一.產品介紹
神奇(qi)(qi)、美麗、富饒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)藏(zang)族(zu)自治(zhi)州,風光幽美奇(qi)(qi)異,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)插入云天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陡(dou)峭雪山(shan),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)遮天蓋地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始森林(lin),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)蜿蜒流(liu)淌(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)源(yuan)頭(tou)(tou)溪流(liu),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)宛(wan)如明(ming)鏡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)子(zi)湖泊,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)廣袤千里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金色(se)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。素有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)"植(zhi)(zhi)物王國(guo)(guo)"之美稱。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)歷史(shi)悠久(jiu),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)藏(zang)語(yu)意(yi)為(wei)“反敗為(wei)勝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)人(ren)”。遠(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)源(yuan)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)類繁衍生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)息,古為(wei)西羌牧(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),南北朝時(shi),為(wei)黨(dang)項牧(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)心地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)。唐、宋時(shi)期(qi),屬(shu)吐(tu)蕃(fan)。元(yuan)屬(shu)“吐(tu)蕃(fan)等路(lu)宣慰使司都元(yuan)帥(shuai)府”節(jie)制(zhi)。明(ming)屬(shu)“朵甘(gan)思行都指揮(hui)使司”管轄(xia),明(ming)末清初(chu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)以北牧(mu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)被青(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)蒙古和碩特部(bu)所(suo)居,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)隸青(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)辦(ban)事(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)臣。公元(yuan)1721年后(hou),當(dang)今(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)班瑪(ma)、久(jiu)治(zhi)、達日隸屬(shu)于四(si)川成(cheng)(cheng)棉(mian)龍茂道(dao)(dao)松潘漳臘營。由(you)于果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處偏(pian)遠(yuan)(yuan),環(huan)境(jing)閉塞,歷代封建(jian)(jian)王朝沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里真(zhen)正(zheng)建(jian)(jian)立過(guo)政權,實(shi)(shi)(shi)行直接統(tong)治(zhi),長(chang)期(qi)游離在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)各大(da)(da)(da)政治(zhi)集團之外(wai),大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)部(bu)落是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)社(she)會(hui)最基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織形(xing)態,互不統(tong)屬(shu),各自為(wei)政。直到(dao)1952年解放前(qian)(qian)夕,這(zhe)里仍處在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)封建(jian)(jian)部(bu)落割據狀態。人(ren)們(men)最基本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)游牧(mu)、狩獵、和采集業,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方式(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始落后(hou),人(ren)民(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)極其貧窮。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狩獵和采集過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)部(bu)分(fen)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物進(jin)(jin)行積(ji)累,換(huan)(huan)取生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)來(lai)(lai)(lai)源(yuan)或(huo)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。據史(shi)書(shu)記載,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宗教(jiao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong)采集大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)不但(dan)作(zuo)為(wei)醫(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),而且用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)流(liu)行占(zhan)卜,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)瑪(ma)多(duo)莫格德哇(wa)遺址中(zhong)(zhong)發現一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)石頭(tou)(tou)排成(cheng)(cheng)圓圈,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)石圓圈附近,出(chu)土了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)類似大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)殘(can)留(liu)物,顯然(ran)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)兒曾(ceng)進(jin)(jin)行過(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)喪禮或(huo)或(huo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關宗教(jiao)儀式(shi)。根據以上推斷(duan),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)先民(min)(min)通過(guo)宗教(jiao)活(huo)(huo)動已初(chu)步(bu)掌握了(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)進(jin)(jin)行醫(yi)(yi)治(zhi)或(huo)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法,幾百年來(lai)(lai)(lai),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頭(tou)(tou)人(ren)之間(jian)為(wei)了(le)擴(kuo)充草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)資(zi)源(yuan)相(xiang)互殘(can)殺,由(you)于少數頭(tou)(tou)人(ren)牲畜不斷(duan)增加(jia),從(cong)(cong)而也(ye)(ye)增加(jia)了(le)牲畜因疾病而死(si)亡,為(wei)了(le)減少牲畜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡率,大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)醫(yi)(yi)治(zhi)牛羊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良方,同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)日常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)(zhong),為(wei)了(le)消(xiao)食(shi)(shi),當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)牧(mu)民(min)(min)將(jiang)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)切成(cheng)(cheng)片(pian),作(zuo)為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)茶進(jin)(jin)行飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),至今(jin)(jin),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以肉食(shi)(shi)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)部(bu)分(fen)牧(mu)民(min)(min)任(ren)然(ran)喝用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)茶來(lai)(lai)(lai)降脂。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)民(min)(min)間(jian)對大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說和故事(shi)(shi)很多(duo),其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de):“……大(da)(da)(da)興地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)精(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各路(lu)神仙(xian),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)藏(zang)仙(xian)與地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)仙(xian)女(nv)(nv),請引領(ling)我(wo)歌(ge)辭我(wo)福(fu)。此地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)瑪(ma)域福(fu)澤(ze)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)向(xiang)往四(si)溢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),我(wo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)嶺(ling)(ling)國(guo)(guo)智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)護(hu)(hu)神。此歌(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)嶺(ling)(ling)國(guo)(guo)情(qing)器贊,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此要敘述(shu)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)。夏盛奇(qi)(qi)藥(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)由(you)來(lai)(lai)(lai),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)森尖珠母誕生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格莫。曾(ceng)長(chang)出(chu)過(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)只大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang),從(cong)(cong)此每逢盛夏,大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)之寶(bao)滿山(shan)野,形(xing)如鹿角葉茂盛”。傳(chuan)說:很久(jiu)以前(qian)(qian),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)商(shang)(shang)隊(dui)從(cong)(cong)赤嶺(ling)(ling)(今(jin)(jin)湟(huang)源(yuan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帶(dai))來(lai)(lai)(lai)到(dao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)達日地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),商(shang)(shang)隊(dui)首(shou)領(ling)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)通,旁(pang)晚在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)帳篷住(zhu)宿,見(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)少女(nv)(nv)鞭打(da)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)老(lao)者,商(shang)(shang)人(ren)上前(qian)(qian)責(ze)(ze)問:“你(ni)何故這(zhe)般打(da)罵老(lao)人(ren)”?那女(nv)(nv)子(zi)道(dao)(dao):“我(wo)責(ze)(ze)罰自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒子(zi),與你(ni)何干”?聞者皆(jie)大(da)(da)(da)吃一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)驚(jing),原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)(lai)(lai)此女(nv)(nv)子(zi)竟年近八十,老(lao)漢也(ye)(ye)已是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)花甲之年,他受(shou)(shou)責(ze)(ze)打(da)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)不遵守(shou)族(zu)規(gui)服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao),弄得(de)未(wei)老(lao)先衰,商(shang)(shang)人(ren)吃驚(jing)又好奇(qi)(qi),鞠躬請教(jiao):“敢問女(nv)(nv)士,不知服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)何種靈(ling)丹妙藥(yao)(yao)”?女(nv)(nv)子(zi)只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說:“這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)味(wei)藏(zang)藥(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)寺院“熱寶(bao)且”(譯—活(huo)(huo)佛(fo)),哪里得(de)來(lai)(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)草(cao),像(xiang)鹿角,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)們(men)草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)上到(dao)處都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)”,商(shang)(shang)人(ren)見(jian)(jian)女(nv)(nv)子(zi)不肯透露(lu)細節(jie),忙跪拜(bai)道(dao)(dao):“在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)下是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)赤嶺(ling)(ling)(今(jin)(jin)青(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)湟(huang)源(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu))郎(lang)中(zhong)(zhong),家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)老(lao)父年邁(mai),命我(wo)帶(dai)商(shang)(shang)隊(dui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)貴地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)換(huan)(huan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)養(yang)顏(yan),便(bian)秘,積(ji)食(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)藥(yao)(yao),真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)保(bao)佑今(jin)(jin)日遇見(jian)(jian)您,我(wo)愿(yuan)將(jiang)全部(bu)貨物換(huan)(huan)你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)”。女(nv)(nv)子(zi)見(jian)(jian)來(lai)(lai)(lai)著誠心一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)片(pian),便(bian)以實(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)相(xiang)告:“這(zhe)草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)名(ming)叫“軍(jun)木扎”(譯音)堅實(shi)(shi)(shi),又稱“將(jiang)軍(jun)”,四(si)季可(ke)服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)”。食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)后(hou)使女(nv)(nv)人(ren)與花相(xiang)配,男(nan)兒與許仙(xian)相(xiang)容。后(hou)來(lai)(lai)(lai),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)名(ming)聲越(yue)來(lai)(lai)(lai)越(yue)大(da)(da)(da),深(shen)受(shou)(shou)牧(mu)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喜愛。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)州班瑪(ma)縣著名(ming)藏(zang)醫(yi)(yi)丘智(zhi)合先生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)醫(yi)(yi)專(zhuan)著中(zhong)(zhong)專(zhuan)門敘述(shu)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)及食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)除具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瀉(xie)火解毒(du)、活(huo)(huo)血消(xiao)瘀(yu)等傳(chuan)統(tong)功(gong)效外(wai),還具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗菌、抗病毒(du)、抗衰老(lao)、調節(jie)免疫功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),特別適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)糖尿病患者和保(bao)護(hu)(hu)腎臟(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。使其從(cong)(cong)單一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限中(zhong)(zhong)擺(bai)脫(tuo)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai),得(de)以向(xiang)特色(se)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)、飲料、保(bao)健品(pin)等產(chan)(chan)業領(ling)域擴(kuo)展,資(zi)源(yuan)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際需(xu)要量(liang)日趨增加(jia),而人(ren)工(gong)栽培大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)少,投入小(xiao),收益大(da)(da)(da),無需(xu)精(jing)細管理。林(lin)緣(yuan)山(shan)腳、閑(xian)置荒地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、房前(qian)(qian)屋后(hou)、圈窩子(zi)旁(pang)都可(ke)種植(zhi)(zhi),種植(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)即(ji)可(ke)改善退化(hua)草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di),保(bao)護(hu)(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing),也(ye)(ye)可(ke)提高(gao)植(zhi)(zhi)被覆蓋率,增加(jia)農牧(mu)民(min)(min)收入。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)廣人(ren)稀(xi),日照強烈(lie),氣(qi)候特別適宜栽培大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang),潛力極大(da)(da)(da)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)洛(luo)(luo)(luo)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)面積(ji)400多(duo)萬畝,人(ren)工(gong)種植(zhi)(zhi)20多(duo)萬畝,年產(chan)(chan)量(liang)達120萬噸,年產(chan)(chan)值達1.8億元(yuan)以上,市場發展前(qian)(qian)景十分(fen)廣闊。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)情況:全(quan)州(zhou)牧(mu)業(ye)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)占全(quan)州(zhou)總土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)面積的90.99%,是(shi)果(guo)洛州(zhou)最(zui)重要的土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型主要為高(gao)(gao)山寒漠土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、高(gao)(gao)山草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、高(gao)(gao)山草原土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、山地草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沼澤土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、草甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和風沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等,這(zhe)些土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)養(yang)分狀況完全(quan)由自然因素支配,主要特點為有(you)機質含(han)量(liang)高(gao)(gao),全(quan)州(zhou)牧(mu)業(ye)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機質一(yi)級占93.60%。
2、水(shui)文(wen)情況:果洛(luo)州(zhou)(zhou)年平均降水(shui)量(liang)在236.3—764.6毫米之間,降水(shui)量(liang)自西北向(xiang)東南(nan)逐(zhu)漸增多,東南(nan)部的久(jiu)治、班瑪(ma)兩縣水(shui)汽充沛,年降水(shui)量(liang)較多,西北部的瑪(ma)多縣,年降水(shui)量(liang)較少,境內中(zhong)部的達日、瑪(ma)沁、甘德三縣降水(shui)量(liang)次(ci)之。果洛(luo)州(zhou)(zhou)境內水(shui)系分為三個流(liu)(liu)域(yu)區:黃河流(liu)(liu)域(yu)區:黃河流(liu)(liu)域(yu)貫(guan)穿(chuan)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)五縣,其一、二(er)級支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)布(bu)(bu)滿全(quan)境,流(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)63500平方公(gong)里;長江流(liu)(liu)域(yu)區:流(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)9840平方公(gong)里,州(zhou)(zhou)境內河流(liu)(liu)密布(bu)(bu),且(qie)分布(bu)(bu)均勻,流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)長,自然(ran)落差大(da),河流(liu)(liu)坡(po)陡水(shui)急,水(shui)能資源豐富。
3、氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)情(qing)況:果(guo)洛州(zhou)(zhou)地處青藏高原,因海(hai)拔高而形成了典型的(de)高原大陸(lu)性氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)特點,并(bing)具有顯著的(de)區(qu)域性氣(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)特征。全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫-4.1℃—2.4℃。年日(ri)照量在(zai)2314.5—2702.7小時之間(jian),境內各地區(qu)的(de)日(ri)照百分(fen)率在(zai)52%—62%之間(jian),全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)年降水量在(zai)326.3—764.6毫米之間(jian),無霜期180天左右,其優點是日(ri)照時間(jian)長、晝夜溫差大,有利(li)于(yu)植物(wu)光合作用(yong)和干物(wu)質積累。
三.地域范圍
果(guo)洛藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)位(wei)于(yu)青藏(zang)(zang)高原東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu),東(dong)經(jing)96°54′~101°51′,北(bei)(bei)緯32°31′~35°37′。以高山(shan)(shan)區(qu)為主(zhu),區(qu)內(nei)海拔4000—5000米的(de)地(di)區(qu)約(yue)(yue)占全(quan)(quan)區(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)80﹪左右。巴顏喀拉山(shan)(shan)綿亙(gen)在(zai)果(guo)洛州(zhou)(zhou)南部(bu)(bu)(bu),阿(a)尼瑪(ma)卿雪山(shan)(shan)逶(wei)迤(yi)于(yu)果(guo)洛州(zhou)(zhou)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu),年寶葉什則屹立于(yu)東(dong)南。州(zhou)(zhou)內(nei)地(di)貌類(lei)型大(da)(da)致可分為山(shan)(shan)地(di)、河(he)谷、盆地(di)三大(da)(da)類(lei)。西(xi)鄰(lin)玉樹藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou),西(xi)北(bei)(bei)和北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)同海西(xi)蒙古(gu)藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)接壤,東(dong)北(bei)(bei)與海南藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)、黃(huang)南藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)鄰(lin),東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)同甘肅省(sheng)甘南藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)、四川省(sheng)阿(a)壩藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)毗鄰(lin),南面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)和四川甘孜藏(zang)(zang)族(zu)(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)緊緊相(xiang)依。東(dong)西(xi)長約(yue)(yue)448公(gong)(gong)里,南北(bei)(bei)寬約(yue)(yue)334公(gong)(gong)里,土(tu)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為80781平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,占全(quan)(quan)省(sheng)總(zong)土(tu)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)11.22%,可利(li)用草(cao)場面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)8860.16萬(wan)(wan)畝,占土(tu)地(di)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)73.12%。野(ye)生果(guo)洛大(da)(da)黃(huang)在(zai)全(quan)(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)6縣(xian)(xian)(xian)均有(you)分布,但主(zhu)要分布在(zai)瑪(ma)沁(qin)(qin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)武(wu)鎮(zhen);甘德縣(xian)(xian)(xian)上貢麻(ma)鄉(xiang)、下貢、麻(ma)鄉(xiang)、崗龍鄉(xiang)、柯曲鎮(zhen)、青珍(zhen)鄉(xiang);達(da)日縣(xian)(xian)(xian)建設鄉(xiang)、窩賽鄉(xiang)、特(te)合土(tu)鄉(xiang)、吉邁鎮(zhen)、莫(mo)壩鄉(xiang);久(jiu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)智青松多鎮(zhen)、門堂鄉(xiang);班瑪(ma)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)吉卡鄉(xiang)、達(da)卡鄉(xiang)等地(di)區(qu)的(de)河(he)谷灘地(di)、漫坡及平原地(di)帶(dai),面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)(yue)400萬(wan)(wan)畝。人工(gong)種植果(guo)洛大(da)(da)黃(huang)主(zhu)要分布在(zai)瑪(ma)沁(qin)(qin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)武(wu)鎮(zhen)、達(da)日縣(xian)(xian)(xian)窩賽鄉(xiang)、班瑪(ma)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)瑪(ma)柯河(he)鄉(xiang)等地(di)區(qu)的(de)退化草(cao)地(di),面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)(yue)20萬(wan)(wan)畝。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外貌特(te)征:果(guo)洛大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)的主要品種是唐古(gu)特(te)大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(雞爪大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang))和(he)掌(zhang)葉(xie)(xie)大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)。唐古(gu)特(te)大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(Rheum tanguticum Maxim.ex Belf)屬(shu)蓼(liao)科大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)屬(shu),是掌(zhang)葉(xie)(xie)大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)的變種,葉(xie)(xie)片深裂(lie)(lie)成雞爪狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),也叫雞爪大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang),多(duo)年生高大(da)(da)(da)(da)草本。根粗(cu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)、肥厚,直(zhi)徑達(da)10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),外皮(pi)棕(zong)(zong)(zong)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)縱橫(heng)(heng)皺皮(pi),斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)棕(zong)(zong)(zong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se),具(ju)多(duo)數星點(dian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)列(lie)(lie)成環(huan)圈;莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)直(zhi)立(li),高達(da)2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),中空,少(shao)髓節部(bu)(bu)膨(peng)大(da)(da)(da)(da),上部(bu)(bu)具(ju)分枝;莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)生葉(xie)(xie)和(he)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)下部(bu)(bu)葉(xie)(xie)具(ju)長(chang)(chang)柄,與(yu)葉(xie)(xie)片等(deng)長(chang)(chang)或(huo)稍(shao)短(duan),被柔(rou)毛;葉(xie)(xie)片輪(lun)廓寬(kuan)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),掌(zhang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)二至三回深裂(lie)(lie),長(chang)(chang)寬(kuan)近相等(deng)30-50 厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),一回裂(lie)(lie)片3-7枚(mei),裂(lie)(lie)片再(zai)一至二回羽狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)深裂(lie)(lie),小(xiao)裂(lie)(lie)片披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),狹(xia)(xia)尖,表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)乳(ru)頭(tou),狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)小(xiao)突(tu)起(qi),背(bei)部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)柔(rou)毛;莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)上部(bu)(bu)葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)小(xiao),柄短(duan);托葉(xie)(xie)鞘褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se),膜(mo)質,被短(duan)柔(rou)毛;大(da)(da)(da)(da)型(xing)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)序緊(jin)密,分枝向上,貼近花(hua)(hua)序軸,密被乳(ru)頭(tou)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)毛;花(hua)(hua)小(xiao),淡黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se)至乳(ru)白色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)紫紅色(se)(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)被片橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);瘦果(guo)橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)三棱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)8-10毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)6-8毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端微凹(ao)(ao),莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu)淺(qian)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),暗褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)6-7月(yue),果(guo)期(qi)(qi)7-8月(yue)。掌(zhang)葉(xie)(xie)大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(Rheum palmatum L.)為多(duo)年生草本,高可(ke)(ke)達(da)2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)手掌(zhang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。根及根狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粗(cu)壯,肥厚,稍(shao)木質,外皮(pi)暗褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se),斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)深黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se),根狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)橫(heng)(heng)切(qie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)外圍有(you)(you)(you)(you)排(pai)(pai)(pai)列(lie)(lie)緊(jin)密的環(huan)星點(dian)。莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)直(zhi)立(li),粗(cu)壯,無毛。基(ji)生葉(xie)(xie)和(he)下部(bu)(bu)葉(xie)(xie)具(ju)粗(cu)壯的長(chang)(chang)葉(xie)(xie)柄;葉(xie)(xie)片寬(kuan)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)近圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)達(da)35厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),掌(zhang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)淺(qian)裂(lie)(lie)至半裂(lie)(lie),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)淺(qian)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),裂(lie)(lie)片呈(cheng)狹(xia)(xia)三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先(xian)端尖銳(rui),兩面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)疏生乳(ru)頭(tou)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)小(xiao)突(tu)起(qi)和(he)白色(se)(se)(se)短(duan)刺(ci)毛;莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)生葉(xie)(xie)較(jiao)小(xiao)。花(hua)(hua)序圓(yuan)(yuan)錐狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),頂(ding)生,長(chang)(chang)10~20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)小(xiao),淡紅紫色(se)(se)(se),數朵簇生;花(hua)(hua)被片6,排(pai)(pai)(pai)成2輪(lun);雄(xiong)蕊9,稍(shao)露出(chu)花(hua)(hua)被;小(xiao)堅果(guo)長(chang)(chang)方(fang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)橢(tuo)(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)10毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)7~8毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),具(ju)3棱,沿棱生翅,頂(ding)端微凹(ao)(ao),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)近心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),棕(zong)(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)6~7個月(yue),果(guo)期(qi)(qi)7~8月(yue)。2、外在(zai)(zai)感官(guan)特(te)征和(he)品質:果(guo)洛大(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)根莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)呈(cheng)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)不(bu)規(gui)則塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)3—17厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),直(zhi)徑3—10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。除盡(jin)外皮(pi)者(zhe)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)棕(zong)(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se)至紅棕(zong)(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的可(ke)(ke)見(jian)類白色(se)(se)(se)網狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)紋理及星點(dian)(異型(xing)維管束)散(san)在(zai)(zai),未除去外皮(pi)者(zhe)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)棕(zong)(zong)(zong)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)(se),有(you)(you)(you)(you)橫(heng)(heng)皺紋及縱溝,頂(ding)端有(you)(you)(you)(you)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)葉(xie)(xie)殘基(ji)。切(qie)開面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)多(duo)凹(ao)(ao)凸(tu)不(bu)平。質堅實,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的中心(xin)稍(shao)松軟,不(bu)易折斷(duan),折斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)淡紅棕(zong)(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se)或(huo)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)棕(zong)(zong)(zong)色(se)(se)(se),顆粒(li)性。根莖(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)橫(heng)(heng)切(qie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)髓部(bu)(bu)較(jiao)寬(kuan),其中可(ke)(ke)見(jian)星點(dian),排(pai)(pai)(pai)列(lie)(lie)成環(huan)或(huo)散(san)在(zai)(zai);根部(bu)(bu)橫(heng)(heng)切(qie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)則無星點(dian),木質部(bu)(bu)發達(da),具(ju)放射狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)紋理,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成層環(huan)明顯。氣清香,昧(mei)苦微澀,嚼之(zhi)黏牙,有(you)(you)(you)(you)沙粒(li)感。
3、內(nei)在品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):青海(hai)出(chu)(chu)產的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)是(shi)我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)之(zhi)一,是(shi)青海(hai)省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)名特產,以(yi)出(chu)(chu)產歷史悠久(jiu),質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量好(hao)(hao),產量高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),療(liao)(liao)效(xiao)(xiao)佳而馳名中(zhong)(zhong)外,而果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)是(shi)青海(hai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)上品(pin),在商品(pin)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)出(chu)(chu)口中(zhong)(zhong)曾經(jing)享有(you)(you)(you)“免檢產品(pin)”的(de)(de)(de)美譽。果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)以(yi)地下根(gen)或根(gen)莖入(ru)藥(yao),被歷版《中(zhong)(zhong)華人民共和國藥(yao)典(dian)》收(shou)載為中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)“大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)”的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)品(pin)。果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)藥(yao)性(xing)駿烈(lie),古(gu)有(you)(you)(you)“將軍”之(zhi)稱,即瀉下,又收(shou)斂。主(zhu)治實(shi)(shi)熱(re)(re)、便秘、積食、停瀉、腹疼(teng),肝熱(re)(re)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)眼熱(re)(re),內(nei)熱(re)(re)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)牙疼(teng)、口瘡(chuang)、衄血(xue)(xue)、便血(xue)(xue)、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)膽(dan)等。外用(yong)(yong)治燒傷、燙(tang)傷、蜂窩組織(zhi)炎、瘡(chuang)癰(yong)、疔毒等;酒(jiu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)善清上焦血(xue)(xue)分(fen)熱(re)(re)疼(teng)。用(yong)(yong)于目赤咽腫齒(chi)齦腫疼(teng)。果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)也是(shi)傳統藏(zang)(zang)藥(yao)資源種類(lei)(lei),藏(zang)(zang)名稱“君木扎”(譯音),在《月王藥(yao)珍》、《四(si)(si)部(bu)(bu)醫典(dian)》、《吾(wu)三卷(juan)香(xiang)》、《晶株本草》藏(zang)(zang)醫藥(yao)傳統經(jing)典(dian)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)均有(you)(you)(you)記(ji)載,藏(zang)(zang)醫認為,果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)清熱(re)(re)瀉下、消腫止(zhi)疼(teng)的(de)(de)(de)功效(xiao)(xiao),用(yong)(yong)于治療(liao)(liao)赤巴和培根(gen)病(bing)及(ji)其(qi)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)性(xing)病(bing)癥、瘟疫、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)燒、實(shi)(shi)熱(re)(re)便秘、腹疼(teng)等病(bing)癥。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)中(zhong)(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)致瀉作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要成(cheng)分(fen)是(shi)蒽(en)(en)醌(kun)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)及(ji)雙蒽(en)(en)酮甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),其(qi)瀉下作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong),較(jiao)其(qi)相(xiang)應甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)元作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)為強,蒽(en)(en)醌(kun)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)有(you)(you)(you):大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酚(fen)(fen)—1-葡(pu)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)或大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酚(fen)(fen)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)-6-葡(pu)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、蘆(lu)(lu)薈(hui)(hui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)-8-葡(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)甲(jia)(jia)醚葡(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酸-8-葡(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai):掌葉大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)中(zhong)(zhong)還含有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)雙葡(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、蘆(lu)(lu)薈(hui)(hui)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)雙葡(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酚(fen)(fen)雙葡(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)甙(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)。游(you)離(li)型蒽(en)(en)醌(kun)類(lei)(lei)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you):大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酚(fen)(fen)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)甲(jia)(jia)醚、蘆(lu)(lu)薈(hui)(hui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酸。大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)又含有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)鞣酸及(ji)其(qi)相(xiang)關物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如沒食子酸、兒茶精、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)四(si)(si)聚素(su)(su)(su)(su)此類(lei)(lei)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)止(zhi)瀉作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。譜尼(ni)測試科技股份(fen)有(you)(you)(you)限公司對我(wo)州甘德縣(xian)崗龍地區的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養成(cheng)份(fen)和蒽(en)(en)醌(kun)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)進(jin)行了檢測(詳見(jian)產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢測報告)。果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)與(yu)青海(hai)省(sheng)其(qi)它(ta)地區大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)蒽(en)(en)醌(kun)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)分(fen)含量對比(bi)表(biao)見(jian)表(biao)一(略)。按青海(hai)省(sheng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)地方標準,大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)5種蒽(en)(en)醌(kun)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)成(cheng)份(fen)指標:蘆(lu)(lu)薈(hui)(hui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)≥2.48%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酸≥2.23%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酚(fen)(fen)≥0.96%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)≥1.25%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)甲(jia)(jia)醚0.98%。果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)與(yu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)南州澤(ze)(ze)庫(ku)縣(xian)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)相(xiang)比(bi)蘆(lu)(lu)薈(hui)(hui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(±0.297)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)9.89%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酸(±6.633)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)107.56%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)酚(fen)(fen)(±1.124)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)29%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)素(su)(su)(su)(su)(±1.674)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)126.24%、大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)甲(jia)(jia)醚(±0.506)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)33.87%、總量(±10.134)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)63.87%。且含有(you)(you)(you)果糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、葡(pu)萄(tao)糖(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、淀(dian)粉、脂肪酸和沒食子酸等多種營(ying)養成(cheng)分(fen)。所(suo)以(yi)果洛(luo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)不僅(jin)是(shi)很好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)健營(ying)養食品(pin),也具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)治療(liao)(liao)功效(xiao)(xiao),其(qi)根(gen)部(bu)(bu)發達,色澤(ze)(ze)鮮亮,肉質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棕黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色,油性(xing)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),味清香(xiang),味苦(ku)而微。
4、安(an)全要求:果洛大黃產地屬青(qing)藏(zang)高(gao)原腹地“三(san)江源”自然保護區(qu)核(he)心區(qu)之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)果洛州,是世界公認的(de)無(wu)公害超凈(jing)區(qu)之(zhi)一(yi)。產地環境質量符合國家有關標準(zhun),采(cai)集(ji)、加(jia)工、生產等嚴(yan)格(ge)按無(wu)公害技術(shu)規程和保護生態、循環利用的(de)原則進行。
五.特定生產方式
1、產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)要(yao)求(qiu):果洛大黃主要(yao)生(sheng)長在海拔3000-4000米的河(he)溝(gou)、平灘、山坡地(di)(di)、樹(shu)緣地(di)(di)帶以及人(ren)(ren)工(gong)開墾(ken)的草原灘地(di)(di),利用(yong)野生(sheng)芽苗或采集(ji)籽種(zhong)進行人(ren)(ren)工(gong)繁育,半(ban)野生(sheng)條件下(xia)生(sheng)長而成。產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)空氣符(fu)合(he)GB 3095-1996有(you)關要(yao)求(qiu),水(shui)質符(fu)合(he)NY5027要(yao)求(qiu),產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)環(huan)境質量必須(xu)符(fu)合(he)《綠色食品產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)環(huan)境技術條件》(NY/T391-2000)要(yao)求(qiu)。
2、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)范圍:青(qing)(qing)海(hai)的(de)(de)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)是我國的(de)(de)四大(da)中藥之一(yi),是青(qing)(qing)海(hai)省(sheng)的(de)(de)著名(ming)特產,歷史悠久,質(zhi)量(liang)好,產量(liang)高,療效佳而(er)馳名(ming)中外,是青(qing)(qing)海(hai)省(sheng)在(zai)國內(nei)外市場(chang)上競爭的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)商品(pin)。在(zai)商品(pin)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)出品(pin)中曾經享有“免檢(jian)產品(pin)”的(de)(de)美譽。果洛區域內(nei)的(de)(de)野生大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)主要(yao)(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是唐(tang)古特大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(雞(ji)爪(zhua)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang))和掌(zhang)葉大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)。人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)是從野生大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)采集芽苗(miao)移栽或(huo)籽種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)育苗(miao)栽培,在(zai)半野生條(tiao)件下生長而(er)成。果洛人民移栽種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)習慣由來已(yi)久,不(bu)但作為(wei)藥品(pin)、商品(pin)來生產,增加收入(ru),并且還(huan)作為(wei)庭院(yuan)觀賞(shang)植(zhi)物來種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),與牧民生產、生活息息相關(guan)。據粗略統計,果洛州野生大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)在(zai)400萬(wan)畝以(yi)上,其中人工(gong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)面積(ji)20萬(wan)畝,儲量(liang)及(ji)面積(ji)均(jun)處在(zai)青(qing)(qing)海(hai)省(sheng)前列。
3、生產過程管理
3.1栽(zai)(zai)培技術:整地施肥(fei):一般(ban)(ban)在圈窩(wo)子(zi)(zi)(zi)旁、房前屋后(hou)(hou)或(huo)(huo)退化草(cao)(cao)(cao)地上(shang),選擇土層較(jiao)厚、土質肥(fei)沃、排水性好(hao)的(de)地方培植(zhi),一般(ban)(ban)不需要整地和(he)施肥(fei)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)采集:大(da)黃(huang)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)易雜(za)交變(bian)異,選品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)純的(de)三年(nian)(nian)生健(jian)壯植(zhi)株(zhu)作種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu),8月中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)旬待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)大(da)部(bu)變(bian)黑褐色時(shi),連莖(jing)割回,陰干、脫粒,備用。育苗(miao)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai):育苗(miao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)法根(gen)據(ju)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)有兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)春播(bo)和(he)秋播(bo),一般(ban)(ban)秋播(bo)為好(hao)。育苗(miao)一般(ban)(ban)在春季(ji)(ji)(ji)解凍(dong)后(hou)(hou)或(huo)(huo)入秋上(shang)凍(dong)前一個月進行(xing),育苗(miao)前先(xian)整地開溝,可(ke)條播(bo)或(huo)(huo)撒播(bo),溝距(ju)(ju)25—30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),播(bo)幅10—35厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),每(mei)(mei)公(gong)頃(qing)用量30—75公(gong)斤。撒播(bo)時(shi)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)均(jun)勻撒在畦面(mian),薄履細(xi)土,蓋(gai)(gai)草(cao)(cao)(cao)。每(mei)(mei)公(gong)頃(qing)用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量75—105公(gong)斤。發芽后(hou)(hou)于(yu)陰天或(huo)(huo)晴天午后(hou)(hou)將蓋(gai)(gai)草(cao)(cao)(cao)揭去(qu)。苗(miao)出(chu)齊后(hou)(hou),及時(shi)除(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao),如幼苗(miao)太密,可(ke)結合(he)第(di)(di)(di)一次(ci)除(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)減苗(miao)。苗(miao)期間(jian)(jian)追(zhui)施畜糞有機肥(fei)2—3次(ci).初冬(dong)回苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)用土草(cao)(cao)(cao)或(huo)(huo)落葉(xie)覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai),至次(ci)年(nian)(nian)萌芽時(shi)揭去(qu)覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)物。春播(bo)者(zhe)于(yu)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)年(nian)(nian)4—5月移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai),秋播(bo)者(zhe)于(yu)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)年(nian)(nian)9—10月移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)。選根(gen)有中(zhong)(zhong)指粗的(de)幼苗(miao),將側根(gen)及主(zhu)根(gen)的(de)細(xi)長部(bu)分(fen)剪去(qu),按行(xing)距(ju)(ju)70厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),株(zhu)距(ju)(ju)50厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)開穴,穴深30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,每(mei)(mei)穴栽(zai)(zai)苗(miao)1株(zhu)。春季(ji)(ji)(ji)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)的(de)土宜淺,使苗(miao)葉(xie)露出(chu)地面(mian),以利生長;秋季(ji)(ji)(ji)移(yi)(yi)栽(zai)(zai)蓋(gai)(gai)土宜厚,應(ying)高出(chu)芽嘴5—7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),以免(mian)冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)遭受凍(dong)害。子(zi)(zi)(zi)芽繁(fan)殖:在大(da)黃(huang)收獲(huo)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節,將根(gen)莖(jing)側面(mian)萌生的(de)健(jian)壯肥(fei)大(da)的(de)子(zi)(zi)(zi)芽摘下(xia),按行(xing)株(zhu)距(ju)(ju)55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)×55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)挖(wa)穴,每(mei)(mei)穴放1子(zi)(zi)(zi)芽,芽眼(yan)向(xiang)上(shang),蓋(gai)(gai)土6—7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)踏實(shi),栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)在切割傷口涂上(shang)草(cao)(cao)(cao)木灰,以防感染病菌,然后(hou)(hou)再栽(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繁(fan)殖:將當年(nian)(nian)收獲(huo)的(de)大(da)黃(huang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)拌水浸泡1-2天,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尖露白后(hou)(hou)撒播(bo)在整好(hao)的(de)田里,覆(fu)(fu)土鎮壓(ya),出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)(hou)適(shi)當除(chu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)間(jian)(jian)苗(miao)。
3.2田(tian)間管(guan)理:果洛大黃種植一般在定(ding)植后疏于(yu)田(tian)間管(guan)理,在半野生(sheng)條件下,自然生(sheng)成。第(di)三年,為了(le)防止抽苔(tai)開花影響(xiang)產量和品質,除留(liu)種以(yi)外(wai),均要及時(shi)摘除花苔(tai),以(yi)免消耗大量養料,以(yi)利于(yu)根莖發(fa)育。
3.3病蟲害防(fang)治(zhi):果(guo)洛(luo)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)在(zai)半野(ye)生條(tiao)件下,利(li)用(yong)天然草(cao)原的(de)退化(hua)地種植,因海(hai)拔高,氣候冷涼,極少(shao)發生病蟲害,一般(ban)不用(yong)進行(xing)病蟲害防(fang)治(zhi)。采(cai)(cai)集(ji):果(guo)洛(luo)大(da)黃(huang)(huang)定植后第(di)四年普遍成熟(shu),四年生以(yi)上的(de)品(pin)質最佳,可以(yi)集(ji)中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)集(ji)。采(cai)(cai)集(ji)期(qi)一般(ban)在(zai)8—9月間,地上莖葉變黃(huang)(huang),開(kai)始枯萎時(shi)采(cai)(cai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa),采(cai)(cai)集(ji)時(shi)采(cai)(cai)取“采(cai)(cai)大(da)留(liu)小,采(cai)(cai)主留(liu)次、采(cai)(cai)直留(liu)側,采(cai)(cai)莖留(liu)芽(ya)和間隔(ge)采(cai)(cai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)”的(de)原則進行(xing)采(cai)(cai)集(ji),以(yi)利(li)今后恢復生長,循環利(li)用(yong)。采(cai)(cai)集(ji)時(shi)根據根的(de)大(da)小,挖(wa)(wa)(wa)長、寬(kuan)1米(mi),深0.7米(mi)的(de)的(de)坑將根部(bu)取出即可,取出根部(bu)后必須回(hui)填,回(hui)復原狀。回(hui)填的(de)同(tong)時(shi)移植芽(ya)苗進行(xing)循環生長,或撒播(bo)草(cao)籽(zi)以(yi)防(fang)水土(tu)流失。一般(ban)畝產鮮黃(huang)(huang)1500-2000公(gong)斤。
3.4初加工:清(qing)除根莖表皮泥(ni)土和其它殘留物,用竹刀或(huo)銅制(zhi)刀具(ju)削去外皮和小側枝,切成(cheng)厚3-4厘米的片狀,一般不用鐵制(zhi)刀具(ju)切割。自然風干(gan)或(huo)陰干(gan)后包裝(zhuang)儲藏,禁止雨(yu)淋。根莖含水量低(di)于13%為宜。
3.5生(sheng)產運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu):包(bao)裝(zhuang):按食(shi)品(pin)包(bao)裝(zhuang)要求采(cai)用(yong)食(shi)品(pin)袋(dai)、紙箱(xiang)包(bao)裝(zhuang)。標志:產品(pin)標志應標明產品(pin)名稱、商標、質量等(deng)級、產品(pin)地(di)點、企業(ye)名稱、郵(you)政編(bian)碼、電話號碼等(deng)內(nei)容。運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu):根據(ju)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)距離和(he)實際情況,選擇合(he)理的運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)方式。運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)時要做到輕裝(zhuang)、輕卸,防止機械碰撞(zhuang)和(he)損(sun)傷,運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)工具要清潔衛(wei)生(sheng)、無(wu)污染、無(wu)雜(za)物、短途(tu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)要防日曬(shai)雨淋(lin)。長途(tu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)要注意采(cai)取防火、防污染,不使產品(pin)質量受到影響。貯藏(zang):收獲后,風干(gan)前進行(xing)保鮮(xian)貯藏(zang),風干(gan)后防潮、防蟲安全期貯藏(zang)。
六.包裝標識相關規定
1、明確表述(shu)地(di)域范(fan)圍內的(de)地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)果洛(luo)大(da)黃(huang)生產(chan)經營者(zhe)。在(zai)產(chan)品或包裝上(shang)使(shi)用(yong)已獲登記(ji)保護的(de)農產(chan)品地(di)理(li)標志(zhi),須(xu)向(xiang)登記(ji)證書持(chi)有人提出(chu)申請,并按(an)照相關要求規范(fan)生產(chan)和使(shi)用(yong)標志(zhi)。統一采用(yong)產(chan)品名稱和果洛(luo)大(da)黃(huang)地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)公共標識(shi)相結(jie)合的(de)標識(shi)標注方法。
2、經(jing)審(shen)核符合標志使(shi)用條件的,農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理(li)標志登記證(zheng)書(shu)持有人應當按照生產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營年度與標志使(shi)用申請人簽(qian)訂農產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理(li)標志使(shi)用協(xie)(xie)議(yi),在協(xie)(xie)議(yi)中(zhong)載明(ming)標志使(shi)用數量、范圍及相關責任和義務。
3、農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)協議(yi)生效(xiao)后(hou),標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)人(ren)方可在(zai)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)或(huo)者(zhe)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)包裝物上使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi),并可以 使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)登(deng)記(ji)的農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)地理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行宣傳和參加展(zhan)覽(lan)、展(zhan)示及(ji)展(zhan)銷活動。
4、農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)使用人應當建立農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)使用檔(dang)案(an),如(ru)實記(ji)載地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)使用情況,自覺接受登記(ji)證書持(chi)有人的監督檢(jian)查,保證地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)的品(pin)質和聲(sheng)譽,正(zheng)確規范地(di)(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)(di)使用農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)標志(zhi)(zhi)。
5、地理(li)標志(zhi)農產(chan)品的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)經營者,應當建(jian)立質量控制追溯體系(xi),農產(chan)品地理(li)標志(zhi)登(deng)記證(zheng)書持有人和標志(zhi)使用人,對地理(li)標志(zhi)農產(chan)品的(de)質量和信(xin)譽負(fu)責(ze)。
6、任何單(dan)位和(he)個人(ren)不得(de)偽造、冒用農產品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)和(he)登記證書。冒用農產品(pin)地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)的,依(yi)照《中華人(ren)民(min)共和(he)國農產品(pin)質量安全法(fa)》的有(you)關規定進行處罰(fa)。