱(zhu))誘(you)殺蚜蟲。三是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):保護天(tian)敵,創造有利(li)于天(tian)敵繁衍生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)環境(jing)條件(jian),投放寄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)性、捕食(shi)性天(tian)敵;使用昆蟲性外(wai)激素誘(you)殺或干擾成蟲交配。四是(shi)(shi)藥劑(ji)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):枸杞(qi)(qi)病蟲種類多,以統(tong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)統(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu),交叉用藥,防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要病蟲兼治(zhi)(zhi)其(qi)它(ta)次要病蟲。在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產中,要根據病蟲發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)具體情況確(que)定(ding)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)象和方(fang)法。
④整形修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian):修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)按季節劃分(fen)為三(san)(san)次,即春(chun)(chun)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、夏(xia)(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(又叫(jiao)休眠(mian)期修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)重點在夏(xia)(xia)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。冬(dong)季修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian), 在冬(dong)季枸杞落葉以后之春(chun)(chun)芽萌(meng)(meng)動前(qian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)原則是“修(xiu)(xiu)橫不(bu)修(xiu)(xiu)順,去舊要(yao)留新。密(mi)處來(lai)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),缺(que)處留壯枝(zhi)(zhi)。清(qing)膛(tang)截底(di)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)好,樹冠圓滿產量(liang)高”。冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順序是:清(qing)基(ji) 、剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)頂(ding) 、清(qing)膛(tang) 。修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后要(yao)求各層分(fen)明,每一層的(de)(de)冠幅枝(zhi)(zhi)條疏密(mi)分(fen)布均勻有一定的(de)(de)距離,通風透光良(liang)好。春(chun)(chun)季修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian), 在萌(meng)(meng)芽后到展葉前(qian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing),主要(yao)是彌補冬(dong)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)足(zu)和(he)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)除果枝(zhi)(zhi)干尖(jian)與(yu)針刺。夏(xia)(xia)季修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(生長季節修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)),夏(xia)(xia)季修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)由于(yu)時間(jian)跨春(chun)(chun)、夏(xia)(xia)、秋三(san)(san)季。一般相(xiang)隔8~10天(tian)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)一次,充分(fen)利用(yong)有限的(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian),增加結果枝(zhi)(zhi)條,拉長采果時間(jian),實現剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)去無用(yong)枝(zhi)(zhi),改(gai)造中間(jian)枝(zhi)(zhi),增加結果枝(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)夏(xia)(xia)季修(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)目(mu)的(de)(de)。
(4)產(chan)品收獲(huo)及產(chan)后(hou)處理(li)規定:枸杞生產(chan)加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)藝流程(cheng):人(ren)工(gong)采摘(zhai)鮮(xian)果枸杞-→自然(ran)晾曬或機(ji)械制(zhi)干-→機(ji)械篩選分等定級-→機(ji)械揀(jian)選或人(ren)工(gong)揀(jian)選-→消毒殺(sha)菌(jun)-→包裝-→銷售(shou)。
① 收獲(huo)時間(jian)(jian)(jian):第(di)一個(ge)(ge)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)熟期(qi)在夏季, 7月(yue)上旬(xun)至8月(yue)初;第(di)二(er)個(ge)(ge)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)熟期(qi),在9月(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)至10月(yue)中旬(xun)。采(cai)收時間(jian)(jian)(jian)7月(yue)中下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)至10月(yue)中旬(xun),夏果(guo)(guo)一般4~6d采(cai)一次(ci);秋(qiu)果(guo)(guo)7~l0d采(cai)一次(ci)。果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)熟8成(cheng)(cheng)~9成(cheng)(cheng),果(guo)(guo)色鮮(xian)紅(hong),果(guo)(guo)蒂(di)松動即可采(cai)收。②產(chan)后處理(li):枸(gou)杞鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)制(zhi)干(gan)的(de)方法分為自(zi)然晾(liang)曬(shai)、機(ji)械(xie)設(she)(she)施制(zhi)干(gan)和利用(yong)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)制(zhi)干(gan)等方法。自(zi)然制(zhi)干(gan)法,需要準(zhun)備(bei)長1.8-2米,寬0.9-1米的(de)木框,中間(jian)(jian)(jian)夾竹簾,再用(yong)鐵釘釘制(zhi)而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)。將(jiang)脫臘(la)后的(de)鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)鋪在果(guo)(guo)棧上,果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)鋪開的(de)厚度為2-3厘米,要求厚薄均勻,氣溫高,晾(liang)曬(shai)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)一般為4-5天;氣溫低,晾(liang)曬(shai)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)為7-10天。機(ji)械(xie)設(she)(she)施制(zhi)干(gan)法主要有(you)烘(hong)(hong)道烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)以及各種熱(re)風烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)設(she)(she)備(bei)與太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)相(xiang)結合。
③產品初加工:
a、枸杞二(er)次(ci)烘干(gan)(gan) 枸杞干(gan)(gan)果初(chu)加工(gong)時,含水量要求(qiu)是否達到13%以下,如(ru)達不到標準,就(jiu)要采(cai)取二(er)次(ci)制干(gan)(gan)。
b、分(fen)(fen)級(ji)去雜:按(an)照果實(shi)大小(xiao)、色澤、破粒等外(wai)觀條件,將枸杞果實(shi)分(fen)(fen)為四(si)級(ji):特優、特級(ji)、甲級(ji)和乙(yi)級(ji);分(fen)(fen)級(ji)方法 用分(fen)(fen)級(ji)篩(shai)篩(shai)選,精分(fen)(fen)等級(ji),并(bing)篩(shai)除(chu)雜質(zhi)、細碎、損粒;
C、揀選:通過(guo)機械揀選,將霉果、黑果、油(you)果、青果等分(fen)選出來。
d、殺(sha)(sha)菌:分級揀選后(hou)的枸杞干果須(xu)經殺(sha)(sha)菌處理,才能包裝入庫(ku)。殺(sha)(sha)菌方(fang)法有紫外線燈照射(she)殺(sha)(sha)菌、輻照殺(sha)(sha)菌等。
e、包裝(zhuang)(zhuang):定量裝(zhuang)(zhuang)袋(dai),打印生產日期,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)箱、入庫、銷售。
五.包裝標識相關規定
(1)符(fu)合(he)下列條件的單(dan)位和個人(ren)(ren),可以向登記證書持有人(ren)(ren)申(shen)請(qing)使用地理標志(zhi):
A、生(sheng)產經營的農產品(pin)產自登記(ji)確定的地域范圍(wei);
B、已取得登記農產(chan)品相關的生產(chan)經營資質;
C、能(neng)夠嚴(yan)格按照規(gui)(gui)定的質量技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)組織開展生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營活動;
D、具有地(di)理標(biao)志農產(chan)品(pin)市場開發經(jing)營能力;使用農產(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志,應(ying)當按照生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營年度與(yu)登記證書持有人產(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志使用協議,在協議中載明(ming)使用數量、范圍及相(xiang)關的責任(ren)人。
(2)農(nong)產品地理標志使(shi)用(yong)人享(xiang)有(you)以(yi)下權利;
A、可以在產品(pin)及其包裝上統一使用農產品(pin)地理(li)標志;
B、可以使(shi)用(yong)登記的農產品地理標志,進行宣傳(chuan)和參(can)加展(zhan)覽、展(zhan)示(shi)。
(3)自覺接受登記證書使用人應當履行以下義務:
A、自覺接受登(deng)記(ji)證書(shu)持有人的監督檢(jian)查;
B、保證地理標志農產品(pin)的品(pin)質和信譽;
C、正確規(gui)范(fan)的使用農產品(pin)地理標(biao)志;
(4)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的生產(chan)經營者,應當建立(li)質量控制追溯體系,地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)持有人(ren)(ren)和標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使用(yong)人(ren)(ren),對地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的質量和信譽負責;任(ren)何單(dan)位和個(ge)人(ren)(ren)不得偽(wei)造、冒用(yong)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)和登記證(zheng)書;鼓勵單(dan)位和個(ge)人(ren)(ren)對農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)對地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)進行社會監督。標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)使用(yong)人(ren)(ren)在產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)或產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)包裝上統一(yi)使用(yong)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)地(di)理(li)(li)(li)標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)公共標(biao)(biao)(biao)識(shi)和產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱組合型式字樣,產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱為申請登記產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱。